fl·ie administration of burma - myanmar law library

REPORT

'fl·IE ADMINISTRATION OF BURMA DURING 1891-92.

IN THREE PARTS: PART 1.-SUMMARY.

,, 11.-DEPARTMENTAL CHAPTERS.

,, llI.-STATISTICAL RETURNS.

RANGOON a

PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOV&RNMP.NT PRINTING. BURMA.

I 892.

CONTENTS.

PART 1.-SUMMARV.

Summary of the year's administration

PART 11.-DEPARTMENTAL CHAPTERS.

1.-PRYSICAL AND POLITICAL G&OGIUPBY.

Chanra in the administration ... • •• RelatK>ns with Tributary States and frontiei- aJiairs 11.-ADMllUSTR.\TIOlf or TH& L.\110.

Surveys, settlements, and waste-lands (Lower Burma) Surveys, settlo:ments, and waste-lands (Upper Burma)

Legislation Police ... ... Criminal justice (Lower Burma) Criminal justice (Upper Burma) ]ails •.. • ••

Civil justice (Lower Bmma) Civil justice (Upper Burma) ••• Registration ... ... ... Municipal administration (Lower Burma) Municipal administration (Upper Burma) Military ... ••• • ••

Marine

111-PROT&CTION.

IV.-PaoovcT1011 AlllD DtsTR1aUT1011.

A --;, i:!t: •r· IT - �r 1'.l·:-:'",l Agriculture ( L pper �urma) Weather and crops .••

Horticulture l'orests (Lower Burma) Fo1csts (Upper Burma) Mines and quarries Manufactures .•.

Commercial marine Sea-borne trade Inland trade ... Publrc Works (Lower Burma) Public Works (Upper Burma) Ra ii ways ... •••

T . ....... �"l"� -·-o · �� u;.I ··• ••· r0.>L 0 ce ••• •••

Revenue Finance Paper currency ...

v.-RBVICl'iV& UD FnrAllCL

Vl.-V1TAL SnT1sT1ca AlfD Mao1cil. Suv1cu.

Vital statistics of the general population Immigration and emigration Medical relief (Lower Burma� Medical relief (Upper Burma1 Sanitation Vaccination

Education iLower Burma) .. . Education (Upper Burma) .. . Literature and the Press ,., Arts and Sciences

Archzology

Bcclesiutical St.&ionery ... ...

Vll.-hllTRVCTIOW.

... ... ff•

3 • 4 n 14 IS 21 31 33 � :l ' 51 52 53 .54 � 6o

·--. 63 64 i). 66 68 69 � Ill

&3 = 1l. ... 91 - I IOI

-.. ·2 ...

... - .... - -

ii. PART 111.-STATJSTICAL RETURNS.

Lowaa Bva11.1.

1.-&atiltlcs of physical, political, and filcal geography n.-statlstiCll of �ion ... . .. • ..

111.-Statistlc:a ol production and distribution IV.-Statistics al instruction ... ·-V .-Statiltlcs of life

APUSDIX TO P.UT Ill. Retlll'ftl of the Telegraph Department

Urraa BuRllA.

1.-Statistics of physical, political, and fiscal geography ll.-5tatl!tic9 of protection ... ... . ..

111.-Statislica of .J>fOduction and distribution IV.-Statiatics of 111atruction ... • .. V .-statistics of life ...

hmax To PAllT 1.-Suxx.&RY ... hmax TO PART 11.-DarARTMllllTAL CHAPTIR& biou TO P.a.Rr Ill -STu1BT1cu R&T111u1s

P•I'· Iii. xiii. i.m. cm vii. di.

clxix. cluviii. c:aui. c:alix. cdu. ••• CclDYii. cc1uviii. ••• cc:x::s::x:iY".

P A R T I.

SUMMARY.

SUMMARY OF

THE ADMINISTRATION REPORT OF BURMA FOR THE YEAR 1891-92.

SIR ALEXANDER MACKENZIE held the office of Chief Commissioner throughout the year.

:z. From the end of June to the latter part of September 1891 the Chief Chief Commissioner's tours.

Commissioner was on tour and visited the head-quarters and in some cases subdivisions of the dis

tricts of Thongwa, Henzada, Prome, Thayetmyo, Minbu, Magwe, Pakokku, Myingyan, Lower Chindwin, Upper Chindwin, Katha, and Bhamo. Durbars were held at the headquarters of several districts at which distinctions were conferred on deserving officials and others, and the policy of the Government explained. At Mandalay a stay of some duration was made. In December the Chief Com· missioner visited the Sandoway, Kyaukpyu, and Akyab districts.

3. The number of Commissioners' divisions and of districts remained the Administrative changes.

same as in the previous year, but there were a few changes in the boundaries of districts, and c:ome

cases of re-distribution of subdivisions and townships. The taking over'-- .he direct administration of Wuntho caused some changes in the Katha and Ye-u districts. a small part 01 the former district bein{! added to the Shwebo district . .l he .Kale :::,tate was 111corporated m the Lipper Chmdwin district, the Mongmit State was converted temporarily into a subdivision of the Ruby Mines district, while a new subdivision with headquarters at Myitkyina was formed in Bhamo district, ·north of the first defile. In the Pakokku and Akyab districts the town· ships and subdivisions were re-distributed.

4. lJpper Burma remained perfectly quiet and, except in the outlying tracts, disturbances arc now practically unknown. The

Pacification of L'pper Burma. c·per�t!ens of �he colu!"!'!n� i:� thr o:.dying portions of

the country art> de.,cribed below. 5. �ome advance w:is made in the Shan States in the matter of introducing

The Shan States and Karenni. more orderiy methods of &ovemment, and the Su· perintendents were busy during the open season

cont1nuing the work of revenue inspection and house-counting. Except in Mang· liin, a distant State which has not as yet been brought under regular control, there wt"re no dii;turban�ec; of any importance during the year. In Man!!lr,., tht>re h:ts bel:il fighting between Tonhsang, the Sawbwa of East Manglun, who has been placed in charge of West Manglun also, and Sawmaha, the former Chief of West Mangliin, who has always refused to meet the Superintendent and has in con• 5' quence been superseded by his elder brother and suzerain Tonhsang. The Superintendent is now about to visit Mangliin with a small party of military police to restore order and make arrangements for the future administration. The condition of Kengtung was not altogether satisfactory. Dacoity was said to be rife

REPORT ON THI! ADMINISTRATION 01' BURMA.

there and the Sawbwa has not been so amenable as might be wished to the orders

of the Superintendent. The Superintendent will shortl! visit Kengtun� �n order to

place things in that State on a more satisfactory footing. The cond1tton of the

other States continued fairly satisfactory . A telegraph office was opened.

at

Lashio, the headquarters of the Northern States, and progress was.

�de with

the Government road to Lashio. Of the so-called Shan States adm1mstered by

Commissioners Kale was incorporated in the Upper Chindwin district and the

administration of Mongmit was made over temporarily to the Deputy Commis·

sioner of the Ruby Mines district.

6. During the year under report parties of Chin Chiefs were brought dow�

to Rangoon to be shown some of the wonders of

civilization. It was thought that they would be so

impressed with the power and extent of the British rule that the futility o f opposition

would become manifest to thPm. This ;inticip.::ion has not been fully realized,

the Siyin Chiefs who cam·� to Rangoon being among those now in revolt. Columns were at work both in the Northern and in the Southern Chin Hills

throughout the open season. ln the Northern hills the Kanhaw column proreed·

ed without opposition as far as Manipur and succeeded in releasing a nur(_,r of

captives and in levyin g tribute in the hill� p'lc:c:cd through. A column then visited

the Nwengal country, whence it proceeded to the Southern Lu:.hai country to assist

in the suppression of a somewl lt serious rising which had occurred there. The march of 104 miles from Bot mg to Daokhoma ( 104 m iles) was a very trying one and was carried out in a manner highly < ·editable to Captain Rose, the officer in command of the troops, a1.t.1 �1r. Carey. the Political Officer. M e anwhile a party of Chins frorn H ele had attacked on<' ot 011r ( utposts tt Botong, and in consequence of t his and the murder <•I :i. Durr.1an Ii dt., I It il' was attacked and some houses �L�Ll \)) \ u i.J �'t \\a.}' Ui l 'i.lllt:-i-1, llt:.lh, .£ C

either in tlw hill,< r i· Hw1r l, •11 (

surrenden•d by tlv·ir C'1icf

been madf' m th1 • tltt•r ol t • 1 '

('11mm1tred dunng the year •1' ''rt._ •1,•1 r<> \Hre in several instances '1 1ught t h.1t considerable progre ss had 'llh!a< t 1ry relat ions with the Chins.

In the S·mt1 • ri1 Cl ;n II1.Jo, •'1 P rng-h(· lo1umn Pxpl_orcd the country to the southern limit • ,f t lie •+ 1rcr, " i t

Shurkwa, whert th v:Jlag1·r-. rt t1 nf t!°('\<'\f"t� ln t h • r I nt-r•• ; ,.... t '

i' for .11 unfortunate contretemps at ll r I nJ f(Jf Cl ilic') and attacked a party

.. b , .. ,f .. • ....... �v!utt-.1. w.·�;c perfectly p1 :n ui. I" :::-1 h•Y for the Chins, a

considerabk. nL11ilL. 1 ,, •//,. \ ·hi,,h fnllowed their

attack upnn : he ,r, .. 'I-' • • l •' 1 !) .. ll., b ..,1 t t imry was visited, tribute was levied , and Chiefs rf'cor:mz1 •1. T\H'rty-fiw :-ilaves were released and a mule track made from Shurkwa to Miry\\ a. The next operations in the Southern hills were those oi the Tlantlang c 1lurnn tl t ubjf'C t nf which was to complete the punishmPnt of t�:e villages \1!.'t I .�:,._' ..... Mr. !\IacnabL':. e:.1.:vrl in the p1cvious year. This obj ect was obta111c ... alm ·�t withou• bloodshed. Some 21 villages were visited by the rolumn, .. l I. 'e-; i mposed were paid or punishment in• flicted for non-payment, the whole Tlantlang tribe was competely subjugated, and tribute was levied and Chiefs selected for appointment . The season's operations concluded with the 11-..hon column and occupation of Falam, which is to be the future headquarters of the Chin Hills. The occupation of Falam was successfully and peacefully effocted by combined columns from Haka and Fort

5

\\'hite, a strong fore" L Tasl:o • �...ili..1 u. m.

1 .. , \. v. any t'ossible opposition. Finally the iu.iir\ tv the norlh·w�st occupied by

Th;s march was undisturbed by any the \ ah"r'- I H''1h untm\.1nl m ...... I 11 ilw hill-. -.out h "'

missioner, \' .iwdwi1 Cl nm!.·s. Yindu , t

varhJUS hithcrt1) lA

• l 1 )l , - ... 1., .. c,! t .11 .. coluulll being most friendly throughout.

... H "' •g ... hl· .... whi,.h are controlled by tht- Assistant Com· L 11 •lt•·n.mt Tighe made a very successful tour among the

Cl.in , collecting tribute and accepting submission from .t�d Chit I�. This column met with no opposition.

7. ::\umLr v1 ,,l.111r,,0ftro p .111dpol1ccwcrcatwork throughout the open SLu m m 'he Kachin Hills and in the outlying por• The Kachin l!ills .,; t i 11' generally of the Bhamo and Katha districts, portions ul t" � L "' � ... 11 J di.1ra•1.. and ; ,,1ponant progress was made in our kno\\·ledge r I 'hr • nt r: •1 ll<l in bringing the wtld tribes Under

contr•1l. 1 he :\Luu.., .... 11 ,w wh.111o u..plu!l.J Ll1c llukong valley and at Maingk" Ill met a eo:111 1111 from As,,1m ThP :\mber mine region and the India-rubber trac tcrn ar<l:> :\'tup :\'sa werl' 1·ic,irc<l and reported on by officers of the Geolo· gical Sun·cy and For .-;t Dl partments, and the various Kachin Chiefs were called 111. ThL· 1 allt·y w.1 ... lound to be in a pt"aceful condition, the Ch\._ were friendly, anu Lill' ... irn1111 \\,I::> l.llVJ'llll,,l'll. Tiu.: :1iogau11g <UlU imiawgyi culumn� Wt:IC:: UCCU• pied ch!l'fly in hunting down the e.t-Sawbwa of Wuntho, who was in hiding with a con-sidl'rabl1· tollo\1 ing in t 111! 11eighbourhood of the Taungthonlon hill. The Sawbwa was no· c· ptured, but hi� following wa.; broken up and he himself driven across the bord<'r i1110 China. The main objects of the Kaukkwe column were to seize the rebcll Clm fs Si1rn,rna a11tl K21ingwa, and to l'isit and settle as many villages as .ibk iP the: K ukk11l. Si1111.111.1 11.1 • cicverly captured at the com• men• • •nt o! thl' l r 11 1 Ii ; I 11 c11 1 g,(\l' more trouble and organized a some-WI' r11 • .. • I'' • . 1 ! I '1 • 1, • '1· 1 1111, nowcver, he was k1iled, and th .p1>0s1t1on co!l<1p c<l l 1e �·lLJlll, 1·•s1tt;d .t good m:rny villages, but left a good deal to be done in th1 pn•s1'n' season. A small column did good work in the north of the Ka' ha di-;trict , v.siting a number of Kachin villages, collecting tribute, and 1 1n!isnting guns, and ... imibr w11rk was carried on in the neighbourhood of the �mkan \alh·y by the ::,uuth-Fastern column.

Prior to 1891 htt k hail bl'en dorw to bring the tribes in the Bhamo district �: �!-:" "� ·: � · ,i, .. , ....... .,,,,,;· Hnrlor ,..,,ntrr.J. 'S"''"r�I PV�P<litinn<: had been Sf'l"!t out from year to year to punish ouLr.1g1·s committed hy tribes to the south of the T;.1:1i11�: a111l 1 lww t1il11;:> l1.id le;1rnt to a certain extent to recognize and respect Briti::il1 .iuLi111ril). Tlw 1'11111111) 11111 Lh 11f the Taping �as entirely unvisited, save for the reconnaissance made by Captain I.. E. Eliott and Major Hobday in 189<>-91. The necessity of bringing this part of the country under control was forced upon us by repeated outrages committed by the Kachins, and by the fact that the Kachin Hills east of th{' Jrr;iwadcly servPrl :t<: :t <:r.rP.en for the outlaws and bad characters who were in the habit of collecting on the Yunan side of the bor• der and making incursions thence into British territory. The perpetual disturb· anccs and rumours of disturbances which prevailed renderecl a revival of trade between Yunan and Burma on any considerable scaie impossible. The trade route. were subject to con" nual intt·rruption and harassment from unruly Kach ins. Finally the subjugation of the eastern Kach in tracts was necessary for the pur• pose of preventing the import into Upper Burma of illicit opium, liquor, :lnd arms.

2

6 Rl:'.l'OR1 0:\ TtlE ADMINJSl \TION OP BURMA.

It was accordingly dccid<'d that the tr ibes along the north·�aste� front!er �ust. be brought under thorough an<l . ·mane· r:ontrol, and with thts �?bJeCt m view four columns were sent out. Commen1.:ing from the south, the �mkan column -exp lored the country i:' the neighbourhood of Namkhan and visited the Sinkan -valley, issu ing appointment orders to the Kach in Chiefs, collecting tribute, an� collecJing and licen�:ng guns. In the month of April the column attacked a dacort camp at the head of the Sinkan valley. The dacoits were driven off with a loss of tlmx killed and six '"ere taken prisoners. On our side Lieutenant Nelson and several sepoys were wounded. \\"ith this except ion the Sinkan column met with no opposition. The operations of the Eastern column consisted in visit�ng the area east of the t hir<l de fill' which had not p re\·iou:.l y been brought under control, and abo Lhe section of the frontier which lies between Tuku and the southern boundary of the Matin tract. Thi:. area was thoroughly exp lored, tribute was collected, a large number oi guns were confiscated and dc"troyt><l an<l others licensed. The column met with no opposiliun. The n1·xt <wction of the frontierYisited was that lying between the Tapmg and thL .:\antabct. In OctuL..:r 1891 a party of Chinese troops crossed :h1: ;>,,rn pau.1g :.tr�,1111, \\liich of late years has been regarc.Jed as formin� till'},. u1:<lary in tlus lati ucie bct\1 ccn I3urma and China, and es .. ,blished

themseh·cs at La\l'kug_1i and nnr l\fynthit, tw0 plan·-; well ,,·ithin Britis�ritory. This aggression could not b·· p•·rmittcd. A letter was accordingly sent to the Chinese authc·:tie:; requesting the withJra11al of the Chinese troops, and on the l 1 th N uveml r the Deputy Commiss10ncr with an escort of troops aP<l police left

for the fron 11.!r. Th..: Chinese troops retired , and to preYcnt further aggrc�;;ion on thl:ir part a mil itary post \1as established, and has since been maintained on the we.;t ba!' 0f 1hc �ampaung stream. Subsequent to these events the NorthE,c.;Tt·rn u ilumn was S<·nt out tn tra\' rse the hills within our borders from the Taping

..... -· "'·" " ""h'- ct1 <-d vl cvumry winch nad never bef0r· lv'rn ,·i.;i'l·d, aPd which ·.-as inh.1Lit<.:d hy Kachin tribes reporte i to be ill rhspose<l. Owing. no <lr.ubt, to the tact and lirmness of Mr. ) I !rtz and C ptain Davi1·s the work of the column was carried through without an · fighting. The K<tchins were made tn understand by the collectiun of trilmte and confis ation .1f arms that they are suLjcd lo Gritish authority . J\'er Rs. 3,000 were col !cted as triLutc, G8u guns were cnnfi�cated, and 336 guns were licensed. Towar is the end of the season th1• colu11 n recl:ivecJ lll'\\'S of the Sadun rising. and proc. erling n:::tll i>y 1rnn' 111m1,,., '''l'•'l·•·il .. d ll: re ic\·ing t he SaJun garrison and in inflict• ing punishnll 111 •.m the Ji, "it·!_'.t'rs. Thi· i rr:i.waddy column was the lasl of those :>t:llL uui C..l:>l ur the ri\'tt i1-; ntii1·rt "'"" tf'\ !'::-'.FIO�C the country frvm llie Nantabet to the 'l\maikha and to l'�tal.Jh�h a pt rm.11,ent post at Sad6n to dominate this portion of the hil!s. The column procn.dcJ first to Sad6n, meeting with some opposition en route, ancl, while the post was being built, the country to the north and north-cast was ex plored. During the absence of the main part ur the COiumn the J'OSt WaS attac1-:cd in force by the neighbouring tribes. The small garrison ddL ided itself with much gal lantry till it was rel ieved by the North-Eastern co111mn. In n·cngnition of the skill and gallantry with which Sadon wa" drf1·nded it ha" IH·en nti'TIC<l Fon I Lmison after the officer who conducted the defence. During the 'll"Xt ft•\1 we1·ks the column was employed in reducing to order the country flllITHI Sad11•i, and the l:tst part of its wvrk consisted in a tour through the country tv the Hlll t 11-we'it of the Fort. In the course of thi� tour in· formation was obtained of a sort of league bet,i.·een a chain of Sawbwas, beginning

•8'•'9•-1 SCMMARY. 7

with Sansi in China on the east and ending with Thama on the w�l, and includ· ing Sadon, Sadangkong, and Tungar. The raison d'etre of this league was smuggling, and it was consequently bitterly hostile to the British advance. The operations of 1891-92 have thoroughly broken up tht: league, one of the Sadon Sawbwas having been captured, and Sadangkong, Tungar, and Thama having been driven out.

8. During the year the Upper Burma Laws Ac t, the Lower Burma Municipal

Legislation. Act, and the Rangoon Port Commissioners Act were amended, and a large number of Acts were extended

to Upper Rurma, several of them amending Acts of which the parent Acts had already been brought into force there. ,\ regulation to further provide for the administration of towns in Upper Burma received the assent of the Governor· Ge11eral in Council, and has since the close of the year come into force. The Shan States were further defined by a notification under the Upper Burma Laws Acr, but no new enactments were extended to them.

9. The general scheme for the re-organization of the Lower Bunn:\ police

Police administration, Lower Ourma.

1rns sanctioned by the Go vernment of India during the 1·ear. The Lower Rurma military police now con· sists of twn battalions wi th headquarters at Rangoon

and Toung00 respectively. The re-org;rniz:!tion of the civil police of Lower Burma has not yet bt en fully introduced in all its details. The strength of the civil police rose by 24, namely , from 8,373 to 8,397, and the conduct ol the force was generally goo<l. The introduction of the beat patrol syste::m was one of the most important stt ps taken during the year to render the working of the force more efficient. It ha' hn�n introduced into bo1 h sections of the province. Violent '....11 ll • • J� , � L1.: J. , I�· t .. \t\..r.3 Bh..J:>� nl�rkcJ in the case of <lacoitic• \\'hirh fell from 1�1 to 137. There was agencral diminu· tior in catt .c. thefts an ' other similar classc� of minnr crime in Lower Burma dur ng the year. The isciplinc of the Lower Burma military police was good, ano sue!- work in the ' ay of operations and the like as they ha\·e been required

to do ha::. been satisfa• orily pcrformL·1l T hL· Supply and Clothing Department \\as m. i1agcd t ffici"n' )' duri11g t h._� ) c ·1r. Tht fur Lhcr retent ion of the department has hcen n·rn1' rn<'ncl1 d

1o. l lw L"la1 11•111 · ' ,,, • ;1 i' ,, .. i;, • l.Il, r .. 1ineJ in l"p1;er Burma during the

l'Oi1cc .�;imiui-.1r..uiu11, Burma. •, :r\. 7,487, or 1 ju more than in the previousyectr, �n,I tl t �I 1\ f'••:t rn�P frnm Rs. 15,86,683 to Rs. 1 7,20 216. Tht• stn•ngth of the military police was

re<luce<l from 1 _:;,392 l< q :H9, the reduction:> h;l\·ing beei: effected mainly m the Eastern and S ·u · h, • 1 L1:11::. •1 • Tl1t· orl� battali ins that were strengthened were tho�c oi llie K ·1tl., <. t1 \ \11" .; ''p1 r Chindwin, and Bhamo districts. Those of th" force " 1 , • r· · •..., L , m ex P"dit ion..; acquitted themselves credi· tably, and th·� rl'.ur"" hPwmg the < ondu ·t and discipline of the men were very satisfac-tnry. The total '"'"t of the military p1,licc fell from Rs. 65146,403 to

Rs. 46,48.201. The> hLaltli of the fnrcc was rather better than in 1890. Violent crime in l'ppcr Bur'111 1 imini...hcd t11 .\ marked extent, and the condition of the country as rq.�ards rr, it is n >W at i1•ast as satisfac.'ory as that of the Lower Province. The famim. th..it , r .. : v.iih! in many districts of Cpper Burma for a ponion

--

8 REPORT ON THB ADMINISTRATION O'V BtrltM.C. of the year fortunately made no appreciable addition to the crime returns of the

year.

11. The number of offences reported as true during the year in Lower Rurma was 44sz8 and 381755 were brought to trial. Criminal Justice, Lower Rurma. ( )ffences against property were 78� fewer in number

than in 1�, but this decrease is partly ascribed to the disposal of petty cases by Yillage headmen undPr the Lower Burma Village Act. Dacoities and robberies diminished, the former from 23 t to 162, the latter from 249 to 220, but cattle-thefts, according to the judicial returns, slightly increased. Further progress was made in the reconciliation of the judicial and police returns, but the full effect of the measures taken was not apparent in the year of report. The Courts disposed of 381837 ra<:es, being 25 1 less than in 1890. A larger proportion of the work was done by subordinate Stipendiary Magistrates and less by District Magistrates and Sessions Judges. Sentences of whipping decreased considerably both in Rangoon and in the other districts of Lower Burma; sentences of transportation decreased from 394 to 312, and though sentences of imprisonment for over two years increased from 639 to 841, the increase was in terms of not more than four years. The number of cases committed to the Courts of Session fell by two, but the number of pusons concerned fell from 835 to 741. The percenta ge of con• victions was 6o, and the cases seem to have been carelessly prepared in many instances. The Additional Sessions Judge reiieved the Commissioners of the Pegu and lrrawaddy divisions of the trial of 247 persons. Appeals to Sessions Judges increased from 2, 191 to 2,559. The percentage of appeals rejected or dismissed in Sessions Courts rose to 78, and in the Judicial Commissioner's Court, where appeals diminished, it was 76. Revisional work increased, and altogether ,c; 08<> cases were examined bv the Judic ial Commissioner, Sessions Judges, and District Magistrates.

1 2. The number of offence� reported in Upper Burma was 16,234 against 15,682 in 1B9<>,and the number reported as true was CrimiRal Justice, Upper Burma. 15,525. ln the Bhamo and Katha districts new ter·

ritory was brought under the. regular law and more offences therefore appeared in the returns. Considering that a large part of Upper Burma was a&licted with scarcity, the increase of crime was remarkably small. Dacoities continued to , . . . 1 · . : . • r .i . " '" " · ,,,.,1 . •I, r • ..1· • • • l • r S T' Ut,;\.;t\..� ..... , QUU., lH ,.)�h'"' U.1. ........................ -.... ,, l.'.<.-. l_U\.. - l • H.'.1 1.. S uhiH[u.;,i.h ... U uy u4 t.c:t.se...;. ue

number i..f Honorary �Iat;;�, rat1.:s w<t::. l"nsiderably increased, and at the close of Lht: yt:a.r ::.touJ at 11 with :;:nd and 20 with 3fd class powers. The Courts.dealt with 23,224 persons , convicted 14,4851 and committed or referred to another Court the cases of R38 persl1ns. Summary trials affected 4,08 ... persons, being nearly 28 per cent. of the total tm:d. Sessions Judges tried 293 persons and con· victed 77 per cent. of them. The average duration of Sessions cases was s6 J .. ys. St:ntences of tra11sponation, in consequence oi tne Wuntl1u rebellion, rose from 63 to 73, but many of these sentences were remitted by the Chief Commis· sioner. Sentences of imprisonment for terms exceeding two years fell from 419 to 363. Fines were imposPcl on J0,653 persons and 79 per cent. of them were realized. This was a considerable improvement on the previous year� but the average fine was still too high. Appeals to District Magistrates numbered only 621 and to Sessions Judges only 866. In District Magistrates' and Sessions

........ } SUMMARY. ' Judges' Court• 6g per cent., and in the Judicial Commillionert Coilt Is per cent.,.of. the appeals faile4.

13, One more jail was brought on the returns of the Jail Deputmen& ....... Jails.. the year. This was at Kindat in the Upper CJUn.;

dwin district and it added 24 prisoners to tbe opening balance of p.riseners under confinement. The number of admiuiom � tinued to diminish ·and amounted to 25,3i6, but discharges also diminished, and . at th� end of the year the jails held 1 1,557 prisoners, or 3g8 more tbaft at •

the beginning. Four hundred and eight prisoners were released by . order of . #

the Chief Commissioner ; they were mostly men whose release had betn .. ordered in 1�, but whose liberation had been deferred pending a report •

on their conduct in jail or their provision of security. Only t 15 prisoners were transported to. India and· the Andaman Islands against 517 in 189<>. Twelve convicts tscaped, and five only of them were recaptured. Jail offences in· creased, but whippings diminished from 499 to 3771 though other punishment• rose from 14..440 to 15,�61. Enhanced tasks and forfeiture of marks were more largely employed as penalties. The increase of punishments was solely due to the more stringent enforcement of prison discipline in Upper Burma. The jails cost Rs. 7,45,309 against Rs. 7,95,477 in 1890. The cost of rations fell con· siderably ; establishment charges were nearly the same, but hospital charges in· creased. The cash earnings of prisoners amounted to Rs. 2,81,512 and the grinding of wheat for the rr.ilitary police provided an excellent form of penal labour. The average net cost of a prisoner fell from Rs. 43 to Rs. 37. In Upper Burma accommodation w� slightly increased, but in Lower Burma the maximum number to be placed in the Moulmein lail was restricted to 900, and some similar, but smaller, reductions were made in 1 he maxima of other Lower Burma jails. The health ol pn�oner!> imptuH:u and the da11y average ot sick was only 394 or 34 per thousand. Serious outbreaks of �holera occurred at Toungoo and Moulmein and raised the total number of deaths to 34s.:

14, There were 36,214 civil suits iiistituted in Lower Burma. The increase

Civil justice, Lower Burma.· of 484 suits was wholly attributable to the Rangoon Courts. The Debtors' Act is said lo have diminished

litig1ttion in Moulmein and Akyab. Applications for execution increased, and on the whole were more successful. APPf-als dimini�hed, .and 66 per cent. of those in the Judicial Commissioner's Court were unsuccessful. Both original cases and app,eals were promptly disp05ed 0f, and the figures relating to the original cases, which were regarded with suspicion on account of their very favourable compMison with those of most Indian provinces, have stood the tests applied. Th·e average was 22 days for contested and 15 days for-uncontested cas�s, 26 days for appeals in Deputy Commissioners' ·Courts, and 51 days for appeals in Commissioners' Courts.

15. The number of:soits instituted in Upper Burma was 9,418: In Manda· lay litigation declined and elsewhere suits for land and on written obligations decreased. The Stamp

and Registration laws are said to have �aused the decrease. Although the returns showed an increase in the duration of cases, it is believed that cases were more promptly disposed of and statistics more accurately prepared than in 18go. Appeals to Deputy Gommi1sioners increased· from 520 to 599 and many cue•

Civil Justice, Upper Burma.

3 ..

..

IO tR&PORT o" THI 401111...raATK* °' llVRMA. ,.,..., were revised.· · Commissioners disposed of only 1 and the Judicial COll'mi� of only 42 regular appeals. The introduction of the Civil Procedure Code II under consideration.

16. One hundred and seventeen registration offices were open at th� close of 1 891-92 and the total of documents regtstered

Recimatlon. during the year was 1 21340. In Rangoon Town registration revived1 and in some other districts there was allO a return to the position of 18�. The value of the property affected by registered documents amounted to Rs. 1s:a,or ,882. In Upper Burma registrations rose from 1 ,s.5 to 21099 owing to the admission in certain towns1 under a special notification, of documents which should have been presented before, but which had not been pre-9Cllted through ignorance of the law. In Mandalay registrations increased, but the value of the property transferred diminished. The high price of food account· ed for both variations.

1 7. The number of municipalities and town committees remained unchang· ed. The gross income of the 25 municipalities fdl

Municipal administration, Lower from Rs 30 6o 5,.J;. to Rs 2· 07 5N.. owing to Danna. • • 1 'Y"' • J 1 • "'Y• the withdrawal of Provincial contributions and the

contraction of debt accounts. Taxation proper yielded Rs. 8,23,715 against Rs. 7,4515 14 in the previous year. ThP gross expenditure was nearly the same as in the previous year, and, excluding debt accounts, amounted to Rs. OOA9,24g. In Rangoon the ordin;try income of the M unicipal Committee increased from Rs. 1 1 1951857 to Rs. 12 162,o62 and the ordinary expenditure was Rs. 14,56,541. The improvements in the hospital were completed and <fio con11ections between houses and the Shone system were made. A scheme for the raising of the q·-; mpy h rl;: "f Ra: goo11 \\,1,.; 11rawn up b} he c •mmi::ce appointed to consider the matter and has been approved. After the passing of Act XXI of 1891 new rules for regulating the materials of houses and the inspection o� buildings were passed which will improve the appearance of the centre of the town and diminish the risk of fire. The sanitary condition of Moulmein continued to engage atten• tion, but 110 sufficient income was raised to improve it. In Bassein a tramway for conservancy purposes was worked throughout the year and was of great use. In Prome the water-works were in a satisfactory condition and more h1drants "were �uL up. in Aky.ao strcet-11ght1ng was st arted and a noisome creek was pro· Yided with a masonr)t channel. . The year v.as not eventful, for most of the municipalities were confronted with the problem of balancing their budgets and in consequence embarked upon no avoidable expenditure.

r;, 8. During the year of report the number of municipalities remained at 16, but the Yesagyo Municipal Committee bas since

P'�n�J:.I administration, Up- hf',,n ;tbolished. The total r�eipts nf the commit· tees were Rs. 5195,435 and their expenditure Rs.

6..f.019001 to 'which Mandalay contributed Rs. 3,35,990 and Rs. 3,69,768 res• pectively. Pak6kku ; displaced Pyinmana from the position of having the next largest income, but Pyinmana showed the next largest expenditure. Owing to the non·realization . of th� demand, the revenue from taxes declintd. In Sagaing, Yt-u1 M�nyw&,·Yesagyo, Taungdwingyi, and Kyauk� the construction of buaan proceeded. , SUch bazaars have, as in Lower Burma, proved i" most towns ·a ft,l'J

•19·�··1 St:MMARV. I I I remunerative investmenl, anu having thus secured their revenues some committees are paying more attention to conservancy, s.rnitation, and roads.

19. The total strength of the troops in Upper and Lower Burma on the Ut Military. April 1 892 was European 5,045 including 236 officers,

Nat;v-.; 1 1 ,987 indu<ling 231 officers, a slight dec;rease on the strength on 1 st April 1 89 1 . Major-General R. C. Stewart, c.e., A.D.C., remained in charge of the Burma District Command throughout the year. The net charges incurred in the several departments on account of troops stationed in Burma were in 1 890-9 1 Rs. 1 , J:?,42,438 and in 1892 Rs. 1 ,29,72,396. The aggregate effic ient stren:!;th of \'olunteer Corps in Burma on the 3 1st March 1891 and 1 892 resp..:ctivdy was 1 ,899 :inrl 1 1 709, Shortly before tl:e dose of the year a new corps, knmrn ..is the Rangoon Naval \' olunteers and attached to the Rangoon Volunteer Art illery, was raised.

20. The total area of rcscrYcd forests was 5,6 1 5 square miles, being an in· crease of 1 2 square miles on the mileage of the pre· Yious year. Enquiries were held during the year,

with a view to the reservation of additional areas aggregating several hundred square miles. Cutch and kadut were declared reser\'ed trees during the year, aml ll1t uuly uu lhi 1 1ga11, a rtstrvcd tree , was mcreased. Surveys were carried on in the forests o! the Toungoo district and of the Tenasserim division. A working plan of the Taungnyo forest in the Tharrawaddy district was sanctioned and a \\ orking plan of the Shwelc forc:;ts in the Prome district was prepared. Fire-protection \\'a'i very successful. Four hundred and ninety-six square miles out of 501 of which the protection was attempted were preserved from fire at a cost of 1 anna 7 pies per acre. An a<lJ i tion of 32 acres was made to the Magayi teak plantation in the Pcgu circle and ; . 206 acres were added to the area of Taungnyo pia11 1 �11 1 111s in D•nn c1rrw.;. A �r11c111e \\a-; sarH.:l lvnc:<l !or starting a cutch plantati Jll on a large scale in the Pcg·1 circle. The total quantity of timbcr cxtracted from the forests wa-; 235,328 tons ag�inst 1 78 , 1 88 in 1 890·91 . Of this 58128 r tons were teak. The gro,.;., forl'St revenue of the year was Rs. 28,58, 1 14, thP l'xpencliture Rs. 1 2 .G9, j 39, and the net surplus Rs. 1 5188,375. The total quantity of teak exported from .'.\1oulmcm and Rangoon was 1 6 1 1<)67 tons against 1 75, 1 1 5 in 1 890·9 1 . The aYcrage ,·;d ue per ton o f teak, Rs. 72-3-2, was much t he c:ame as in t lw nn·\'i11u.; y• -tr wlwn it ;1111111mteci t o R s. 7 1 - 1 2- 10.

2 1 . During 1 c9 1 ·92 1 ,0.q sq u,ire 111ii1�-; \\'ere notified as resen'ed forests and

Fores\51 U pprr Bunna. .1l t l 1t l'nd 1,1 • lw �Tar t he lutal area of reserved f·'r<':-:�s in L'pper I3urma was 1 ,059 square miles. En

quiries were held wit h a \ iew to t h<' srtt lf'mf'nt of a further area oi 1 1789 square miles. The total arPa of protected forests was 1 6,461 square miles, valuations sunreys were carried out O\ er 9,635 acres, �nd 1 ,940 miles were tt:a.vei:sed with ch;iin ann plane tahle. SP\'f'r:il rh:in�cs of i mportance were made in the forest

rules for the purpose of pre nting the improper felling of cutch and of securing

to Government a shan; in the profits obtained by extracting teak and ce�ain

other kinds of wovd for trade. Fire-protection was attempted in the Pyinmwia

division and 7 ,040 acres were protected . Experiments with eucalypt4� and English

fruit trees were carried out with vary ing success at Bemardmyo and other hill

stations. The numbt>r of trees girdled during the year was 20,048; 1 7 7, 1 82 tons

of timber, of which 1 1 7 ,533 tons were Leak, passed revenue stations. The gross rect>ipts of the year were Rs. 1 3,27 ,300, the expenditµre Rs. 3,j3,859,

•.

/ ,

I I lllPOllT ON TH! ADNIN18fR \'tlON OP 8tlilMA. and the surplus Rs: 9,53,44r. In consequen�e of the drought whrclr prevailed i n Upper Burma the seas0n was very unfarnurable for floating timber and receipts from lessees' timber were Rs. 414 71780 Jess than in 1890-91 . Receipis from

other sources, principally timber extracted by Government agency, drift timber,

and minor forest prn � uce, exceeded those of 1 890-91 by, in round numbers, Rs. 1 ,30,000. During the year of report the forests in the Southern Shan States were examined by a Forest Officer and orders were issued as to· the1 nunner in which they should be workt!<i and as to the royalty which should be :paid. by Sawbwas for working them.

2�. The jade mines were worked under- the same system as irt the previot.r.;

M inc� an<l qaarri<s.· year. The ruby mines were exploited by the Ruby Mirres Company under the license issued to it in 1888.

Cordial relations were maintained duril'lg the year between the Company·and the native miners. The output of earth-oil from the petroleum fields of the Magwe district was 1 5 .589,93 1 \.;ss again:;t 9,91 J 36o viss in I 89()-91 . The negotiations which have b�en for some time in progre.;s f11r the purpose of settling the claims of the Burma Oil Company, the Lepe! Griffin Synd icate , and the native miners, were completed <luring the year. St•n;ral applicat ions were made for leases of areas in the Ycnangyaung and :\1inbu oil-field;;. The lease of t1'e Lingadaw coal-field to Mr. H errmann was executed. The concession is about to be transferred to a Company. The coal-bearing area in the Upper Chindwtn district� covering 1o6 square miles, was surveyed . Neg.>tiations were in progress for the lease of'6! square miles of this area to a Calcutta Syndic<Cte. The work of prospecting for tin in the 1' I e�gui di�trict, which has L1·cn carried on for'the last three years, was complete<. during the year undt:r rl'Jl•>rt. The main result of the year's wcrk '\fas t he discu\·ery of excellent coal' on the Great Tcnasserim nvcr. A lease-of tin· 111i11111g 1 1g1 · , P \ •·r u1c whole i\ol ;rnwun town.;h 1 p has been ottertd to a syndicate from the Straits Settlements.

23. There were 6,5 7 S vessels with a tonnage of 3,671 ,590 engaged in the

Commercial Marine: seaborne trade of the province during the year, compared with 6,594 vessels having a tonnage Of

3,6i8,4 1 1 in 1 890"9• · The total receipts from light-dues aggregated Rs. 2,62,850 or Rs. 2 1 ,253 more than in 1 890-91 . The new Oyster Island light-house was c omp\c tl'rl dnnnN the ve"r ')nrl •ht> 1:rrht ;., "'"" <>vl.a ... ;.,,,J " r. o�-.. i.:� � I' ht u· :•1 • .. .._._ .... . .. . . �, ..... • "°'"" '-* · · � - . � · ; . ... .... . .. .... _ . • • • \,,o\..Wt�alJl:) ib I n!•I

shortly be substituted for the fixed light in the Eastern Grove light-house. 24. The value of the seaborne tra<le uf tla.: pru• i11ce was Rs. :ii3,42,57,424

Seaborne trade. or l<.s. 95, 79,917 more than that of the preceding year. The import trade increased by 3 ·66 per cent.

and the export trade by 2 • 47 per cent. over that of 1 89099 1 . The import trade was encouraged by low .rates of freight, while unusually large shiptnents of cutch an<l rice-bran hetped to swell toe exports. A good deai oi rice tl1at would other· w;se have gone seaward w:is attracted to Upper Burma where there was scarcity of food. Rangoon continued to do three-fourths of the entire trade of the province. Di:ect imports from England fell off, while those from continental ports increased. There wa!I a large increase in direct exports to England.

25. The trade with the Shan States, Karenni, China, and Siam was registered at the same places as in the year before. Ita value was recorded u Rs. 1 , 161 13,774, or 4·25 per cent.

1 "1and trade.

. . • , . .

SUMMARY. 13 more than in 1 890-9 1 . The China trade tends to concentrate itself at Bhamo, the other two routes being used less and le!'ls. There was a slight increase in this

trade both in exports ;md in1ports. The trade between Lower Burma and Zimm� and the Shan States slightly decreased. From the 1 st May 1 892 the registra· tion of the boat traffic on the lrrawaddy and Sittang rivers and at the land stations on the old boundary line between Lower and Upper B urma has been resumed.

26. I n Lower Burma the total expenditure during the year on Public Work!.

Public \Vorks, Lower Burma. was Rs. 38,941822. Of this Rs. 1 1 ,40,669 were spent on civil buildings and Rs. 9,1 4,47 1 on corn•

munications. Thi> total cost of establishment was Rs. 6,39,438 or a percentage of 20·31 on the total expenditure on works and repairs.

,..

The prinrip:i l works U:iOf'r c·r.;-istruction during the year were-

The new public offices i n Rangoon. By the end of March all the brick· work was c11mpl! •ed with the exception of several turrets and the dome. The foundations in this building have caused trouble and cracks in t he masonry ha\'e appeared.

The jail at lr.sein for 2,000 priso1wrs. The expenditure at the end of the )Tar on th is work was R s. 6.4 1 ,4s2. the estimate being Rs. 81 701000. Th1; building will probably be ready for occupation by thl' 1·nd of :\l:iy 1 893.

�� . . The ligh -housi; on Oyster I slanJ which was completed during the year

.tl a cost of Rs. 2,05,02 1 against an estimate of Rs. 2,50,463 . The l ight was use<l first t\11 the 1 1 t h of May.

. ,. . .. .. ' ,, . .

The total mileage of open roads in Lower Burma 1s now 2,737!, 36 miln ha\·ing bet>n opened during the year .

, 1 1c1" 11 u c 1 1 u 1 . ;i !-'"• ,..Lile I 1l' I• rv"ll" slui tcu <luring i.111.: year. 2 j . !n l'pprr Burma the outlay m Public Works was R s . 55,87,782 against

Public \\'erk<, Upper Bnrma. a final grnnl of Rs. 55,27, 197. The cost of establishment \1as Rs. 8 ,99,08 1 or 19·73 per cent. on the

total xpcnJiture on works and repair�.

Of the ahun: expl 11Jiture tht uutla y on M ilitary Works was Rs. 1 2,50,24 1 , on Ci\'il \\'orb Rs. JJ,001 j57, and o n M inor Works and Navi-

.Mil itary rcqu!rcmuits at �fyingyan, �feiktila, and Shwebo were proceed. i::J 11 ith anJ a gicat numbu of building5 were completed during t he year, and general improvements to cantonments carried out.

A large amount uf wurk 1rn� dt1nc on jails during the year in Upper Burma. Jail works wcn· in progress in the Minbu, Myingyan, Katha, Sh1rebo, Bhamo, Mandahy, and Upper Chindwin divisions. A iarge number of smaller civil and pohce bui1dings were also erected throughout the province.

The Ruby :\l ines road was widened during the year and the old bridgf'!s

replacC'd. This road has cost Rs. 8,05,6g7 up to the end of this year. The :\taymyo-Lashio road for opening out the Northern Shan States was proceeded with. The first two sections were completed and work continued on the remaining two sections.

4

' • REPORT ON THE Af>MINl91'RATIO'\ OP BURMA.

On the Myingyan·Fort Stedman road in the Southern Shan States good progress has been made. Three sections are now open to

traffic.

� . l .. .. "' • • In addition to these important works, a large number of minor r�ds l\'ete

constructed or partially constructed as Famine Relief Works. In

the Meiktila division Rs. 1 ,85,702 were c;pent on such works. � I • · t . (• ' ...... I ' ' • The length of road open in Upper Burma at the end of the year was - •. '-· • .. :- 1., - 1 I • -- . ,... ��:. ·.

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' ·,P.� 1" '

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'" 2, 789!-, the total length opened during the year being I , 1 Hf miles.

Owing to the necessity of providing work for distressed people after the failure of the rains this year a large number 0£ old Burmese irrigation projects were t<'ken up and put in order as Famine Relief W Mks. In the Yamethin and Meiktila districts a large amount of work of this kind was done. The works were chiefly tanks or

;. _;_ , I ' • -::: :.� ,_,. , · · .. , ('\-' r .. . -- . 1 , , 1 " ) . I

·· :i�". -�· ·� ' · Y.' :rhe Mu Canal Scheme in the Shwebo district was surveyed and obse1-

'· _ , , �� .

f-: � vatio. ns taken of flo.

ods, heights, &c., but no large amount of :!.Ji ._ . ' I l �· .,_ '.- ; , · ·,��\ .�� ... . • work was done on it. ·� :�' it�� Surveys wrre also made of the l\Iadaya projrct at Mandalay, and the �'. � :��}i · ("

K yaukse tank in the Mciktila di\·i�i6n was p .. nially �on:.tructed. ; · :> r:' � 1J. 28. t.:p t•) the end of the calendar year the receipts of the Burma State

.� ,. '1�1 "l. Railway were from all open lines R .. . 58,55, 1 97, I °'.>':" A-�;fl ,, r Railways. ,'( - ..,, . • . . • • . 1 · - ) the corresponding figures for the I :·cnous yrar being

� ' . - , - Rs. 54, 7 1 ,4J2 , an increase of Rs. 3,83, 765. Of the net earnings the lrra\\addy

-��: ; t and Sitt,·mg Section earned Rs . 38,5:1,239, t ht' M.'.lndalay Section Rs. 1 9, 2 1 ,323,

The total number "f miles open was 6o9. of which 53 m :les from Sagaing to Sbwebo were opened during t he year ender! 3 1 st December 1891 .

The Mandalay-Amarapura Sl�ction and t h e Shwebo-Wuntho Section were al11.ost cu•nµleted and were opc1h.:d shortly after the ch1se of the yt'ar, the latter for goods traffic. The Shwebo- \\" untho Section will be open for passenger traffic before long.

29. I n l; 1(; Dul 111a ui\ i:-iu11 u m ; or l W l l sm�ii adcittions t o departme11tal telegraph J;qp� " ere 111·1rl1· during the year. Tht:r1.: \\e1e no ch.:.r.gesin the 1 1u1 11Le1 uf departmental and combined

offices, which were 14 and 1 6 respectively. The total number of messages disposed of by departmental offices de:creascd from 1 ,044,346 to 938,878, a decrease entirely due to the Elephant Point · Penang cable having been closed. Postal combined offices showed an increase of 1 9·7 per cent. in the number of messages of which they disposed. In the Arakan d1V1sion the length of line and wire and the number of offices remained the same as in the previous year. In Upper Burma the total mileage of wire rose to 4,859·88. There \\'as an increase of 8or94 miles during

Lhe year. A telephone exchange was established in Mandalay in September 1591 • The work of the Post Office was efficie11tly conducted. A considerable addition was m;:de to postal lines in U ppcr Burma. The mail services were well maintained, and the money-order and savings-hank business continued to grow at a satisfac· tory rate.

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SUMMARY, 15 30. Three Cadastral Surny parties of the Imperial Survey were employed

Suf\e}s and Sdtlcmcnts. in Durma durin� the year. These parties traversed 4,904 square miles and surveyed 316 1 2 square miles

cadastrally. Local Survey parties were employed in both provinces. In Lower Burma t hey tra\'Nsed 1 1587 and snr\'i>yed cri<h4'trally 1 1566 square miles. Their operations re:.ulted in an increase in revenue of Rs. 1 1 1 0,on. In Upper Burma local surveys wc:re carried on in the Shwebo and Yamcthin districts and certain oil -bearing tracts in the Southern diYision were surveyed. The settlement of the ThC.ng11a d i ,., t riet in Lower and of the Kyaukse district in Upper Burma was completed in 1 8 9 1 -92.

One Tri_gnnnmetrical and two Topographical Survey parties werf' employed in l1pper Burma in 1 89 1 -92. The former p:i.rty t ri:m�ulated 41356 square miles. The two lattt'r partif's werf' l'rnplnp·d in t ht> Shan Stale-;, Karenni, and the Bhamo, Katha , Ruby �l ines , Yc-u, and l 'pp(·r Chindwin di�tricts. These parties surveyed an area of 4.!.,0i7 square miles. One Topographical and one Forest Survey party were em plop·d in Lower Burma, the former i n Mcrgui , the latter in Toungoo.

3 1 . The net reYcnue demand of 1 8 9 1 -92 in Lower Burma was Rs. 3,2 1 1921691

" " •Revenue, LO\\Cr Burma. against R:-.. 3, 1 5,04,449 in 1 1)90-9 1 . The bulk of the incr"ase was contributc•d hy land revenue, capitation·

tax, excist� , ancl f, <·st s. l 'ndl'r customs there was a falling off of, in round numbers , 5t lakhs of rnp1 ·.:;. The total area assessed to hnd revenue was 5,4521883 acres or 4· 1 7 per Cl'nt . more than in the pre\·ious year, the net land rc,·enue demand was larg<'r than i· 1 890-91 in every district, exc<·pt Rangoun and Thayetmyo, and amnunte<l I • • R'. 92 , 26.5.1.). The n·\·r·nuc was collected with unexampled prompti, , ,,i , . I� "' qX q� rin:> r j111• l 1 1rlin�• ·1 rr1 " t " 1 Ji ;1vi1HT hi>1'n rol11•rtpd hv thf' � l <:t M::irrh

1 S9z, :1.1hi !{ '· 1 2 ,785 only remaining uncollected. The capitation-tax demand incrca.:;ed l>y, in round nu mbers, Rs . 1 .35 ,000, the total collectio.1s reached the sum of Rs. 37 20,i38, an<l the outstanding..; at the end of th� year amounted to Rs. 625 only . The incrca,.,c in lhc yichl . ,f the tax ,, a,, C(Jlllributctf principally by the I }L z;ufa, Tharrawadd,-, Thimgwa, Amhcrsl, an<l Shwe�yin districts. The collect i"tb un a�c,,tml 11f (i,.,hcrie� 11 1·n· al11i.ist the same as in the previous year and amou11te<l to Rs. 1 6,58.40 1 . Tl tL' excise duty on salt yielded a revenue of Rs. _ .,).� . . �,) 7 =:;�. � • l..) "" • , ; • ,f. • ·� ' \,(:;""' ':; ' A ,...A,"11;;:;,4,..,.,.. h1� !"""u·t;"" nf th1c: c;�n.,

con,;i ,;tcd nf arrc •;tr". Thi' d-:!mand dimini.,h1·d by -;onw Rs. 23,000. The income from minnr f1 1re,;t produce W:t" R s. ��.q 1 4 agamst Rs. 5 2 , 1 26 in 1 8Qo•Q I . The prompt cPlkc1 ion oi n·ycnue ior 1\·hich the year 1 1$ 9 1 -92 was remarkable was accompnnicd by a considcrabl1' decrease in the number of coerci\·c processes employed fur i ts •'ollcction. Warrants of arrest fell from 1 1 ,082 to j,359 and warrants of attach m1•nt of property iro111 4,8 j8 to 3, 1 9 1 , while sales of property increased ,.1:-'"')' f· ..,.., · 1 ' to .., ,, � ..... i � · 1···.---,·tn1ents to 1·.,; 1 fro m ,... . ,., " " Th� ..... tamp __, ... � . . . ! l \.I UJ I ..,. 1 - .), u.uu 1.,,. U l l l l l "" . 1·: � • "

revenue increa.;ed from Rs. 9182, 762 to Rs. 1 0,4 7 ,848, or 6'62 per cent. Half of the incrca,;c \\ as contributed by other general stamps, the remainder by stamps of other dcscri pt ions. The total revenue from opium was Rs. 1 9, 1 1 ,624 or, in round numbers, Rs. 63,000 less than in the pre\·inus year. The falling off was due to a diminut i.m of more t han a lakh of rupees in receipts from sale of opium to licensed farmers. Receipt,; from liquor amounted to Rs. 27,93,975 against Rs. 25,68,919 in 1 890-9 1 . The i1 1 crease was contributed mainly by the excise duty on distillery

t6 !ttPOllT ON THlt ADMINIS'T'll.\TION OP BURMA.

liquor and by receipts from licenses to sell rice-beer: Madras.sup�l�s the �ulk

of t�.e distillery liquor, which is a formidable competitor of foreign liquor. Rice•

bee� is supplanting tari to a certain extent in the districts of the delta of the Irra·

waddy. The total collections on account of the income-tax amounted to Rs.

6,59,�2 1 against Rs. 51901863 in the previous year. There was an increase �nder

each of the heads of income on which the tax was levied, with the exception of

secuntles. There was a great improvement during the year in the administration

of the tax. Arrears fell from Rs. 1 1 1 51069 to Rs. 4616471 while at the same time

there was a large diminution in �he number of coercive processes.

32. There was a diminution in receipts from thathameda in consequence of the scarcity which prevailed in Upper Burma

Revenue, Upper Burma. during a grt:at part of 1891 -92. The collections amounted to Rs. 4 1 ,41 ,763 against Rs. 43,401920 in 1 890-91 , and there were outstandings amuunling to, in round numbers, Rs. 3,50,000, of which a considera· ble portion has been remitted since the cloae of the year. Had the season been normal it is probable that the collections of the year would have amounted to about 50 lakhs of rupees. The revenue from State lands rose from Rs. 8,28,796 to Rs. 9,861413. The bulk of this revenue is collected in districts which were little affected by the famine. The re\·enue from fisheries increasf>d from Rs. 2 ,oo, 793 to Rs. 2,55,7261 the revenue from irrigation was almost stationary at Rs. 84,032. Heavy expenditure was incurred on irrigation works in 1 891 -92, particularly in the Eastern divisi· in, where thousands of people in need of relief were employed between August 1891 and June 1 892 in digging tanks and canals and in constructing weirs. Irrigation rates are being imposed on land irrigated by means of these works and the irrigation revenue of Upper Burma may be expected to increase rapidly in consequence. Agricultnral advances amounting to Rs. 4, l l ,558 were made durin� the r�1r , � ;., 1 R ; ,.15 .:; -� > 1 "..r .J • 1 i:t: Lulk ui tl11.:::.1.: cld\a11ccs were made to people in areas affected by scarcity to provide them with seed and to save them from the necessity of selling their cattle. The stamp revenue of Upper Burma increased from Rs. 2,24,699 to Rs. 2,38,450. The greater part of the increase was contributed by rc:ceipts and general stamps. The opium revenue was prac· tically stationarf, the net receipts amounting to Rs. 1 131 ,537. The greater part of the revenuf: was contributed by sales of Government opium. The total income from liquor was Rs. 3.29. 132 against R <:. 2,83,6o7 in 1 890.91 . The increase w:i:; comr:b:;�ce! by .:xc1sL du� y uu <li::.lillery liquor, iicenses for the manufac· ture and sale of country spirits. and hcen.;es for the sale of tari.

33. The year 1891 -92 was the last year of the existing Provincial contract

Finance. with the Government of India. The Provincial accounts of the year showed a surplus of Rs.

5,o6, 1 16, or only one-half the amount of the surplus in 1890-91 (Rs. to,62,158). The receipts in Lower Burma under all heads were Rs. 4,J.;,:i.;;,SJ6 compared with Rs. 4,25,81,352 in 1890-9 1 , or an increase of Rs. 9141 ,484, while the ex• penditure rose from Rs. 2,30,31,977 to Rs. 2,38179,558, or an increase of Rs. 8147,581 , chiefly under Forests, Railways, and Public Works. There is as yet no Provincial contract so far as the finances of Upper Burma are concerned. The Imperial receipts of that province for 1891992 were Rs. 1 , 1 1 ,52,364, or Rs. 1 134,61 7 less than those of 1890-91 . The diminution was due mainly to abatement of tbathameda·tax in localities where the crops failed, and to a falling off in the forett

., revenue owing to deficient rainfall. The expenditure rote from Rt. 1,84,71 , 197 to Rs. 1,91,57,981 , or an increase of Rs. 6186,7S., chiefly under Railwap ... PuWie Works. A new Provincial contract with Lower Burma hu now Nett ...... for five years commencing from ut April 1892' Tho Government of India CGGiWel'I that the time has not yet arrived for extending tbo ProYincial caatnw:t .,-to Upper Burma.

3+ In Lower Burma the birth-rate was according to the retum9 w74 ud · the death-rate 15·93 per ruille. A new IJltem of �i:,1aa.::1 e�:::-1 Adminis· collecting vital statistics was introduced in rural ttactt.

In respect of cholera, fevers, and bowel-comp1aintt the year was unhealthy, but the mortality from smallpox deereued. The stension of the Shone sewerage system in Rangoon and of the Prome water•eupply haft been already noticed, and no other sanitary works claim mention. The Rangooa Lunatic Asylum continued to be overcrowded on the criminal side and the namber of lunatics confined in the Rangoon Jail steadily increased. The number of inpatients at the dispensaries exhibited a marked increase and nearly 19,000 more out-patients were treated than in 1890. The Vaccination Act was applied to one cantonment and three municipalities, but vaccinations decreased by over 101000 cases.

35. Eight new dispensaries were started in Upper Burma and two old ones were closed. The increase in the attendance of ...

S!lnitary and Medical Admini.. tients at the Mandalay hospital was particuJarly tration, Upper Burma. marked, and in the whole of Upper Burma S.,215

Bunnans resorted to the hospitals, being over 241000 more than in 18go. The health of the military police improved, though the death-rate increased to 1 7·os. \'accin:i,:o!::; ro:;l! from J/1956 lo 5j,y8.; operations, a11d the Vaccinatiou Act was applied to Mandalay Municipality and Cantonment and to five other muma· palities.

36. In Lower Burma the re-classification of indigenous schools, by which

Education, Lower Burma. those which taught no arithmetic were eliminated from the list of public institutions, the enforcement of the

new standards and rules and the extension of instruction in drawing and of exercise in drill were the principal events in the educational.history of the year. The number of schools classed as public fell by 971 but the number of pupils rose from 7+, 763 to 7916o6. The attendance at the Rangoon College increased and four students ob· tained the B.A. degree. The number of High schools was increased by two and that of Middle English schools by one. Only 26 pupils passed the Entrance examination of the Calcutta University, but 292 passed the Middle school or Seventh Standard examination which was held by the Educational Syndicate. The net expenditure by Government and local bodies was over 6f lakhs of rupees and exceeded that of 1890.91 by Rs. 1615 15. Primary, Secondary, and University education. all cost more, but less was spent on scholarships and special schools. The receipts from fees continued to increase. The proportion of scholars to population of school-going age has risen since 1881 from 16 to 19 per cent.

37. The population of school-going age in Upper Burma numbered 4591513 Education, Upper Burma.

persons, if the cu•tomary 15 per cent. of tbo ·total population given by the census be taken. There

s

18 Ul'OaT ON THI ADIUNllTRATIOlf or 8UlllMA. were 53,o63 acholan in public, and 10,177 scholars in private, schools known to

the Education Department. Secondary schools increased in number from nine to thirteen, and one of them, a girls' school, attained to the High School grade. The average daily attendmtce at these schools was .537 boys and 76 girls. The aided Primary schools numbered 557 and they taught 13,731 pupils. The question of admitting secular assistant teachers in monasteries attracted much attention dww ing the year and a section of the priesthood offered strenuous opposition to receiving them. There were, however, twenty such teachers at work in monastic schools besides twenty-one in lay schools. Thirteen pupils passed the Seventh Standard and 103, including 57 from indigenous schools, passed the Fourth, or Upper Primary, Standard. Direct ex�nditure·on public instruction amounted to Rs. 67,056 and indirect expenditure to Rs. 41 1 167, inspection absorbing more, and buildings less, of the public funds than in the previous year. Municipal Com· mittees contributed Rs. 1 ,020 and Government paid Rs. 78,110, being 71 per cent. of the total.

BURMA SECRETARIAT : } TAI 10111 Decem/J1r 189a.

P A R T I I.

D E P A R T M E N T A L C H A P T E R S .

R E P O RT ON

THE ADMINISTRATION OF BURMA For the year 189 1-92.

[Ne>lt.-ln the Lo\\·er Bunn:i Administration Reporl tot 188a-83 tbe following subjects h:ive been tmmld In a penunent form for reference. Thae 1Ubject1 have not y;. been dealt with In respect of Upper Burma 1-

Pap1. Physical features of the country, aree, climate, and r.hief maples a Historical summary ... ... ... ... Form of ad1ninistration ••. ... .. . Character of land tenure9, system of 1111'Vey and settlement 8-11 Civil divillons of British territory ... ... 11-12 Detail s of last census ... 13-� Legislative authority ... 23 Geiieral system of public instruction ... 144-1•7 Literary 10Cieties .. . 153 E.cclcsiaslical jurisdiclion 157

Jn accordance with the orders of the Government ol India thae chlipter1 are noc reprochaced In tliil Report.]

!.-PHYSICAL AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Changes in the Administration. S1R ALP.XANDER MACKENZIE held the Office of Chief Commissioner

throughout the year. �. The number of Commissioners' divisions and of districts was the same �s Ad . istrat' eh in the previous year. The subdivisions aitci townships mm ive anges. in Akyab district were re-distributed at the be2inning

of the year ; the Myohaung subdivision was divided between Akyab subclivisioa and a new subdivision with headquarters at Kyauktaw formed ; while the Naaf subdivision was merged in Rathedaung. Some difficulties arose as to the bound· ary between Akyab and Chittagong, and it was intended that the De�ut1 Commissioner, Akyab, should enquire on the spot and settle the quest!'ln. This, bow· ever, was found impossible. Since the close of the year arrangements have been made by the Bengal Government for the line to be demarcated afresh.

3. The southern portion of the Mergui district consisting of the Lenya and Maliwun townships was formed into a subdivision with headquarters at Kathaung. Y" "'' I : had become difficult to exercise an adequate supervision from MelJUi OTel' a tract of country extending far to the south and immediately contermmous with Siam.

4. During the year the Wuntho and Kale States and M6ngmit (Momeik) State with a portion of Mohlaing were brought under direct administration. WUDitho was divided between Y e·u and Katha ; Kale was incorporated in the Upper Cbindwin district, while Mongmit with the adjoining portion of Mohlaina'. were incorporated as a temporary measure with the Ruby Mines district. "'1.ese measures necessitated changes in the subdivisions and townships of the lut three districts and a small part of Katha, already large and now mU<;b increuecl, was transferred to Shwebo.

5. A subdivision with four townships was constituted in Toungoo district with headquarters at Toungoo. There had been no formally constituted subdivisions in the district hitherto.

6. Some slight changes of township boundaries were made in the Bhamct district while in the north of the district a new subdivision wu constituted witb beadq�ers at M yitkyina from portions of Mogaung and Bhamo •hdithiou 1

4 , ....... this was rendered necessary as our effective administration extended further north· ward.

. • be hi M< ..... 7. Some changes were made in the Pakbkku d1str�ct, t town• � :-:-a

re-�istributed i the Pakangyi subdivision was ab10rhec! in Pakl>k!w IUl>di�, the Lingadaw township divided between the Pakangyt and MyaiUJ townships, and a new township with headquarters at Seikpyu formed from port1o_m of thr� other townships of the PakOkku district and some cir�le� of the K�1n t�p o( Minbu district, the boundary between the two d1stncts thus being llaah� modified. An additional township was. su�sequently f�"'?ed. of Pakb�u town.

8. The great increase of population m Thl>ngwa .d1Stnct necess!tated a �distribution of the subdivisions, and additional townships were constituted with headquarters at Kyaiklat and Pyindaye.

Relations with Tributary States and Frontier Affalra. 9. The Shan States were practically undisturbed throughout the year and

. �ood progress was made with the inquiries instituted The Shan States and JUrenna. m the previous year as to the population and revenue of the various States. The tribute of a number of States was fixed and satisfac· tory progress was made in collecting the arrears of tribute which had in some cases been allowed to occur. The forests of Kt:ngkham, Mong Pu, and Mong Pan were examined and the revenue to be paid for them fixed. With a view to placing the revenue arrangements of the various States on a better footing, the Sawbwas

· were induced to submit to the Superintendents' rough estimates of receipts and expenditure, and advice was gh·cn to them, where necessary, as to the taxes to be levied and the expenditure of the proceeds. Of the Southern States the Trans• Salween State of K�ngtong was the only one the condition of which caused any serious anxiety. This large State is so distant and inaccessible that the Super· intendent cannot make his influence sufficiently felt there. The K!ngtOng·Chien· mai frontier is reported to be infested by robbers and the frontier trade is said to be declining. In June 18g1 a Siamese Survey Officer was murdered near Hongluk and the murderers have not yet been brought to justice. The Sawbwa has mani· fested a disposition to take advantage of the distance which separates him from the Superintendent to pay but little heed to his advice. and the tribute due for the sub· ordinate States o{ Mong Pu and Mong Hsat has not been paid. KEngt� ia to be visited by the Superintendent during the current year, when the boundary With Siam will be laid down and the Sawbwa will be called to account for his various delinquen· cies. The Western Karenni States were brought under administration during the year ; sanads were �anted to the Chiefs and a nominal tribute imposed, and some )>l'ogress was made m the settlement of various inter-tribal disfutes of old standing. Eastern Karenni was quiet, but the Trans-Salween portion o the State continued in the hands of the Siamese and frequent dacoities occurred on the riYCr. At the time of writing Sawlawi is being placed i11 formal possession of his TransSalwccr; territory Ly the A:o:.istant Superintendent. In the Northern States the Superintendent was occupied throughout the open season in prosecuting inquiries into the population and resources of the several States. He haA iince submitted his report, and proposals with regard to the tribute to be demanded from each State have been submitted to the GoYemment of India. The int«nal administration of the various States was found to be far from satis. factory. This was especially the case in North Hsen Wi, throughout a great pm:t of which State the authority of the Sawbwa seems to be little more than nominal. The Superintendent visited West ManglOn, a State of which Httle has hitherto been known. Th� Sawbwa, Saw Maha, who has hitherto avoided meeting the Su· perintendent, &Jain omitted to do so and fled to Motl�. His elder brOtber and nominal suzeram Tonhsang, the Sawbwa of East ManglCln, was ac�lc,placecl in. charge of the State. Upon the departure of the Superintendent, 1eftl1 S&w Maha retUrned and ousted Tonhsang, and the State bu since beera ia a condition of anarchy. The Suf>Crintenderit is about to visit it with aa ac:oct of mili� police for the purpose of restoring order. A telegraph olice ha hem ••ltil•bid at Lubio. � has been made with the GoftfftnteGt n>M frolp Ka�, aAd aince the d.e of the � all transit dUel lllft been ....,. ia rftti· fW. Of die Shan Statet Controlled bf Comz hllowa, H•wnptp ...

....... ) ULATIONI WITH TlllBUTAllY ITATU AICD ftlGlllllll AnAla

Singkali!'B Hkamti remained quiet during the year ; Kai. WU in�!ll, tll4 Upper Chindwin district and the administration of M� -. .-...iW temporarily to the Deputy Commissioner of the Rub.r II._ ...._ ... '.' � long has not yet been visited. Emissaries from ttii• dittaat- Sa.te _... i1I Rangoon in February 1 8g2 and were suitably_ entertained;

1 o. During the year under report the Chin Hills were u Wore ........ rim' from three centrea,-the aortbena triMe .... ::f. White, the central tribet from Haka, aM die �

em tribes from Yawdwin. The tribes controlled from Fort White aN the K1� the Yoes, the Thadoes, the Nwit�s. and the Siyins. Mr. Carey wu in. Political Officer. The Northern Chin Hills were pract1cally free &om • during the rains of 18g1. In May 18g1 Maung Tun Win, Myo6k on • clutJ at Fort White, came to Rangoon with a party of seven Chins, consisting of two Chiefs of the Kanhaw tribe, three Chiefs of the Siyin tribe, and two women. Thelo Chins were induced to visit Ran�oon in order that they might learn aometh .. oi the nat ure and extent of the British power. The Chiefs remained some d&J.• in Rangoon and were introduced to the Chief Commissioner and shown the YUiCMJS sights of the town.

The Chin Hm1.

1 1 . The scheme of operations drawn up for the open season of 1891"91 . . provided for the visitation of the Northern t:ribea

, Northern C:h1n Hill1. up to the limits of Manipur and for an �tion Scheme of operations (Of' 1891.92. Fal d h h he N ngaJ ancl y-L--to am an t roug t we u..u

country in conj unctil)n with a column which was to operate from Hab. The first, or Kanhaw, column was to start at the beginning of the � le&• son, and when it had completed its work, the second, or Nwengal, coBJm WU to take the field. The Kanhaw column was not to be a punitive colurqn. It was to accompany the Political Officer in order to enable him to prompt.llJ.i suppress :my opposition which he might meet, but the task assigned to him ..p to establish his influence, collect information, select Chiefs, and settle tribute without the use of force. With these objects he was instructed to visit as many villages as possible, to explain to the Chiefs and people our intention to for� mally recognize certain Chiefs, and hold them responsible for the payment ol triu�.nc an<l the pn:scrvation of order, <mu tu sdl!c�, i11 cvnsuhation with the Chief1t and people, the persons to be so recognized. When Chiefs bad been selected and their jurisdictions fixed, the Political Officer was to issue preliminary sanad• to them. These sanads were to recognize the Chief concerned as paramowit with• in the limits occupied by his tribe, to fix his tribute, to forbid raiding, and to req_uire the Chief to make over murderers, dacoits, and robbers to the British authonties and to submit to the orders of those authorities. The Political Officer ·ns further instructed that tribute should be fixed for five years to begin with, and should ordinarily be at the rate of Re. 1 per household. The Nwengal column was to co-operate with the Tashon cnl11mn from Haka in establishing a post at Falam, and was then to traverse the Nwengal and Yahao country, dealing with it in the same manner as with the Kanhaw country. 1 2 . The Kanhaw column left Fort White on the �rd January and marched

Ka ha 1 first to Lcnacot, some 8o miles from Fort White aOd . n w co umn. half-way between Fort White and Manipur. On the 22nd January the column advanced into the Ngwit�.or Tomlorng countiy.wbich lies to the north-west of Fort White. The village of Somekan, the Chief of the Tomlorng tribe, was reached on the 29th January. Somekan was summoned to :>urrendt!r his slaves, of which the tribe was known to pos�s sever.ll, and a.a none were surrendered two of Somekan's brothers and another Chief were arrested. Seven slaves were then surrendered and the column returned to the Kua stream 20 miles from Lenacot. From this point it marched to Manipur tbrOU«b tbe Thado country. It had originally been arranged that the column should� met on the borders of Manipur by a column from Manlpur, but circumstances prevcmt• ed the rlespatch of this column. Af cer a stay of a few days at Manipur the Kan· haw column returned to Le!13cot ex.ploring the Thado coun.try on it.• wa1. "!t•� viewing Chiefs, and compelhng the releas� of slaYes. The mfo�t1on � on this march enabled Mr. Carey to submit proposals for demarcating the hither•

• •

....... J Hl.ATIONS WITH TIUllUTAaY STATU AND noMt1aa AJP,UM. Mobinpis, and various tribes. These people do not form a separate tiU:le, but maintain their connection with the tribes to the east of the Nan� frOii wWdJ they migrated. Fanher to the east of the Nwengal country ia tM � • Wenoh, tract which extendn to the Lushai country. It was decided UM tin. tract also should be explored by the column, but owing to the drc 1( l•i1'11 explained in the following paragraph the plan of. operations bad to be cJrssll"&

14. While the Nwengal column was !>!"paring to start for Fallm llil81Wi ad been received of disturbances in the Luihai 11111 un-Expeditio" into the L u • h a I der the administration of the B� an4 Aliam coan&ry. Governments. The first intimation of trclaltle wu

contained in a telegram of the 4th March from the Chief Commiuioner, Anam, to the effect that Mr. McCabe, the Political Officer in the Northern, or Allam, hills had been attacked in force at Lalbura, a village 8 miles east of Fort Aijal, and had stockaded himself there. Subsequently news was received that 6abtitaa' continued in the vicinity of Fort Aijal, and that Captain Shakespear, the Po&Ucal Officer of the Southern, or Bengal, hills, bad been asked to assiat the � officers by a demonstration in the Howlong country. . This informatioa wu communicated to the Political Officers, Halca and Fort White. .On die 1Gth March Mr. Carey proposed that the Nwengal column should, in the � of its exploration of the Nwengal country, advance to the wat u W • Arban peak for the purpose of assisting the officen at Fort Aijal. The. Chief Commissioner of Assam having signified his desire that this pro� sboulcl be carried out, the column left Mobingyi on the 27th March and reached Nikire'a village (Nikuola) on the 3rd April, encountering no opposition on the way. At Nikwe's village, which is described by Captain Shakespear as a " cave Of Adullam " and the headquarters of all the most lawless spirits of the surroiuading country, the Political Officer seized two murderers and imposed a fine on the village for harbouring them. The column then started on tts return to B ... with the intention of completi� its season's work by the vi 0tation of the Nwe· ngal and Whelno country. Dunng its absence, however, news had been mceived from the Bengal Government that the rising in the Southern Lushai countrj bad assumed serious proportions, and the importance of co-operation by a lfurma column was strongly urged. Telegrams were accordingly sent after the Burma column instructing it to advance, if possible, as far as Daokhoma, in the heart of the Southern Lushai country and the centre of the rising. These te�1 did n'>l reach the column until it had returned 18 miles from Nikwe's villige'lm its way to Fort White and had nearly exhausted its rations. The column wu therefore unable to tum round at once and start for Daokhoma, and was compeUed to return to Botong, the most western Burma post in the Chin country, to ration itself. It was then decided, notwithstanding the extreme difficulty of the opera· tion, that Captain Rose and Mr. Carey should take the cc.lumn back over the Chin hills into the heart of the Lushai country, and should effect a junction with the Bengal troops. Daokhoma was fixed on by the Lushai officers as the point for concentration. The column ' left Botong on 2 1 st April, reached Lalbar& on the 3oth, having destroyed Nikw�'s village eti route, and arrived at Daokhoma on the 3rd May. The distance from Botong to Daokhoma is 104 miles, and . the march was a very trying one owing to the heavy rains, the almost impauable nature of the country, and the difficulty of obttining water. On the .fth of Kay Captain Shakespear arrived at Daokhoma. The combined forces pl'.oceeded to destroy Daokhoma, Kanglova, Lalruma, and other villages which had joined in the revolt. There were a few skirmishes, but no casualties were suffered by our troops. Lungleh was reached on 13th May, and the column then returned to Burma vi4 Chittagong. The operations were carried out in a manner re�ing much credit on all concerned. The column marched 104 miles in H days� an unknown and hostile country across several lofty mountain � at the lllCllt t • ng period of the year. Captain Shakespel! characterised the march u " mar· v?tious " and said that 11 in spite of fearful difficulties " it '' bas comPletely O'fefawed �y Lushais and relieved me of all anxiet1 for the preleftt. I am · �7 �teful for all their efforts." The excepti�nally good Y!orK done by the Mill� and Civil Officers was commended• by Their · Escelleocies lhe Vacero7 ad the Commander·in-Chief.

8 REPORT ON TH& ADMINISTRATION OP BUltNA. 1 5. The chief results of the }ear's operations

5-marv t.f rwult1 obtained in in the Northern Chin Hills may be sumrriarised as Northern Chin Hills. follows :-

The hitherto unknown and unexplored tract• inhabited by the Thacloa, NwitAN, Yoes, Whelnoes, and N wengal1 .were explored and placed !n .the J?'&P'· Tbe number aad aiae of the village1 wa1 ascertained. The �anhaw and S1y1n tribute .aa �llected, I� alaves were recovered. This number comprases 1 17 Burman• and Ka� Ch1DB, 15 Maa1•

puris and Nagai, and 58 Chins of various clan1. Of these 88 were �overed from the Siyins 22 from the Kanhaws 1 1 from the Thado61, 1 1 from the Nw1te1, 36 from the Yaho�s and Whelnoes, 11nd 2o from the Nwenf-lls. No leu than 17 villages were punished, the fines aaually taking the form of confiscation of �uns and other arm" and of lave-stock. Wire-cutters, camp·tbieves, and t"·o murderers were also arrested d11ring tbe year u well u several slave-owners. Two important crimes were !Ultisfactorily settled. In the 6� \;&IC, out of u Yoes raidt"d n year ago by Yahows, 1 1 were recovered, the twelfth 11 dead. Jn the second case, two head-hunters carried off five heads and both murderers wf:re arrestf'd 75 miles from Fort White.

A mul1: road to Lenacot from Fort White (So mites) was made. From Lenacot a branch road was made running north·'l\·cst through thP Yoe tract to the Nwit� country (50 miles). From Lenacot the road was continued north to Shu�nu in the Manipur plain, hence a mule road is nr>w open from Manipur on the north straight tbroUJ.h to Hab on the !IOuth. From Lenacnt to Yazagyo a trade route was re-opened (61 mdes}. The main road to Falam was completed with the exception of a bridge across the Nankathll river. The two roads to Sagyilaing were repaired and continued to Mobingyi and several other Chin tracks and paths were repaired and improved. All thd most excellent road work was accomplished by the -4th Madras Pioneers.

16. The tribes controlled from Haka are the Tashons, Hakas, Tuntla!l(S Position of affain in the South· Y ok!"'as, �nd BaungsMs. �hese tribes were admims

ern Chin Hi'ls at the end of the tereo dur�ng 1 891"92 �Y. Lieutenant D. J. C. Mac 1eaaon 18go·91. nabb, Assistant Comm1ss1oner. At the cfose of the operations of 18go�1 the position of affairs in the Chin Hills controlled by Mr. Macnabb was as follows. The Haims and Yokwas who live in the immediate vicini1/ of Haka were thoroughly well disposed. The Baun�shes who had corn· mitte several outrages in 18go had been punished for their misdeeds and had been brought to a certain extent under control. Tl.e attitude of the Tashons was on the whole friendly, althnPgh thr\• wrr1' disr"s"d to rc"ard tb<:mselves as • power dealrng on equal terms v.·ith the British Governm;nt. The Tian· tlangs, who had m April 1891 made a treacherous and unprovoked attack on a British <."olumn, had to some extent submitted themselves to the Politica Officer, but owing to the lateness of the season it had not been found possible to bring all their villages under subjection.

1 7. During the rains of 1891 the Chin hills administered from Haka "·ere Alf . . th

. r ""

free irom disturbance. In October 1 Q... 1 Mr. Mac· an m e rams o luyl. bb 'd . . R U'.:JI • na pat a v1s1t to angoon accompanw.d by 19 Chins-Chiefs and their followers. The object of tht> vi�it v;as the same as the .. t,j\:d vi i�tauug .i'un \Vin"s visit with the party of Northern Chins already men· ti �a'he Chiefs were shown tht! !:tights of Rangoon, were addressed by the Cha issioner, were present at a parade of troops, and returned to thf:ir homes after days' stay in Rangoon.

· 18. T.he scheme of operations for the open season of 1891992 provided for S...._ ol t" r ""

the visitation of the Baungshe, Tlantlang, and Tashon ,.._e opera aons or luyl·9Z. b h l . country y t ree co umns, denominated the Baung· �ht tlang, a�d :rashon columns. The Baungshe column wa� to complete its tour .at the begmnmg of January and then to leave a detachment in the Batmg· sh io�ntry. The Tlantlang column was to visit the Tlantlang country to leave a post that country, and return to Haka early in February. T� Tuhon column was then to be formed. It was to visit the Tashon country and establish a post at Falam. The BaungsM column was not a punitive column. Its objects were the same as those of the Northern Chin columns. The TlantJani[ column was primarily a punitive column. Its objects were to tboro�bly subdue the Tlantlang country and to insist upon the paynient of the fines imJ><*d Jast year upon certain villages as a punishment for attackin� our column. Mr. Macnabb wu instructed to give a moderate time to each vdl�e for tb& payment of the fine, and if the fine was not paid within that time to levy it by force. After the

........ ) ULATIONI WITK TRIBUTARY STATES ANO PIOICTIH AIPAIU. column had performed this part of its task the Political OIBcer was to make arrangements as in the BaungsM country for the selection of Chiefs! the grant of prelimin� sanads, and the payment of tribute. The operation. to be � by the Tashon column formed the most important part of the season's work. A.. has already been observed the Tashons had not yet been subjugated, and regarded themselves as more or less the equals of the British authorities. They occupy a central position in the Chin Hills, are probably the most powerful Chin tribe between Sandoway and Manipur, and have made tributaries of teVeral ad· joining tribes. The policy which it was determined to pursue with reference to the Tashons was not to break their power, but to tf":tch them that we.are their masters, to convert them into tributaries, to strengthen their authority, and to con�rol their tributary tribes through them. With this object it was deaded that the Tashon column from Haka and lhe Nwengal column from Fort White should march into the Tashon country, meel al Falam, the headquarters of the tribe, and establish a strong permanent post there. After Falam had been occupied tbe Political Officers of the Southern and Northern Hills were to discuss the arrange· ments to be made tor the future management of the tribe and to collect as full information as possible as to the nature and extent of the authority exercised by the Tashons over their tributaries. The Political Officer of the Southern Hit& was then to issue sanads to the Chiefs similar in other respects to those issued to other tribes, and providing further fo1 the maintenance of their authority over their tributaries.

19. On the 25th December the Raungc;M column started. The column 8 � 1 first marched to T onwa, where several Chiefs came aungs co umn. in with offers of submission. The column then

marched south to Shurkwa, and thence to Lotaw. From Lotaw an advance was made to Lungo, which is the southemmo�t part of the aaungsM countrr and almost tou1.:hes on the Chinme country, which is administered by the ASS1stant Commissioner, Yawdwin. �ome fears were entertained that the Lungo Chiefs would off er resistance, but the Political Officer succeeded in inducing them to submit peaceably. From Lungo the column marched back to Lotaw by a route different from that taken on the march southwards, receiving the submission of thr ,.:ll:t '"'"� "" • h ' i ; , , . . . ( nvrr·!: () .. ' .11i, • :::ir::!i t�1c°<:olu:nn cro�-;ed thl· Kaph· rcngklang at a height of 9,500 feet, the highest altitude reached by a column in these hills. The peak of Kaphrengklang is some 10,000 feet high. From Lotaw the greater part of the column with the Political Officer returned to Haka, which was reached on the 3oth January. A detachment of 1 00 men was left at Lotaw for the purpose of exploring the surrounding country. In February and March Mr. Tuck, Assistant Superintendent of Police, who was attached to the post, was engaged in visiting all the \'illages in the neighbourhood, collecting tribute, and issuing sanarls. At the end of March the dt:tachment returned to Haka. Shortly before its withdrawal the only collision with Chins which occurred in the B::�r�:::i-\: coun:ry t<":il.. .,:..l\. c. .Mu1.:h <lifticulty had been found in procuring tratisport , and finally wh"n the column was at Shurkwa the Chief of Shurkwa flatly refused to supply coolies. On the 29th March Mr. Tuck visited the village with an escort of 70 Ritles for the purpose of enforcing the demand for coolies. On the party entering the village armed Chins began to collect, and before long the party was surrounded by an excited and threatening crowd of some hundredS of armed Chins, who threw stones at the sepoys, struck them, and even pointed their guns at them. Every effort was made to induce the Chins to lay down their arms, but in vain, anci it consequently became nFr .. ,�ry for the troops to open fire in self-defence. The Chins began firing simultaneously, arid an en• counter took place, which ended in the defeat oi the Chins with a loss of 35 killed and 20 wounded. Our loss was one sepoy killed and one wounded. TbiS collision which, though much to be regrf.tted, was unavoidable, was the only eYent which marred the peaceful character of the operations in the Baung1� country. Much good work was done during the three months that the column was at work. The whole of the BaungsM country was visited ; some 33 villages submitted and !!_aid tribute at the rate of Re. 1 a house, partly in cash and partly in kind ; and Chiefs were selected and appointed. In addition 25 Burman slaves were released

3 •

•

ro R&PORT ON THB ADMINISTRATION OP BURMA. from cartivity, and the mule track was made from Sburkwa to Minywa, a di,. lance o some 65 to 70 miles.

�o. The second part of the operations in the Southern Chin country consist• ed in visiting the Tlantlang country. The column

Tlantlang column. deputed for this task set out from Haka on the 4th February. The first object of the column was to .collec� the fines imposed O_!l

,the

villages concerned in the attack on our troops m Apnl 1891, and the Pohtacal Officer had before the column started, sent notices to the villages demanding payment of

1 the fines. These notices had, however, no effect. The column

arrived at H munlipi , the first village to be punished, on the 8th of February, and finding it deserted ?ccupied it without resistance, althou�h a par�y of arme� Chins were seen movm� off as the advance gullrd marched m. Whilst the Poh· tical Officer was negoc1atin.., with some of the villagers for the payment of the fine, which, like al! the fines, was levied in guns, the village v.as fired by , it is believed, some of the Darjiling coolies who had been of the party attacked in April 1 89 r . The column then took up a position on a spur above the crossmg of the La-aw Var stream, where the column was surprised last year, it being found to command the village of H riankan which was the next village to be punished. The village was summoned to pay the fine of 40 guns which had been asses�ed on it; but sent in only three guns. As it was , known to be difficult of access and stockaded it was decided to shell it. This was done and the village was then rushed. No resistance was met, and during the day some more guns were brought in. On the 1 2th the column marched to Tao, which village, profiting by the experience of H munlipi and Hriankan, brought in its fine of guns on the road. On the next day the Political Officer met Captain Shakes• pear, Superintendent of the Southern Lushai Hills, and discussed border matters with him. The column then made a short tour to the south and ret umed to Hriankan. This village and the village of Tunzan failed to surrender the full number of guns demanded of them, and a house for each gun short of the demand was burnt in each village as a punishment. The column then marched through the southern part of the Tlantlang country to Dawn and Klangpi, and from thence returned in two bodies to Haka, which was reached on the 4th March. A detachm·"N ,f 1 no 'n P r: w:1 . 1 ·ft a� La-. 11 \'ar tu perform ciutics similar to those per· formed by the Shurkwa post in the Baungshe country. This detachment remained at La-aw Var during March and April. The operations of the Tlantlang column were carried out in a thoroughly satisfactory manner. Its object was fully attained almost without bloodshed, only one Chin ·having been shot by an ambus· cading party at Hriankan. Some 2 1 villages were visited by the column, all fines imposed were paid or punishment was inflicted for non-payment, the whole Tlantlang tribe was completely subjugated, tribute was levied in the villages visited, and Chiefs were selected for appointment.

2 1 . The third part of the operations in the Southern Chin Hills consisted in

Ta.lion coiumn. visiting the Tashon country and occupying Falam. This, as has been already remarked, was the most

important work done in the C:hin Hills in 1 891 -9::. For the last two years columns have visited Falam , and in March 1 890 the Chiefs had nominally sub· mitted to us ; but we had never even entered their capital village, nor had we been in a position really to assert our authority, and throughout the Chin country the Tashons were regarded as powerful rivals to Durselves. They had, however, never shown any active host ility towards us, and the Political Officer was accordingly instru<'tP.d to spare no effort to carry out the programme .ecaccably and to avoid recourse to military force.. A s the Tashons and their tnbutaries were su,Pposed to be able to muster 10,000 fighting men, the column employed to visit their country was an exceptionally strong one, numbering altogether 750 men, in round numbers, with four guns. One-half of the column marched from Hau accom· panied by Mr. Macnabb, the other half from Fort White accompanied �y Mr. Carey. The Haka portion of the column started from Haka on the 1oth March, the Fort White ponion from Fort White on the same day. For some time before the column started the outlook was most warlike, and spies whom Mr. Macnabb had sent to Falam were compelled to return. The information obtained at thia

ULATIONS WITH TRIRUTARV llTATL'I ANO PRONTllR AnAtlUL I I period by Mr. Carey fully corroborated that obtained by Mr. Macnabb, and there is no doubt that the Falam Chiefs intrigued with both the Hakas and the Siyinl for the purpose of bringin� about a general insurrection, but failed to win ow:r either of these tribes. Failing in this attempt, and influenced, probably, by in· formation as to the strength of the British column, the Tasltons appear to have given up all thoughts of resistance, �nt a message to that effect, and promised that the troops would not be opposed. Marching from Haka on the 1oth March, the Tashon column was met on the 1 2th by a deputation of Falam Chiefs, and arrived on the 13th at the camp near Falam occupied in former expE:ditiont, where it was met by more Chiefs. At this point the Political Officer told the Falam Chiefs for the first time that we intended to occupy their village. To this the Chiefs, as was to he expected, offered strong objections, but they made no display of actual hostility. Keeping the principal Chiefs with them as a safeguard the troops advanced on the village with all military precautions, it being impossible to see the village until quite close to it. No resistance was, however, encountered, and the village was peaceably occupied. The next day the Nwengal column which had camped by the Nankathe joined the Haka column, and an interview was held with th1• principal Chiefs by Mr. Carey and Mr. Macnabb. The Chiefs were then informed of the intentions of Government, namely, that a permanent post was to be established at Falam, and that the Tashons must submit to the orders of the Political Officer. They were told that so long as they remained loyal they would be supported by Government, and that their authority over their tributaries would be upheld. A detacl1ment of troops was placed at Falam, and the work of building the post was commenced. The Tashon column then left Falam on the 2oth March, made a tour through the country to the north-west occupied by Yahao, Lyenlyum, and Lushai tribes, and returned to Falam on the �nd April. The march was undisturbed by any untoward incident, the reception of the column being most friendly throughout.

22. The last section of the Chin country consists of the part lying to the

Sou h eh. ·L-- ad . . south of the Baungshe country and controlled by the l ern m trtUC10 mints• A · C · • y d ' D • h tered from Ya>1<l>1in. sststant omm1ss1oner, aw wm. unng t e npt>I' ,,,:1snn nf r �<) 1 -92 Lieutenant Tighe wac; enga_r:cd m touring through this country, The objects of his tour were to collect tribute� to visit the Chinme country hhherto unknown and bring the Chinmes under sub· ject ion , to visit the Yindu and Chinbon countries, and to generally consolidate British influence among:;t the Chins living between the western border of the Yawdwin subdivision of the Pakokku district and the Arakan Yoma range. The column which formed Mr. Tighe's escort consisted of 70 Rifles of tbe 7th Bengal Infantry, under Lieutenant Ray. On the 3rd of January a start was made, and, accompanied by numerous Chin Chiefs from their mountain villages, the column entered the hills. A hac;e was established as a first measure at C hc.Lu11�zv11, anJ from this p"i;.t the valleys of the Y<tY. and North Maung -a·erc

visited. The be ha\ i"ur uf lhc Chin:. was all that coulJ Le desired, the tribute imposed in the preceding year was paid u p in full, principally in kind, and the Chiefs were unanimous m promising to abide by our conditions and rules. Mr. Tighe then advanced to On ilumtung. This had been the base of last year•s operations, and 1Vas selected as the advanced base for the present operations in the Chinme country. The next few days were spent in visiting the villagt.s in the vicinity. The Chins about this place were very friendly and visited the camp in large numbers. From this point messengers were sent to the first Chinme village to er.Jcavour to bring in some of the headmen .lud also to give them due notice of our approach, which was intended to be quite peaceful unleu we should be attacked. The messengers returned about the 29th January with three Chinme headmen, who tendered their submission and offered to guide the column. A start was then made for the previously unvisited Chinm� country. The first village reached was Bawong. A halt of a few days was made at Bawong and a durbar was held at which the Chiefs of 1 2 large Chinmb vi11ages were present. Our conditions were explained and all p�:! er• acquiesced in them. From Baw6ng several o{ the neighbouring villa�es were vi!ited and an advance was then made on Khreum, a large village which had refused to surren-

UPOllT ON THI ADMINISTRATION or auUCA. der. OR' arrival at the vi�e, which consisted of some 150 to �oo bouaes, it WU noticed that every preparation had been made to resist and that �he place • wat swarming with armed men. At the last moment, however, the Chiefs eubm1ttecl �d no collision took place. From K hreum t�e cobmn returned �hroug� an�her pan of the Chinm� country to its base, Omlumtung. The Chmme trabe 19 re· ported to be a sort of connecting link between the Baungsh�s and the Chinb6ke, and inhabits the sources of the Eastern M6n, called here the Thetlaung. The tribe of Chins inhabiting the western branch is known as Yindu and extends beyond the watershed of the Arakan Y omas, and even, it is said, across the Kaladan, called here the Otlaung. On the 1oth February the column moved to Bawquiyun (Kitchen's peak), whence it visited tht: Chinb6ks living about the CM and Southern Maung valleys and such portions of the Chinme country as were still unvisited. At the end of February the column returned to its head· quarters after a very successful season's work.

23. At the end of the open season of 1 890"91 the position of affairs in the '

h Bhamo district to the west of the Irrawaddy was as

The outlying portions of t e f II Th f h · · b' h "ed Bhamo and Katha districts to the o ows. c urt est pos1t1on w IC we occup1 west o� �he lrrawa�dy. in the south was the Jade Mines post, which had

Positron of affairs at the end of been established as a consequence of the advance of the open season of 189<>'91· M' · • f h eld the troops of the Jade mes an pursuit o t e er

Sawbwa of Wuntho. Further south along our western border Captain O'Donnell had recently punished the Sana-Latawng Kachins for their persistently defiant attitude in harbouring Po Saw and his crew of Chinese ruffians, who were sup· posed to have followed in the skps of the elder Wuntho Sawbwa. Although the latter had fted, he had left behind him the younger Sawbwa who, hiding m the tract near and round Taungthonlon, harassed the borders of North Wuntho. Further south lies the Kaukkwe valley. This had been much disturbed, but the sharp punishment meted out to the Gonga and Nankoh Sawbwas, and the sub· mission of the most powerful Maingtaungwa Sawbwa, Sinwawa, had, it was trusted, resulted in the complete pacification of the country round the Lower Kaukkwe. The Uka Sawbwa, too, had submitted to last year's Uka column, had paid fines, and had generally shown a desire to behave peaceably in future. Such was the a�pcct nf afhirs 1.t the end or the np!:n "l'as'"•:1. The raif'y season, htm ever, brought with it considerable modifications. The old, submissively disposed, Uka Sawbwa was murdered by a rival, Kalingwa, wh� usurped his authority, and was not prepared to accept ours. Lower down the Kaukkwe, although the lesser Sawbwas seem generally to have been cowed by the action of the columns, lhe Maingtaungwa Sawbwa, presuming on his stren�h , proceeded to settle differ· ences witli a neighbouring Sawhwa by burning his village in spite of our orders forbidding him to take the law into his own hands.

24. The following extract from a minute by Sir A. Mackenzie states the policy which it was proposed to adopt in dealin� with this P:�'auu"" vi "1'"1••ivns. part ot the country and the manner in which that policy was to be carried out :-

,, In the Bhamo oistrict there is a vast amount of work before us which muat be ' undertaken on a bold and comprehensive scale if it is ever to be done at all. There aie numerous tribes of Kachins lying within our undoubted administrative boundaries who have not yet been visited or brought into order and subjection. Occasional columns have gone out to punish raids and burn vi113'es, but we have never yet told the Chiefs defioiteJ7 what our claims are and what their position is to be. To the south of Mogaung, through which the railway is to run, the tribes have not been visited at all. Along the coane Of the Kankkwe some of them were \·isited last season with the L1.:�1 ces;olts, bat the whole of the tribes lying to the west of the Irrawaddy must at the earliest poaaible date be made to know that they are residents of a Briti1ih district and must obey the orden of the District Officen. The aame remai k applies to all the tribes of the ShWC'1J subdMaioa, and to all those of the Mogaung subdivision lying between MopunJ ancf the borden (If Katha, Wuntho, and the Upper Chindwin. All these tribes, living inside the circle of oar settled villages, and forming, while uncontrolled, a atandinJ menace to the peace (If thole riUagea, must at all huards, be taught that they are tributary and subject, aad rawk amenable to orders. 1 have explaisacd this to many of the Chiefs who were broapt ia to ineet me at Bbamo, aud tbe local ofticen anticipate no serious diflicult?: in givJnl effect to this policy. I told the Chiefs that every village would have to pa)' tribute wltli referace to the number of its households. I did not propc>H to bring them onder the uu1 tlriat ...

........ ] RELATIONS WITH TRIBOTkRV lll"AftS ANO HONT11R AnAIU.

•

mcda tax imposed in plainll villages, because th•·y were poor and unciTiliied, but a moder• nte tax at rates varying from 8 annas to Rs. 2 a household muat be useated by tbc local ?ftice!'s on each tribe as soon a. po:iSible. This tribute the Sawbwu mast agree to �1 1� regularly u may be prescribed. I told the Chiefs that w.- should not intl'rrere with the village cu�toms or with the usual payments, whether in money, kind, or lab'lur, receiTed by them from their tribesmen. Petty crime and civil dii.i>utes would continue to be settled according to tribal custf\m, but they were to rf'port without fail to the Deareat British officer all cases of serious crirne, such as murder, dacoity, and robbery, or any preparation to commit such offences. They were also to do their best to acre1t oflt'ndert of these classes and to hell> in their arrest. They were to refrain from blood feu� and inter-tribal raids, and tn submit any d ifferences with ucighLou1 init tribe& to the deciaion of our officers. They wP.re to keep open and maintain such hill roads as might be pointed ou� to them. I undertook to give each Sawbwa a certificate or aanad recognizing him u Chief and setting out his obligations, and said we would support him in the exercise of hia authority so long as hi- u� .. <1 it propPrly and behaved wrll. This Ja .• t concc .. ,ion will g•) far to enlist the Sawhwas on our side ; for at present the feeling of s·>me of the tribes is verr. democratic and the position oi some of the Sawbwas is not as secure as they would like 1t to be. \\'e �hall not of coursP. interfere with tribal custom in the matter of selecting a Sawbwa, but we must have some re�pon5iule head111an to Jeal with, and it is good policy to strengthen the hands of the heaclm'.\n de facto. Villages lying within the district limits in places ''here they arc not exposed to trans-frontier raids should as a rule be disarmed as far as guns arc c.:>ncern<:d. Wdl-hehavcd Chiefs might be allowed a few guns, but all firearms It-ft should be registerecl and numbered."

In order to carry out this policy one military and four civil columns were employed to the wPo;;t of the Irrawa<l.�v during th" opPn season nf 1891-92.

25. The instructions issued to Civil Officers with columns were in accord• I t . • cd 1. 1 ance with the policy set forth in Sir A. Mackenzie's ns ructions �ssu y co umns. · <l b Th d" d

· · mmute quote a ove . ey were irecte to v1s1t

all the villages in the area corning within the scope of their operations, to fix the tribute of cad1 village, to disarm villages as a general rule, guns being left only to villages which had shown special loyalty or which occupied an exposed position on th1· frontier, to make enquiries as to the existence of slavery, an<i to collc.:t information regarding the cultivation uf the poppy and the consumption ot opium . In the san·.tds were to be entered the area of the Sawbwa's jurisdic. . · t : ,

• . · . : ,. 1 ; � " , .. j 'f' ,, _, \• • • , · . ... :1 :..-tb"- y ;,:.� .. v i_,,_ ::::ufit...r\!J to po�:>css,

the rat, per huuschvlJ at \\ liicl1 tribute was to be paid, and the place at which it was tu be paid. Ci,·il Officers were instructed to fix tribute on a consideration of the circumstances of villages, 8 annas being prescribed as the minimum and the principle being laid down that tribute was imposed not for the purpose of raising revenue but as a \ isiblc token of submission. The sanads \\ere to be issued as a general rule to the existing Sawbwas, the people being consulted where there were rival claimants to the post. Finally, the sanad guaranteed to the Sawbwa the support of the Government in the exercise of his lawful power, empowert=d him to settle tribal disputes, and aut horized him to collr·ct cust omary dues and to exact customary scrnccs. Un the other hand, 1t rt:qum:d him to keep order within his buun<larics, to report murckrs, dacoitie5, and robberies to the nearest post, tu am .. st notorious cri minals \\ i t bin his jurisdiction, to cihey the orders of t he 0Pp11ty l.ommi .. -.innf>r ;:inn S11hnivi ... i"11al Offirno;;, �nrl to kPt>p communication open between his and adjacent villages.

26. The work of the Maingkhwan column consisted in the visitation of the Hukong valley, which till 1 892 lay entirely outside Maingkhwnn column. the sphere of our control. The column left Mo-

g�ung en the 2 ! &t Dec em bcr I 89 I and marched 1.iid l "h::in lo Maingkh""an, the chief Shan village in the Hukong valley, which was reached on the 9th January. At M�ingkhwan, as had been pre-arranged, the column met a column from Assam. Exploration was conducted throughout the Hukong valley and the Amber Mines region, the India-rubber tract towards 'Ntup 'Nsa was visited, and the various Sawbwas were called in. The column was accompanied by Dr. Noetling, of the Geological Surv�y, with a view to an examination of the amber mines and by Mr. O'Bryen, Assistant Consen·ator of Forests, who was deputed to ex�mine the India-rubber forests. From Maingkhwan, after visiting the valley in all dire(;tions, the column passed down the Chindwin and marched to the Jade Mines from the west, endmg its tour at Mogaung on 7th March 18g2,

•

14 IUPORT ON THE ADMINISTRATION CW BURMA. when it was amalagamated with the lrrawaddy column an� employed in ra�ioning Sad6n. The chief work done by the column was exploration ar:id preparation for our future control of the Hukong valley. Th� �ukong va�ley.1s surrounde� by hills and is traversed by �eve�al rivers, th.e prmc1pal of which as the Tanna1, the Kachin name for the Chmdwm. The prmc1pal products of the valley are paddy, rubber, and amber. Gold, also, is washed for m sever�l s�reams. The popula· tion of the valley is almost entirelv Kachin. The Kachms m these parts are re· l ported to lose their turbulent qualities in descending from the hills and to become lazy and peaceable like the Sfians who formerly inhabited the valley and whom they have gradually o�sted. The �alley i.s almost entire�y free from crim� or ) disturbance· of any kmd. Each v1lla�e 1s governed by its Sawbwa or Agy1wa. In the rare cases in which a serious crime is committed the leading headmen com· bine to punish the offender. In view of the peaceful condition of the valley and of the large amount of administrative work which remains to be done in other parts of the Bhamo district, it is proposed to postpone for the present the work of bringing the Hukong valley under direct administration.

2 7. The next section of country to the west of the lrrawaddy is the Jade d M' Mines tract. This part of the country was not

Ja c ' mes tract. visited by a column as it was considered expedient to leave its settlement to Inspector Crowther, who had had much experience of Kachins, and was in charge of the post at Sankah. The settlement of the Jade Mines tract proceeded satisfactorily till recently when, owing to a misunderstand· ing of verbal orders, the Sawbwa of Lema, north-west of Kansi, was arrested by a party of military police. As he·was being brought to Sankah the police were ambuscaded. One military police sepoy was shot and two were at first reported rnlssing, but werr subsequently found to have died. The Sawhwa made his es�ape. Jn spite of this most un"fottunate contretemps the other Sawbwas re· mained quiet ; and as the garrison at Sarikah had been withdrawn, it was decided not t 0 do more for the time being than to try to effect the arrest of the Sawbwa and offending Kachins through the agency of the Kansi Sawbwa, and to wait till the present open season -befort a"ttemptingto punish them.

::�. Tl"' 'I • " � "'�;g"t'(l i!1 th: :'-Lga;.;1�5 an<l !ndai�·gy: columns ·1\a;o th� M d I d . 1 visitation of the Kachin highlands in the vicinity of ogaung an n awg}•• co umns. I d · ) k Th k f h · n awgp a e. e more urgent wor o untmg

down the e.x-Sawbwa of W.untho, howe,rer, rendered it impossible for them to • carry out this programme. Beyond capturing Sinwawa under the circum�tances

mentionP.d in the next paragraph they did nothing in the shape of settlement of · Kachin tracts, and confined their attention entirely to hunting the Sawbwa out of

the neighbourhood of Taungthonlon, where he had established himsdf with a · considerable following. It is not necessary to recount in detail the marches and

countermarches of which the work of the columns consisted. At ·first . as thf"rl'! was no central aut hority, the mm•cments of the columns were somewhal disconnected and useless, but a single Civil Officer, Captain Wilson, Assistant Commissioner, having been put in control of all the forces, whether o! Bhamo or Katha military police, the operations were conducted to better effect and the Wuntho Sawbwa be�an to find his position untenable. ·He -was .making his way · to Leka to join Kahngwa, when a portion of his following was. attacked on the

· 3o�h .March at the Namon chaung, south of lake Indawgyi,•by part of the lndawgyt ·column. Six of the rebels were killed and some women of the gang captured. Ouri!'g 'the rest of the open season the columns continu;;J. 'Lhc pur.iuit oi the ex-Sawbwa, but.did not succeed in coming in contact with him again. . His follow·

· ing was, however, broken up and he himself is believed to have. fled to China. " 29. The Kaukkwe valley was at 'the beginning of the season the scene of

K uk....... 1 combined othrations by the Moreung and Kaukkwft a M w.:o co umn. 1 h fi b' f • • h' co umns. e rst o 1ects o t e Qperatlons in t 1s

valley were to st'izc the rebellious Sawbwas, Sinwawa and Kalingwa. In November a portion oi the Kaukkwe column proceeded up the Kaukkwe and established a post at Thayetta lo keep the valley permanently in check and to serve as a �ai;e for the ensuing operaticns. A combined descent on. Maingtaungv.·a waa

" REl.AnOl'(S'WITH TRIBUTARY STATf.S AND FRONTll!.I ArJAlU.

arran·gcd ·by the Kaukkwe column from Thayctta and the Mogaung column from Sinbo. The latler column readied the spot first, and by clever night march, which reflected much credit on Captain Wilson and Lieutenant Master, succeed• ed in surrounding Sinwawa's house and am:sting Sinwawa himself. This effectu• ally diseosed of all trouble in that direction. The villagers themselve1 were glad to get nd of Sinwawa, looking on him as a dangerous firebrand who was leading them to their destruction by inciting them to resist our advance. At this juncture the e.�·Sawbwa of W11ntho began to trouble, and the Mo�aung column proceeded to the neighbourhood of the lake Indawgyi to take part m the operations against him. The Kaukkwe column was therefore left to \.-isit as much of the Kaukkri

' \•alley as po.;;sible. This it did, traversing the basin of the Mosit, then striking straight across country to Bhamo, and then moving up along the hills to the west of the 1 hird defile to Sinbo. From Sinbo the column returnt:d to Thayetta, punishing \\' atu for raids 1n Mantau en route. From 1Thayetta the column set out for the U:ka country, where the Kalingwa Sawbwa had to be reduced to subject ion. i'\ o n·sistance was offered to the advance of the column, and at first it sccmcd as if the · K achins would submit, but owing to the influence of Kalingwa they were induced to rise. The column attacked and burnt Lepaiga· taung, but met with severe rcsistanct', and had ultintately to .retire to Thayetta, partly in consequence of sickness, partly Lecause rations were running short. It was haras.;ed during its retirement by the Kachins. There was no doubt that the Kachins lookecl 1 1p11n this as a victory, and it became necessary to check immediately anJ al Olll't! the spread of a rising which, had the ex-Sawbwa of \\' untho joined his forces to those of Leka-and there is evidence in the shape of captured Idlers to show that he was in communication with Kalin· gwa on the point -might have prm·ed serious. The Kaukkwe column was too weak to ad :iy i t self, so a hastily improvi>ed column left Bhamo with Mr. Ross as Civil Officer on the 2nd April 1 892 vid the Kaukkwe to co-operate with a militar\ police column from Katha acting vid Mohnyin. The columns convergt>d on Lepaigata1Jng on the. 16th April. Some opposition was met with at fir:;�. but fortunatt:ly the column �uccccded in k11l1ng Kalingwa himself. t "� . .... n " l"i" ..... ; , ,.� ( n1 ,.:i ' i , . n cn�l�"> -· t ' · • : I ! . 1 il'l" v:P;tg· ,:> : c 1�·: t c tht,; jun�l,� . The column stayed ·

out some Jays, searching for and destroying the gtain stores of t he rebellious villages, and fining and disarming such villages. At the end of April i ts work finished, the column returned to Thayetta.

30. The �orthern Katha column, consisting of 25 men under Mr. Skinner, Assistant Superintendent of Pol ice, left Katha on the 22nd January 1 892 and visited first the Kachin hills

round �Iohn,in. The colun1n then advanced towards :-. atmauk. On the 1 st February at a distance of some 4 miles from the village the party was ambuscaded by :;ome <;o Kachins. The Kachins were beaten off, but as his force was . • • • - ' · · l ' . ' ' . ' ' f • f Th , o.;1 > l\t:dl\. .u1 . S ... 1 1 1 1 1..:r "°"'l; \ un 111•·11 t11 1"' 1 1 1u r a w or rem otct:mcnts. e column wa.; hrought up to a st;eng t h of 80 and lhcn Jcturncd to Natmauk, being met on thf' w;iy hv t lw i"a1m;1 1 1k Si4whwa with offers of submission. On the 14th Fcb�:.:ary !':':i.tm:mk was occupied without opposiiion, ci11J lht! followiug days were spent in collect ing the fine which had been imposed .as a punishment for the opposition offered to the column. During March, ·Avril, and a part of May Mr. Skinner was employed in visiting the Kachin villages coming within the sphere of his operations, collecting tribute, and confiscating guns. The total nn'Tlber of guns collected wa:; l 2/.

No orlhcrn Katha column.

3 1 . The last of the columns employed on operations in the interior of the 13hamo district wa!t the South-Eastern column,

South-Eastern column. which was employed in the hill tracts in the south of the Bhamo district and bordering on the Sinkan valley. The column started from Shwegu on the $lh £?e�ember and spent the f0.llowing t�ree· mont�s .. in visiting the \'illr..gcs lymg \\ It h1n the area covered by 1ts operations. It is unnecessary tu record in d.etail .t�e movem�nts of the column whic� met with n

10

resistance from the Kachms V!Sttcd an<l <ltd a very usdul an<l crcd1ta1Jle sea:.on s work. I t returned t0 Bhamo at tht end of February, having visited 98 villages, collecred Rs. 903 in t1 ibute, which was ac:sessed at Re. 1 a house, and confis·

JU!f'ORT ON THE AtlMJNISTRATION OF BURMA; cated 3o:a guns. . The Kachins displayed great reluctance t? part with their guns but in no ca;;e had the Civil Officer to employ force to st;tze t�emh

Bh

3Q, Prior to i8gi little had been done to bring the tnbes m .t e amo1 district to the east of the lrrawaddy unaer contro .

T� �tlyinf portion or the Bha· Several expeditions h�d ·been sent out from year to mo district 'to tilt· east ' of the bra· . h · -..:1 b t · b t the wadd ·•. year to rums outrages comm1ttt;i y rt es 0

PJ.tion-Of affairs in the country south' 0 . the Taping; and these tribes had lea�t. to t• die test or the lrrawaddy. a certain extent to recognize �nd resp«?c.t Bnttsh authority. The country to the north '?f the. Taping was . entirely unv.1s1ted save for the reconnaissance made by Captain Ehott and MaJOr Hobday m 189<>"9 • · The necessity of bringing this part o f the c�untry .mder �ontrol was forced on us by repeated outra�s committed by these tnbes. .Thus m M.arch 1889 t�e P�pat (Lepai) Kachms attackrd Ywadaw near Wamgmaw, .killed three v1l1,asers and earned off two captives. In December 1889 the S�dons attacked W ll!ng· maw with a force of 300 men and, though beaten off, earned away some captives and the thugyi of Ywadaw. In. January 1 890 the Kachins of Kasu and TabO� carried off and enslaved a family living on the Nantabet. In June 1890 the Lasht Kachins of Makaung carried off a Bumr<m from tHe same ne�ghb�urh

,ood. The

Kachins of K"�tu and Lakapyang stopped the work of Captam Eho�t s party by their hostile attitude. There had been a series of dacoities by Kachms along the Mole chaun<"'. None of these outrages had been punished. Lastly, the elder Sawbwa of \\• untho was reported to be at Sad on stirring up the tribes to raid and was·issuing proclani:i.ln:ns fur this purpose.

33. these facts, as well as the experience gained in forme:- years in dealing l with wild tribes, showed that it was necessary to bring the tribes along-the north-east frontier thoro�h-

Policy pur5ued. ly and permanent l y under control. I n dealing with .them we had to deal not with nationalities but with congeries of small independent sa\'age communities, having no inter-tribal coherence, whom it was necessary, if permanent peace was to be secured, to dominate and reduce to the position of subjects and tributaries. \ Another reason for ri!Jucing. the Kachin hills on the east of the Irrawaddy to order was the circumstance that they served as a screen for the bad c-haracter" who • \ , -,. ; .. · h .. ': ,.!..:t ...,'. , .,::<.:-:�i .. ,; vi • • 1 , , Y u1i11a11 s1J1:: of the border and making incursions from time to time mto British territory. 'thus in 1 886 Bhamo itself was threatened by a gang of well-armed Kachins and Chinese from this part of the frontier. M-0gaung l1as hee.n repeatedly threatened in recent years and the l'ndia-rul:>ber trade has been completely disorganized. AU through the cold weather of 1 890-91 rumours were nfe of movements of armed bands of Chinese Black Flags to the north of Mogaung. The perpetual disturbances and rumours1-of disturbances which prevailed rendered a.revival of trade between Burma and Yttn- 1 nan on any considerable scale impossible. All the principal routes of that trade 1 !?ass tfirough the Kachih hill;; """th nf thP 'NIT''.'!i1d1a, :md hJ.YC hitherto been sub· � ject to continual intt:rruplion and harassment from W1rulv Kachins. Finally, the \ .mbjug.atiun uf tht: Eastern Kachin tracls \.\as necessary· for the purpose of pre· venting the import into Mogau.ng, Bhamu, and Upper Bnrma generally of the vast quanlities of illicit opium, liquor, and arms whi«;h have :<.i.nce the anneXation found their way in from China. In view 0£ these consideratiOns it was decided to deal 1 with tile Kachins east of tile Irrawaddy in the same manner. as with the tribes to the west,. that is to say,, to reduce them to tributaries and to grant the Sawbwas sanads on the terms summari'zed i n paragraph 24 of this report. The only change 1 to be m(!.dc was in the case of Sawbwas on caravan routes. These Sawbwas l\ave from time immemorial been in tl\e habi't of levying tolts on caravans. and, in retul'!' for these sl!�sidies, o�. keeping .�P tra�� roads, rep��ng btidgesl and so on. As It was undesirable to mcur their hostility. bl' depnv&ng them ot the main source of their income, it was decided, for the present at least, to insert a special clause ip their sanad'S authorizing them to 1evr totts and fi"Xing their amount.

34. In pursuance of the policy indicated in the preceding paragraph, the Col ni 1 ed whole of the north-eastern Bhamo frontier from um emp oy • Namkham to SadOn was visi.te4 during the open sea-

�o.. of 189t"9� by four columns. · ·

•lt•'91.) RELATIOSS WITH TRlllUTAR\' STATES ASI> PRONTllR APPAIRI. 35. The operations of the Sinkan column were partly frontier operation•,

S. k 1 partly opcratic.ns of a nature similar to those of the in anco umn. ed h r he I dd c1•lumns employ to t e west o t rrawa y.

Its frontier work consisted in visiting the small section of the border in the vicinity of Namkham, the task imposed on it being to ascertain the exact frontier and to treat with the Chinese officials for the capture of the various Burma outlaws who have been harboured for a long time past in the Chinese Shan State of Miingmaw. The column took the field on the 16th January 1892 and proceeded to the frontier in the vicinity of Namkham. The enquiries made there sho\\•ed that a small triangle of land, two side� of which are formed by the Nam· mak and Namwan streams, and which has its apex at the juncture of the Nammak and Namwan w: . . 1 the Sh .>eli, has in recent years been tributary of the Chinese Shan St11te of Mongmaw. While visiting this part of the country Captain Gas· trdl cnlcrcd into communication with the Mongmaw Sawbwa, furnish1.d him with a list of the outlaws and <lacoit s who w�re known to be harboured in the Mong· maw State, and invited him to mt·et the British officers and discuss plans of joint action for driving them out. The Sawbwa's replies were not satisfactory. He declined to med the British officers and denied that there were any dacoits in his jurisdiction. On a list being furnisht!d to him he promised to drive them cut, but so far as is known took no action a�ainst them. Finally, he sent a verbal message asking that no further letters might be sent to him as he was afraid that he would get into serious trouble with his superiors for corresponding wid1 Ar: t i:.h officers. The dealings of Captain Castrcll with the �awbwa illus· trate the difficulties of keeping the peace on the frontier in the face of the open or covert assistance rendt�recl to outlaws by the fM'tlY border officials on the Chinese side 1 n the course of the operations Captain Gastrell met Mr. Scott, Superintendent of the Northern Shan States, and Mr. Daniell, Assistant Com· missioner, Miingmit, and discusse<l with tht•m the measures to be taken to guard the frontier in the vicinity of Namkham and Selan. The consultations of these officers led to the co11clusion that a post was required in the neighbourhood of Namkham tu control the trade routes to Bhamo. to defend the Mon�mit State from tranc;-frontier irruptions from th1' n,.,rth, and to defend North 1 heinni from .:. • . . "�""'. !1 . "'*i-'�: j,.,. .\r:-u.:�;..,-'�,L.�.�...> �· :-i.f'' tJ!..! t�� n��'"d� fo� �hl' c:;t�LL::,hrnc1t� ui such a post. After completing his ; nvestigations near Namkham Captain Gastrell entert'd on the second portion of his work, which consisted in visiting the Kachin hills in the Sinkan valley and issuing sanads, collecting tribute, and licensing <tnd confiscating guns. App.,intmcnt orders were issued to 1 9 Sawbwas, 64- guns were licensed and 44 confiscated, tribute was fixed at 8 annas per household, and Rs. 203-S.o were collected. On the 23rd March Captain Gas· t 1 ell was posted to Myitkyina, and Mr. Symington, Extra Assistant Commis· sioner, who had finished his work with the Maingkhwan column, was attached lo the Sinkan column as Ci\'il Officer for the remainder of the season. Duri� the b1�ginning ol Apnl Mr. ::,ym1111,tu11 was engaged in the collcct1on of information as to th1· wh1·n·aho11ts of : hf! dac:oit gang;; which infested the Sinkan valle)'. On thP 1 1 th A pril, in ronjnnrtion with a part: from Miingmit under Mr. D:iniell and Mr. Way, au attack w.t:. 11 1 ;ule un tl1c camp of the dacoits at the head o{ the Sinkan valley. In this attack three dacoits were killed and six prisoners taken. On our �ide Lieutenant Nelson and several sepoys were wounded. Unfortunately Nga Po and Nga Byu, the leaders of the gang, escaped. The rest of the season was spent in seeking for inforination as to the hiding places of these outlaws, but all endea·•ours to arre!'t them failed. The enquiries madP cahnwPtf that they were harboured by several villages, the inhabitants of which were accordingly moved to another part of the district under the Village Regulation. This measure will make it very difficult for the dacoits to procure food, and will, it is hoped, lead to their final suppression next open season.

36. The operations of the Eastern column con• Eastern column.

sisted in-( i) visiting the area, east of the third defile, which had not been pre·

viously brought under control ; (ii) visiting the section of frontier which lies between Tuku and the

southern boundary of the Matin tract. 5

18 REPORT ON THI ADMINISTRATIOl'f OP BURMA. The column started early in January and performed the first p� of its �sk in 1 s days. The area dealt with was traversed, 23 out of th� 32 villages which it contains were visited, Rs. 1 54·8·0 were collected as tnbute, headmen were appointed, and 55 guns were confiscated. On the 4th January . t�e column started from Bhamo to complete its season's work. It thoroughly VlStted all the country along and v.;thin the frontier from Tuku to the Matin t�ct. The Mat!n tract was left unvillited in pursuance of an arrangement made with the Momem Wun last December that pending the delimitation of the frontier neither Chinese

• nor British officers should visit it. The country coming within the sphere of the column's operations was thoroughly explored, go villa�es were visi!ed, Rs. J ,638 were collected in tribute, 258 guns were destroyed ana 104 were hcensed. The column met with no opposition. In the course of its tour it visited some villages to the north of the Manteinkha , a stream running into the Namwan river. The Manteinkha has hitherto been regarded as forming the frontier in this locality, but Mr. Ross found that a small tract of hill country to the north of the Man· teinkha had hitherto been entirely independent of the Chinese authorities. This tract he visited, collecting tribute, giving sanads to headmen, and stamping guns.

Th · f f · · · d · h l · b h (._."' · 37. e next section o ront1er v1stte 1s t .at ymg etween t e -�rmg N

and the Nantabet. Bdore the proceedings · o the ampaung. North-Eastern column, which visited this tract, are

narrated, mention must be made of the events wh;ch happened towards the end of the rains at Nampaung, which is included in it. In October persistent ru· muurs were current of intentions on the part of the Chinese to establish miiitary posts on the Taping trade route at the Nampaung, which has of recent years been usually regarded as the boundary in this latitude, and at Mannaung where, in October, we were putting out a military police post of 200 men. In pre· vious years Chinese caravans had been escorted throu!;'h the Kachin hills in both Chinese and British territory by an adventurer named Ma Wuh Hsiang, who had collected a bodyguard and escorted caravans as a sort of private specu• lation. No Chinese troops had before 1 891 advanced beyond the Nampaung. In October 1 891 , however, a small body of Chinese troops, said to number some So m�n. cm�sed the Nampaunrr strnn; and c-.-tahFsh"cl t heni:.:•�h-t":> at La;1 k1.1gyi and near Myothit, two places considerably to the west of the Nampaung and unquestionably in British territory. /4.s this aggression could not be permit· ted, a small body of troops and military police was sent out to Mannaung and Myothit at the beginning of NO\·ember, and letters were sent to the Chinese authorities requesting the withdrawal of the Chinese troops. On the 1 1 th November the Deputy Commissioner with an escort left for the frontier. Ab(\ut 5 miles from Myothit, at a place called Tingsu, a commencement of stockad· ing had been made by the Chinese. They were reported to have withdrawn two d"ays before the Deputy Commissioner arrived. On the 1 2th the Deputy Com11-.i;;,,;v11.:1 aJv,mce<l to 3u111paya, dose to the Nampaung. 1 he Chinese had erected a small stockade· here, hut had destroyed it and withdrawn a few days previomly . . From Sumpaya the Deputy Commissioner advanced to the Nam· paung, 2 miles distant, where the Chinese had another small post on the east or, as it was then regarded, the Chinese side of the river. On the 16th Novem• her the Deputy Commissioner had an interview with Chang and Hua�, the Commandants of the Manwaing levy, a body of Chinese troops employed m the jurisdiction of the Momein Wun. The Deputy Commissioner explained our mtentions to these officP-rs and warned them again<Jt advandng �yond the Nampaung. On the following day the Chinese officers returned to Manwaing. A post was then built on the west bank of the Nampaung and garrisoned first with 100 men of the 33rd Regiment (3rd Burma Battalion), M.I., under the com .. mand of Lieutenant Hurly, and subsequently with the same number of men of the 32nd Regiment (4th Burma Battalion), MJ., under Lieutenant Canick. Arrangements were also made for regulating the caravan traffic. The rates of tolls were fixed, and it was arranged that the sums collected should be divided among the Kachin Sawbwas who had fonnerly been in the habit of levying dues. The establishment of the post at the Nampaung was of great benefit to trade, and since it was placed there caravans have passed to and fro without moles-

RELATIONS WITH TRIBlJ1'ARY STATIS AND PRON'hla APrAIU.

tation. No attempts have been made from the Chinese side to dislodge the troops on the Nampaung, although in December rumours were current of intentions on the part of the Chinese to attack it. Fortunately no such attackt were made.

38. The proceedings of the North·Eastern column must now be na•ted. This column visited the frontier and the country within the frontier from Myothit on the Tapil'lg to

the Nantabet stream, and traversed without opposition large tracts of country which had never before been visited. The column left Myothit on the Taping on the 1 7th December and marched northwards to the Mol� at a short di�tance from the frontier visiting the villages on and near its route. On reaching the Mol� the column marched alon& its right bank to Kwikhaw on • he frontier. The arrival of our troops at Kw1khaw caused some alarm in the trans-frontier town of Samapa, and bodies of armed men were seen on the hills immediately across the border. No collision took place, however, as the column kept scrupulously within the Burmese boundary. From Kwikhaw the column moved north· westwards and visited the country near the lrrawaddy. On the 16th February, when the column was at Kazu, information was received that the tribes in the Sadon tract had risen and were beseiging the garrison which, as is explained in the following paragraphs, had been placed in Sadon by the I rrawaddy column. The North-Eastern column at once hurried nortl1, reached Sadon on the 2oth February, and relieved the beseiged garrison. During the following days the cnlumn was engaged in �uppressing the Sadol" rising and lost SC\'CO wounded and one follower killed in the course of the operations. On the 9th March it started southwards to complete its work to the south of the Nantabet. From Kazu on the Nantabet the column marched east to the frontier which was a.sct:rlaine<l by !veal enquiries to extend much turther east than had hitherto been supposed. Several days were spent in this part of the country and no opposition was met with, although the inhabitants harl previously declared their intention of resisting. They were probably led to abandon this intention by the severe punishment inflicted on the tribes round Sadon. On the 24th of March the column marched north-west and completed the visitation of the t;,H;t :t•,,;,,,,,. ,: ' ' ' i1 Tlv· "l"'r':�;· ':" • f d ::_ 1'0=th-E ... s�ci·a cvlt.&mn \\'<.:fc atte1l<l• ed with 'i'·emarkable success and reflect much credit upon Mr. Hertz and Captain Davies. Besides relieving the garrison at Sadon it traversed a large area of country which had never before been visited and which was inhabited by Kachin tribes reputeJ to be ill-disposed and to be bent on offering a stubbDrn resistance. Owing partly to the energy and judgment which guided all the proceedings of the column, partly to the lesson administered at Sadon, no opposition was met and not a shot was fired in the whole tract between the Nantabet and the Taping. These facts are the more satisfactory because the operations of the column werP nnt limited to a mere progress through the 1.-11u11Lry. 1 he Kaciuns were ma<lc to understand by the collect10n of tribute and the confiscation of arms that they arc subject to British authority. Rupees 3,414.8-0 were collected as tribute, 680 guns were confisrated, and 336 guns were licensed.

North-Eastern column.

39. The Irrawaddy column explored the section of the frontier between the Nantabet and the 'Nmaikha. This part of the lrrawaddy column. country wa · visited for the first time in 189o-91 by

Captain Eliott and Major Hobday , and it was deci�ed, as a result of their investa· gations, to establish a post at Sadon and to bnng th� country bf.tween the 'Nmaikha and the Nantabet under control. The operations of the lrrawaddy column were the result of this decision. The column left Myitkyina on the 23rd December and marched without opposition in the direction of Sadon as far as the Tingri stream. A mile beyond this stream the colu!'1n reached a strong stockade which barred its advance. After half-an-hour's finn� �he stockade was carried and the column marched on Sad6n. Here also oppos1t1on was met, and the village was not occupied without a co�id�rable amount of fighting. As soon as Sadan had been occupied the work of bu1ldmg a post was commenced. On the 1 1 th January the main body of the column left Sadon to explore the country to

llO llEPOAT OS TH& ADNINISTM110ff OF BVIUtA. - (aa,, .... the north and north-east of the post. It first advanced to the n.eillhbourhood !'f the

Chinese frontier at Kambaiti Sakan. Thence it marched nonn to Kum�pu�, a short distance south c,f the 'N maikha, and then returned to

. Sadon, which tt

reached on the 23rd January. The chief ubject of t�e tour, which was to secure the submission of the Nawchon and other Sawbwas m the tract north of Sad6n,

was successfully accomplished. The tri�es were told that they •·ere f"!OW sub· ject to our rule our intentions were explained to them, and they w� informed that they would have to pay tribute. The tribes willi�gly accepted these. con•

ditions and offered no opposition to the column. Nothing was done to disarm

the tract as the Civil Officer considered it inexpedient lo do m"re for the present tha� to impress on the tribes that they are British subjects. Captain Eliott) reasons for treating the country round Sadon differently from other Kachm t racts are that the people ha\·e hitherto been entirely independent, that they are very turbulent, and that-it is desirable to £roceed gradually in imposing on them the yoke of regular administration. fhe country round Sadon is, it appears, inhabited by tribes who differ from the Kachins in race and language. These tribes are Lashis. Szis, Lis haws, and Marus, and inhabit a tract of country some 40 miles long by 20 broad along the C hinese frontier from the 'Nmaikha to the Meungkaka. The peculiar conditions of the tract probably justified Captain Eliott i n proceeding as he did, althoul?h in course of time it will no doubt be necessary to disarm the tract and adm inister it .generally in the same manner as the other Bhamo highlands.

40. From the 24th January to the 4th February the column halted at Sadon and ;!;;;ing ti.;,, tim1.; th1.; 1.:v113Lfudiv11 vf llic fvrl was pushed on as fast as possible. On the 1 st February information was received that the Sawbwa of Sadankong, a villag<· on the 00rth of the 'N maikha, about two marches &om 'Nsentaru, was collect ing a hostile gathering, and intended to di.,pute our passage ()Ver the 'Nmaikha at the 'N sentaru ferry should we attempt to cross that river. This news necessitated an alteration in the plans · of the column . Ori.�inally it had been intended to visit the country south of Sadon and c trry out there the policy which had been followed in the tract to the east. This plan, however, had t o be post poned until the Sadankong Sawbwa had betn subjug-;1t�d. Evny rlay he was allnwcd to retain his defiant attitude cidu1.;u Lo i11::> µrc,,uge among ti1e neignbuunng Kachins, and the movement, if n11t promptly crushed, would probably have assumed formidable proportions. The column accordingly left Sadon en route for Sadankong on the 5th February, and reached 'Nsentaru ferry on the 7th. The passc-ge of the river was not dis· puted, a� had heen expected , but much difficulty was experienced in crossing it m consequence of the difficult nature of the ground. Un the 9th February the cros-;ing of the river was completed, and the column marched through a friendly country to Sampawng village. The people had never seen a white man before1 and were greatly astonished at the appearance of the British troops. On the next day the troc;>s ad\·;::.r.ccd towards Sadankong and found th�ir � ay LluckeJ by sevc:n stockadcs. These were carried and the column marched on Sadankong �hich was captured after further _figh�i�g. On the 1 2th and 1 3th February 1urther attacks were made by the Kachms. These were repulsed and two adja• cent villages which had taken part in the attack on the column were burnt. On the 1 4th February the column set out on its return journey to Sadon.

4 1 . On the 22nd February the column reached Sad6n, which during its absence had been besieged by the neighbouring tribes. The tribes to be north, we�t, and south of Sadon rose. abo�t t.he 7th February, confined the small garrison which had been left at �adon within the fort, and harrassed it by repeated attacks. The garrison defended itself with much gallantry against some 700 Kachins, until it was relieved on the 2oth February by the North·Eastem column. In recognition of the sk:n and gallantry with which Sadon was defended it has bet!n named Fort Harrison after the officer who conducted the defence. An incident connected with the rising round Sad6n, which may appro· priately be mentioned here, was the march of Lieutenant MacMunn to Sad6n. Lieutenant MacMunn started from the Irrawaddy with a conv�y of stores in ignorance of the disturbances that were occurring round Sad6n. He reached the

........ ) ULATIONS WITH TRJB\1TAllY ITATU AICD JRONTllll AnAJU. II Namli river on the 9th1 and from there to Sadl>n, a distance of 13 milet, had to fight his way over most difficult cnuntry through a continual succession of stockades. His force consisted of only 1 5 Gurkhas of the Mogaun' Military Police Battalion, and but for their excellent steadiness and courage would certainly have been cut to pieces .

• :ii. During the remainder of February and the beginning of March the column was engaged in reducing to order the country round Sad6n which bad furnished men for the attack on the fort. 7he enquiries made established the fact that the Kachins had not relied solely on themselves, but had been aS1isted by persons having some knowledge of the arts of war. The earthworks by means of which the siege of Sadon was conducted are said to have been constructed with considerable skill, a skill entirely beyond the Kachins and evidencing assistance from beyond the frontier. It must be added that there is no evidence that the trans-frontier Chinese officials aided or countenanced the rebels. Some time after the disturbance was over a proclamation was issued by the principal officials at Yungchangfu and Momcin forbiddin� any one to harbour fugitives from near Sad6n, and acknowledging indirectly that Sadon lay beyond the Chinese frontier.

43. On the 1 1 th March the Irrawaddy column started on the last pan of its tour through the country to the north-west of Sad6n. In the course of this tour the column nearly made some very important captures. A Kachin who fired at a sepoy was caught and was found to be a slave of Po Saw, the u-Wun of Mogaung. This man gave information that the camp of Po Saw and other noted outlaws was in the vicinity and led a party to the camp. Un• fortunately the alarm was given before the camp was reached, and Po Saw and his companions escaped. From information given by the slave and collected in other quarters it appears that a sort of IPagne existed between a chain of Sawbwas beginning with S.ansi in China on the east and ending with Thama on the west of the Irrawaddy, and including Sadon, Sadankong, Tungor, and Thama. The raison d'etre of this league was smuggling ; it was in all proba· bility subsidized by Chinese adventurers and winked at by Chinese of6chls ; and it was consequeutly bitte1 'v hostile to the British advance. The operations of 1 89 1 -9::1 have thoro1ghly broken up the league thf> Sarltin Sawb"-a ha,ing t;""·; " .. t;.;;1 ... �· .i . . .! s ,.,\.rni-.uug, Tun�ur, .mu Thama having been driven out. The Irraw:: ddy column, as the foregom� summary shows, got through a large amount of work and made a very satisfactory beginning with the business of establishing peace and order in the Sadon tract. The season's work reflects much credit on Major Yule who commanded the column and on Captain Eliott who accompanied it as Civil Officer.

6

11.-ADMINISTRATION OF THE LAND.

Surveys, Settlements, and Waste Lands (Lower Burma). 4+ Three survey parties were employed during the year-one in Upper, one

sttaJ in Lower, and one partly in Upper and ,Partly in Cada IWWfl. Lower Bunna. The total area surveyed m Lawer

Burma consisted of 1 1632 square miles traversed and 1 ,010 square miles cadastrally surveyed. The total cost of the surveys in Upper and Lower Burma WU Rs. 6191 ,Soo. The Local Survey parties which have been carrying out surveys in Lower Burma during the last three years traversed 1,587 square miles and sur• veyed 1 ,566 square miles cadastrally. The cost of the traverse was Rs. 46 and of the cadastral survey Rs. 58 per square mile. The cost of the cadastral sur· vey in 1890·91 was Rs. 67. The year under report was the first in which tra· verse surveys were executed by local agency. The net result ofthe local surveys executed in 1B91·92 was an increase in area of, in round numbers, 66,ooo acres and an increase in revenue of Rs. 1 , 10,077.

45. One Topographical and one Forest Survey Party were employed in Lower Lower Burma topographical sur- Burma. Party No. 13, which worked in Mergui during

weys. the previous year, was withdrawn, but a small detach· ment was retained and placed under Mr. Hughes of the Geological Survey for the further survey and mapping of certain parts of the Mergui tin tracts. No. � Party completed the survey of 227 square miles of reserved forests in Toungoo on the 4-inch scale and 68 miles of 2·mch topography, besides 386 square rrules of tra• verse survPy in advance for the next 1teason's operations.

46. The settlernent of the Thongwa district was completed and that of the Sett! nt Amherst district was begun during the year under

eme · repor�. The settlement operaticms in the Thongwa

·:i1stri1:t resulted m an increase in revenue of Rs. 2,u,731. 47. The area under Supplementary Survey in 1 8g2 increased by 2,561 5 1 tar 5 square miles, the increase being due partly to the upp emen Y urvey. operations of Local Survey parties, partly to the

settlement operations which have been in progress for some years in the Bassein and Th6ngwa districts. The Akyab distnct and almost the whole of the lrrawad. dy and Pegu divisions, excluding the Thayetmyo district, are now under Supple· mentary Survey. The average cost per square mile of the operations decreased from Rs. 8- 1 1 -8 in 1890-91 to Rs. 7·U-9 in the year under review. The total cost for the province was Rs. r .LJ9, 1 4 ! against Rs. 991889 in the previous year The following statement gives details of the operations of the year :-

I 2

Number or circles. District.

--------

A.-Area under Supplneen.11ry Suro1y and cost of tlie Opn-atiMu.

1-1---� -

Total area ;. ,.=. m; ... I I ------ --

4 I .. I 6 --

ARu. ASSESSED OR HBLD u· llBR TBJllPORARY B> .. BJllPTIOW. --

Garde1• .1nd mis· Paddy. cellant :us culti- Total. v.d ion.

-----

I 1

Actual cost of supplcmtntary sur\'ey oper.

.it ions.

I

8 I 9

Cost per �uare mile Cost per of tota area. .acre •ho" n in

column 6.

1�91-<)2. 1119'>-91. 1891-<)2.I I 1890-91. I 1890-91. 1891992. I 18<)<>-9•. 1891992. 1890-91. 1891·\11. 189o-91. 1891-92. 189o-91. 1891-92. 1119'>-91 ., 1891993,

I , __ I _ I ---------- -I I Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Rs. Rs. Rs . ... '· Rs. A. r. Pies. Pies. Pep ... 37 38 2,018 J,Olf) 763.385 779,552 12,12' 12�76 775.y .. 7 792,028 16,190 16,345 8 0 4 8 I 6 4·01 3·g6 j Ha11thawadciy ... 35 37 1,476 1,S1S I 466,414 514.423 WJO ' J6,292 500.Jl4 550,715 14,184 16,275 I 9 9 9 8 15 3 5 44 5-67

Tilarrawaddy ... 25 27 1,<>96 1,211 317,()98 332,076 12,83�· 17'768 319,934 349,844 12,245 10,792 I I I 2 9 8 I� 7 7'13 S-92 Prome ... 43 52 8o1 1,266 213,o66 258,985 25,73,• 34,778 248,8o1• 293,7<i3 10,534 11,894 13 2 5 9 6 4 8·13 7'77

Busein ... 51 57 2,J72t :1,6o3 530,S58t 571,133 26,83..t 28,()95 557,688tl 599,2�8 17,891 19,747 7 8 8 7 � 5 6-16 6·33

Hermda ... 45 51 1.402 1,785 34�78 378,J69 46,07•> ::.J,J6o 391,s48 411,7z9 IJ.162 IJ.153 9 6 2 7 5 I I 6·45 6't3 Akyab ... 74 74 1.839 1,839 443,333 4s9...ssi 27..495 27.776 470,828 487,-'61 13,237 13o078 7 3 2 i • 9 5·40 $'15

Tb6ng- ... s 19 437• 1.461 56,230 179.537 6,15: 4J.147 62,382 232,664 2"'46 7�57 s 9 6

. . . �

'177

Total ... 315 355 1 1..441 14'°°' J,14,S.1162 3.473o.56o 191,1411 23J,6g:i J.337,002 J.707,252 j 99-889 :::-1 8 II • 1 12 9 5·75 s6s

• aa.i9ed fiprcs. t Includes the - lrac:l �t 11nder !upplementary 1vney • t Excltlllive of ·� llCtea ol .....,. C'llllivatila

10

" _,. ) c �

t :!

(IJ c � � � � � Cl � " � li

! Ill � i

c!t

UrC>RT ON THI ADMINISTRATION or BUIUIA.

,.S. The total area transferred by sale in 18g1-92 was 263�686 acres :1.P,inst 2 1 8 049 in 18�91 and 185,343 an 1 889-9<>. fhe

Statittica of transfen and tenants. totai 4.<..:a mortgaged was 63,326 acres aga�nst 55,5112 in the previous year ; the total und�r mo�gage w� 1 28,682 acres again�t 109,409 acres in 1890"91. The proportional ·�crease 10 sal�s was lar�est ID Bassein but the area sold was more than three times as large m Pegu as m any other di�trict. Similarly the area sublet in Pe�u was almost three times as l�ge as in any other district. In this district considerable areas of land are passmg into the hands of the non-agricultural classes. Sales increased by in round num· hers 20,000 acres, the area sublet increased by 26,000 acres, and the number of non-agricultural landlords from 1 1447 to 1 , 722. The number of cultivating land· lords, on the other hand, decreased from 3,55 1 to 3,422. The figures show that land is bought by money-lenders and sublet by them, as a general rule pro· bably to its former owner. These remarks do not, however, hold good of other districts of the Pe.gu division. In Hanthawaddy, Tharrawa"dy, and Prome there \\'as a comparatively small increast! in the number of non-agricultural landlords, while landlords of the agricultur:tl class increased largely. In Bassein and Henzada the number of landlords of both classes increased considerably. From the figures quoted above it appears that a landlord class is being gradually formed in Burma, that this class is drawn for the most part from the agricultiual population, but that a class of non-agricultural landlords is also in process of formation and that the process is more rapid in Pegu than elsewhere.

49. The number of grants in the Akyab district was 461 being one less than in 1 890-9 1 . One grant was resumed and four grar.ts

R!?:,ntsunderthc:old Waste Land had to pay enhanced rates of assessment during the year.

50. The area of land granted with temporary exemption from revenue was . I J 3,889 acres against 67 ,486 in 189o"91 • There were

tm�e� under exemption from rev. considerable increases in Pegu, Thongwa, Shwegyin, . . and Salween. In Hanthawaddy, which showed a

large mcrea se 10 1890-9 1 1 there was a decrease of 3,6o2 acres. The following figures give the areas granted in each division during the last five years :-

, , . . . ibo7-oo . llill!!.!!g. I 1889·9<>� 1890-91. I 1891-9>· .... . , .... , .... , ..

--Acres. Acres. Acre!l. Acres. Acres.

Arakan 4.710 3,272 3,376 4,701 6,g89 Prgu 7,867 7,187 26,084 25.384 39,620 lrrawaddy 18,377 31,o67 28,302 I 22,845 391630 'feri=...scrim ••• • •· I 5,105 7,012 1 10,298 I� 27,650 I I I I ., ....

------1 Total ... I 3fi,659 1 .. s.538 1 68.o6o 113.889

Grants for religious and public 5 1 . The area granted for religious and public

purposes. purposes was 76 acres, of an estimated yearly value of Rs. 5o6. The number of grantees was J41.

Surveys, Settlements, and Waste Lands (Upper Burma). 52. Two Topographical Survey Parties worked in Upper Burma during 1891· TO!>lf:phical surveys. 9s. No. 3 Party under Mr. Scott, which was princi· P.per Burma. pally employed on cadastral work, also executed a

topogr�phtc� survey of 1o6 square miles of the Chindwin coal-field on a scale of .• mile= I mch.. N �· 1 1 Party under Captain Jackson was employed in geogra• ph1.cal surveys, chiefly 10 the Southern Shan States and Karenni, and in parts of Pr,mmana and Toungoo, completing the survey and mapping of 18 002 square rrules on the !·inch scale. No. 2 1 Party under Captain Longe and s�bsequently under Captain Renny Tailyour completed the survey and mapping of 24,075 square

miles on the !·inch scale in Bhamo (41350)1 Ruby Mines (500)1 Katha (6,4t5j, Ye·t! ( t ,900), Upper Chindwin (51000), and the Northern Shan States (21150). Survey• ors from the party accompanied four police and military expeditions, namely, the Maingkwan, Mogaung, Kaukkwe, and South-East columns from Bhamo, and were thus enabled to effect the survey of large areas. The Assistant Surveyor (Mr. Ken• nedy) who went with the M aingkwan column reconnoitred 31750 square miles and established a connection with previous work in Assam. Triangulation work was continued northwards from Wuntho to Kamaing and up the Chindwin river to nearly 24° north latitude.

53. Number 24 Party was again employed in Upper Burma under Lieuten· T . et . 1 ant Close and finished the triangulation of 4,356

na-onom nca survey. . square miles at a cost of Rs. 72,7Q8. 54. As was mentioned in a former paragraph one I mperlaf Survey Party was S nd settl t

employed during a part and one during the whole of urvev a emen . · ecf · 1 89 1 -92 m Upper Burma. The total area survey

consisted of 31272 square miles traversed and 2,6o2 square miles cada.strally sur• veyed. At the beginning of the year a general survey scheme was drawn up for Upper Burma under which the whole province with the exception of the Katba, Bhamo, Ruby Mines, and Upper Chindwin di�tricts is to be ndastrally surveyed by the year 1 900. Surveys by local agency were also carried on in Upper Burma. These consisted of the survey of small tracts of oil-bearing land in the Southern division and of the survey of State lands in the Shwebo and Yam�thin districts. The area surveyed in these latter districls was 1 25 square miles at a cost of Rs. 21 ,o65. The cost of the surver, both cadastral and traverse, was Rs. 169 per square mile. The settlement o the Kyaukse district was completed during the year under report and progress was made with the settlement of the Mandalay district. The report of the Settlement Officer, Kyaukse, is now under consider· ation. Supplementary survey operations were carried on in 1891 992 in a small part of the Mandalay district.

1

Ul'OaT OH THE ADMINISTSATtON or BURMA.

111.-PROTECTION.

Legislation. 55. The following Acts affecting Burma were

Adi of the Legislative Council. passed during the year 18g1-92. Three of the Acts ·apply exclusively to this province.

1891. XVI.-An Act to declare certain Courts in British India to be Colonial Courts

of Admiralty. XVll.-An Act to amend the Indian Merchant Shipping Act, 1 88o.

XVIII.-An Act to amend the Law of E¥idence with respect to Bankers' B��

.

XIX.-An Act to amend the Upper Burma Laws Act, 1886. XXI.-An Act to amend the Lower Burma Municipal Act, 1884..

1892. 1.-An Act to amend the Indian Tariff Act, 1882.

11.-An Act to validate certain marriages solemnized under Part VI of the Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1 872.

lll.-An Act to amend the Rangoon Port Commissioners Act, 1879-56. The following Acts were extended to Upper Burma durin; the course of

the year, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 5 of the Schedule Districts Act :-

57·

Act XI of 1881 (Municipal Taxation Act). Act Xl of 1886 (Indian Tramways Act). Acl V of 1887 (to amend Code of Criminal Procedure, 1882). Art XX of 1 887 (The Wild Bird"' Protection Acr). A.ct i i i oi 1888 �to amend the law relating to the Regulation of Police). Act XX of 1889 (to amend Act XXXVI of 1 858, Lunatic Asylum

Act). Act II of 18go, section 9 (amending the Indian Succession Act, 1865). Probate and Administration Act, section 1 6 (extended to Mandalay

Town only). Act I I flf 1 8901 sections 1-14 both inclusive (an Act to amend Acts

Vl, Indian Steam Vessels Act, and VII, Indian Steam Ships Act of 1 884).

Act Xl .-.f 1 890 (TI..: Prt:ventiun of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1890). Act XIII of 1890 (Malt Liquors Act), sections 1 to S· Act I of 1891 (an Act to amend the Cattle Trespass Act, 1871 1 and to

incorporate therPin Act XVIII oft883). Act II of 1891 (an Act to amend the Indian Christian Marriage Act,

1872). Act 111 of 1891 (an Act to amend the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, and the

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1882). Act IV of 1891 (an Act to amend the Indian Penal Code and the Code

of Criminal Procedure, 188l). Act X of 1891 (an Act to amend the Indian Penal Code and the Code

of Criminal Procedure, 1882). Act XVIII of 1891 (an Act to amend the Indian Steam Vessels Act,

1881). Act XVIII of 1891 (The Bankers' Books Evidence Act). The following Regulations applying to Upper Burma were enacted :Regulation V of 1891. Amends section 6 of the Upper Burma Ruby

Regulation, 1887.

•

........ ). POUC&. Regulation VT of 1891, to further provide for the administration of

towns in Upper Burma, received the assent of the Governor• General in Council during :he year. This .Regulation provide• for the administration of Upper Burma tov.-ns by a machinery similar to that already provided for villages under the Villa,e Regulation. The Regulation has only come into operation since the close of the year.

58. No enactments were extended to the Shan States, but a notification, in supersession of previous notifications, \';as issued under the Upper Burma Lawa Act, XX of 1 8861 declaring the territorie!I which constitnte the Shan States.

Police. �9· The scheme for the re-organization of the Lower Burma police to which . ' . . reference was made in last year's report, \\as sanction· s!r��

.e re-organization, L o w e r ed by the Government of India in October 18g1, and

during the remainder of the year measures wer� tak�n to introduce the new system into the province.

6o. The strength of the Lower Burma regular police in 1Sg1 , including L B . . 1 1. Railway police, was 8,397 against 8,373 in 1 89<>. ower urma c1v1 po ice. Th · d h h · f h e mcrease was ue to t e strengt enmg o t e

Railway poli�e by the addi!ion of 28 men . . This ad�ition was rend�red necessary by the openmg of a portion of t!Je Mu \ alley Railway. Only eight men were employed in 1 891 as an additional force for punitive purposes against 330 in 1 890, and, in round numbers, 1 ,000 men in each of the three preceding years. The men employed in 1 891 were employed in the Sandoway district and were discharged at the end cf May. During the greater part of the yt:ar, lherefore, no police were employed in any part of Lower Burma as a punitive measure, a circumstance which indicates in a very satisfactory manner the tranci,uillity of the lower province in 1 89 1 . The conduct of the Lower Burma civil police was, on the whole, satisfactory. The numbers of resignations, dismissals, and punishment :> were noticeably smaller than in 18901 and lht: percentage of removals and withclra''':lls from the forrr fell from 1 j"68 to 1 :; ·65. :\n imp .. rta11t fot1�rt· in the re-orga111zat1on ot the Lower Burma rolice consists in the establishment of training schools at the headquarters o each district. During 1891 some pro· gress, though small, was made with the introduction of police schools. Such schools were maintained in the Akyab, Kyaukpyu, Pegu, Tharrawaddy, Bassein, Amherst, and Tavoy districts. Steps are now being taken to start them in the remaining districts of the province. One of the most important of the measures taken to improve the efficiency uf the police in 1 891 was the introduction of beat patrols. The system provide!:: for the division of the whole country into beats, i.e., into suitable village groups. A constable is told off to each of these beats :i.nd is rcqui:ed t•J Yi�it it at s•:.te-:! in�en·als for the purpose of collecting infor· mation abo�t crimu�als, of watching_ suspici?us cha�act�rs, and of ge!"erally ac· quainting himself with all matters ot police mterest m his beat. Dunng 1 891 a commencement made with the introduction of this system. In 1892 the system should be established on a firm ba!lis.

6 1 . The details of the new organization of the Lower Burma military police . . r were given in last year's report. The main feature

Lower Burma military po ioe. of the new schemf) is the organization of the force in two battalions, stationed at Rangoon and Toungoo respectively. The Rangoon battalion was kept in a high state of efficiency and discipline during the year. Owincr to the general tranquillity of the country, the calls on it for active service were 7are. The Karen battalion, which was formerly employed in Upper Burma, but which now forms part of Lower Burma military police, has been quartered at Toungoo sin�e .April . i89 1 . Detachments from !he battalio� did good service ;\gainst dac01ts m vanous parts of Upper Burma ID ��·· Till the end of 1891 the battalion was commanded and officered by C1vif Officers. Under the new arrangements it h�s a Mili.t�ry Offic�r as Commandant or Adjutant and �s admin· istered as a h�ttahon of military pohce. Although the men, never baVlfll gone

..

tllroaila a � � stand in need � clrilli�, they �11 soldier-like �. and ,,.11, it is h� , rnduaJly acq�re habits of d�cipline. The '!os:k Of 4lewelopiac tbem into ftll·trained 10ldier!I as one of much 1m�ce, as 1t 19 tM ltlt ltep towards the formation of a fron�ier force .composed �f member•. of tM Wlioa• ... or semHaft&e races, Ch1n1, Kach1ns, karennt�, &c., , '!hich inMMt the borders of Burma. Ii is ho� . that at will be found possa�I� to anduce tbeM races to take service under the llrit11b Government and to utihze, for the ,.-.ction of the Burma &ontier, the qua&tiel of courage &J?d enduran�e which ihe1 undoubtedly possess, but which me at ,....t wasted 1n internecane feud1 or m nids on dwellers in the plaina.

61. Good progress was made duriD1 1 92 1 with Lhe work of introducing the . new system of Tillage orpnization r,vided for by vm.,. police. the Village Act of 1889- In most dlatricts of Lower

Burma village headmen have now been a1>painted, and the new system may be said to be in fair working order. Some <lascussion took place during the y_ear under review as to the persons who should be appointed rural policemen and as to the powers which should be conferred on them. The general view is that it is expedient to recognize under the Act the old system of ten·houte pungs which bal been handed down from Burmese times. Under this system a Burman villaae ii divided into a number of blocks, each of which is under a ten-house gaung, alf the ten-house f&ungs in their tum beinJ subordinate to the village headman. As thil system is m itself a good one and 11 familiar to and approved by the peo�. it bas been decided to graft it do the system of village organization, for which the Village Act provides, by appointing the ten-house gaungs to be rural policemen. .

63- The Upper Burma military police numbered 15 ,392 otlicers and men on MiliWJ lice. the 1 st )anu&l'J 1�1 and 14,349 on the 1 st January

po 18g2. "Che reCluctioD of up)Vards of 1 ,000 men was

rendered possible by the continued tranguiUity of Upper Burma, and would have been much larger but for the necessity of increasing the force in the Ruby Mines district, which now includes Momeik ( M&_lgmit) for police pur�s. and in the Bhamo, Katha, and Upper Chindwin di!rtricts Whett mu<'h previously unexplored cuunlry was brnught under control. The ttql force of military police 1n the Eastern diYision consisted at the end of the year of 1 1 companies, 1n the Southern diYision of 1 8 companies, in the Central diYision of 24 companies, and in the Northern division of 56 companies. During the ye_ar the Katha battalion was increased b_y two companies, the Ruby Mines battalion by three and-a-half companies, the Up�r Cliindwin battalion by one company, and the Bhamo battahon by eeven. The Bhamo battalion was thus raised to a force of 22 companies. which have been divided into two battalions, the Bhamo battalion with headquarters at Bhariio, and the Mogaung battalion with headquarters at Myitkyina. The ad

ditinns to the batt:\Jinns �f the!� four districts were pro\·idcd by ?arge reductioo1 in other baHalions.

4 The Upper Burma militarv polk-e maintained during 1891 its high f!PU• tation for etficiencv, discipline, and ·courage. Out of a total av� strengtti of 14.¥ officers an'd men only 65 were punished for criminal o&encet, 233 were panilhed departmentally, and 59 were dismissed. Most of the battalions had no opportanitia of actiYe eervice, the country in which they are em�yed beiDJ free &Orn disturbance. The Wuntho rebellion and the consequent d11turbance1 1n the Katba, Bbamo, and Upper Chindwin district•, u well as the work of ex�tion which was in progress on the north-east frontier, however, gave eeveral b&ttaliou an opeortunity of seeing active service. The total cost of the military police was Rs. 46,..S,to 1 .Unst Rs. 65,46,403 in r�. There was a slight improtement in the health of the force u compared with 119>. The average death-rate wat ·� against 1'6o or nearly the same. The percentage absent on lick lean how-ner deClined from 3•50 to 1'66.

65. The total number of ciTil police employed in Up�r Burma In 1891 WU (;IYil po11o1 7 ,487 against 7,31 7 in 1 Sgo. The p:ater portion of

• the ancreue was due to an addition of 1 � to the

......... strength of the Lower Chindwin force. The total number of � em_ploJed as a punitive measUrE; ,.·,.;; I I against 2 10 in l89o1 & diminution Which andacatel the general immunity from disorder which Upper Bunna enjoyed in 1891. The total cost of the civil police was Rs. 1 7,2012 16 against Rs. 151861683 in 1� The conduct of the force during the year was not altogether satisfactory, daecharges and departmental punishments having increased to an appreciable exh:nt.

66. The total number of violent crimes committed in Lower Burma in 1891 . . was 589 against 684 in 1 8go and 952 in 188g. Violmtcnme, Upper and Lower There was a decrease in u out of the to dis· Burma.

tricts of the province, the districts in which it WU largest being Pegu, Prome, Thayetmyo, and Toungoo. Although violent crime as a whole decreased, there was a remarkable increase in murders other than murders by dacoits and robbers, such crimes having increased in number from 1 12 to i 35· Murders other than murders by dacoits and robbers are often due to private motives, such as jealousy, and do not indicate a spirit of lawlessness to the same extent as do murders by dacoits and robbers. In this class of murders there was a decrease of five cases.

Crimea of violence. Lower Bur- 67. The following statement gives particulars of ma. gang crime in Lower Burma in the last two years :-

Murder by dacoits ..• Murder by robbers ... • Oacoity .. . As11embling to commit dai:oity Robbery ••. · · · 1

18go.

Ii &.11 4 ••

1891.

9 9 137 '

2u It is satisfactory that the largest decrease took place in what is in this pro\ince the most serious kind of crime-dacoity. There was a considerable diminution in gang crime in the Arakan division in 1 89 1 as compared with 189<>. During the first eight months of the year the division was comparatively free from gang c:;·•1;•. b :=. T"t··:;bc.:: :i ,) �'"': � . . �1in�..1-1.b · · �r l'n.:t< . .:ridt.;1 11.i.•111.!.l Paw .\u11� endeavoured to raise an insurrection in the Rathedaung township of the Akyab district and collccteci a gang of between 20 and 30 men. For some months the police were unable to obtain any success against the gang, which, besides committing several dacoitics and one murder, on one occasion ambushed a party of civil police and shot two of their number. Ultimately, in the beginning of 1 892, the gang was broken up and Paw Aung and his father, with several others of the gang, were arrested. The Pegu division shows on the whole a considerable re· duction in gang crime in 1891 as compared with 1890. In the Pegu district the number of such crimes fell from 54 to 34 and in Prome from 4 1 to 27. In Tharra· waddv the number increas1·d f wm 38 LO 4� ancl in Hant h:iw:ulrtv it w;p; thP o;ame, 32, in both years. During the greater part of the year the Hantha\\addy district \\"as infested by a small but well-armed gang of dacoitc;, which a1so troubled the lldjoining districts of Pegu and Tharrawaddy. In 1 89 1 this gang wa� broken up by Ins.

pector Maung Po Ni, who shot the two leaders, Nga Po Lu and Nga Po Tu, with his own hand. In the lrrawaddy division genera.Uy there was a small decrease in 1 89 1 as compared with 1 890 in violent crimes of the more serious character. The decrease was due to a diminution in dacoities in the Thayetmyo district from 29 to 1 4 and in the Thon#.!Wa district from 1 7 to 1 2. I n the Bassein district, on the other hand, dacoities increased from 32 to 35, and m Henzada from 10 to 13. The principal feature in the history of violent crime in the Bassein district was an outbreak of 1 2 pris?ners from the K y6npyaw polic� station. T��se men killed two policeme!l, came� off fourteen guns and a quantity of ammumt!on, and com· mitted a senes of crimes before they were hunted down. Ultimately every member of the gan�,. save o�e, was killed or captured, and twelve .guns1 .�th much of the ammumtton earned off, were recovered. The Tenassenm d1vis10n was undisturbed during the year under review. The total number of gang crimes committed in the division was small and there were no organiied gangs.

8

lllPOllT OM THI ADIUl1119fllATIOJlf OF llUIUIA. 68. There was a very satisfactory diminution in cri�. of v��L� U

bpper.

Bunna. The number of dac01t.e. CJ1mm1sm:u 1 � Crime of ,·iolenc�. Upper Bur. lt:i0s than jS. Robberies decreased by 13, while .... " other murders " increased by :i+, and cases <!£

" �breaking " by 3 1 . The continued diminution in crimes of violence te�th fies to the completeness of the pacification of �pper Burma. �bus the Sagam& district, which m 1888 was perhaps the most dtsrnrbed part of Upper Burma, and the Lower Chindwin which between 1886 and 1889 was the scene of freCJ_U�nt outbreaks and rebellions, have returned no dacoities for the Jut two years. Pym· mana was entirely free from dacoity in 1891! �d in th� whole of the Eastern and Southern divisions the total number of dacoaues commatted amounted to 27 only. The decrease in violent crime which took p!ace in Upper Burma in 1891 is �be auore satisfactory when it is remembered that m the latter part of the year famme prevailed in the greater part of the province. I t was to have been expected tb�t robberies for food would have been frequent, and the fact that few occurred 11 creditable to the police and ma.glstracy. Almost half of the violent crimt! of 1891 was contributt:d by the �orthem division, in which l3� cases occurred. With the exception of the Legayaing subdivision of the Upper Chindwin .d.istrict, the Ce!'· tral division was undisturbed during 1 89 a . A number of daco1t1es were commit· ted in the Lf.gayaing subdivision by the adherents of Nga Le and the ex-Sawbwa of Wuntho. Now that Nga Le has been shot and that the n-Sawbwa has fled, it is hoped that crimes of \'iolence will diminish in this part of the country. The Southern and Eastern divisions were entirely tranquil during the year.

�· Thcrt: was a slight decrease in cattle-thefts in Lower Burma, the number for 1891 being 2 , 2 1 5 against 2,227 in 1 89o and 2,996 Minor aimc, Upi>C" and Lower in 18Q,..._ In most districts there was little variation Bunn� � Th between the figures of the two years. e number

of ordinary thefts diminished by 5 1 0 cases in 1891, but the value of property stolen rose from Rs. 7, 76,846 to Rs. 9,o:z,893. There was a considerable increase in cases under the Excise and Opium Acts, which rose, the former from 1 13# to 1 ,639, and the latter from i , 197 to t 1930. Greater activity was shown by the police in df'alin.� with opium-smuggling in the Akyab, Hanthawaddy, Tharrawaddy, and A;ic;.;pin dic;trirtc; ThPrl' ''."t" " ":tt•d;-rtory c!!r.1!r.:!�'.on in l'ppn nun?Ja II' th<· numotr 111 C<ttllt:·thctts, which tell trom 1 ,0o9 in 1890 to 1 , J 1 2 in 1891 . The per· centage of convictions was also better, and a larger proportion of the cattle stolen was reco\'ered than in 1890. The decrease was most marked in the Eastern and Southern divisions and may be attributed to efficient working of the track law. Tlicre was a considerable incrPac;e in the Bhamo and Katha dastricts. The number of ordinary thefls which occurred in tipper Burma in 1891 was �,166 against 2,g80 in 1890. In view of the famine which prevailed in many distncts of Upeer Burma in the last five month" <•f 1 89 1 , it is creditable to the magistracy and police that the increase was not larger. The police showed considerably more acti\'ity in ciP::iling with g"m�ling and �xcise offences in 1 891 tl.an in 18�. Tlae uumkr vf persons brought to trial tor offences under the Gambling Acts rose frnm 2 229 to 3,203, under the Excise Act from 397 to 68o, and under the Opnam Act from 137 lo :i56. In the Mandalay district, where offences against the Excise and Opium Acts are most frequent and where a special excise establishment is main· tamed, there was a considerable increase in the number of prosecutions under these Acts. The results in excise cases were very good, 93 per cent. of the persons arrested having been convicted. In opium cases results were bad, only 38 persons out of 66 put on trial having been convicted.

70. The number of cases under the preventive sections of the Code of "'---t· 1 •

Criminal Procedure in Lower Burma increued from .-<CTim ive aw. ,...Q t 6 Th l · • 2,2yv o 2,42 • ere were arge mcreases m pro-secutions in the Prome, Bassein, Thayetmyo, and Amherst districts. On the otht-.r hand, the number of cases in Akyab fell from �o6 in •89<> to 51 in 1891 in Toungoo from 1 2 7 to 5 1 , and in Rangoon from 6o to 4 1 . In Ran2:oon tbe wC:..king of the Act was particularly bad, security having been demanded in 20 only of the 41 cues sent up by the police. In Upper Burma there was a itmall increase in the number of persons brought before Magistrates under the preventive law,

CRIMINAL JUITIC& tUPP&R IURllA).

namely, from 363 to 403, but the percentage of persons called on to give security fell from 68 to 56. In the Pakokku district, out of 1 3 persons arrested, only 5, ia the Yamethin district, out of 52 arrested, only 32, and in the Meiktila district, out of 60 arrested, only 28, were required to furnish security.

7 1 . There was no change during the year in the system on which the Police s 1 nd toth·

Supply and Clothing Department was managed. upp Y • c ing. The appointment of Personal Assistant to the Deputy Inspector-General of Police for Supply and Clothing was abolished at its close, and since then the co!lt of the Deputy Inspector-General's Office establishment has been further reduced by the pay of one storekeeper. The period for which the maintenance of the department had been sanctioned in 1 889 expired with the

. year of report, and its retention for a further period has been recommended. The sphere of the department's operations was curtailed during the year b! the transfer to the Native Army of the Pyinmana and Shwebo battalions of military police, but was, on the other hand, extended to a more than corresponding degree bv the creation of new posts in the morf' remote portions of the upper proTince. The total expenditure of the year under the head " Purchase and carriage of supplies " was Rs. 10,20,24 1 . This is nearly Rs. 1 0,000 less than in 1B9o-91. The gross expenditure of the year aggregated Rs. 10,61 1634, or about Rs. 14,000 len than in 1 890-9 1 , and the recoveries effected from the pay of the police amounted to Rs. 7, 1 51862. The net expenditure of the year after making certain adjustments was Rs. 2,721 1 58, or Rs. 32, 7 1 4 less than what would have been spent had the system uf compensation for dearness of atta been in force in the province. A new system of clothing for the military police, under which the clothing allowance is paid monthly instead of yearly, and half-mounting funds have been started in al) the battalions, was introduc<:d during the year, and the civil police clothing rules were revised and the scales for Upper and Lower Burma assimilated. Arrange· ments were made during the year for the supply to the Lower Burma civil pohce force of short converted breech-:oading weapons in place of the muzzle-loading Enfield muskets with which the force has hitherto been mainly armed. The sub• stitution of th• new for the old arm will take some little time to effect, but should be completed during the present calendar year.

Criminal justice (Lower Burma).

72. In Lower Burma 48,049 reports of offences were made during the year, G I •. 1. . r and of these 44,528 were returned as true and 381755 enera s.;1 1st1cs o cases. . • were brought to tnal. The proportion of cases re-

turned as true was 93 per cent., being 2 per cent. less than in 1 890. The num• ber of cases declared false was abnormally great in Rangoon and Mergui, where the proportion of true cases was only 89 per cent., and in the Pegu and Amherst districts in which it was 8 1 per cent. The total of true cases in Prome exhibited a decrease from 41807 to 41 1 99, but the district still headed the list of crime t.,.�h in the �ggreg:nc of ::11! offence;, :rnd in off, nee-. agai11::.l property, of which the rt: were 1 ,63 1 agaiusl 2,03 .z in the preceding year. The dccre<die in cattle· thefts in thi" di"trict from 559 to 45 1 w:is, however, a satisfactory feature of the year. In Bassein the numh1·r of true cases ff'll from 3,585 to 31 1 2 1 , offences against property fell from 1 ,463 to 1 ,225, and cattle-thefts from So to 7 1 . There was, however, an increase in the number of dacoities from 32 to 35. In the whole of Lower Burma, excluding Rangoon town, there were reported 782 fewer offences against property than in 1890, but owing to an extraordinary increase in the Hanthawaddy district, there were 102 more offences affectinl?' the human body. The decrease in reports of petty offences against property was due �o the disposal of such cases by ywathugyis under the Lower Burma Village Act.

73. Of dacoities there were in Lower Burma 162 true reported cases against 231 in 1 89<>. and of robberies lhere were 220 against 249, but there was an increase from 2,008 to 2,o8o in cattle-thefts. The increase was most marked in Thayetmyo, where 3�7 against 132 cases were returned, but it was also considerable in the Hanthawaddy, Henzada, and Shwegyin districts.

74. Considerable attention was paid to the harmonization of the police and magisterial returns of crime. In the Police report 35, 197 cognizable and 1o, 17 5

non-copizabte reports of crime were shown, giving a total of <f.5,3711 re�• ; in tbe Criminal justice report the aggregate of offences reJ,>«ted a�oll;nted to -fS,� cues. In the Pc!' ·er· ;:,1 !:: iiaffiUrders were shown ; m �h.e Cnmmal Justice !"·

port there were on. 'O. In the Police report 138 daco1t1e1 and ll� robberies were entered ; in t6e �riminal Justice report there we� �62 � 2 �8 cues re1· pectively. The police returned 37 cases of culpable hom1c1de (mcludmg attempts) and 1'4 attempts at murder ; the magistrates showed 37 cases of the former and 15 of the latter crime. The Inspector-General of Police reponed a small decrease of cattle-thefts from 21227 to 2,215, while the Judicial Commissioner showed an increase from 2,oo8 to 2,o8o cases. . . .

75. The Courts disf>C?sed of 3818�7 cases agau:ist 39,o88 m the P.rtcedmg year. In these cases and in those which were pending from the previous year 661228 persons were accused, of whom 39,431 were convicted. The cases of 1 ,827 persons which were committed or referred ea�� hefore two Courts each, an� thus the business of the Courts was stated as concerning 68,05� persons. Subordt· nate Stipendiary Magistrates dealt with 52,.p6 persons agamst 45,928 in 18go. The work of District Magistrates and Sessions Judges decrnased b,Y 268 and 1 70 persons respectively. Most of the decrease in District Magistrates criminal work occurred in Kyaukpyu and Sandoway, where the disturbances of 189<> had provided an abnormal number of serious cases. In Prome and Th6ngwa there was a con· siderable increase. The number of summa.rY trials somewhat decreased, namely, from 4, 7 52 to 4, 192, and the proportion of summary trials to the total of cases tried fell from 15·61 to 14·25. The number of Honorarv Benches was the samf' :ts in 189<>, namely, 13, and six Honorary Magistrates sat singly. The Honorary Magis· trates disposed of 5,649 persons m Rangoon and of 4,630 persons in the rest of Lower Burma. In Bassem for the fourth and in Th6ngwa for the second year in succession the percentage of convictiuns wa:i abnormally low.

76. The number of cases in which security for good behaviour was demanded outside Rangoon \\'as 2,691 against 2,736 in 189o. In Akyab, Kyaultpyu, Pegu, Bassein, Amherst, and Shwegyin the proportion of convictions fell below 70 per cent. Altogether 1 ,953 persons were ordered to find security and 1, 167 were un· able, at any rate at first, to find it and were sent to prison.

; �. Th Cr:mir1,J Conrtc; 1 •t•'"id1 R :lllgoon puni,;;h·;l :::.91z l r:' pt:rsons against Stat'st' f 1

27, 169 in Lhe/revious year. Of this number 1 9,-444 1 1cs o sen �ncell. • h l · h fi b h fi ed were pums e on y wit nes, 774 were ot n

and imprisone1l, 1 ,470 were whipped, 2 14 were both whipped and imprisoned, 61448 suffered rigorous imprisonment, and 485 were s�ntenced to rigorous imprisonment with solitary confinement. The only decrease, either actual or proportional, as compared with 18<)01 was in sentences of whipping and in sentences of imprison· ment in default of fine. The total amount of fines imposed in Lower Burma was Rs. 3,96,3o8 , of which Rs. 3,26,407 were realized. In Rangoon the amount realized fell from 78 to 73, and in the whole lower province from 83 to 82 per cent. of the total.

78. There were 33 capital sentences confirmed against 32 in 1 890 ; sentences of transportation decreased from 394 to 3 1 2, but senkllct'" nf imprisonment for O\'Cr two years increased from 619 to 84 1 . lt ::1ppears, howeYer, from the decrease in the number �£ �eferences by District Magistr�tes to Se.ssions Judges under section 3� of the Cnmmal Procedure Code, that the mcrease m the abovementioned sen. tences of imprisonment was in those �or a term of not more than four years. 'i9· The number of cases committed to the Courts of Sessions was two less

Seuions Court.. than in 1890, .but the number of pcr:..,mi' Cli;gregated . only 741 agamst 835. The percentage of convic·

tl�n� fell from 65·28. to the und1;1ly low fi�ure of. 59·79. The proportion of con• v1cttons was lowest m Tenassenm and highest m Moulmein town. The Additional Sess1<lns Judge tried 24 7 .persons in 189 t against 1 2 1 persons in about half of 189<>, and thus afforded considerable relief to the Commissioners of the Pegu and lrrawaddy divisions. The average duration of cases was reduced in the lrrawaddy dhision from 48 to 37 ciays, and in Lower Burma outside Rangoon from 38 to 35 days. The total number of punishments in Sessions Courts fell from 76o to 628. To the Court of the Recorder of Rangoon sitting as a Court

CllUUMAL JUITIC& (UPPIR IUUIA). of Sessions '411 cases were committed involving 6o persons, of whom only �2 were �onvicted. Sitting as a High Court the Recorder tried two European British sub• 1ects, of whom one was acquitted and one convicted. The cases of 2$3 persons were referred by District Magistrates to Sessions Judges for confirmation of sen· tences of imprisonment for a term exceeding four years and the sentences of 236 were confirmed.

So. The number of appeals to District Magistrates and Sessions Judges out· A 1 nd e\ . . side Rangoon increased from 538 and 2, 191 to 639 PJ>U 9 • r ·isions. and :z,559 cases respectively. Appeals to the Judt·

cial Commissioner continued to decrease, as they ha,·e done since 1 887, and num· bered 503 cases. The number of appeals to Sessions Judges was higher than in any previous year. The heaviest file was that of the Commissioner of Pegu, who disposed of t 1073 appeals, rejectin� or dismissing 955 of them. The total per· cent�e of appeals re1ccted 0r dismissed was 7r87 against 76· 1 7 in the previous year. In the District M agistrates' Courts of TMngwa, Amherst, Toungoo, Ta· voy, and M ergui the percentage of interference was over 50 per cent. The Re· corder disposed, in appeal and revision, of the cases of 268 persons and upheld the sentence of the Lower Court in :z 1 :z of them. The Judicial Commissioner heard 350 appeals from S£'ssions Judges and rejected or dismissed 266, the per· c-entage of non-interference being 76, the same a.; in the preceding year. Out of 4 1 sentences of death passed by Sessions Judges the Judicial Commissioner con· firmed 30. The Judicial Commissioner received on reference from Sessions Judges and District Ma{!istrates 287 cases, and of his own motion called for 678 cases in revision. The sentences of 1 52 persons were reduced, of 5o6 reversed, and of 9 enhanced. More re,·isiorial work was done by District Magistrates and Sessions Judges, who called for and examined 4, 1 24 against 3,023 cases.

Criminal Justice (Upper Burma).

8 1 . The total number o[ offences reported in 1891 was 1 61234 against 1 5,682 G I . . 1 in 1890, and the number repor�ed as true was 1 5 525 encra st:it1�trcs o case<1. • Th

' agamst 1 4,924. e percentage of true to reported

cases was 95·63, being ·47 higher than in the preceding year. In the Bhamo and I,,\\.; l (r - l 1 � \ � '") ; l :t.: in .. r,· t�• d nu itl 't�r 1 1 f off! 11r1·"' \\.t' du1 · ;o "h·_· i:1clus:nn t . .f nh·rt .. territory un<ler direct and orderly administration. The increase of crime was Jess than th1� scarcity might have been expected to produce. The number of offences against property increased, however, in the Mandalay, Bhamo, Ye·u, Sagaing, Lower and Cpper Chindwin, Magwe, and Kyaukse districts. The most serious increase was in the Mandalay district, where both robberies and cattle-thefts rose in nun1hcr. In Upper, as in Lower, Burma the Judicial and Police returns of crime di<l not agree. Dut according to both returns dacoities decreased and in the Judicial returns the dimi1'.ution was from .3 • 1 . to 1 7 2 cases. A decrea� in r:ittlP-thcfts of 648 cases accordmg to the ma�stenal statements and of '997 cases acconlin� 1 u d1t PuliLt: rdum::. V.d::. <il::.u p<irliLul<irly ::.dlisfactory in a year of scarcity. 82. Th<' number of Stipendiary Magistrates in Upper Burma at the close of 1891 was 1 82, bemg one more than m the preceding year, but 64 of these, against 54 in 1 890, exercised 1 st class powers. The number of l Ionorary Magistrates in· creased from six with Jrd class powers to eleven with 2nd, and twenty with 3rd class powers. The Myingyan Bench of Honorary Magistrates was appointed at the end of the year, and did not try any cases in the year. The Honorary Magis· trates ;;.t Mandalay and P:i.ko!:ku tried. 299. c":st;s . Th .. numhf"r of Sti pendiary Magistrates is large, bUl many do very httle 1ud1c1al work. The Courts had before them 23,224 persons a5"ainst 2 1 ,956 in the previous y�ar ; of the above, 14148.) persons were convicted and the cases of 838 were committed or referred to another Coun . In the Magistra!es' Courts .the percentage of con.victions ll!'d commit�s was 65·72 against 65·33 m the prevwus year. The Magistrates tned summanly 4,o84 peri;ons, being !'early :z8 per cent. of the total number o_f cases t!ied. se. curity for good behaviour was demanded from 251 persons against 452 tn the pre· vious year. The proportion of convictions in security cases, namely, 6o·77 per cent., was abnormally low. The number of witnesses examined was 40,985, being

9

M lllPOllT °" THI �"°" "" IUUIA. 1 1.p .,.. than in 1&go, and the a� number of witnetMt pel'. � role from •·s to s perlOI& In � Burma in 1891 the •••age wu •·8 watnes9e9 per

cue. 83- Sessions Judces tried 149 cases involving 193 penons1 of whom they corwicted 76·81 per cent. or � in all. Deputy 5-loM <:--. Commissioners exercising the 1pecial �er� confer·

ted by eection 34 of the Criminal Procedure Code referred to the Sess1on1 the cue• of 161 �s, � the mntences on ••1 persona were confirmed. The average durahOn of Se111or. ca!lel was s6 days. . .

84. The rmmbcr of death sentences confimaed by the Judicial .Comm11s1�ner was 18 out al 31 againct 6o out of

J"'9 in the prevaoUI Statitticl of sentences. year. Owing to tlie trial of SC?"'e acoi�1 and rebels

in the Katha district for cases arising out of the border nuds committed by subjttts of the late Wuntho Sawbwa. sentences of transportation for life increased from 63 to 73. bu; mo�t of these sentences, which were imposed p,.o fwltlll, have been R111itted by· the local Government. Sentences of transportation for a t�m fell (rum 57 to 46 and sentences of rigorous imprisonment for terms exceedmg two years dccrca.�d from 419 to 3')3. The percentage of whippings without impri:'°n· �or fine to the totai of punishments inflicted fell from 5·6o to 3'87. Fmes were imposed on 1 0,653 persons ; the average fine was about Rs. 16·5, and 79 per cent. of the amount imposed was realh:ed.

85. The number of apf>C81s increased from 846 to 866. Appeals to District . . Magistrates numbered only 62 and the bulk of the

Appeala and rev1Siuns. appellate work Wa:i done by Sessions Judges. The

proportion of unsuccessful ap�s in District Magistrates and Sessions Judges' Courts was 68·71 per cent. and in the Judicial Commissiollt!r's Court it was So·65 per cent. The Judicial Commissioner called for 965 cases in revision :md received 245 races fr�rn Subordinate Cuurts. These cases concerned 1,795 persons, out of whom 1,1 79 obtained no modification of sentence, while the sentences of 223 were reversed.

Jalla. 86. The police lock-up at Kindat was taken over by the Jai1 O,-rmrtmrnt in

, . . the '"ur .. t" . ,f the: )t:ar, c.uul the number of prisons in '' "nJ 1·•l.·t!cs. Burma thus amounted to 30. This addition to the number of prisons increased by 14 the total of prisoners shown in confinement at the beginning of the year of report.

At the beginning of 1891 there were 1 1 , 1 59 prisoners of all classes in the jails of Burma. The number of admissions was 25,146, being 1 ,765 less than in 18go, in which the number was again less than that for 1 889. The decrease wa.s common to both Upper and Lower Burma. The number of discharges was only 14,948 against 27,787 in 1'8go, and the year therefore closed with a larger total than that with which it opened, th-: nU!flber nn the ,'l 1 ;;t n .. ..-�lllQer being I 1 ,5:;], or only 14:\ �ho:t of th" t l,uou which m 1 8K9 was cstlmalcJ as the probable jai1 poJ?Ulation of the whole province. The number of release:!> by order of the Exe� cut1ve Government fell from 1 ,534 to 408. The release of almost all the prisoners who could expediently bt: set free had been ordered in 1�. Such releases of this clan as took place in 18g1 "'ere mostly of men whose hberation was deferred pending � report on their conduct in jail, or because they were unable to find the teCUrity demanded. The daily average of prisoners in confinement in Lower Bul'lllk fell !rom 8,418 to 8, 194, and in Upper Burma rose from 2,848 to 3,159. In part the ancreasc m Upptt Burma and the dc::crease in lower Hurma we1e due w the increase of accommodation in Upper Burma and to the consequent diminu· tion of t�fers to the lower provi!'ce· <>,niy 1 1 5 pri10ners were sent to India and Port Blair 1n 1891 as compared with 5 1 7 an 18go. The number of women impri· �d in Upper Burma was more than double the number in 189o, bnftl 135 �nat 1 16.

87. Sentences of transportation fell from 473 to 438. Iii Upper Burma J..USW ...... sentences �f transportation for life numbered 81 apimt 56 10 189o, while sentenced of trampouation

JAJI&

for a term numbered 59 against 66. I n Lower Burma, on the contrar11 life tentences fell from 144 to 55, and term sentences rose from 207 to 243. The number of capital sentences was 75 against 1 13 in the previOU£ year. Sentence1 of imprisonment with solitary confinement rose from 288 to 5421 and sentences of imprisonment with whippmg fell from 485 to 368. The reduction in the .entences of imprisonment with whipping was mostly due to the Magistrates of the upper province, and was chiefty apparent in sentences which exceeded two years' imprisonment. The total number of convicts who were admitted during_ 1891 on a second conviction under Chapter XII or Chapter X VII of the Penal Code was 1 1382 against 1 ,314 in the previous year, and of these 1 70 had been convicted thrice or oftener. The sentences of 1 ,202 of these 1 1382 prisoners had been enhanced, and, of the 1 ,202 senten.ces enhanced, more than half had been cnhanc· ed one year or upwards.

88. Twelve convicls escaped-four from within jails, two from cholera camps, D . . 1. four from extramural anJ two from police custodvy. 1sc1p ine.

Onlv five out of the 1 2 were recaptured, but three who had escaped in previous years wt>re caught. At the close of the year 56 escaped convicts remained at large. In t o l cases prisoners were sent before the criminal courts for breaches of jail discipline. One prisoner was sentenced to death for an attempt to murder the headman of his labour gang and was execut· ed. Eighty-three prisoners were sentenced to imprisonment for terms not exceed· ing one year and 1 1 to imprisonment for longer periods. Jail offences disposed of b)· Superintendents incrcast:J from 24,330 to 25,�37. The number of whippings ini : :cted was 377 against 499 in the previous year. The decrease was m Lower Burma, where this form 0f punishment was used with discretion. In Upper Burma the total was the sam<' as in 1 890, but the punishm<>nt w;i c;; not inflicted in so many pell y cases. The punishment of enhanced tasks was inflicted J, 1 74 times in Lower Burma in 1 891 against J 77 times in the previous year. The num· her of sentences to shot drill was 831 in Lower and 1 ,036 in Vpper Burma against 1 1990 and 1 ,537 respectively in 1 890 ; this punishment was entirely disused in Ran· goon Jail, being replaced mainly by awards of enhanced task. Altogether the number of punishments other thc:.n whipping rose from 14+�0 to ' 5 .861 in :�!l fhr::: ' . L1 L . . . , . : l :.:::1::1 t ii < 'r· · 11:t.; J. Jc��l::.L.;c, aaJ Lile in1.:rcasc in Lpper Hurma was from 3,295 to 5, 192. The number of offences rdating to work rose in Upper Burma from 1 ,372 to 2,329, and of offences against discipline from 2,6o4 to 4,549.

89. The Lota! expenditure on the jails of the province was Rs. 7,45,309 �· _ . , against Rs. 7,95 ,477 in the previous year. The coitt •• 111.111�,..,. of rations per prisoner in Upper Burma fell from

Rs. 43-6·0 to Rs. 3 1 -8-0, but part of the. decrease was due to the f.act that grain was bought in 1 890 and stored for use m 1 89 1 . The C?St of rations per head was lowest in Upper Burma at .Monywa and in Lower Burma at

.Sandoway ; ex

cludi!1:! the sm:ill i:iil at Kindat. the l·,it:h· · ... t , . .,,., " -l" at ilh::.:no m l:pp.;r .rnd al Moulmein in Luwcr I3ur111a. Over the whole province the cost of establishments was nearly identical with that of the previous year ; b

.ut. as the total �XpPnditure

of Rs. 2/>-l,O l 1 was ini:urrd for a greater a'. cra�c daily nu11 1Lcr 01 pn�oners. the cost per head slightly <lcc1east::U, At Moulmetn the separate appointment of Superintendent was abolished, and the Civil Surgeon took charge of the jail on the 1 st April, thus saving R�. 9.3«?o �r a11num. In Upper. Burma. exvenditure increased owing partly to .the mclus1on m.

the return� ?f the K.mdat Jail, but partly also to " pc1111anent rcvis10n of �he �ala�1cs of the 1a1l establishment�. The cost cf eslablishme::ms per head was high m .upper Bu�ma, an

.d must remam above t�at

of Lower Burma until further progress ts made with �he improvement of the build· ings. Hospital charges amou�ted to Rs. 25,468, �emg nearly Rs. 65 per head of the average numbt:r of sick prisoners ; the expenditure exceeded that of 189o by Rs. 839. The average of sick prisoners was .lower, but the cost per head rose from Rs. 57-9-0 to Rs. 64- 10-0. !he expen.d1ture on clothing i� Upper Burma was Rs. 1 3.314 against Rs. 9,934 .m the prev10.us year, but the .clnnate of Upper Burma necessitates a somewhat higher expenditure there than m Lower Burma. In all Burma contingent expendi�ure decreased fr<;>':1 Rs. 65,31 8 to R!i. 551847. The cash earnings of prisoners m Lower Burma Jatls amounted to Rs. 2,8 1 ,5 1 a

ltlPOllT ON THI ADMINISTllATION or IUIUIA. against Rs. 2, 731492 in 189o. There was also a&n i�creue in Up� Burma, where tie total rose from Rs. 381033 to Rs. 41 !22 1 , but this was due to the employment of more prisoners and the average earnings fell from Rs. I 7-13-0 to Rs. 1 7-7-0 per head. The t�tal net cost of prisoners was Rs. ,.4,22,576 against Rs. 4,83,953 m 189<>, and the average net cost was Rs. 37 agamst Rs. 43· In Upper Burma the reduction in net cost was from. Rs. 75 to Rs. 6'? per h�d. . .

91:> There was accommodation for 1 21928 pmoners m the 1a1ls. In Lower ·

Burma the authorized maximum was reduced from Accommodation. 9,2�2 to 8,544 by limiting, �n accordance . with the

ad,·ice of the Surgeon-General with the Govem�ent of India, the population of the Moulmein Jail to 9C>O and by su_ndry petty r�ductions �lscwhere. In �pper Burma accommodation for 44 more pnson�rs, making 3,38o m all, was provided. 1:herc: was some overcrowd:ng in Yamethm, Pak()kku, Katha, Bhamo, and Taungdwmgya in Upper Burma, and in Myanaung, Sandoway, and Mergui.in Lower Bur� .

9 r . Out of a daily average strength of 1 l ,453, the daily average of sick pn• • . . soners was �94, or 34 per mille, !>eing an im�rovement

He:ilth st-tistics. of 4 per m1lle as compared \\1th the previous year. In Lower Burma the daily average of sick was 305, and in Upeer Burma it was 89. There were altogether 345 deaths during the year, of which 52 were from cholera. Serious outbreaks of cholera occurred at Toungoo and M oulmein. At the former jail 28 prisoners dic:'d out of 37 attacked, while at the latter the disease proved fatal in 14 out of 1 5 cases. There was also a less serious efidemic in Bassein Jail, where there were five fatal and two not fatal cases. In al these in• stances cholera prevailed in the town before it broke out in the jail. In lipper Burma jails there were only two deaths from cholera, and in the jails of the whole province there was only one death from smallpox. Dysentery and diarrh�a caused 86 and fevers caused 26 deaths ; the mortality from bowel-complaints was less than in 1 890, but 1\·as �till high. During the year 28 convicts were released on account of serious illness.

92. There were 1 2 1 juvenile prisoners admitted to jail during the year, of ii . whom 19 had been previously convicted. Twenty·

J uven e prisoners. • • one boys were admitted into the Reformatory at Paungdt:, which '>pened the )'<'ar with 77 boys. During 18<)1 2� were rf'lf'a5ed, ;ln l :Jiu, 11• , , . ; � ;,.f, :t• rh• ' l • l t!i-: ,;c:i.r. The Ll.ha•·ivul oi the boys was better than in the previous year, and fewer punishments were recorded. The ccist uf the Reformatory was Rs. 9,3 2 1 against Rs. 81652, the increase being due to larger cxpt>nditure on diet owing to the dearness of provisions. The net cost to Government of each boy was Rs. 1 24 against Rs. l 15 in the previous year.

Civil Justice (Lower Burma). 93. The number of civil s�its instituted in Low�r Burma in 1891 was 36,21.41

Amc,unt and cta�silication 01 b�mg _484 more than m the P.receding year. This

civil litig<ttion. 5hght increase was wholly attnbutable to the Courts • . . . ;"1 R:l:-.;::-:::.:;n, fu• t},. , .. \\ a s a decrease of 40 suits

outs�de .the. pronnc.1al capital. In. the Rf'rorder's Court at Rangoon there were 2 1 7. 111slllut1on� agamst 168, �nd m the Sm:11t Cause Court there wen:: 5,395 against 4,9 16 m 18qo. Outside Rangoon a comparison between the returns of l S9C·9 l. disdusc:<l few importa�t v�riations. In Pro me trade was depressed by the exhaustion of cutch and the d1vers1on of the Mandf\lay traffic from the river to the railw:'-y ; the numb�r of suit� instituted in this district fell from 3,0�5 in 1889 to 2,o61 m 1891. An mcrease tn Henzada and a decrease in Bassem are ex· pl.a;ned by the tra�sfer of the Lemyethna township from the otlf' to the other distnct. In Moulmem and Akyab towns the Debtors' Act is said to have diminished li�igation. There was an increase from 1 ,338 to l ,439 in suits for immoveable property, and there were trifling fluctuations under other heads but on the whole the dassifi.cation of suits di.ffered very little from that of the pre�ious year. Insol· ve�cy bustn

1ess decreased m the Recor�er'� Court from 40 to 38 and in the Moul· me1n Judge s Court from 34 to 23 apphcallons. The number of suits exceeding Rs. 1,oex> but not exceeding Rs. 2,000 in value which were filed in the Small Cau1e Court, Rangoon, fell from 87 to So, The increase in institutions in that

Court was therefore wholly in small causes.

CIVIi. JUSTlrF. (CPPER BURMA� 37

94. I n the disposal of business there was no striking change from the returns Disposal of business. of 1 890. Contested suits uumbt:red 12,?8� out of

37,832 cases before the Courts. Plaintiffs won I I ,903 suits without contest and 9,250 after trial or arbitration. The number of pending cases at the close of 1 891 was 1 ,42 1 , being 43 less than in the preceding year. The average <lurat iun of cases rose in the Rangoon Small Cause Court and the pending tile increased from 342 to 3 7 1 , but the number of cases pendin� for over three months was the same as at the end of 1890, namely, 1 14. In the course of the year the Judicial Commissioner tested the returns showing the average duration of cases, and came to the conclusi.in thdt they were generally correct. He found that there was less disposition on the part of litigants to delay than was common in Bengal and Rnmbay, and that the greater simplicity of the cases favoured their more rapid decision.

95. Appli1.:atiu11s for execut ion oi decrees increased from 10,955 in 189o to Execution of decrees.

I 1 ,597 in. the year of repo�. Full 5e1:tisfaction .was ohtamed 111 3,634 cases against 3,565 m the prevtous

year, whi le 5 , 239 applications were wholly infructuous. In the Recorder's Court creditors were more fortunate, as 62 out of 1 7 1 obtained full and 34 obtained partial satisfaction , while only 66 got nothing at all. There was a further decrease in imprisonment:., '' hich numbered only 163 against 1 77, and also in arrests, which fell from 74 7 to 592. Many applications which are returned as wholly infructuous have served to obtain money out of Court , and as a matter of fact suitor,; gd sati,,fa1·<ion with less dilhculty in Burma than elsewhere.

g6. The number of appeals from decrees was 1 ,634 as compared with 1 ,681

A 1 in the previous year. The number of appeals to ppea s. Deputy Commissioners was 44 lc:;s than in 189u. There was a considerable decrease in the Prome district coincident with the general decrea,;e in ci\'il litigation in that district. The Henzada district showed an increase of 35 and the Bassein district a decrease of 45 owing, presumably, to the transfer of the Lemyethna town,;hip ; in Thongwa also thP number of appeals rose from 94 to 1 2 7. Tht> disposal pf appellate business was prompt, the average duration in different districts rangine frnm 1 0 to 40 <h\'�. and at the: closl' of tlw y .. : : .:; v . . v � ... ......... : ; .... ..l r1.111<t11 11.:u p1::11u111g 10r over three months. In the Basscin district there was a further decrease in average duration, and in the Shwegyin dis· trict the aver 1ge fell from 52 to 20 days. The proportion of confirmations to appeals ht:ard ''as 67 per cent . , being 2 per cl·nt. higher than in the preceding year. Commissioners disposed of '.\2 appeals again"t 1 8 in 1890, but the average duration oi thC'1r appeals fdl from 63 to 5 1 days and in the lrrawaddy division from 1 2 7 to 80 da) "· This latter df·C'rf'a-;e was due to the relief afforded in crimi· nal business by the .\cld1tinnal Sessions Judge. R egular appeals in the Judicial Com missioner 's Court were 1 .18 in number against 148 in 1890. In 66 per cent. of the appeals tb1.: <lect• 1·s of t ht- T .1 11\t-r l.rn1rt "'"r'" "'"'*''"�ed.

9i· The fX.i1.1.11l..i�1 uf tutal 1.:u:-.h to the total Viiiue of suits fell from 10·56 r., 9·4·.J. It diminished in the Rangoon Small Cause C .. urt fru111 1 2·38 to 1 1 ·87, and rose in the Recorder's

Court from 5· 1 1 to I J'59· I n the Moulmein Judge's Court the percentage of costs was only 2 ·67. The C1 ·nrts outside of Ran�oon issued 1 1 2.483 processes against 1 1 2,952 in the preceding year. The receipts diminished from Rs. 76,434 to Rs. 74,256 and the estimated charges fr°'� �s. �5 .. 6o2 to Rs. 40,292. As '?� t;stahlishment served processes of all sorts,-c1\'1l , cnmmal, and revenue,-the C1V1l Courts wne debited with onc-thirJ of the cost of the: pru1..c:.:.·::.t:• �crs. Exclud· ing Rangvon Town, the only districts in which the receipts did not exceed the charges were Kyaukpyu, Prome, Amherst, and Toungoo.

Cn•t nf lil;f'.�linn.

Civil Justice (Upper Burma).

98. The number of suits instituted in Upper Burma was 9,418, being a slight increase of So over 189o. I n the Civil Court of

Amount and classification of Mandalay the number of institutions decreased from litigation. 1 ,074 to 1 ,049. The decrease is attributed to the decline of trade, the settlement in the previous year of old disputes, and the opera-

10

REPORT ON THI! ADMINISTRATION OP BURMA. tion of the Registration and Stamp laws. Suits for land decreased from 1 ,686 to 1 ,570• They were most numerous in the dist�cts .of �he dry zone, name!y1 .the Southern division, the Meiktil� an? Y�m�thm distncts of tht; ��tern dlVlsion, and the Sagaing and Lower Chmdwm districts of the Centra! dlVlston. In other districts the abundance of culturable land, or the ownersh1� of the land by !he State, or the custom of holding.land in �ommon! pr«;vented disputes from bemg prosecuted in the Courts. Suits on written obligations decre�sed from �.362 to 1 ,97 1 owing to the elimination in previous years of doubtful claims founded on �Id documents and to the operation of the Sta�p law. The average value o� suits instituted fell to Rs. 1 19. There was an mcrease from 81 7 to 1 , 145 of suits not exceeding Rs. 10 each in value.

99. The disposal of cases was better than in 189<>. Although the total number of pending cases at the close of the year rose Disposal of business. from 404 to 425, the total pending for over four

months fell from 85 to 26. The average duration of contested cases rose from 20 to 22 days and that of uncontested cases fell from 20 to 1 5 days. The figures for 1890 were. however, admittedly incorrect. The average for both classes of cases was precisely the same as in Lower Burma.

100. Out of 9,828 cases which came before the Courts, the plaintiffs suc• ceeded wholly or partly in 4,918 cases and compromised 1 ,425 more. In contested suits the plaintiffs won 2, 7 76 and lost 1 , 1 76 cases. Fewer cases were referred to arbitration, a fact which may perhaps be attributed to the absence from the Civil Justice Regulation of any provisions for such references and the growing reluctance of Judicial Officers to act without th'! sanction of a written law.

101 . Applications for execution numbered 1 ,832 against 1 ,447 in 189o.

Execution of decrees. Among these, 929 were fully and 400 partially satisfie<i, from which it appears thal 79 per cent. of the

applicants got all or part of the money due to them. 102. The number of appeals to Deputy Commissioners increased from 520

A 1 to 5991 and a great deal of revisional work was done ppell s. in addition. In 330 appeals, forming 58 per cent.

of the total, the decision of the Lower Court was confirmed. Appeals, like ori· ginal suits. were more numemuc; in tJ-.,. Snuth•'rn cii,·i,i0•n tha11 C'lsewhcic oJtside �biid,tia) . Appeals were promptly dic;posed of ; the recorded average duration for all Deputy Commissioners' Courts was 3 1 days, but the figures for the Bhamo, Ruby Mine�. and Shwebo districts were probably wrongly calculated. Commissioners disposed of only two appeals. The Judicial Commissioner received 42 regular appeals against 50 in 1890 and confirmed the Lower Court's decree in exactly half of them. There were also 38 miscellaneous appeals and 209 revisional cases in the Judicial Commissioner's Court. The introduction of the Civil Procedure Code simultaneously with the enactment of a Courts Regulation is now under consideration.

103. The perr.Pnt�ge of M�t<: tn value:, uf :mits varit<l trom 9·3 per cent. Cost of litigation.

in the. Ye·u �istrict to 1 2·55 per .cent . in the Manda·

. . lay district ; m Mandalay To"rn 1t was 1 0· 1 8 on the supenor side and 14·86 on the Small Cause side of the Civil Court. The average for all Upper. Burma wa� 1 1 ·25, being 1 ·85 higher than in Lower Burma, and ·�7 lower than m the prev1o�s year. The charges for processes were not sufficient t? cover the cost of serving them, and the deficit was Rs. 81837 against R�. �,831 m 1890. It is proposed to have a single establishment for servmg civil, cnmmal, and revenue processes.

Registration.

104. One new registrat�on office .at Pauktaw in the Akyab district was estab· Lowl'!r Burma. ltshed �unng the year, a�d !he offices at Myogwin and

<1kpo m the Henzada d1stnct were closed so that the year ended with a total of 1 1 7 offices against the 1 18 with which it b�gan. The total number of documents registered was 1 2,340 as compared with 1 1 013 in 18go-91. Among divisions the Pegu division, and among districts the R�goon Town district, showed the largest share of this increase. In Rangoon Town the

111t1-t1.J NUNl<lPAL Al>�ll}.ISTRATION Cl.OWll BURMA). 39 total was 6 below, and in the Pegu division it was 410 above, the return for 1 88g·90.

In the Prome and Thayetmyo districts, which showed decreases in 18go-91 , the totals for 1891 "92 were practically a reversion to the position of 1 88Q-9o, but in Tharrawaddy, which also showed a decrease in 1890-9 1 , there wa� a further di· minution of 1 1 registrations. In the Tenasserim division at four sub•regi�tries no documents were registered during the year of report or in 1890·91 . The total receipts of the year aggregated Rs. 40, 2 1 8, being nearly Rs. 4,000 more than in 1 890-91 . The expenditure amounted to Rs. 18,866 against Rs. 1 8,407 in the previous year. The rise in receipts was due to the increase in registrations and consequently in fees. .

105. The total value of the propt>rty, moveable and immoveable, affected by the documents registered during the year was Rs. 1 ,52,01 ,882 against Rs. 1 ,37,09,082 in the preceding year. The avera�e value of the property thus transferred per document registered was Rs. 1 ,234 against Rs. 1 ,249. The amount of immoveable property affected by registered documents increased from Rs. 1 , 1 8,87 , 1 67 to Rs. 1 ,35,1 8,922, while the amount of moveable property .so affected decreased from Rs. 18,2 1 ,9 1 5 to Rs. t6,82,g6o. The number of regis· trations affecting the former class of property rose from 9,766 to 10,909, and of those affecting the latter clas'\ from 1 12 1 4 to 1 ,4o6.

1o6. Th� number of registration offices in Upper Burma remained unchanged U B during the year, but the total number of documents

pper urma. · d f Th · registere rose rom 1 ,545 to 2,099. e nse was due to the fa�t that in October 1 89 1 a notification was published extending. up to the rst April 1892 the period within which documents executed before the 1st September 1 89 1 might be accepted for registration. The issue of this notifica· tion was rendered necessary by the discovery that the application of the - Regis· tration Regulation to several towns had not been properly made known to the inhabitants of those towns. There was an increase of 166 registrations in Man· dalay, though the value of property transferred in the town diminished from Rs.

6,0 1 ,587 to Rs. 4,39, 1 46. The increase in documents and decrease in values were caused by the high price of food.

Municipal Administration (Lower Burma), 1 07. The number of municipalities in Lower Burma was the same as in the

F. . 1 . . preceding year- 25 in all. The question of consti·

manc>a statistics. · · · l' All fi all tutmg a mumc1pa 1ty at anmyo was n y con· sidered, and it was decided that it would ue premature to make the change proposed.

1 08. In the following statement are shown the opening and closing balances and the income and expenditure of the municipalities of Lower Burma during the past two years : -

I o .. sisr. HH•H•. ! lsco>n. Ear<XDITUU, l CL061WO e . .... ..,..

1 ·-·· 1 · .89;:;..-1 -1890-91- �· -9·� 1-189o-9--.. --.-"'-l-9-•. - r-.-9to11-1-. -1 -,-!9-

H-, .. -

- -- - --i---1---1---1 I ...

I ... h. I ... I

Ra � A Pr I 1 H I' p

to�':dn krah omc �a.1c:in oungoo enzada

qu auLg<U ·andoon 'i

K vaukpvu ll.Ddoway "'

z .1un yanaung

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

.. ...

... ...

... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... .. ... ... ... ... -... ... yaungmya. ... M M Ra K

... m.-..: � T

T

c"ll·• 14a .. .,,. . qu1

... . ..

... ...

... ... ... ... ... -"' Tha N Sb � K

yctm70 ... ...

pthalnggya11•1·Dauagyl

la�T.!D ... ... ... ... yaltto ... ...

TolA)I

. .. 8J,:H• :i,n:1,711 20,8J.,l1S

... 13,661 io,131 99,913 ... ao,110 JO,JOI jl(l,288

... 35,014 11,817 1,07,�3 43.700 32,900 1.30.114 31,341 27.5:\0 "9,458 ... 24,448 3J..SOI 76,999 ...

... •8,IS\IJ J6,!iJ7 SJ.619 ... 13,4�5 11,SIJ JJ,18o

... 2J.,l):S 20.751 J7.o6J

... ..... I ,,C.JJ 10,016

... JH •96 6,81 1

... 21,�1 25,376 11,832 914 s,144 18,898 ... •,So6 J.,JU 4,481 .. . ;a,6o8 11,9•5 ... 3,140 " J,092 J,.!91 16,649

... J,5�1 J,991 13,119 1,.495 .. •S.Jll• ...

7,557 1 21,993 ... 1,901 ... 37,876 4',<63 46,187 ... 1.492 J,578 n,814 ... 9M>5 u,150 16,36• ... ···•· .,.OJ •J.911• - 4,541 :>,877

1 lf,6<>4

... 4,IJ,IMf 0,IJ,llOI 3°"60,590

17,47,197 1,40.179

91.999 1,11.199 1,1.).454

78,051 <19o048 46,116 •8,370 J8,77J If.Oil 8,J.!J

11,175 18,881 4,683 SJJ• 19.,021

IJ,903 >7,SU 19,16, 40.330 17,JSJ u,667 13,513 IJ,7J7

17,o7.S<l9 I

1s.e3,040 19.43.438 1,03.4.Sl

96.097 114'40.1

P<.8•5 '"'·'"° 1,11.•o.t .... 0.914 1,o8.,561

9<.•<19 8:1.918 67.1146 ...... 55.1� 57,151 )8,151 32,740 )9,dO •"911 9.1115 -s 6,659 l,S77 8,937 9,7119 ...668 1,3.190 J.76S ...,,, 9.447 t.oSI

IG,� ..... IJ.199 IJ.49' 116,SSS 16,799 :�..! !.� I - ,.,.Jo

3,ltl,117 •O.•SI -I 11,817 lJ,ll90 17.SlO ,U,Jol JG.9•7 .,,., 20.-TS::

•JIU -•s.3711 s.1u !,UI

..... Miii ,,..

II '""' .... l,J,. ,,.,,.

11,7.a • :1.3117 1 t9,7ll0 13,tl07 � 11,Jda tt,678 ,..,,

• ..... UP I "� ... ,,,...

1�7· 11 11.u• S.9U 37,193 ·� t'3d 1s..a ... ., 1"'41 1,73t .,. f(!,1151 '!j! .. I,.

-· ¥If �:I � .... ,..,,.

wt.Ill

REPORT ON THI ADMINISTRATION OP BVRlllA.

The Provincial contributions to all the municipalities of Lower Burma, except Akyab, Kyaukpyu, Sandoway, Kyangin, Tavoy, and Mergui, have been discon• tinued sinct: the 1st April 1892. Portions of the Provincial contributions will, however, re-appear as subsidies to some of the more necessitous school funds.

109. In the following statement the receipts of the municipalities of Lower 5 r Burma for the years 189o·91 and 1891-92 are con·

our� o revenue. trasted :-

• Head of receipt.

Tax� on houses and lands Taxes on animals and vehicles Tolls on roads and ferries Conservancy-tax Lighting-rale ... Water-rate

Fines .. . Miscellaneous ... .. . ... Grants from Provincial and Local funds Debt accounts

Total income from taxalion

Total

I 1119>91. 1 •8gI-92· -1 .. ... . 4,oS,878 ... \ s.89�

35,277 1,02,621

42,632 1,50,208

••• I

... ,

:---42,493

7,81-400 6,56,100

••. J S,.;,5.VSJ

Rs. 4,62,18:1

9,974 36,286

1,12,887 49,391

1.,s2,995

, ____ , ___ _

1 1?. Th� total income from taxation has risen partly frvm the normal in· crcas� m t�� y1�I�, of .old, partly from. the impnsition of new, t:ix1:5.

' l 1 . I lie �uiw\� mg sLale111em gives the receipts of municipalities according to the new class1ficatlon :-

Head of receipt.

T::.x nn hn1111;Ptt: �!"rl 1--4� Tn1C on anima!s :me! ·, ....i1k�c;, Tax on profession> and trades Tol!s (on roads 11n<i ferries) r at'!"-rate . . . . ... .. . ,ightmg-rate . .. .. . . . .

Conservancy (including sca\'enging and latrine rates)

Total Rates and Taxes

kealizations �nder Special ��s ... . . . ... • ..

Revenue derived from Municipal prorerty and powers apart from taxation G�ants and contributions (for genera and special purpotes) ... M 11ccllaneous •••

E11tn1ordinary and debt

Total

A11ou11T.

Rs.

4,6:1,182 9,974

36,286 1.s:i.ws

49.J91 1,1:1,887

•• 1 1 1. Tbe iollowing table shows the expenditure of Lower Burma IDUDici· Duils of expendillare. palities incurred during the year as compared wit

that incurred in the previous year. In the second part of the table the debt accowits are left out of consideration :-

Head of ezpenditure.

General .:stablishment Public 1111fety Public health Public works Public instruction Debt accounts Contributions Miscellaneous

Amount. Pen:entare of total expenditure.

1,91,076 6'67 1,02,14c> 3·59 6,68,317 23·36 8,,54,u9 I 29 86 2,0;),J.U I 7· 11 l 7,97,329 I 2rR1

7,6.j.S ·37

P.ca aca A-at. ol total ft• penditwe.

R"

Tutal 311,256 I 1·27 I

... -;s.-�,--... --j-39-... -3-.<>64--+---.. -. --General establishment Public safety Pnbhc health Public works Public instruction Contributions M1KCllaneous

Total

... 1,y1,076 ' 1,02,6-1-0 ::: I �:::�!� 2,03,344 . . . 1 1.t1411

... .16,2c;6 ... 1 30�MIO I Z,IJ.705 1,16,473 7.52.463 7 ..... 845 2,o6,63z

7,959

And the following gives the expenditure classification :-

for 18g1 -9:1 according to the new

Head of expenditure.

General Administration and c01lection of taxes Public safet� ... . .. ... PublK: healt and convenience l'ublK. in..truelion ... ... .. . Conlribu1ions ... ... ... Mi.ctllancuus ... ... . .. i:Wraordifl:lry and debe ... ...

G"'nei-al Ad'lllniWation and collection chat�c11 Public sauy ... ... Public health and convenience Public instruction ... ... Contributions ... ... Misc:ella'-9 ... ...

...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

'fotal

... ...

... ... ... -

... .. .

... ...

... ...

Total

1891-92.

Pen:eru,e ol ADIOUnt. total a,_. dil-

Rs. ... 2,28,231 ;� . . . I t fl 531 . . . I 14,!lJ,\IJ+ 50·43

2,o6,632 ros ... I 6.759 ·23 ... 2,23.lio.s 7'6o ... 6.7M8:a '3'0I

... �o64 ......

... .. ... �.231 I •0'07

.. . 1,16,SJI 5·14

... ·= 65'90 - ,..,

... 6.7$9 �f; ... 2,:aJ.605

- i:a,65,68s -...

. . As in 1890991 , there is, irrespectave of debt ac�ounts, but little diflerence

between the figures for the year of report and the previous year. The only beaU I I

UPOat Olf 1HI ADMINllTMTIOH O'I BtTIUIA. under which there were any marked decreases were " PU;blic Works " and " Miscel· laneous," and these were nearly counterbalanced ,�v m�reases u� the heads " General Establishment," " Public Safety," a�d . Pubbc He�l�h. . • • 1 13. The main question of gen� apphcat1on to mumci1>aht1� tn Lower

Burma dunng the year was that of meeting the re· General remarb. ductions in the Provincial contributions. The year has, in the majority of cases, been safely tided over by. the exercise of econ'?my. Further economies have since been made, generally .in �e�pect of educational expenditure, which now, in the case of sever:i-1. mumc1pal1.t1es, has been .brought down to the minimum allowed b:y law. Add1t1onal taxation bas been. imposed in several towns but if sanitation 1s to bt: properly attended to, scavenging taxes will have to be imposed in many municipalities b�fore they can h.ope to stand in a satisfactory financial condition. Th� question of the aepo?ntment !>f. an Engineer for the purpose of executing a samtary survey of.the pnnc1pal mumcapal to1¥fls of Lower Burma is .still under consideration, as also is the scheme proposed in the early part of the year for revising the existing system of auditing the accounts of the Local Funds in Burma. Shortly after the cl?se of the year of r�eort an important change was effected in the system according to whach mumetpal dispensaries in the pro'<ince obtained their. supplies of Eur�JM;an <!rugs.

1 1+ The Rangoon Committee consisted at the begmmng of the year of 23 members exclusive of the President. The total num· Rangoon. her of meetings held by the Committee in 1891 '"92 was

13, of which 1 1 were special and 2 ordinary. Ther<! were also 64 sub-committee meeting$. The/ear opened with a balance of Rs. 3,02, 7 1 7 to the credit of the Municipal Fund, an its ordinary income, i.e., its gross income, exclusive of abnormal items of receipts, amounted to Rs. 1 2,62,o62 as compared with Rs. 1 1 ,95,857 in the prt:vious year. The main heads over which this increase of Rs. 66,205 was spread were " Assessed taxes, " " Miscellaneous," " Water-tax Fund," and " Scavengingtax Fund." Under the first two of the above heads the increase was normal. The increase in the receipts from the Scavenging-tax which raised the income of the Scavenging-tax Fund from Rs. 1 ,01 ,302 to Rs. 1 , 1 2 ,856 was due to an extension of the area scavenged. The ordinary expenditure of the year, calculated on the same h ,_;, ·.-.. d ... i"rr.rr,•· ;-;,.<:- � �!J;;v.:, \<..l:i Rs. i -t,.)0,5.; 1 , ur uv<:r a lakh of rupt:ts more than in 1 B9<>·91. The increase was common to all the main heads of account except " Assessed taxes, " " Miscellaneous," and " Civil Works," under the latter two of which there was an appreciable diminution. The largest rise was under the head " Scavenging-tax Fund," and was due to enhanced expenditure on the maintenance of and repairs to the sewage works and to the repayment of the first instalment of the Bank of Bengal loan. A sum of Rs. 1 , 1 3,91 7 was devoted to medical expenditure as compared with Rs. 1 ,02,588 in 1890-91 . The differen<'e of Rs. 1 1 ,964 between the expenditure of the \V ater-tax Fund for the year of repo,rt and that for the past year arose from the purr.h�"*° of ?tlrfo!n!'l?.1 p!:mt :md �encrally trnm enhanced outlay on the water-works. The actuals of the year were lI,l most cases in excess of the estimates. Very little difficulty was experienced in r.ealizing the Mun:cipal-taxes in the town, the year being the second in which _no outstandi_�s rem:iined unadjusted at the close of the period of report. The liabilities on account of loans of the Municipal Fund on the 31st March 18g1 and 1892 respectively were Rs. 38,95,905 and Rs. 36,31 ,749- The above includes the 1887 and 1889 loans in respect of the drainage works and the loan for the high pressure water-supply. Of the tota! of Rs. 2,64, 157 repaid during the year, Rs. 31 ,6.c;7 were dt=vutt:d to the Governmeul \Vater·wurks loan, Rs. · 1 ,75,000 to the Bank of Bengal Water-works loan of 1881 , and Rs. 57,500 to the Hank of Bengal loan of 1887 for drainage works. No alteration was made du�· the year in the educational arrangements in the Municipality. The Munici assignment on behalf of Education amounted to Rs. :;8,453 as compared with s. 55,e>Oo in 1890-91, and the School Fund had a closing balance ofRs. 5,551 . A sum of Rs. 1 ,75,1 74 was spent on the maintenance of,and repairs and improvements to, the General Hospital. Of this amount Ra. 69,499, to which GOvernment and the Port Trust contributed two-thirds, were devoted to the improvemetns Of the hospital buildings and grounds referred to in last year's report which had J� been �ly needed. The number of patients treated was s�,oos u compared

= I " iii .. i i

MUMICIPAL ADMIN18'1'11ATION (LOWIR BURMA�

with 43,36o in 1890-91, Of these, 81656 were in-door and 43 ,949 were out-door patients, the fonner class having increased by 21464 and the latter by6,781 since the erevious year. Perhaps the most noticeable feature of the hospital returns is the rise in the number of European in-patients treated. The total of this class for the year_was 7o6 as c�mpared with 405 and 441 in the two previous 7ears.

According to the revised census returns the population of the town sn Fef>. ruary 1891 was 1 80,324, and, calculated on this basis, the death-rate was 37·09 per mille. The actual number of deaths was 6,688, or 431 less than in the previous year. Of Rs. 3, 161 7 50 expended during the year on public works Rs. 40, 1 7 2 were devoted to reclamation works and Rs. ()q,4991 as already stated, to the improvement of the hospital buildings and grounds. The money available for public works �enerally, and for the metalling of roads in particular, was far below the existing requirements of the town. The Shone sew�ge o:ystem has no•· got into working order and the area with which it is connected has been considerably ex· tended. Nine hundred and sixty house-connections were made during the year.

In November 1 89 1 the new rules for 1egistt:red buildings (formerly known as Rules for Lodging-houses) came into force, and an improvement is said to be noticeable in the conditi0n of the buildings affected by them. A new set of Building and Building Material Rules was passed after the enactment of Act XXI of 189i which for the first time gave the Committee sufficient powers to deal adequately with the question. These new rules will do much towards facilitating the extension of the Shone sewage system and are calculated generally to improve the class of houses built in certain ponions of the town and l 1 diminish the risk of fire.

1 1 5. The Moulmein Committee consisted at the beginning of the year of 20 M I .

members, S ex-officio and l S electt:d. The number of ou mein. ' h Id b h C · 6 d' meetmc;s e y t c omm1ttec was ' 1 , or mary

and 1 5 special, besides 39 sub-committee meetings. The year opened with a balance of Rs. 101 i 32 to the r:redit of the Municipal Fund, and though the receipts were less than the expenditure by a trifling amount, they were some Rs. 401000 higher than in the previous year. The actual income and expenditure were Rs. 1 140, 1 79 and Rs. 1 ,40,493 resp\:ctiw•ly. The rise of Rs. 5, 18o in the receipts under the hrad of taxation j.; attrihuterl tn thr"'"" r�n.;eo: : mnrP car"ful i sc:esc;mrnt, the auuitwn ut a tax on garacn-land-., ;1nd an extension of the area within which the lighting-tax was levied. The actual receipts from taxation were more than Rs. 8,ooo below the budget estimate owing to outstandings at the close of the year. The income from hospital receipts and contributions was Rs. 2,537 as against Rs. r ,328 in 1 890-9 1 . The increase was mainll due to the grant made from the District Ce�s Fund in respect of the patients o the Amherst district treated at the Moulmein General Hospital and to tht grant made from Provincial revenues in consideration of the medical aid afforded to tht: police and to other Government servants. So far as the accounts of the Municipal Fund were! concerned, there was ;\ n�('rt':,�f" ;71 n�,-�!·f" ,..nnt�h, •• ; ....... � , �:h�ch �.·:;." dee �c the ::c� ... :;ystcm :;f makir.g over sums of t'his nature direct to the Hospital Committee instead of crediting them to the General Municipal Fund. On the expenditure side there were increases under all the more i mportant heads as compared with the tigures ot the previous year. The two most noticeable increases were under the heads " Scientific and other Minor Departments" and " Civil Works," in which the expenditure rose from Rs. 1 6 275 and Rs. 34,750 to Rs. 23,770 and Rs. 49,229 respectively. The charge� on account of the census and the increased cost of the public gardens, the Victoria Gardens havin� been made over to the Municipal Committee during the yt:ir, caused the former mcrease. An abnormally hea_vy ouliay �� rcpcairs to roads �eems to have contributed tu the enhanced expenditure on ClVll works. Under this latter head Rs. 27 ,821 were spent and in consequence a very small sum was available for original works. Irrespective of the construction of bridges and culverts, to which Rs. 6o2 were devoted, only <?ne new work, a cattle·eo.und, .on which Rs. 577 were �pent, wa� undert:iken during the year. The admirustratton of the M unicipal affairs was still unsatisfactory

1 16. The Akyab M unic�al Committee consisted during the year of 2 1�· o.!ftcio and 1 4 nominated and elected members, and Ak)ab. held 4 ordinary and 9 special meetings. A vacancy

UPOllT OM Tffl ADMINIS'l'MTIOM OP IWUIA.

wbicll occurred during the year wu tllled by .e�ection. The Y..U: ()pened with a NJance of Rs. 90,30I to the credit of the Mumet�l Fund and the income amou.nl• ed to Rs. 91,999. This is Rs. 31289 less than ·� •.89o-91 , .the. decrease being more than accounted for by the fact that the Provincial contnbutto!' was re�uccd by Rs. 5,500, namelv, from Rs. 20,500 to Rs. 15,000. There was an m� in tlae receipts from markets and slaughter-houses, but under the other heads of income there were no imponant variations between the figures for the year under report and those for the previous year. The disbursements of the 1ear aggregated Rs. 94,825, as compared with Rs. <fi,097 in 1 89o99 1 , and the closing bafa.Dce was Rs. 18,475, or nearly Rs. 2 ooo less than that of the previous year. There was a reduced outlay on conse�vancy carts, and the M unicipa! contribution to Education was lowered from Rs. 14,000 to Rs. 10,000. An increased outlay on markets was occasioned bv the construction of a new shed in the Shwebya bazaar, and more was spent on original works and repairs. The local sandstone was used for metalling the roads and, though it is too soon to form a decided opinion, its wear has so far been satisfactory. The principal original work undertaken during the year was the constructiou at a cost of Rs. 4,000 of a masonry channel al Jullia creek, which is expect�d �o materially im.prove the dr�inage of the central portion of the town. A begmmng was made m the estabhshment o! a regular system of lighting by the purchase and erection of 50 lamps. Except m so far � casualties from cholera were concerned, the general health of the town was satJr.factory. There were 223 deaths from cholera during the year as compared with one in the previous year.

1 1 7. The Bassein Committee, which consisted for the greater part of the year Bassei of 4 e.x-ojficio and 1 2 elected members, held 7 general n. and 1 2 special meetings. A vacancy was caused

during the year by thf'! death of Ram Persad, the reprc::.cntative of the Hindu community, but as the Hindus failed to nominate a successor, and as no suitable candidate who was willing to act was available for nomination by the Chief Com· missioner, this vacancy was not filled up before its close. The balance to the credit of the Municipal Fund at the commencement of the year amounted to Rs. 32,900, or over Rs. 10,000 less than in the previous year. The income of the Municipalitv wa!I R!!. J , t '3A,=:J. This i;; r:-.t r:..,icl ··r;:b') htL•v: 1vhat �,us r..::aii.ze<l iu • �"9' · l ne decrease, which was practically confined to the major head " Miscellaneous," was caused by the reduction of the Provincial grant by Rs. 20,500. Leaving out this item there was a rise of Rs. 31000 in the income of the Munici· pality, most of which is attributed to the realization of outstandings of taxes and to enhanced receipts from taxation. There was funher an increase of some Rs. 2 ,000 in the tolls at ferries. Definite steps were taken by the Committee during the year to increase their income by taxation. A wheel-tax, i.e., a tax on vehicles other than bullock-carts and licensed hackney carriages, which was to have effect from the 1st June 1892, and a lighting-tax which was to be levied from the 1st Ortnh�r 1 Q92, ··;::c :;an.,�ivucu i11 December 1 t\91 , and shortly after the close of the year of report an annual tax on all bullock·carts kept vlithin the Munici· palily. except bullock-carts licensed tu ply for hire, received the assent of the Chief Commissioner and is t'l have effect from the 1 st J anuarl 1 893. There was a diminution in expenditure as compared with the figures o 1�91, amount• ing in all to Rs. 3::1,353. The Committee leased out the right to slaufhter cattte and so dispensed with a slaughter-house establishment i the watering-a the streets was discontinued, and the tramway was not extended for another mile as had been proposed. ThP-se economies accounted for part of the <liminution it> expenditure. Tlie rest was due to the reduction of the M uni�ipal assignment to education from Rs. 2'4,500 to Rs. 16,�oo. The Bassein Hospital was, in accordance with the general orders of the Chlef Commissioner, handed over to the management of a specially constituted Hospital Committee. The conservancy tramway, which was 11•orked throughout the year, has not yet effected any important saving in expenditure, but it is reported as being of great use, and will probably �ve more economical in the end than the oJd system which it superseded. Two swamps were filled up at a cost of Rs. 2,826 ; additions were made to the vegetable and 6sh markets ; four roads were widened ; several paths were raised, and

•

MUNICIPAL ADMIMISTUTION CLOW&& BUIUlA,_ 4S

a masonry wall was constructed at the Zegyaung creek. The general health of the town was not good during the year. There were 1 ,029 deaths, of which 138 were deaths from cholera against 837 in t8go·9 1 . Much remains to be done before the night conservancy of the town can be considered in a satisfactory state. There is a scheme before the Committee, but it has been put aside on account of its expense.

1 18. The Prome Municipal Committee consisted durin� the year of 16 mem· P bcrs, 4 official and 1 2 non-official. Nineteen special rome. meetings of the whole Committee were held during the

year, besides a large number of sub·con.mittee meetings. The opening balance of the M unicipal Fund was Rs. 1 1 ,8 1 7 , or over Rs. 23,000 less than in 189o-91. The income of the year, including debt accounts, amounted to R s. 1 , 1 1 , 1 99 and the CX• pPn<litmP. un<ln all heads to Rs. 1 , 1 7, 104. Exclusive of dcht acc .. unls, the income of the M uni�·ipal Fund was slightly higher than in the previous year. An increase of Rs. 1 2 , 1 90 on the figures of 1 890-9 1 , under the head of Receipts from Municipal· tax, was due to the realization ot outstandings of the previous year and to the recovery of part of the defalcations referred to in last year's report. The other im· portant increases in the receipts of the year were due to the sale for the first time of a pig-slaughtering li�cnse and to the making of house-connections with the M unici· pal water-works. The general condition of the water-works was satisfactory and the quality of the water supplied was good. Negotiations were entered into during th� year fvr an exlt!nsion of the period within which the loan of l \w lakh� of rupees made to th>! M unicipai Committee in 1 883 on account of the water-works was to be repaid. This extension was granted by the Chif'f Commissioner on the understanding that the Committee made arrangement -. for the assessment vf d t cd:.011able wau!r-rate within the limits oi the M umc1pahty. Since then a water-tax has been imposed within the town of Prome at the rate of 4 per cent. per annum on the annual value of all houses which are within 200 yards of a hydrant , or which, though beyond that di'itance, use thP water supplied by the Municipal Committee. In the expenditure of the Municipal Fund there was an increase of Rs. 1 1 ,8.p under th1· head of " Civil Works," the principal item of .. , ! .: . 11 ,� 1 ... : ' � , I • • • ii J , , , J · · · r· l l k , , . . , l : t · r·. , :i . !1!:'.�Lc tli1,�a ... ishcd their educational assignment uy Rs. 1 ,000 at the beginning of the year, but the Promc Municipal School Fund obtained in February 1892 from Provincial funds a grant of Rs. 5,000 a year for three years towards the maintenance of the High School, for which a new building is to be provided on a site already chosen. On the 29th :\!arch the whole of the Central bazaar was accidentally burnt down, the e:.timated chmage (Rs. g6,500) being, however, covered by insurance.

1 1 9 . The T cungoo M unicipal Comrnittee, which held 1 2 ordinary and 2 special meetings, consisted during the year of 3 ex-

Toungoo. officio and 1 o elected members. The openine balance ot the tund was 1<.s. :: ;.530, and the recupts amo.un�c<l tu Rs. 78,95 1 . This de· crease in income was due to the fact �h.it the Pronnc1al grant had been reduced by half, i.e., from Rs. 3 1 ,<:'')() to Rs. 1 5,500. There was a temporary decrease in hack cart licenses and receipts and an increase o� Rs. 5,837 in the receipts from markets and slaughter-hou-cs. The total �xpend1ture was Rs. 83,92.8, or rather over Rs. 1 0 ooo less than that of the previous year, the decrease bemg apparent under all he�ds of outlay except that of " Public �aft;ty." The Municipal assignment on behalf of Education was rt:duced at the bcgmmng of the year from Rs. 10,000 tf' R e; 8,550, and the Commi!tP.P .we.re- nesir'."'us, it� vit"W of thP rP.<luc!ion nf the: PrO\·incial contribution, of d1m1111shmg their assignment by .a still fu�her sum. The Committee spent in 1 89 1 -92 Rs. 4,772 more than they received, and m 1 8g2993 they expect to spend Rs . . 10,900 more than they receive. They made a few t�Aing reductions in ex�n?1ture, but took no defi�1�e steps to pr�pare for the final withdrawal of the Provmc1al grant except by raismg slaughtermg·fees. There was a severe outbreak of cholera in the town, which lasted for three months, and on the whole the health of the inhabitants was worse than in the previous year ; the death-rate was 34 per thousand. The sanitary and financial position of the Mw1i· cipality demand consideration.

-

IU!POllT OM TH! AJ>MllCISTllAT10M 01' BURMA. 110. Twelve general and eight special meetings were held by the Henzada

Committee, which during the year consisted of 3 e�· He1114da. ojfuio and 10 elected members. A vacancy on the

Committee caused by the death of one of the Burmese members was filled up by election. The opening balance of the fund amounted to Rs. 33,501 . The. reduc· tion of the Provincial contribution from Rs. 22,500 to Rs. 1 1 ,250 brought the mcome of the fund down to Rs. 6g,048, or nearly Rs. 8,ooo below what it was in the pr�vious year. Irrespe�tive. of this item, �he income of t�e fund was hig�er than !n 189<>-91. The pnnc1pal mcreases were m Hack cart hc�nses �nd_recetP!S and m Gambling fines and eschea!s: There was also an appreetable nse tn re�etpts from the Bazaar obtained by ra1smg the stall-rents. The only decrease of importance was in Sla�ghter-house receipts and was attributed to lack of competition among the bidders for the slaughter-house shed license. The expenditure of the .year amounted to Rs. 86,n 1 , being more than Rs. 1 8 ,000 abo\·c that of the preVJous year, and the closing bal:mce was Rs. 16,328 as compared with Rs. 33,501 in 1B9o"9• · The conversion of the old school of the S. P. G. into a Municipal office, the construction of a compounding shed at the hospital, repairs to the bazaar, and enhanced outlay on roads and wells accounted for the greater part of the increase in expenditure. Tlu:!re was further an increase of Rs. 7 ,ooo m the Educational assignment which was made for the new Municipal school. The expenditure on public works proper was confined to the metalling of the town roads, the con• struction of two masonry wells, and a general extension of the existing roads and paths along the riYcr bank. A large masonry culvert was constructed at the southern end of the town to let out the water collected within the embankment during the rainy season. The experiments made in metalling the town roads with river gravel gave satisfactory results. In December 1891 the Municipal Com· mittee framed a set of rules for keeping cattle under observation previous to slaughter so as to prevent the speedy slaughtering of stolen cattle. These rules have been circulated to other Municipalities and have since been adopted in a more or less modified form Ly several Municipal Committees in both Upper and Lower Burma. The most pressing want at Henzada is a self-supporting system of ni!!ht conservancy.

1 !l t . The Pegu Committee consisted during the year of 1 2 elected and 4 tx· P o.fficio members and held 9 ordinary and 1 1 special egu. meetin�s. The year opened with a credit balance of

Rs. 26,527, and the gross receipts of the Municipality, exclus:\·e of the Educa· tional assignment and debt accounts, amounted to Rs. 45, 1 77, or nearly Rs. 10,000 less than in 1 890-91 . This diminution in the Municipal income was mainly due to the fact that the Provincial grant had been reduced from Rs. 2 1 500 to Rs. 10,750. Exclusive of the Educational assignment and debt accounts,

'the expen

diture of the fund amounted to Rs. 47,098. and its closing balance was Rs. ! 5.49�. Th� M �!!'!�':!r�! �c�00! �·:l� r:ct �t;c::::::;:;!�! ;�, the �!i�-:!!c Schoc! cxa ... mination, and the question of reducing its standard is under consider�tion.

1 2:1 . In P:nmgde and Thaton cart-taxes were imposed. In K yaukpyu and . . . . . Ramree the opposition to the collection of Municipal-Co��!�mcipahties and Town tax continued. In Sandoway a new school-house

was begun. The Ma-ubin Committee obtained a loan to �uild a bazaar. At Thayetmyo so little interest was taken in the munici� elections that. the syste

.m of nommati�n was reverted to. Several municipali·

ties reduced their expenditure on education. The ae:greeate income of the ten Town Committees amounted to Rs. 1,38,900 and · their expenditure to Rs. i ,4o,544.

Municipal Administration (Upper Burma). 1 23. The number of

Financial atatiitia. Municipalities in Upper Burma remained unchanged during the year. The total, 16, has since been reduced by one owing to the abolition of the Y esagyo Municipality.

.... .,.., WMICIPAL Al>lfUClft'llATIOfl (UPPla 9UUU,. 47 r 24- The following statement shows the opening and closing balances and the

income and expenditure of the Upper Burma Municipal Funds dUring the year :-

Jxco111. CL011•0 8.u.uac:L \ Ora111110 D•uwca. I �........

•'9•-9•· l_1B9<> __ -9_1._1--1 1l9_1

_-9_2.-

1--·-89o-9 __ '_· -1 -

1_89_

1:_1_·89o---9-lo-t·-

189_

1.,,._

·

"---'-'-·· I R1. Rs. I Rs. R1. a.. Rt. Rt. Rs. Mandalay ... l.4J.376 76,059 I J,69.535 3,3s,990 4tJ6,852 a,6o,768 76,059 .f2,281 Bhamo ... \ 12,718 16,72:1 I 9,25:i 15,517 51248 18,137 16,722 14ol«n Sh�e)x> ... 1,07-4 3,232 I 13,470 u,777 11,31:i 1s,770 ;i,232 :139 Sagan'( ... 3,08 1 5,752 l;t,22Q 1 '.\3.051 ro,55R 31,575 S.7$2 I 7,22! Y.-u ... 1 6B3 4.i5.l , 7,i85 1 17,618 3,:u5 \ 18.97,, 4.753 3'§08 M6nyw:t ... 1 4,830 7,z87 I 9.41 l I 14,832 6,954 lS.333 7fJS7 6,jl6 Myingyan ... 2,357 5,131 17,619 14,494 14,855 14,fo:a s,131 s,o:a

1,o:a3

YeSAgyo 851 7.')76 9,166 1 J.38• 2,041 9.72'.1 7�76 ,bJI' Papn ... 1,683 :i,134 4o7H 3.413 4,323 s,146 2,134 "°' Pak6kku . . . 5.300 5,168 I 20,692 37,011 20,824 35.1113 1 s,168 6,996 Minbu .. . 3,039 1,253 9,50J I ll.452 1 1 ,288 9'380 l,253 J.335 Salin .. . 3,859 9.J:ll 15,507 I 15,059 10,034 lO,J86 9.J32 14P05 Taungdwinni ... 2,8,.2 5,857 S,.p4 20,056 5,399 18,248 5,857 7/165 Kvauk� ... 2,199 7,643 1 1 1 ,832

1 10,611 6,388 17,521 I 7,643 733

Vam�thin . . . 3,825 1,511 11.,532 13,891 12,846 10,271 1,5 1 1 s.131 �t!'mana ... 7,949 16,1n 68,759 36,079 6o,5S6 <60.SSS 16,122 U.Jl6 yinmu ...

�1_._ .. _ __ 2,516_' ... 3,1)63 ...

Total .. . 2,01,103 1,75,932 I 6,01,515 I S.95.435 6,26/i86 6.40,900 I •.75.932 11.J0.467

The decrease m income from Rs. b,0 1 , 5 1 � to Rs. 5,95,435 was caused mainly by the fall in the receipts of the Municipalities of Mandalay and Pyinmana. Several of the Municipalities finished the transactions of the year with danger· ously small closing balances. ·

Sources of revenue. 1 25. In the followi� statement are sh011t'O the

total receipts of Municipalities and their di<Jtribution ulld..:r th-.: pr1m.1pci1 iu.:iil!i. ;-

Head of receipt.

Taxes un houses and l:inds Ta'tes on animals and vehicles Tolls on roads and ferries Conservancy·tax f ;nhtir.,.· '":'!• '"' p " \\ .. t�r-ratc

Fines Miscellaneou1 ... ... ... Grants from Provincial and Loc11l funds Debt acaiunts

Tot:il income from 1.7.Ulion

Total

18Qo-91. 18Q1'"92·

Rs. Rs.

:1,J4,218 1,91�3 l/>07 I 37 2,203 1,815

The decrease under the head " Taxes on houses and lands " is entirely due to the non-realization of outstandings in Mandalay and Myin�an. The rise in '' Rents and proceeds of Municipal lands and buildings " is sati11factory.

The subjoined statement exhibits the receipts of the yc;ar according to the new classification.

•

_. Taa °" houlit and lands

Tu on ani.;iAl1 and vehicles ,.I I

Tu on profes1io .. and trades· Tolls on roacb and ferries

Wat•of'ate

Ughting·nte

, .......

1"91'903

1,837

786

1,115

Conlervancy (includinf scavcngiq and latrine rates)

M i5ce lloi neoll5 Eatnardinary and debt

Details of expendit111e.

General ut.ablishment Public safety · Public health Pvblic work• Public instruc:tion Cofttrlbutionll 'lfiloel)ancou1

.... r ·

--l�I

' ·� .. , 3'34t591

2,683

6,573 41o3S7

Total ... , So9Sr435

1 26. The statement below shows the total ex• penditure of Municipalities and its distribution.

Total

Total

Aqiount. I Percentage

of total ex· , peoditure.

.. _ .. Rs.

68,531 10'93 I,J,.;.,9�j 21•53 1

l,10,$b� I ll>'(lo I :i,7<>,;49 : #' 16 1,s# I ·25 6,21 1 I ·99

�··· ij 2,u4 ·35

6,26,686

68,531 I 11 ·04 l,34,925 21·75 1,16,s8J 1879 2,76,749 44'6o

1.544 •25 :ao,o:ao 3·23 2,114 ·34

6.20,475

•

Amount.

Rs.

77.429 l�;'.tSo 1,32,go6 2,3i,u5

2.9!)6 14-431 20,cioo J.Z33

6.40.900

77.429 1,..7,18o 1'32.906 2,32,�

2, m.6uo 3"233 ........ 1

·=

Percentage ol total ex· penditure .

12·o8 22·o6 20·74 36·22

··1 3'81 3·21

·51

12·� 23·87 2r56 37'65

'49 3'34 '53

....... J MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATIOM 1UPi'la BURMA�

The second part of the �tatement shows the outlay of the year irretpectiye of �ebt acc�unts. The �xpend1ture of the year according to the new classification is shown m the following statement :-

Head of expenditure.

------------Gen�al 11dministration and collection charges Put>hc �afcty ... . . . . .. Public health and convenience ... Public in�tructiun . . . Contrib111 ions Miscellaneous Extraordinary and debt

General administration 11nd collection charges Public safety ... . . . . . . Public health and convenience Public instruction ... Contribution" Miacellaneous

Toial

Total

-� -- -

Amount.

Rs.

78,170 J,47,357 J.64.•5.1

:i,gg() :io,5(JO 10,19:i 17�7:i

12':IO 22·99 56·8.i ·47 3·21

1·59 :r7:i

78,170 1:r54 1.47.JS7 2J'64 . . . I J.6.1o153 53·41 ... 2,996 ·..a ... 1-•0,192 1·63

... ::o.:;6c I 3·,,.,

... I 6.:i3,4:18 ---:::.-1 27. There is but little of. �eneral. interest to record regarding the Munici-

General remarks. pa!1t1es of Upper Burma as a who!e: Steps are still bemg taken m mo:;t of the Mumc1pal towns to in

crease the income of the Municipality by the imposition o! additional taxation, and rules have been framed in mail\' of t hem for the observation of cattle intended for c:lau rrhtt>r in nrdt-r tn prPvent J\T 1mirir1l c:l:i11rrht1·r-hnnc:pc: frnm ht>comin!! the r,,._ ceptacles ot stol1�n ammals. 1 he \ accmauon :\et was extended <luring

'the year to six .Municipalities in 'Cpper Burma.

1 28. The Mandalay Committc•·. which c •. nsistcd of r 5 members, held 5 M nd 1

special anJ 1 3 gl·•1cral meetings during the year. With · a a ay. one or tw<> • ·."· t•c i11n-. the at11 ·11danc-cof the members

was gener<.lly gum.I. The year upu: ·u with a credit Lc.tlancc of Rs. 76,059 and the income of the fund amounted to R::;. J .J:).990, a sum considt:rably below that realized in the past three years. The decre.1:-" which w:b practically confined to the head " Assessed taxes " (from which R ... 1 ,41 ,82 1 only were received, as compared with Rs. r 8'\. 1 4.\ in 1 8qo-9 1 ) was due entirely to the non-realization of du.! cleman<l uf the ycc.tr. There was a <ld ... y in 1:.su1ng asscssmem-ruii:. wlm.h threw back the collccuons. l'.mlcr the other ht'a<ls of n:ceipt the figures of the year showed a general improvement on th•1sc uf the previous year. Land Revenue brought in Rs. 9, 1 32 as compared with Rs. 6,300 in 1 890-91 ; medical receipts rose from Rs. 1 78 to Rs. 1 ,674, and conservancy receipts from Rs. 555 to Rs. 1 ,474. A total of Rs. 1 ,302 was realized from fees from patients, a source of income which had only brought in Rs 8 in the previous year. The <>xpenditure of the ye1r fell from Rs. 4,36,852 to Rs. 3,69,768, and the closing h:-lance of the fund amoupted to Rs. 42,28 1 . The reduction in expenditure was mainly effected under the head " Civil Works," on which Rs. 1 , 10,6o7 were spent as compared with Rs. 1 ,98, 784 in the previous year. Besides the abovl' the only vanations in expenditure calling for special remark were increases under the head 11 Miscellaneous, " which were due to the extension of the street• watering and street-lighting systems in the town. Of the total spent on Public Works the main item was a s�m of Rs. 18,9 1 5 devoted to the erection of a new bazaar in the Seinban quarter and the removal of the old " Malunze " to a new site. A sum of Rs. 10,268 was spent on the maintenance of the hospital and Rs. 5, 177

13

•

on the up-keep of the police stations in the town. The �ntenance and exten• sion of communications absorbed Rs. 42,045. The question of a proper water• supply for the town is still under consideration ; so too is the sch_eme for rend�· ing the Shwetachaung navigable. Good progress was made dunng the year m the town survey. There was a decrease of 375 in the number of out·patients treated at the Civil Hospital, but the number of in·patients at the b�pital rose from 892 to 1 076 and there was a total increase of 1 ,662 cases at the dtsyensary. It would ap� that the attendance would have �n b�tter had the hosp1t.al �n more accessible than it is. A qul!stion arose du�ng the year as to the dea!rab1hty of remo\'ir.� the " Zegyo " bazaar to another site, but the proposal, which was strongly objected to by a section of the community. has been ah;indoned for the present .

1 29. The receipts at Bhamo increased by more than 67 per cent , and though the expenditure was swelled by one abnormal item, the

Bh:amo. construction of a rais{:d road between the two steamer ghAts , which represented nearly half the outlay of the. year, the fund ha� a closif!g balance of Rs. 14, 102, or O\er Rs. 2,6�w more than m 1 89o-9 1 . The increase ID rt-ceipts was common to most of the heads of account ; Municipal fines dimi· nished by about half, and the hack cart-tax brought in rather less than in the previous year ; but these were the only decreases. The revenue from bazaars and bazaar-stall rents rose by just over Rs. 1 1000, grazing-fees increased from Rs. 1,349 to Rs. 2,5041 a11d the income from rent of land from Rs. 477 to Rs. 1 ,098. A slau2hter-house for cattle was started during the year and realized a sum of over Rs. 1 ,025. General administration and collection charges amounted in all to Rs. 1 ,4o8 and Rs. 2,go5 were spent on conservancy. The Committee paid consider· able attention to sanitation, but their resources wtre not large enough to permit them to clear <iway the vvc:1 laa11ging houses and iatrines on the bank of the Chinese quarter. A set of additional rules under section 1 2 of the Municipal Regulation was framed by the Committee during the year for the prevention of nuisances.

1 30. The total income of the Sagaing fund amounted to Rs. 33,05 1 , or Rs. Sagair.g. 19,822 more than in 1 890-9 1 . This ric;e was occasion·

ed mainly by the receipt of a loan of Rs. 1 5.000 nn ;1 •.• . • 1 · · : · ;!,. \l •rniL.p� •• ..:..:.laar. li;c.c. l\ 1..r1.., hv1\c.:>tr, actu.U incrc::ases under the heads " Municipal-tax " and " Bazaar receipts " amounting to Rs. 3,203 and Rs. 3 7 7 1 respectively. The receipts on account of Municipal-tax included arrears The bazaar in respect of which the loan was made was completed during the year and is a strong and substantial erection. Out of Rs. 3 1 ,575 which representf'd the expenditure of the fund, Rs. 2,740 were spent on conservancy and Rs. 22,05 1 on public works, the latter including the bazaar. Two new latrines were constructed in the Moza and Seing6n quarters at a total cost of Rs. 1 , 161.

1 3 1 . Exclusive of the opening balance the receipts of the Myingyan fund M ·� ·�" amounted to Rs. 1 4.494. A sum of Rs. 61 1 47 wa� yi. in rc�lizcd from tolls uu 1...i.rls and ferries, the revenue

from markets and slaugh ter-houses aggregated Rs. 4,3 I 7, and the Municipal-tax produced R!>. 2,623. The fall in receipts from Municipal-taxes, from which a sum of Rs. 7,4.70 had b1..� n realiztd in the:: previous year, was due to the fact that Rs. 2,o82 of the previous year's total consisted of arrears and t hat only Rs. 1 ,655 of the year's demand of Rs. 51 700 had been collected before the 31 st March 1892. The expenditure of the year amounted to Rs. 1416o2 or practically the same as in 189<>-9 1 . The variations under the different heads of outlay call for no special remark. The failure to realize the Municipal-tax at the time at which i� w?.s pro}krly due compelled the Committee to reduce their expenditure on public works below the budget estimate. The Committee have had some difficulty in regard to the main bazaar buildings , which were built by some Chinamen in 1 886 under an agreement which bound them to transfer the bazaar to Government at a valuation. The Committee and the contractors have been unable to decide upon a valuation, and negotiations are still pending in respect of the matter, but the Deputy Commis• sioner on behalf of the Committee has entered into possession. A loan of Rs. 13,000 for the purchase of the bazaar has been sanctioned.

• I ........ ] NIUTARY • 51

132. The postponement of the collection of the Municipal·tax for 1890-91, Pak6kku. was the mai!' cause of the increase of income at

Pak6kku, which rose from Rs. 201692 to Rs. 37,01 1 . �nder the �ead of " Municipal-tax " Rs. 1 7,469 were realized as against Rs. 667 m the prev1?us year, and �ack·celrt licenses and receipts brought in Rs. +,045 as compart�d with R!I. 2,785 m 1 890-9 1 , but beyond the auovt: and a decrease of Rs. 1 ,65<;> in Bazaar rents the variations in receipts were unimportant. The ex·

pend1ture of the year rose from Rs. 20,824 to Rs. 35,183. The increase was common to nearly all the heads of account, but was most marked in the case of " Night Conservancy ·• and " Original Works." Rupees 2,6o6 were devoted to the repayment of. the Government loan. The expenditure on public works includPd Rs. 4,000 paid as compensation for land on tht: river's bank required for a landing• place . . The general health

,?f the town was good and the \\'ater·supply has been much 1mpr-;v<.;d oy su11uu11u111g some wells wuh concrete and cleaning out others.

133. The direct iucvme of the Pyinmana fund was Rs. 36,079 as comfared P . with Rs. 33.759 in 1 890-91 . This increase o over yinm:irm. R . d I d • f k s. 2 ,000 was ue to en 1ance receipts rom mar ets

�nd slaughter-houses, the rart-tax. the cattle-pound, and rents of land. The rise m the income from markets and slaughler·houses represented the return for the expenditure incurrred in the previous vear by the Committee on the Municipal bazaar. The expenditure of the fund. was Ks. 401885 Leaving out of consi· deration the abnormal item of Rs. 33,076 (the portion of the loan of Rs. 35,000 which had been de\•otcd in the prt viou-. y<'ar �o the new market) the ci..pe11Jiture was about Rs. 1 3 ,000 more than in 1 890-9 1 . Nearly ail the heads o f expenditure showed a marked divergence from the tigures of the previous year. Rupees 9'..20 were spent on the construction of a dispensary in the bazaar compound and Rs. 400 on the purchase of ir0n bedsteads for the Ci\il Hospital. The Vaccination Act was extended to the Municipality during the year and the general health of the town was good. The consen·ancy establishment was increased and nearly Rs. 10,uoo were spent on the town roads.

1 34. The Shweho M11niripal Committee sp�nt Rs. 15 ,770 and redu�ed their balance dangerously low ; a cart-tax has been imposed, L ,11 , � · , .:-.:.c: i ;1 l..l.> llvl_j'<... c Ut:<.;:: lillfOUUL<.:J. At

Ye-u the ni>w bazaar was openl'd in March 1 892. The Monywa Committee lcvie l a toll on carts and spent Rs. 7,049 on public works, chiefly the construction of ba;:aars. At )finhu the collectiun of the Municipal-tax was postponed owing to the scarcity. At Salin a new bazaar is to be built, and the Committee while s�wino- f r this purpose did comparati\•clv little. Their Dufferin Fund nurse left becau..,se �he was a Kart>11 and laGked �oriety. The Taungdwin;::yi Committee borrowc•d Rs. 10,000 to build a bazaar. In Kyauksl! tht: collection of the Muni· cipal-tax wa" O\·crlookcd till very late in the year. The limits or the Yamethin Municipality were so extended as to include the civil station, and the Vaccination Act was applu·c

.L�"

.. ' . "(. .... ? ' Military . S:�e:i,;th :ind dis.tribut:::: of Lbc

trooos.

1 35. The total strength of the troops in Upper and Lower Burma at the beginning and end of the year was as follows :

European. Native. Total.

l�t April 1891 ... 5,o64 including 299 officer5 13,699 !nclud!ng 249 officers 18,763 includill( 548 oflicen. rst April 1892 5,0.is inr!urling 236 officen 11,987 including 231 officers 17,032 including 467 ofllcerto.

and their distribution was -Rangoon district. Mandalay district. Myingyan district,

European. Nati,·e. European. Native. European. Native. Ut April 1891 . . . 1,8.p 4,575 2,365 4'631 857 4.493 Ut April 1892 ... 1,907 2,5o6 2,045 5,368 1,(193 4,113

These three districts constitute<l the Burma District command, of which Major· General R C. Stewart c . B . A . D . C . , remained in charge throughout the year.

A proposal for re:arra�ging the districts by constituting the Chin Hills a separate command and tranc;ff�rring th� rest ?f the present Myingyan district to the Rangoi)n district is now under cons1derat10n.

s. . � .-: •I �. . ,. ....... . -� � , .�

UPORT ON THE ADMIKLSTRATlON OF CURMA.

136. The following statement shows the net charges incurred in the several

Militarv expenditurr. departments during the year 1 89 1 ·9� on account . of troops stationed in Burma and the corresponding

Pay ... Commissariat ... Clothing Medic01l Ordnance

charges in 189o·91 :-

Total

,119o.91. Rs. 6cj,..1,584 31!,6o,596

1,70,789 2,44,941

:i4,5:i8

1J7. Just before the close of the year a new co�ps of volunteers, !1ow kno":'l as the Rangoon Naval Volunteers, was raised. It ''

Volunteen. attached tor administrative purpClses to the Rangoon Volunteer Art�llery. These two �o�ps e1:nd the �ecently_ sa�ctioned Ra?.goon Volunteer Engineers form one admm1strat 1ve battalion, which is known as The Rangoon Port Defence \' olunteers."

1 38. The other volunteer corp<; in Burma are the Moulmein Artil_lery, the Rangoon Riffes, the Burma State Railway Rifles, the Upper Burma Rifles, and the Moulmcin Rifles. The aggregate enrolled strength of the corps on t he 3 1 st March 1891 and 1892 respectively, was as follows :-

Ad,:!t� Cadets

Efli.i<:Ol The number of Reservists was-

1891. 1892.

Z,J93 'l,015

1,899

182 2St

· ' The capitation grant earned for the year was Rs. 44,220 (including Rs. 675 proficiency allowance) as against Rs. 46,463 for the previous year.

Marine ,.

139. No 3ritish or fon:ign ships of war visited the port of Rangoon during R<i al Navy and Indian Marine 1891 ·92. The R.I .M.S . . Mayo was on general duty

ve.�1-. and visits of foreign men· as station vessel during the year. She has since of-war. been relieved by the R.1 .:\1.S. Dathousie. No r:h�nge wa5 ma1lt:: i11 Llu: number of I ndian Marine vessels plying in the inland waters of Burma.

1 40. The local Government Flotilla " as increas<:!d by four vessels, the Leo, the Virgn, the Forest Guard, and the Chin. The Chm was a launch which had been constructed for use in

the S:H�Cu'.'.''1.j' d;::;t:ict of Lu\ .. ;f nurm;i The f1 :'r;;a Wd.,:, c111piuyt:d part of her time in Lower and part in L'ppcr Burma. The Leo and the Forest Guard were used in lJ ppcr Burma only. The last of the above name.cl launches was built for the Forest Depan ment. Sin re the close of the y1,;ar tlit: local Flotilla has t-een increased by two \'1.. :Ssels, the l11daw and the Kati11ka. Four additional steamers, a stern-wheeler, and three paddlers are in course of construction at the Kidder· pore Dockyard, and a stern-wheeler has been ordered from Messrs. Yarrow and Company for service on the Chindwin. Full use was made of the Upper Burma vessels during the cold weather of 1890-91 for tran�port in connection with the operations on the Upper lrrawaddy.

Local GO\'t:rnmcnt vessels.

1S9111a.J AGRl.:CLlURh 11.0W!R RURMA� 53

IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Agriculture (Lower Burma).

I • P · The rainfall of 1 89 1 -92, though abundant, was oiomewhat less favourable The sea.on. than usual in consequence of its abnormal distribu•

tion. Except in the Arakan division it was IJDUsually heavy throughout Lower Burma between May and Srptember, but there were prolonged breaks in September and Octobrr with tht> result that the grain was light and that the anticipati?ns of bumper crops which were entertained in September �·ere not fulfy realized. The greater part of Lower Burma was free from ser�ous cal�mity. In Sandoway the crops suffered some injury from a cyclone, in Bassein, Amherst, Tavoy, and Mergui damage wa:; caused by floods, and parts of t.hc Hanthawaddy and Tharrawaddy districts suffered from drought. The drought in _Tharra\,addy was confined to a small area, but as the crops in this part had failed for se\·eral years in succession some distress was caused, and it was ncN·s!'ary to op"n a relief work for a time in order to provide employment for t�c people. The SLci:.u11 11d:. vu 1lic whoic one of unusual prosperity for the cul•

·.;. r tivators of LmH'r Burma In consequence of the unusually high price of the rice. ' ;�I..::�• •.';;" I'odd 142. The area vf �razing-vrounds demarcated · � · � .l • er re:.cr' e�. • . C> · · ,,,. - ""'• �� 1' . ;-( m Luwtr But ma 1::. as fu lowi; :-. r'�� 1 • ;. , t i� � · "='•' , ·• �· Acres. '. ' �' . , � A ra kan'I..\ ·: •• ,'.�t 46,<M)5 Prg11 , �.( ��· 237,6o8

l rr:rnndd )�'

... '. 1 . • • • • • • 241,892 Ten:-.. ,enm »; ·. . • . PL �·· • ·.· = tr' 87,319

��, J .. ,t.... .. ... 1 ' • ' · , , , � \ ·� l� .1 t' �"' r· t • ,. t ; 1 J.1. .\l t: �·gu, .:.t .. �::\.... ! � rar,uus exotic staples are grown. Agricultural shows were held at Inscin, Minhla, Yandoon, and Moulmein and

were suCCL'"sful, with the exception of the show at Moulmein. Agri.:i;: t urnl expc:iments.

1 44. Good work was done in various districts of both Lower and Upper Bur· ma by trained Veterinary Assistants. The Veterinary school , which wa<; do-;cd in 1 884, was re-opened in Vttcrin3r� �- �IJ!i!hmcnt.

\ 1 89 1 and attraded a number of pupils. The number on the rolls in October _ 1 892 was 37. -�·.• � q5. D_uring . he yt:ar 8 l.1,�r-�: a�tl 2 dn� ke.y st1a.

l l_io�

.s wcr� �aint�i�ed f�_

r1��ud

�l ... '.L .,.,..., cd 1--· ,, . ::.-.::.. Tiu; clll pu ') m�nt 01 rnipor,c<l sta.l11v1t:. i �- Horse-bre mg. hav�ng been found tu yield not altogether satisfactory � resu:ts it has lwen ckridi-rl tn 11..;f' pnny sta!lions of pure Burma breed for stud .� pu!"pcses ir. fu�urc. ·� 1 46. The total arcu. cropped during the year under report was 5,1431868 .. � ..... acres against 4,843,3� in 1 890-91 . This increase ,J' Arca of culti vation. was contributed mamly by Hanthawaddy, where

the area rose from 455.482 to 528, 140 acres ; Thongwa, where it rose from 504 39 1 to 6oJ.992·; and Basscin, where it rose from 480,362 to 538,550. The enormous increase in Thbngwa was due partly to more accurate survey measure· ments, partly to the rapid spread of cult!vation. Th� increase in Ba�sei!' w�s due in part to the cultivation of fallows which had. rem'.lmed out of c.ult1 vat1on m the previous year in consequence of a severe ep1dem1c of cattle-disease. Current fallows decreased from 448,388 in 1 890-91 to 43 1 ,9 1 3 in the year under report. The principal variations occurred in �he Peg'! district •

. where the area of fallows

increased by some 1 4,000 acres and m . Bassem where tt decreased by about �he same amount. Of the area cropped dunng t�e Y.ear 9'>·38 per c�nt. was under nee against 89· 70 i11 1890-9 1 . The area under nee increased by, m round numbers, 300,000 acres. 14

f

. .,.: · . )( · :.. ·

S4 REPORT ON THI ADMINISTRATION OP BURMA.

I .f.7• The health of cattle wa� much better in 18g1 -92 than in the previous year, the num.J.. f deaths having fallen from 76,�91 to 50,270. The diminution in mortality was due to

the absence during the year of severe epidemics of rinderpest. T�is disease, which in 1 890-91 carried off 46.6o2 cattle, caused only 1 7,456 deaths in 1 8g 1 -92. The disease was most prevalent in Bassein, Henzada, Tharrawaddy, Pegu, Th6ngwa, and Amherst.

Agriculture (Upper Burma).

1 48. The year 1891-92 was one of much distress in T Tpper Rurma. For the of h previous five years the people had suffered much, at

General character t e �n. first from the depredations of rebels and dacoits, and subsequently from a series

.of bad harvests. The rainfall of 1 890-91 wa.; <fefirient,

and when it was followed, in 1 89 1 -9::1, by a st!ll more unfavourable season, severe scarcity was the result. The rainfall of 1891 -92 throughout the dry wne, i.e., the belt of country lying between the 2oth and 22nd parallels of latitude, was either far below the average or badly distributed. The result was that crops failed almost entirely in the Meiktila, Yamethin, Shwebo, Ye-u, and Lower Chindwin districts. In Myingyan, Sagaing, Magwe, and Minbu there was a partial failure of crops. Scarcity first made itself felt in August in the Meiktila and Yamethin districts and was indicated by high prices, emigration, forced sales of cattle to procure food, and the resort on the part of thP poorer classes to roots as a means of subsistence. Prompt measures were taken to relieve the necessities of the people. Public Works Officers were sent into the division and relief works were opened wherever necessary. At the same time advances were liberally given to cultivators to enable them to buy seed anJ lo kt:t:p their cattle. I n the course of Se� tember it became plain that the scarcity was not confined to the Eastern division. Reports of failure of crops and distress of the people came in from Sagaing, Myingyan, Minbu, Ye-u, and the Lower Ct.indwin, and in September and October relief works were set on foot in all these districts. Finally Magwe and Shwebo were added to the list of distressed districts in November. Relief works were keot 0r�r. ir: ;ill J!:,1.r, """� c.li-cl •i•·t� r1· ·:·�''c' t:: •. ,.,.:; . iindcr of t l-.< ":ar u1.t!L-r �1..\ ic\1 . Works were closed in Minbu and Sagaf�g in May 1 892, in �{agwe, Myingyan, the Lower Chindwin, and Ye-u in July, and in Meiktila, Yamethin, and Shwebo in August. The total expenditure incurred on famine relief up to the end of 1 89 1 -92 was Rs. r o, 1 1 ,275, the total remission or suspension of revenue granted was Rs. 7 ,84,000, the total amount of agricultural advances made was Rs. 4, 1 1 ,558. The relief works carried out consisted of irrigation works, wads, and the Meiktila branch railway. Owing to the scanty population, to the general intelligence of the people, and to the zeal and energy of the district officials it was found possible to provide work, and in consequence a subsi�tence, for all in need of relief. Not a �mgle death from starv:i.tion is r�?ortC'cl tn h!1'-'<' nrr•1rrtd during th(! famine, there was no increase in mortality and no unusual sickness in distressed areas, and tl\ere were Ycry few cases of actual ,,uffering frum want of food. Such as were found were promptly relieved. The attitude of the people under their trials was excellent. They resorted readily to relief \\ orks, lent themselves at once to all arrangements made for their organization into working gangs, and preserved throughout the famine that cheerful and contented demeanour which is character• istic of the Burman.

1 49. Upper Burma was much freer from cattle.disease in 1 891 -9:1 than in the preceding year. There was slight foot-and· mouth disease in the Northern and Central divisions

and in Yam�thin and Pyinmana, but there was no severe epidemic, and in the rest of the province the health of cattle was good.

150. Agricultural experiments on a considerable scale were carried out during the year at Lashio in the Northern Shan

Agricuhural experiments. States. A farm of an area of 167 acres has been established at this station under an officer who has received a special training. The main object with which the farm was established was the introduction of wheat. The efforts to introduce this staple have so far failed, but they will be

Cattle-dlseaso.

•le•-91·) W!ATHV.R ANO LROPS. SS continued and may ultimately prove successful. In addiLion to experimenting with cr6ps, the Superintendent maintains a dairy and sheep farm. These were very successful during the yt:ar under report. Wheat and maize seed was distri· outed lo cultivators in various districts of Upper Burma in th� hope that the cul· tivators would take to the cultivation of these staples. These hopes do not appear to have been realized except in the Southern Shan States, where the Superintendent and Political Officer takes a great interest in agricultural matters and is sanguine of the ultimate success of his efforts to introduce wheat, potatoes, and a variety of English fruit trees and vegetables. Agricultural shows were held at M ingin, Yesagyo, and Kyauksl!. The two former were successful, the latter was a failure.

1 5 1 . The following table gives the quantities of rice exported from Lower R. d

. . Burma in each of the past ten vears and during the •ce tra e st:it• · · •

present year :-====c.=:===== ·· ==::.=====:-=====-=============-=:===========

• 188<>

--:. ::":J. , 188 I -'i:h 1882 ·• 1883 18.8-l 1885 1886

�...... 1887 � IQQ� .. 1::.:·9 - tll<}u ·��-J :�! (f�� ten months) ��

EXPORTS 01' RIC& HOM 8URlllA TO

Europe :ind Indi:i, China, Upper Burma. America. and Strails.

t>S,,070 75�.467 801 ,639 754.4•4 631,835 694,018 66o,71J 709,957 61 -;.:;14 7o;i,93u 7-l9.5C>4 852.799

- 8o7"169

Tons.

165,771 16-!.7•4 238,n7 156,190 130.966 23-!,810 �93.223 243,707 161.%.L i�5.1i9 430,07') :io3 .. 423 223,963

Weather and Crops .

Ton!!.

5,677 5,243 39,764 37,840 87,127 96,363 77,044

125,177 I :;o,6(1S 5!!,;04 I 53,838 77,840

139,653

TotaL

Tons.

855,518 924-424

1,07C),630 4)48,644 ks,,928 1 ,025,201 l,OJo,1178 1,078,841

917,0l.6 1,012,5b3 1,23J,48l 1,234.o6:1 1,171,085

��· .II"�· • 1 52. The following .tahlec; c;how tht> rainfall in inches in ten representative ... , districts in Lower and 1 i m Upper Burma :-

,.. t

District.

Lou•er Burma.

I. j.\SUJRY TO I JusE TO SEP· I OcTOB!R TO I Mu. nput:K. Dt:LUIBBk. TOTAL. ! '

I prect:<l· pre.:etl- 18 r preced· 891 1891 . 1 mg five i891 . mg live 9 · 1ng five 1 •

Mean of pc-e«d· 1ng five year a.

I Mean of Me:in of �Mean of

_J years. years. years.

----------1 I- -1-- , 1----1---·l---ln,hc.,

1 lr."hc1• Inches. I Inches. 1 Inch� I !"·he· tr+� •. , lnJ1es. Akyab ... . .. Hanthawaddy (Rangoon) Pegu . . . Than-awaddv Prome . . . -'fh6114wa Bas.em ... Henada Amherst Shwegyin

1 2 94 1. 12'20 1 77"54 150·81 13·55 1 9-64 :a04·03 1?2'65 p9 • 1 1 ·s9 9ns I p·91 6·09 9·40 lon6 94·20

1 1"28 1 2·80 130·74 90·73 6·gd 8·93 149'00 112·53 2.43 R·14 91·52 · 6p9 1038 8'07 104·33 83•40

·n• 3 '>9 37'95 ;J3·47 8·70 5'90 47'59 43'06 �·4' • 94·92 • 5·79 • 1<>1·12 90·05 .61 7 .,.J, I 124-35 8Q·18 13·95 9·19 146·97 106-33

n4 r� 99·69 68·76 9·s:a 7'77 m·35 84•11 25·85 I 185·29 141·19 8-81 8·z1 1 :ao6·39 l75·a1 1�:�� I 13·24 I 1 25·;8 I 1 17"•5 5·8o 6·11y 138·1() 131·sl

• Details not available,

•' >

. ' ' ...

Mandalay Bhamo Katha Shwebo Ruby Mines Myingyan Pak6kku Minbu Magwe Y11m�hin Pyinmana

District.

llEPORT ON THI ADMINISTRATION OP DURal�.

M ....

Utter Burma.

. .. 1 ::: I .. . I

January to June to I October to May. September. December.

Inches. Inches. Inches.

2·14 11·74 4·89 5·46 50·84 3·53

10·32 19·71 3·00 1·67 21·69 1·46 8·63 51·23 7'34 1·34 13·u 6·59 ·so 7'53 6·29 ·6S 12'li6 6·�:a l 'l:lo 1rs, 8·71

1 ·21 I ·SS 1 1 'Jl 3·04 :17·51 9·31

Horticulture.

Total.

Inches. 18·77 59'82 33 '6;J 24·b 6r:zo lll'IS 14·32 19·o6 26-33 31·41 39·86

1 53. During the year of report 44 new members joined the Agri-H orticultural Society and 1 2 were lost to the Society by resignation or death. The Society now numbers 1 58 members. Much attention was given by the Society during the year to the importation of plants and seeds. Experiments were made with tht:: following trP.f>" an<l plants ·-Ficus e!astica, mahogany, oranges, plantains, pine-applt::s, mangoes, maize, cocoanuts, figs, and eucalyptus. The finances of the Society are in a flourishing condition. The receipts of the year amounted to Rs. 1 3,883, of which Rs. 61370 were derived from the sale of plants and seeds, the expenditure to Rs. 1 2,91 1 . A bronze statue of Sir Arthur Phayre was erected in the Society's gardens and was unveiled by the Chief Commissioner on the 1 8th November 1891 . The number of visitors to the garden and museum was 3 1 4,97 1 in 1891 against 29r,975 in 1 890.

Forests (Lower Burma). r 5-i · T!;c• f 11lw·i1)g figt:n·s �um � '.lf: •. ,. :he: re:; ,ilt -; of tht \\ l·rk of tl1e ) car.

G I k •, Th� area of reserved forests was increased by 1 2 enera remar s. ·1 Th · f h square m1 es. e protective measures o t e year were most successful, no less than 3 1 7 ,529 acres having been saved out of 320,867 acres, the protection of which was attempted, compared with 235,539 saved in 1 890-9 1 . Tht:: area covered by taungya teak plantations was increased from 22,252 acres to 25,459 acres. The number of teak trees girdled was 19,549 against ' 7 ,040 in 1 890-9 1 . The quantity of timber extracted from the forests was 235,328 tons, or 57, 1 40 tons more than in 1 890-9 1 . Of this total 58,281 tons were teak timber against 6 1 ,43-l tons of teak extracted in 1 890"9 1 . The r,rM� rP" .. """ "' thi: t''""' drdcs fl)!. ! ! :·� )'l J.� -..a�; R..;. ::S,58, i i-t, c1.11J �ht: t::J1.p.:11<liture Rs. 1 2 ,69,739, compared with Rs. 26.77,67 1 and R s. 1 0,36, 1 1 6 in 1 890-9 1 , the net rcvenuf> being R s. 1 5,881375, or Rs. 53, 1 80 less than in that year.

155. The area of ,..,,.,c1 � t:J f111 1::sls in the Tenasserim circle remained at Reservation of forest5•

I ,81 I square mi!P.s as before. During the hot wea-ther of 1 892 enquiries were held by a Forest Settle

ment Officer regardin� 1 4 square miles of teak and 52 miles of padauk forest, which have been awaiting settlement as rest::rves for some time. In the Pegu circle an addition of 1 2 square miles was made to the area of the reserved forests, bringin6 the Lola! area up to 3,804 square miles, but enquiries were held with a view to the reservation of areas aggregatin� many square miles. Amongst the reserves awaiting settlement are three cutch-beanng tracts, representing a total area of 74 square miles in the Thayetmyo district. Cutch has been almost exterminated in Lower Burma outside reserves, and in order to prevent its complete destruction it was declared a reserved tree in Lower Burma on 1 st March 1892. This measure will protect the cutch-growing areas where the tree was formerly plentiful, but many years must elapse befor� any considerable revenue can be derived from them Kadut, a species of tree much used in South Tenasserim for boat-building, was declared a reserved tree during the year, and the rate of duty

"

.... -i rousts (LOWIR BUANA). $1 on thingan in the Pegu circle and in parts of the T enasserirn circle was increased.

156. A Topographical Survey Party continued the operations of previou Forest surv"Y'· years i� the Toungoo division and ex�cuted 2 r 9 miles

of detail survey on the 4·lnch scale m the Kabaung, Bondaung, and Pyuchaung reserves, besides 68 miles in unreserved forest on die 2-inch scale. The party further executed 6oo miles of triangulation work and 250 miles of traverse survey in preparation for next season. Considerable pr� gress was made by the Imperi11l Forest Survey Party working in the Tenuserim circle. The traverse survey of the reserves in the Thaungyin vaJley was finished and triangulation work all but completed.

157. A working plan of the Taungnyo forests in the Tharrawaddy division, which was prepared in 1 88g-90 and 1 89<>-9 1 , was Working p!:ir.�. .

d d h d d k sanchone unn� t e year un er report an a wor •

ing plan of the Shwele forests in the Prome district was prepared. 1 58. During the year 299 breaches of forest rules were committed in the

Off . t F t R 1 Tenasserim circle, in which 348 persons were con• ences agams ores u es. d Of h d d b cerne . t ese cases, 1 56 were compoun e y

Divisional Officers for Rs. 6, 7 14, and convictions by Magistrates were got in 131 cases. Only four of the cases were for offences within reserves. The number of cases in which convictions were obtained amounted to 1 9 1 only in the previous year. The large increase which took place in 1 89 1 -92 was contributed entirely by the Salwccn·Attaran division, where 1 43 breaches of rules occurred against 1 3 only in 1 890-9 1 . There Wt.!re 1 ,363 prosecutions in the Pegu circle, convic· tions being had in 1 ,2 7 2 cases. The correspondinj! figures fur 1 890-91 were � and 9 1 6. The number of offenc-P.s rompo11nded in the Pt:gu circle was consider· ably in excess of the number in the previous year, but the compensation received was Rs. 1 0,532-8-6 only against Rs. 10,72 2 - 1 5-0.

159. The results of the fire-protection mea•

i.• 'I\: �

Fire-protection. sures of the year were unusually good as shown in the attached table :-

• I AR.EA lli SQUARE MILiS. ¥ .. i: :; 0 . I CobT

.,.. Circle. ·: � 11 ... .,, -c � e Per sq uarel Per acre mile pro- I rotected. tcctc<l. 1 P

. Attempted. Failures.

... ......,,. � .. '" ,. 'J

I ' : .

•• ---

Peg-u ... 36o 5 . . . Tenasserim ... qi ...

Protected. �2 u o ·- -... .!! • c.

Per cent.

355 1 ·39 141 . ..

I I ' I

Rs. A. p, Rs. "· '· Per cent.

65 8 5 O I 8 10-57 57 5 I 0 I 5 7 ·87 1---1------· I '----Total in t8QI-<)2 . . . 1 __ 5

_0_

1 _ S I 4g6 1·00 I 63 J I i o I 7 1 9·6a TOUli in 1i>90-91. • • : __ 4�_J 79 I 31>11 17·07 j 04 S S l o I 7 7·16

lncr�e or decrea� I + S I - 74 + 1a8 11:-a--:1--·--;;46 � in 1ll91.9a. I -----�- ----

In the Tenasserim circle, out of 90,598 acres only 5 acres were.burnt and the total cost of the fire-protection measures was only 1 an!la and 5 pies per acre of the whole area saved. In the Pcgu circle the protection was attemptt:d of 230,269 acres, out of which 226,936 acres, or 99 per cent., were saved from fire at a cost of 1 anna and 8 pies per acre.

16o. No regular teak plantations were formed in the Te�asserim circle, where the tutal area of such plantations amounts to only

Re.production and improvement 23 acres. An addition of 32 acres was made at a of forest growth. cost of Rs. 2 1 - 1 5-6 per acre to the Magayi plant· ation in the Pegu r.ircle. About 50 per c�nt. o� the see�s germinated. Te1;k·

planting by the taungya system was contmued m both. circles. In Tenassenm

1 ,504 acres were added to the area of teak taungyas, which now amounts to 8,274 •s

. . I

, ........ acres. In the Pegu circle 1 . 28o acres of pure •�ak and 422 ac:-es of :ni:.:£;d le.It and cutcb were planted by the taungya system at an average cost of Rs. 10-1o-8 per acre. The taungya plantations in the Pegu circle now amount to 1 4,978 acns of pure teak, 55 acres of cutch alone, and 2, 1 5 1 acres of tea� and cu!ch mised. The question of the reproduction of cutch received special attention during the year under report. The Conservator of Pegu drew up proposals for the formation of a plantation of pure cutch on a comiderable scale. These proposals pnmded for the planting of iOO acres annually for 6o years at. an annual cost of some Rs. 22,000. The Inspector.General of Forests haYIDJ expressed his approval of the Conservator's !<:heme, sanction was given to tt and steps are now being taken to carry it out.

161 . It was proposed that 700 teak trees should be girdled in the Tenasserim circle durir.g �he year, but mature trees are getting scarce and the actual numbn girdled was 616 only.

Besides these, 200 padauk trees were girdled. In the Pegu circle 6,832 trees were girdled inside and J 2.101 outside reserves. The greater proportion of the girdling inside reserves was done in Tharrawaddy, outside reserves in Toungoo.

162. The following table shows the quantities of teak and other kinds of Timber •orked oat oi the foruu. timber worked out of the forests during the year by

all agencies :-

� .. .. ,,..,

. . ·' . .

.. I I Tutal.

1------Tons. Tons. Tons.

� -�l By Gonrnment agency ... f'� · By purchasers and under trade permits

,...,._ , Und "--- .

· · · I ... ' I · · · I

..5,653 8,325 11,018 168.�26 I 17�

er na; peml Its ·-�-· 1 • 1\7 leaKbo:dcn of � • I ... !

190

100 I

·' � , .

.·� . �

Total -

·

. ·- : - - " � : ·�)< . ,, �

n� 7· � .. · I • , 1

, • _ -�. Total f« 18go-g1 .. ... "

I 171.047 1 116,754

I ••. \ - 3,153 + 6o,293 I + 57,140

In the Tenasserim circle 8,8o8 tons of teak, or 3,848 tons less than in 189<>-9 1 , were extracted from the forests. Of other reserved kinds. 7 .6o6 tons �chiefly "f PY;"�a) 'IT"C:-C o:::-: ·:: t.. l! by Govcrr.mf'nt agc11cy and I 0,928 to�s l chiefly of thi�an, kaungmu, and kanyi:1) were extracted by purchasers against 7,41 1 tons extracted by all agencies in J 89c>-9 • . Of unreserved timbers 2 I ,094 tons v.·erc extracted . or 2,0j4- tons more than in the "receding year, an increase which was due to a sudden demand at Moulmein for ;,, \er, a species of wood which is lar�ely used for canoes, house-posts, and gene.� " lding purposes, but is very subJect to the attacks of white-ants. In the �.J .. rcle a slightly larger quantity of teak timber was extracted than in the prevtous rear. The year was a favourable one for floating, except in the Toungoo division, and extractions of timber by Government agency i11l:1eased in consequence from 27,41 1 to 3�.285 tons. on the other hand, owing in some de�ee to the season being unfavourable for floating timber in the T oungoo division, the outtum from that division fell from 2+1104 to 18,881 tons. Of other reserved woods the quantity extracted was slightly less than that in t89o-91, namely, 3,948 tons compared with 4,493 tons. The quantit1 of unreserved species of timber worked out amounted to 133,31s tons, or 4 7 ,482 tons more than m 1890"91, an increase of 55 per cent., which was due in part to a demand for pyinkado timber for railway sleepers. In view of the profitable nature of the trade in pyinkado and of its rapid development, the duty on this kind of timber baa recently been raised.

·

• I, •

. ' I '

JOUftS ILOWlll IUllM.\), 59 i 63. Th� principal article of minor forest .Produce in the Pegu circle is cutcb.

M' fofat od Ii ooc1 The revenue denved from licenses to boil cutcb and �'i:rcoal. pr llCle, NW ' in reserved forests was somewhat higher than the

. amount yielded in 1890991, namelr, R5. 34,463 agamst Rs. 28,635 ; but the revenue from this source in unreserved forests reached the triAing .sum of Rs. 3, 195 only compared with Rs. 36,710 in 18go991 and Rs. 66, 195 m 1889-90. Th� fee for licenses to make charcoal was raised from 8 annas to Rs. 2 during the year, and a small tax wctS imposed on bamboos canes and " shaw " fibre. These measures added somewhat to the year'� reven�e fro� minor forest produce in both circles, but the addition was inconsiderable as the notifications by which the changes were effected were not published till 1 several months of the year h1.d passed. ln the Tenasserim circle nearly Rs. 6 ooo were obtained by selling by auction the right to collect wood-oil in the South Tenas• serim division.

164. The gross forest revenue of the year in Lower Burma was Rs. 28,581 1 14,

Re\'enue and expenditure. that of 1 890-91 and 1889-90 havi�g been Rs.

. 26, 77 ,67 1 and Rs. 3 1 ,34.7 16 respectively. Com· pared with 1 890-91 the details under each head of receipt were as follows :-

( I ... '

I ' \.T• • • p\ . •

From timber and other produce remo\'ed from the forests by Govern�e::: agency. rTimber .. .

Firewood and charcoal From timber and other produce rcmo\·ed from the forest$ Ly � Ramboos

consumers or purchasers. I l�::� :i·��: �� ' ..

Confiscated drift or .. aif •'Ood

Duty on foreign timber and other forest produce

Miscellaneoll!>

Tot�I

21,t5J

-:>

74,557 1 1,09,757

I S,96,246 + 2,9J.666

5,27,005 - 1,18,625

:U.473 + l,JU 15,217 + 9,676

4u<J t •57 51,234 2J.333

119.Ju 20..436 2,14.992 + �453

41,227 + 8,564

1,85,539 1 32,663 1

�-��.i--�� z6.77.671 I 28,58,u4 + 1,8o,443

l n Tcnassen m the revenue \\d.:. three-quarters vf a lakh in excess of that of 1 890-<J 1 1 t lw incre:ise being mainiy derived .from teak w?rkcd ?ut departme�tally, for which improved pri1:es were got at auct10n, from pymma timber, from timber t!Xlractt:d from the forests by rurcha�.ers, and from duty paid on foreign timber at Kado. The gross revenue o the Pegu circle amounted to Rs. 22,07,514, or Rs. 1 ,04, 192 more than the revenue of 1890991. The amo�nt derived �rom sales of Government timber was nearly three lakhs more than m the previous year, but on the other hand the receipts from timber extracted from the forests by F'lr�hasers Were less b

'y nVf"f � Jakh and-a-half owing tn thP !'bOrt C\Utturn Of

timber from the Toungoo forests, ror which Messrs. Macgregor and Company are the contractors. The expenditure of the year, namely, R�. 1�,69,739, was greater in bc.th circles than in the previous year. In Tenassenm it was Rs. 3,48,91�, or Rs. 1 7,219 more, and in Pegu Rs. 9,20,826, or Rs. 2 , 16,403 more, than m 1890-91. The net revenue of the two circles for the year was-

Tcnuterim Pep

Total

Rs.

•s.Sl.3;s

--

... " \'l I

" . .

l .

6o llSPOllT ON TH& ADMINISTRATION or BURMA. 165. The quantity of teak timber imported into Moulmein by the Salween

. during the year was 741 1 65 tons, or 28,19B �ons less Imports and export• of tuk. than the quantity imported in t�e preceding. year

and 241732 less than the imports of 1 889-go. About two-thirds of the t.1mber

consisted of full-sized logs. The imports of teak by the lrrawaddy and Stttang from Upper Burma amounted to So,793 tons. In the previous/ear they were 1 1 7, 7 5:1 tons. The following statement sh�ws the quantity o teak exported from Moulmein and Rangoon to all ports dunng the past five years :-

FRoM MouLMa1111. FaoM R.UfOOO!f, TOTAL. Year. I I Averare

Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. v�l11c per I ton.

I R,. Rs. Rs. 1887-88 ... 116,507 79,54.�1 2 52,417 36,99,610 168�4 1, 16,$4..4U 69·0 1888-89 " 93..;65 I 77,21,819 62,969 48,99,547 156434 1 ,26,21,366 So·7

1889-90 .. . So,071 70,05,857 103,56o 81,84,843 82·4 18go-91 64.227 110,888 175,115 1,25,77,228 71-& . . . 184431 1 1 ,51.go,700

47,01,434 1 78,75,794 1 j I 1891"'}2 ... , 02,320 I 41,88,267 I 99,647 I 75,IJ,397 ! 161,g67 , 1,17,01 ,66� I 72"2

Of the exports from Moulmein in the year under review, only 8,535 tons went to Europe, or 658 tons more than in the year before, while of the quantity exported from Rangoon about one-third went to Europe and two-thirds to the Presidency ports of India.

Forests (Upper Burma) . < ..... 166. The most important forest work done in Upper Burma in 1 891""92 was

R . f f the reservation of forests. During the year T ,024

eservat1on o orests. ., · · · '

d d :.liL: , :-; 1i11;L;,. vi tvrcsLs were nut1heu as reserve , an at the end of the year the total area of reserved forests in Upper Burma amounted to 1 ,0 59 square miles. Of the forests reserved in 1891 ""92 785 square miles consisted of forests in the Pyinmana rlivision, which are among the most valuable teak-producing areas in Burma. During 1 89 • -92 1 ,333 square miles wqe notified with a view to reservation, and the total area awaiting settlement at the �nd of the year amounted to 3,978 square miles. During the open season of 1 891-92 three officers were employed on special duty as Forest Settlement Officers and completed enquiries regarding 1 1202 square miles of these forests. Enquiries were held with reference to a further area of 587 square miles bv local officer� in additio� tc thci:- ��he, Ju,ic,,. 'Tiie notifieci area still awaiting enquiry at the end of 1 891 -92 was 2, 1 89 square miles.

• 6 7. The total area of protected forests at the end of 1891 -92 was 161461 ... . t" of f

against 16,0 1 4 square miles at the end of 1 89<>-91. c.xamma ion orest,. A f "l dd d d · h n area o 2,275 square m1 es was a e unng t e year and an area of 1 1828 square miles was excluded, the greater part of which consisted of forests removed from the category of protected to that of reserved forests. Examination of forests was carried on principally in the Chindwin division, where 543 square miles were added to the protP.4'tPd l!rea. the Pyinmana uivision, where 664 square miles, and the Yaw division, where 650 sq� miles were added.

·

168. The total length of line traversed with chain and plane-table was 1 1940 5 nd work. la miles against 2,554 miles in 1�1 . The largest urveys • ang P ns. amount of work of this description was done in the

Chindwin and Mandalay divisions and in the Shan States. The valuation sur· veys executed during the year extended over an area of 91635 acres. Rough working plans were framed for the Taungdwingyi and Kyaw and Yaw forest• from materials collected last year.

......... 1 POR&STS (UPPlll DURMAJ, 1 69. Several changes were made during the year in the Upper Burma Forest

Forest l'\lles. �ules. The most im�ortant were the c�es made m the form of cutch licenses, the erohabition of the

felling of dead and girdled teak trees without license and the introduction of a form ot. license for the cutting of certain other kinds �f trees in certain districts. Th� ob1ect of the changes in the form of cutch license was to prevent the imeroper felling of <.:utch. The other changes were made for the purpose of secunng to Government a share in the profits on timber extracted for trade purposes under certain circumstances. Until the y<'ar under report teak extrC1.cted locally for trade purposes was untaxed unless it passed a re\·cnue station. The new rule made in 1 89 1 -92 prohibits the extraction of dead and girdled teak without a licen�e and pr?vide� fo� t�f' io;o;ne of licenses for its extraction, <luly bc:ing levied only m ca.;es 10 which 1t

. 1s extracted for trade purposes. Licenses are issued free

of duty . when th� teak 1s requir�d for domestic puq�oses. The rule prohibiting the felling of pymma an<l t.:crtam other classes of timber without a license was first introduced 10 the Pyinmana and Yamethin districts, where large quantities of

·:5 trees of these classes were bci.n� felled for co�version into rail�ay sleepers .and

�-·�� "' for other trade purposes. A s1m1lar rule was introduced later m the year mto i other d�stri;ts, and it wil.1 probably be found necessary to make its application general m l pper Burma m the course of the next few years.

Pwst c!kr . .-�, I 70. -�he following t;1hJe exhibits statistics of

' •,\.'� · . �'10'c�· , - offences dunng the last three years :-' � .

·"' '" �� " I - I .,"} Prop«tion ol con-' I. ., I . • .,.! \. ..,;.'I

.' , . ··-..: 'c p • • I r � f. d

.. �·

. . �ew cases - Compounded vict.ions to total ' \'c�r. taken into Total. Court. cases. number of cases

decided by Courts •

-18fl<J-90 . •

,. .. . 99 47 146 81 � . . . ' I \ 180)<)-91 \ . .. 1� ··: . ... 1 10 TI� 22� 71

. (, • ' I 18<11-9! , .. ... . . .. , Ill I : 253 375 73 • • • 4 -� I --·- - -The increase was contributed principally by cases connected with cutch, the number of such cases having risen from 73 to 1 72. The increase was, however, more nominal than real, as confiscations of cutch licenses, which are included in the above statistics and which numbered 1 361 were excluded from la�t year's re·

port .. 1 7 1 . The on! y forest in Upper Burma in which systematic fire-protection was

. . attempted was the Yenaungmyin reserve in the Pyin-F1re-protection. • . · • I . f u r.r_.,. iU� .. n.t '-t lVl3t,•liJ v. lt"(, .. 7,,)4,) , , u , , . �. � a...:res \\'t:rc protected at a cu�t of Rs. jSS. In the Ruby-�fincs reserves protection by clear· ed lines was 11l•t a : • l:mplt.:<l, but 6,3 1 0 out of J0,320 acres were protected by put· ting out fin•<; whPn r h"Y nccurred. . . .

1 72. Experimuits were continued with eucalyptus m 1 890991 . Seed was . . . planted at several places in the plains, but without

F.xpenmental cultl\latoon. success. In the hills plantations were maintained with some success at Bernardmyo, Mogok, and Maymyo, and a number of young plants were also raised at various places in the Shan Stat

_es. The .Plantation of �11glish fruit trees which 1:-; mai�tained at Bernardmyo. d1� not lhnve very l\·ell

in 1 890-91, but it is hoped thal with better management 1t will be more prosperous in future. . • .

1 73. The girdling programme of the year provided f?r the ktlhng of .3',ooo . . tre<-:;, but only 20,048 were girdled. The failure to

Girdling. complete the program"!e was due �o wa!'t of. tr�s,

a sufficient number not having been found m the vanous forests m which girdling operations were carried on. The e�perience of 1890-91 confirms that of previous years namely that with few exceptions the Upper Burma forests have been much

overV.:orked a�d that a long time must elapse before they are restored to a normal condition of productiveness.

61 REPORT OM THI!. ADMINISTRATIO!ll OP BURMA.

' .:. i � � ,

" ' . . . . ... '

T q ;

: , · · �� .. ) "L • ' r . · · -,1:

:f. . • � ...

' ,.,.·

• I

. .

The quantity of timber which passed revenue station� in 1 89 1 -92 �nd the two preceding year:1 is shown in the following

Extraction of timber. table :-

By Government agency By lease-holders ... By local purchasers Under free permits . . . I

Teak.

Tons.

5,110 7 1 ,592 :l7�4 3,387

Other reserved kinds. 1 Unr-ved I

ndFire

hwood I Total. j kinds. la c arec>a · ---

--T-o-11.>.--· Tons. I Toni. 27 I

'Cons.

Total 1891-92 . . . 1-1�5J-;- 66 29,451 30,112 -'� Total 189<>-91 .. . \_10<>,713 --�, 18.933 34.801 214,879 Total iSB<J-90 ... j1s:.O\I _ �'- �-33� 24,66c) 214,264

The diminution of tht: outturn of teak was due to the drought which prevailed over a great part of l:pper Burma during the rains of 1 89 1 -92. The increase of upwards of 10,000 tons in the outturn of unreserved woods was due mainly to the developmt:nt of the trade in pyinkado .

1 7 5. The total revenue from minor forest produce was Rs. 2,65, 16o against .,. Rs. 2 , 29,449 in 1 &Jo·91 aud Rs. 1 ,67,1 1 4 in 1 889"90· Minor forest produce. The principal increase was under cutch, the re\•enue

from which rose from Rs. 801405 to Rs. 1 1 1 1 1040. The increase was due to the issue of a larger number of licenses than were issued in 1890-91 in districts of the dry zone where scarcity prevailed. In these parts it was nece"sary to provide occupation for the people and it was not advisable to limit the issue of licenses to the number which would have been fixed solely on a consideration of the rrqujrrr:nrnt" f'lf <.-·'"f's� c i ins . . : 1 " . .:- . Tl· ...: re -. , :ic: •. : ir . . ia ru!.Jl.iu incrcase<l uou-. R:.. 1 ,08,678 in 1 890-91 to Rs. 1 1 t 81343 in the year umler .review.

1 76. The gross receipts of the year were Rs. 1 3,2 713001 the expenditure Revenue and expenditure.

Rs. 3, 73,859, and the surplus Rs. 9,53,44 1 . The corresponding figures for 1 890-91 were Rs. 16144,297,

Rs. 3,02,3 1 5, and Rs. 1 3,41 ,982. The decrease in revenue was due to a diminu· tion in the quantity of timber extracted by lessees in conseqn�nce of the unfavourable floating season. If receipts from lessees' timber, \\hich yielded Rs. 4,47,78o less than in 1 89o-91 1 are left out of account, the gross revenue of 1 8g 1 -92 exceeded that of 1 8qo-91 by, in round numbers, Rs. 1 1301000. This increase was due tn larg"r r•:C1:; :-•l!i v!1 account �f timhcr extracted b.> GuH:rnmcnt agency, of drift timber, and o( minor forest produce.

1 77. During 1891 -92 the Mosit, Kaukkwe, and Nans(>nti forests, which F 1 formed part of the for�st area originally held by orest -· Maung Bauk, were leased to Haji Mahomed Hadt,

who also holds a lease of the M ogaung forest. The minimum outtum which the lessee undertook to extract from these forests in a year was reduced from 4,000 tons to 2,000 tons. During 1891 -92 the lessee extracted 135 tons only. In August 1 891 a contract was concluded with the late Mr. Darwood for the extrac· tion of dead and girdled teak trees in certain forests tn the Mongmit (Momeik) Shan State. The lease of the Theing6n forest was surrendered by the Bombay Burma Trading Corporation from the end 1 891 . 178. The principal forests in the Shan States were visited by a Forest Officer

Sha S f in the dry weather of 18g 1 "92 with a view to the n tate. orats. t' f h f h ' d · · ' prepara ton o a sc eme or t e1r a m1mstratton. The report submitted by this officer showed that some of the forests were much richer thau others, that all had been wastefully worked, and that the Sawbwas had entered into various improvident agreements with speculators, mostly from Moulmein, by which they pledged the forest resources of their States for com· paratively small sums. On a consideration of the Forests Officer's report it was

' I

...

,,., ..... ] MISF.S ASI> QUARRIES.

decided that the time was not come for undertaking the administration of the f?rests by Government agency. Permission was accordingly granted to the Sfiw�was to work the forests. themselves on condition that they ab,tained from g1rdlmg teak an<l thal they patd to Government a royalty calculated on the number of elephauls employed. ·

Mines and Quarries.

1 79. The system under which revenue is obtained from jade remained un· Jade. changed �uring the year. The nght to ('nllect the . dut y on pdc between the t st July 1891 and 3och

Jun.e 1892 w�s sold �or Rs, 52,500. Shortly after the close of the year, the period for which t�e nght to col lect the duties is sold was changf'ci. The licensee of 1 891 was perm itted to ret_am the license till the 301h Si>ptember 1 892 on pay· menl of_ Rs. 6,5 0<;>, and the license was then sold for a year from the 1 st October. The ob1ec L of lh1s cha�1gc was to make the license expi re some time after the conclusion ?f the work ing season, and thereby to enable the licensee to collect duty on all Jade ext racted during the currency of his license.

180. fhe ruby mines in the Ruby Mines district were wnrked durin� the year R b. of report by the Ruby Mines Company. Cordial re· u ies. lations were maintained during the year between the Company and the native miners.

1 8 1 . The localities in '' hich carth·uii is found and the manner in which it

Oil-fields. is extracted have been stated in the report of last year and of pre\•ious years. Th<' total output of oil

m the Magwe di;;trict was 1 5,589.931 viss against 9,9 1 8.360 viss in 1 890-91 , paying a royalty of Rs. 79,452. I n Pak(Jkku a royalty of Rs. 1 ,374 was /aid against Rs. 1 , 1 28 in 1 890-91 . The negotiations which have bePn cnnducte for the last two years for the purpose of reconciling the conflicting claims of the Burma Oil Company, the Lcpcl liriffin Syndicate, and the native workers, were concluded during the year under report . Under the settlement which was arrived at an arP:\ nf :r�C)I) "<JUare mil1•c; h.1c; lwi>n lrw:i ·rl tn •hr Hwrn:i Oil \0mp:i.n)". :in c:Ht:a of 3·x99 square miles IS about to IJC leased to the Lepel linttin Syndicate, and an area was rescn·ed · for nati,·e workers. Grants of the wells occupied by them are being i:.sued to native workers, and rules have been framed for the issue of grants in the case of wells that may be dug hereafter. Lcast'S were also made to the Rurma Oil Company d the St:i.tc wells, i.e., wells which from Burmese times have btc11 Lhc property of t'.11• State, at Yenangyaung in the Magwe and at Y cnar.kyat in the Pak1ikku dio;t rict. As was mentioned in last year's report, the Yenangyaun:; and Minbu oil-fields were surveyed and demarcated into blocks in 1 890 and 1 89 1 . In April 1 891 rules were publisher! to rc�ulate the cl isposal of thpc;p hlnrl{" �nr! c:1·•·"r:?l appli-::i• ;"nc; h1''" bee� l"'?adc fo:- ;::r:.ir.ts ·.\"h!ch u.rc now under consideratinn. An application was also made fur a lease of a small area at Padaukpin in the Thayetmyo di:;trict. Earth-oil has been knuwu tu 1::xist here for many years and scvt:ral dforts have teen made, though hitherto without success, to extract oil in paying quantities.

1 82. The lease to l\lr. H errmann of the Lingadaw coal-field was executed . . during the year under report. Steps are now being Coal-manes, l�ingadaw coal-field. taken by the concessionai.re to form a Con,ipany to

which he proposes to transfer. the !11111e. As was menuon.ed tn !ast year s report, the fp · se incl udes four areas m •1·h11·h nutcrops of coal i>x1c;t. Sn f11r nnly one of these-Letkobin-has been worked . The coal at Letkobin consists of a seam about 7 feet thick. .

183. During the year under r�port a lease of a �oal-.bea�tn� area of 6l square . . miles m the Upper Chmdwm dtstnct was offered to Upper Chmdwm. a Calcutta Syndicate, but has not yet been accepted.

The entire coal-bearing region , covering an area of 1o6 square miles, was surveyed during the year at a cost of Rs. 1 1 , 208.

1 84. Lead and silver mines exist in the Southern Shan State of Bawzaing and

Lead mines, have been worked for many years. At one time it is said that some Rs. 500 worth of silver was produced

J •

IU!PORT ON THI! ADMINISTRATION OP BURMA.

daily, hut aftf'r the annexation of ,Upper . Burma the industry dwin�I�� as t�e

miners could find no market for their lead m consequenct: o( lht: proh1b1�1on of ats

export into Burma. In 1890 a Chinaman named Saw Hoe Shoke applae� for a lease of the mines and also for permission to buy and ex-port the lead whach had already been P.xtracted an<l wh ich was lying near the mmes. His latter re�uest was granted and negotiations were commenced with a view to the grant t� ham of a lease of the mines. These negotiations have resulted in proposals whach are now before the Government of India to lease the mines to Saw Hoe Sho ke for five years on payment of a royalty of .Rs. 3 P_Cr 100 viss. . , .

185. The tin-prospecting operations which have been m progress m the Mah-. . . wun townshir of Mergui since 1 8go were completed in Tin and coal '" Mergui. the season o 1 89 1 -92. Field operations were carried on by two parties. One of these explored the:: �uuulry in t-he vi..:inity of Maliwun and up the Th1bawleik stream ; the other prospected over the basin of the Great Tenasscrim river. The maiu resull of the year's operations was the discovery of coa1 on the Great Tenasscrim river. The existence of coal in these parts has long been known and was referred to in Dr. Oldham's report on coal ::1.nd tin deposits of the Tenasser m province, which was published in 1 856. One of the prospecting parties referred to above was employed in making trial sinkings in the coal-bearing area. Two pits were sunk from which coal was obtained. The coal was tried in the Government steam-launch J.le1 gui and was found to be of excellent quality. I t is reported to exist i n large quar.titie:;. �egutictliu11:> wt::rt:: 1.:arrit:d on during the year for the grant of a mining lease of the Maliwun township to two gentlt::men interested in tin-mining in Perak, Mr. Menzell and Captain Ah K\>;.

.. ... " .. '-"" :- -�� .. Manufactures. ' 1 86. The principal manufactures of Upper and Lower Burma were specified

in the report for 1 889-90 There is nothing calling for special mention in connection with manufactures in 1 89 1 -92.

CommerC'ial Marine. 1 87. The numhf>r of V<'""elc; and tht>ir :ig-�<'�nt<' t0nn.1 �e C'ngag<'n :n thc-

v'"'ds entered and cleared. seaoorne trade ot the province in each of the past three years was as follows :-.\�

·· "'�� ... ·, ·� :\l ., 18� 1800-()1 1891-91 r • • • •

Vessels. Tonnage. 6,.4_1'i 3,36o,045 6.5y4 3,678,,p I 6.575 3,671,590

This t ,nnage was distributed in chief ports and the smaller ports :-

the following proportions among the four

•59•-llJ, Port - -

----- I t.ntcrtd. I C:lcatod. !nt<ftd. L n....... - I f.ntcrtcl. I �-

\'c•1Clo.1 1onoa11•· l\'••0<I• Tonnai:c. \'UK11.1 Toooaii<. �··-••. j Tonuce. IV<Olda. j T...._. Iv-. j TOOi...,.. a .. .,............ ... ,,.w 1 I '•V• •1JJJ I 1,uu 1 1,oJ:,023 1.,JlS t,173.414 t,IJS 1 ,HJS,OCSO 1 ·.aa. 1,tJS.470 I 1.,tll t,J7.MU7 AtTi.0h ••. 470 IJ'),1'.U I 436 •SS.6JS 409 18.J 01R 446 l7J,J,8 405 •l+.6Jo I 4!! ·� Ba .. can ... P4 83 ";<l I 611 10,:154 C56 8,S,o61 69 Ui,681 go 7""19 J/19 11.-. Noulmcia • • 5So 111,9q 578 273,948 561 175,211 �95 :a7f\_o&! S49 151�1 007 J50t661 Smaller port1 ... 911 I •.».3<9 940 139,311 900 129,1119 P48 13403> 1117 JJo,fOJ 911 ·-_____ __ __ .._ --1--1--+--+--+--4---

:i.u3 I •,6'•,l14 I 3,>u 1,1111,111 3.3'1 1,1...,,.., :i.•n '·'"''°' l,30I ,...,_ ,..., 1,lal,JfJ Total

0\'.'mt;:, partly t� an u11us�ally large demand for ri<:e in Upper Burma, in many parts of w�ach scarcity prevailed, and partly to the ht�h pnces to which paddy rose, checking the trade. with the Straits, the experts of nee for the year were nearly 100,000 tons less than m the year before. This decrease was solely in the Straits trade, the exports to ot.her parts of the wo:ld being larger than in 1�1 . The exports of teak �·ere shghtly greater than m that/ear, but the home mark�ts were still overstocked. The numbers of steamers an of sailing vessels enPBCI in the foreign trade were 8o7 and 4 1 2 respectively against 850 steamers inCl 36o sailing vessels in t 89<>"91 . The Suez Canal traffic was again very large nearly the whole of the import trade and four-fifths of the export trade witn ,Europe having puaed through it.

r . •· . ·'

........ 1 COMMHCIAL MARINL

188. There was only one serious c�sualty du�ng the year, namely, the wreck Wrecks and c.asoaltiel.

of the Co1ungs/Jy which struck on the rocks to the south-east of Cheduba island. A coun of enquiry was held and the master of the Conings/Jy was found guilty of misconduct and wrong·

ful default. There were five cases of stranding in the Port of IUnj[oon during the year and three in the Port of Moulmein. None of the Moulmein cases yrere formally enquir�d i.nto durin� the year, though orders issued shonly before !ts cl�se for an e�qu1ry mto one of them. Three of the five Rangoon cases were investigated �nd m t�o. cas�s the license of the pilot cnnccrned was suspended. There were e1ghl colhs1ons m Rangoon and one in Moulmein.

1 89. Tidal observations were taken at the stations of Akyab, Rangoon, and M . . Mergui and the results oulained were very satisfac· , 1mne surveys and tidal obser· Th f fi ' b ·

vations. tory. e term o 1ve years o servat1on necessary . at a minor tidal station was completed at Akyab and

the tidal observatory there has now been closed. At the other two stations o�servat!ons will continue �o be taken. At Mergui, which is a minor station, they wlll continue for another eighteen months. At Rangoon, which is a permanent station, where the minimum period of observation is nineteen ytars, they will not be completed for !.Orne time to comt:. No new tidal station!l were established during the year. The Diamond Island observatory, which it was believed would be completed by the end of 189 1 , has not yet been finish�ti .

190. The Superintendent of Light-houses made his annual inspection of the L. ht h nd L' h 1 light-houses of the province in February and March.

1g • ouses a 1g t-vesse s. ·w· h · h b 'Id' d 1' h · 1t some exceptions t e m mgs an 1g tmg ap-paratus were in an efficient condition. The health of the ligh�-keepers was better during the year than in 1 890-91 . There were no deaths, and the number of cases of /Jeri-/Jeri fell from seven to two. The light-houses were visited at intervals throughout the year by the R. I. M . steamers Enterprise and Mayo.

The total receipts from light-dues during the year amounted to Rs. 2,62,850, or Rs. 2 1 1253 more than in 1 890-9 1 . The only port at which the receipts were lnwf'r t h;;n i11 (h,, p .... ,·iou.� rMr \\', , . n,l::.�t:i:!, \\ hl fl. th< ) f· il ir111n Rs. l �,2..i3 lO Rs. 1 2,624. The expenditure of the year aggregated Rs. 2,42,864 agamst Rs. 2 ,o6,236 in the previous year. Of this total a sum of Rs. 1 ,341877 was devoted to the construction of the new light-house on Oyste: Island. .

Beyond the construction of the Oyster I sland light no new works of importance in connection with the light-houses of the province were undertaken during the year. Ti1e Oxster Island light-house is now complete and the light is being exhibited. fwo European light-keepers havt: been engaged for it and are being instructed in the management of the apparatus. The construction of a light-vessel to � ,, stationed at t�� Baragua flats, and �stim.atcd to cost about Rs. x .20.000. h;.' \ ,, ,·· 11 ,<1m t io1wo ny i111' Gm·t>rnnlf'nt ot lnc11·\. As regards the question of improving the lighting of the entrance of the 13-an�oon ri".er, it has been decided not to remove the light-vessel Colom/Jo, subst1tutmg for 1t a fixed light on �leph�nt Poin� with red and white �el.lu1s, an<l it has also ht!t:n decided not to lay down gas-buoys in the river, but it is i�tended to substitute an occulting for the fixed light in

_the Eastern Grove light-house . . O� the other re

commendations and suggestions made by Mr. W. T. Douglass m his .report on the B11rma light-houses, some have already �een adopted, some a.re be�ng gradually adopted as funds permit, and others will come up for consideration when the que!. ion of renewing the li�hts has to be taken up.

19 1 . There were no important changes in the working of the Pilot Service during the year. Pilots were employed at the Ports

Pilot service. of Rangoon, Moulmein, Akyab, and Ba!>sein. There was a decrease in pilots' earning" at Bassein, but at Akyab the tot.al earnings of the service rose from Rs. 8,286 to Rs. 1 3,448. The average earnings of the pilots of Rangoon amounted during the year of report to Rs. 1 1031 per mensem.

192 Exclusive of Rangoon, the port affairs of which are managed by a •

body of Commissioners, there are six port funds in Port lunch. Burma, namely, those of Moulmein, Bassein, Akyab,

Kyaukpyu Tavov, and Mergui. They are all in a solvent condition. In addition to an awegate . opening balance of over a lakh and-a-half of rupees they had

1 7

--------�-�-------""'--�-- --"-�--

., ..

.........

an income of Rs. 2,09,639. There were considerable increases in the receipts of the three larger ports over the figure• of the previous year. A total of Rs. •t!ftnM wu spent on works of conservancy and improvement and the credit ce at the close of the year amounted to Rs. 1,86,892. The income of the Port of Rangoon amounted to Rs. u,62,8o1 and its expenditure to Rs. H,65,623-

Seaborne trade.

193. The aggregate vaJue of the seaborne trade of.the province was again . . higher than that of any previous year. It amounted

Ciener;&I statt1tia. to Rs. 23,42,5714241 of which Rs. 23, 1 7,28.125 re· presented private trade and Rs. 251291299 traffic on Government account against Rs. 22,461771447 and Rs. 34,571018 in 189o-91. The increase in d)e private import trade was 3·66 P.er cent. and m the export trade 2·47 per cent. over the trade of the year before while the increase compared with 1881-82 has been 64·46 per cent. in the import and sr28 per cent. in the export trade. The chief increases in private imports of goods in 18Q1 -92 were under candles, coal, cotton twist, gunny-bags, earthenware and haTdware, provisions and salted fish, liquors, silk and woollen piece-goods, umbrellas and tobacco, while the value of the imports declined chiefly in the case of cotton goods, machinery, metals, salt, raw silk, spices, and sugar. In the case of imports, trade was in some instances stimulated by cheap rates of fn�ight, in others it was impeded by the uncertainty in the rates of exchange. The increase in the export tra<le Web again chiefly in rice, although not to the same extent as in 189o-91 , but there was a much larger trade in cutch than was expected owing to increased activity amongst the cutch-boilers in Upper Burma. A largely increased trade with Europe was done in raw hides, teak, and caoutchouc, and in rice-bran fot cattle-feeding in which considerable profits were made. Shipments of cotton fell off by nearly two-thirds owing to the deficient rainfall and scanty crop in Upper Burma.

194. The progressive value of the trade of Burma for the following years since 1866-67 is shown below :-

•llllM7 ••. '871·7• • • •976-77 "' 1U1-l1 ••• lllJ"'4 ..•

,_., ... 1817-ll •Ill-to ... •ll!Hlo . . • '!9"°9'

195. The greater portion of the seaborne trade of the province enters and . leaves the port of Rangoon. The proponion of the .s!'� of the several ports 111 import trade shown against each port in 1891992

. w_as, Rangoon 86 per cent., Akyab 4·5 per cent., Ba..ssem ·2 per cent., Moulmem 7'4 per cent., the balance or 1 ·9 per cent being shared amongst the four smaller ports. Of the year's export trade the proportion fallin.g to each main p_ort was

. Rangoon 7 1 · 1 per cent., A�yab 9 per cent., Bas1t:m 6·7 per cent., i�oulmem 1 1 ·9 per cent ., the remi1mder bemg

distributed amongst the minor ports. The import trade of Rangoon was 3'7.S per cent. over that of 189o991, chiefly, however, in the coasting trade while the foreit{O export trade showed a small increase of 2· 1 2 per cent., due to larger shipments of rice to Europe, America, and Java, and of cutch, hides riceh-'�, and teak to Europe and elsewhere. The coasting export trade of R�goon fell off by •f76 per cent., there having been less business in teak, raw cotton, chillies, and silk goods to Indian and erovincial ports. The direct import trade of Moulmein suffen through its proximity to Rangoon, from wbicb it can draw supplies. :At Akyab the import trade improved somewhat. At. the other ports it aKlined. Culttntion. is spreading in Tenasserim and a. a co�uence, the nport rice trade of Moulmein bu made a large advance durin& the put three

•· ..

... .....i 81AIOllHI TMDL

years and has thus more than counterbalanced the falling off in the exports of tim�r. Mor� rice was shipped from Akyab than in the year before, but much of the nee that tn former years was attracted to Bas�ein for expon now finds its way to Rang<>?"· The export trade of Mergui im proved .:on:>iderably through shipments of nee and block·tin to the Straits. This port may be expected to d�v�lop a larger trade �h�"!ld the .impetus that has recently been given to the tin· mining and pearl-fishing mdustnes prove to be lasting. The export rice trade of Tavoy was also benefited durin� the year by demands for the Straits.

1�. The total value of the imports of private mcrchandize during the year Jmpon trade. was Rs. 10,50,o6,247. Of this trad.e, foreign im-

. . Po_rts represented 52·4 P.er cent. and imports .coast· wise 47'6 per cent. The �nnc1pal feature of the foreign trade was the falhng off to the value of 2 2 lakhs m the direct trade from the United Kingdom due to largely diminished imports of cotton piece-goods. On the other hand th

1ere was an extraordinary increase in the imports from the following countries : .:._

, . . � -'

! I

Austria Belgium France

lil9o-91. 1891-92. Hs. Ra

3,937 1,1.s,827 36,1 p 3,n,451 31.501 J.Oj,492 Gennany 1.po.836 3J.87.759 Holland 16,186 JJ.J7, 1

<16

This result is explained as being <lue in the case of Belguim, France, Germany, and Holland to more vessels having taken goods either direct for Rangoon from Antwerp, Marseilles, Bremen, Hamburg, and Rotterd:tm instead of vid the United K ingdom, or on through bills-of-lading. In the case of Austria, the latter explana· tion applies, a considerable quantity of the imports from that country having been received vid Singapore. Goods intended for the latter place but failing to find a market in the Straits are frequently shipped to Rangoon. The classes of goods represented by the figures given above were cotton twist, glassware, and hardware from Austria ; candles, cotton-goods, aniline dyes, glassware, paints, woollen �00ds ;mrl hnttn frnm f?r/f;1·11m ; "·"aring appar"l. hr:i.nd•-, \\ ;,.,.,. !': ' vi"ip:· ·• . ·t;•J cotton and silk piece-goods from France ; wearing apparel, ale, candles, glass,

•. earthen and hardware, machiney, matches, spirits, stationery, provisions, and woollen goods from Germa11y, and goods 0£ the same classes from Holland. The trade from the Mauritius fell off owing to no cocoanut-oil or sugar having been

. impvxtctl, and from China and the Straits Settlements smaller quantities of

various ki11J ::. of gouds usually shipped were recei\'ed. The imports of fish, both salted and unsalted , from the Straits were very large. Batourn kefl>sine-oil has disappeared from the Rangoon market, but the i rnports from America have not incr,..ased so much as was expected, only 200,000 gallons more than in 1 8<)0-9 1 h;ivirw bPPn import ed. The Uooer Burma earth-0il is now refined loc-:illy, :imi the produ�t beinn- cheaper than Ani'erican oil, is replacing chc latter to a certain extent.

19] . The valu1.: of the export trade of the year to countries in Europe was as shown below compared with the four previous Expert tr:irlc. years.

It was 26'4 per cent. larger than in 1 890-91 :-

United Kingdom France . . . G�any Italy Spain �:: ... . .. Other countries (Europe)

,_1887-88. , __ 18_8_8._89_._, __ '_s89-9o __ .

_

· 1 ·-·: I ,,.,..,

198. Thert was a substantial increase in. the direct expo�ts to the. United K!ng. dom, to which cotton, rice, rice-bran, cutch, hides, and teak·ttmber chiefly contnbu.

REPORT OH TH& ADMIHISTllATIOM C. BUaMA.

ted. France took about one-thir<l only or the quantity or ri.ce taken in 1890·5? 1 ; to · G.,,..,., 1 5,.87 tons of rice were sent direct, compared Mth 201 tons only an the

previous year, as well as large shipments of cutch, teak, and rice·bran. Italy too.k more cutch and hides and Spain more cutch and teak. The exports to Port Said and Malta merely represent shipments. by vessels directed t.here " .for orders." The produce they carrr, cutch, hides, nee-bran, teak, &c., be1�g ultimately destined for markets in al parts of Euro�. Some cutch �as shipped lt> Ho�la.nd and to Belgium ; no rice and only a little teak was sh1�ped for the Mauritius, Canada took 3,5;5 tons of rice, about the same quantaly as last year ; South A•trica took 7 1 ,625 tons against �s, 1 00 �ons ; the United. States 3,0 15 tons against 2,750 tons ; Japan took no nee against 65,388 tons an the year before. The Straits Settlements export trade from Burma fell off by 25·28 per cent., much less rice, rice-bran, cotton, and hides having been taken. Java took 1.046 tons of rice, and a considerable quantity of teak was shippd to iVatal and the Cape Colony. The exports to Ilengal and Bombay ft:ll off by 1 7 . takhs of rupees,

·· v chiefly in rice and teak, but there wa;; an increase in trade with Sind and Madras. �tJ. Less trade was done \\'ith no11-British Ports in India, as they required no rice. �7..i:t.fl. The trade between the several port;:; in Burma was active throughout the year.

· �- , Inland Trade. · -.)'�. ! � � 199. The trade between Lower Burma and Siam, Karenni, and the Southern ... "''¥} A 1 . . . Shan States is registered at eight frontier stations in

. , ..,,..� rrangements or its registration. the Amherst, Salween, and T:woy districts. That bt:-: "': \' tween Upper Burma and China, the Shan States, and the Kachin hills is recorded ,.., .,_ . · at five stations in the Meikt1la, Mandalay, and Bhamo districts. The value of I �· � . , this trade for the year 1 89 1 ·92 was Rs. 1 , 16, 1 3,774, or a net increase of 4·25 per

,, ' cent. over 1 890-9 1 . This increase was contributed by each portion of the trade except the export trade of Lower Burma, which was affected by the drought and scarcity in the northern part of Siam. The total trade of Lower Burma was, however, slightly above that of 1890-9 1 . The increase in the Upper Burma trade was equal to 8·47 per cent. in imports and 2·65 per cent. in exports.

200. The value of the Lower Burma inland trndt> wa-= Re: �;._:;q 7..i� rr R s L . 8 1 ,0 1 ,5 2 7 more than in 1 890-9 1 . The inland trade of .,,,.er urma. the Salween district is apparently on the decline, if

· . :/. the very great falling off, namely, 68 per cent . , in the import trade from Siam during r the year is of a permanent nature. The roads beyond the frontier are, however, ' bad and insecure. D. roughl au<l scaic.:ily have pre::vaile::J in Zimme ; the railway to

Mandalay has drawn away a portion of the Siamese trade ; traders now follow the Southern Shan States route which is secure and shorter than the Salwecn route. Some of these causes will affec( the Salween trade permanently, whereas others are of a temporary nature, and the trade of the district may the::rdore be expected to revive to a certain extent. ThP 'lll�ntity of timber fr0m Zio1 111t- and Karenni ttoatcd duw� the Salween to Moulmein was 70,868 tons valued at R<1 30, 7 1 ,462 comeared with 65,884 tun-; valued at Rs. 26,50,3l 1 in 1 890-9 1 . The increase was m Kart:nni timber 11nly. The imports into Lower Burma were ponies, cattle,

and silk goods and the exports cotton, silk and woollen piece-goods, and specie to pay for umber. .

:101 . The China trade is registered at Bhamo, Mannaung, and Sawadi. It Trade with China. tends to follow the Bhamo r�ute. The exports were

valued at Rs. 1 3,87,033 against Rs. 1 3,36,768, and the :-nport.; 1\t Rs. 6,97,452 aga:nst Rs. 7,39,6o7 m 1890-511. ��o l1ctdt: pctsst:d over the Sawadi route . There was a large decrease in the trade recorded at Mannaung, while the trade by Bhamo increased to rather more than an equivalent extent. 1 he imJ>Ort trade consists ofdonies and mules, rice, horns, hides, orpiment, and raw silk. The rice was imeorte on acc-ount of the scarcity of food in parts o{ Up�r Burma. E1tport1 consisted of pie..:e·goods, raw cotton, twist and yam, and wt. The exports of cotton were much smaller than usual owing to the failure of the crop.

202. The value. of the trade registered at Hlaingdet for the Southern and at T.- with die Sh:la St-.. Maymyo for the Northern Shan States � China

• was Rs. 4,59,01 7 and Rs. 33,10,524 agamst Rs. 4.64.479 and Rs. 30,01,770 in •B9c>-91 . Traders from the Southern �ban States

.• ,,

..

{ ·,

.... �) PUBLIC WORK.I (LOWl!R BURMA).

8!e sai<l . lo preft-r Pyawb" e to Hlaingdct as a trade terminus, and a new rqittra• tton. station has now been opened at Pyawbwe . The position of �he regiltering station at Maymyo has been changed to ensure the complete registration of the �orthern Shan States trade, part of which formerly escaped registration. The impo�ts and ex ports were of the usual character, ponies, mules, oeium, pickled tea, nee, salt, saltt:d fish , and piece-gonds. The quantities fluctuated m accordance with th� course of trade and of supply and demand, and there was no unusual feature m the trade except perhaps the large imports of rice which were wanted in Upper Burma, where food scarcity probably also affc.:ted ollu::r branches of trade.

203. The internal trade of the province in so far as it is carried by the river Internal trade of Burma. lrrawaddy and by the State railway is compiled from

c;tatistics furnishrd by the Irra\\.i.udy Flotilla Company and by the Railway Department. The boat trade by the Irrawaddy and Sittang was not registered during the year, but arrangements were made to re• open the bual 1 cgi::.lraliun stations at Allamnyo and Toungoo and the land re· gtstering stations in the Thayetmyo and Toungoo districts from Jst May 1892, and the registration of the traffic has been resumed accordingly.

The nver trade, as recorded, decreased by 5·69 per cent., while that by rail increased by 64·35 per cent. The proportion of the traffic carried by river was 68 per cent. and by rail 32 per cent. compared with 78·8 per cent. and 2 1 ·2 per cent. in 1 890-9 1 . The decrease in the river trade of the year is attributed to the large falling off in the quantity of timber ttoated down the Sittang. The chiet articles of import were cotton, cutch, wheat, gram and pulses, oil,, and oil-seeds, provisions, sugar, miscellaneous goods :ind cattle. Tht: exports consisted of coal and coke, cotton twist and yarn and piece-goods, wheat, p:i<ldy, rice, metal and metalware, oils, provisions, salt, silk, betelnuts, sugar, and tobacco. The trade under various heads was interfered with by the scarcity in Upper Burma, where the people had less money to spend on luxuries in consequence of the failure of their crops.

Public Works (Lower Burma). · · :.:04.� '·.i h" a<l.11i1il::.U<l'liu1I oi )juliiit: works 111 L:ppcr and Lower isurma. as

controlled by a Chief Engineer assisted by fout G�neral. ?uperintending En�ineer�, the o�ly change from the

previous year being the app01ntment of � Supermtend!ng Eng!�e�r �o the charge of the Fourth Circle in pl;ire of a S11pPnl'ltendent of \\ o;ks. l h:s circle was permanently sanctioned by the Secretary of State for India from the 19th December 1 892.

205. The total outlay in Lower Bu.rma for �he year fro'!1 all sources o!1 public works 1s shown m the following statement ; it

Expenditure under all he:ids. amounted to Rs. JS,9-4-,822 against a final grant of u s �o oo 1 1 - -1 .... e correspon<l!:1:..'. li.«ures ior iast y·car were K.s. "0, "6, 2 2 1 and l'- • .,. ' ' ::>· .. � ,.., J J Rs. ;�o.Go,825.

- -·- , l'!Pt•• ,t.

Departmental headl.

-----lginal wortt ...

aln ttabl lib mcnt•' ... ... oolo ao4 Plant ... ad D<partmcat-

N,,. 1oppll<& ... !!cfain aacl <111Tlal• Bttabliobmcat ... ta£<1 1oti" ...

... Total npcacllt•"' I• Eoelaacl i., nchaoec ...

Ntt 011t1a1 •• 1ac11a Tou.l final Graaf.I

... ...

... ...

...

... ...

... ...

...

...

... ... ...

i .. • ...

l 0 •

i v --- -R•. Ila.

71,190 r,51111? 15,658 1$.109

11,841 s6...,J6 1.406 75'

11,670 ... 3 .. 65 -..... - 19:""1 ... ... ...

-- -1,u,517 t,J�141

46Jl0 I ... ... oo,u1 I 1,11,517 ·-;.;;-I 65,.IOO a,tO,SOO

P•Nf'IJllf"IAt.

l · i " 1 h I� � G :i:: -- -

Ro. Ro, 11,5N,o,1 !,7�,168 7.o<!.6S• lp).)10 3,7J.488 r-60,JJl po.1.a Jll.••7

... ... ... ... 60.334 1.11s

611 ... 13.40.J83 .....,.514

.. -... ... •3.'0,.0IJ .....,., .. •J.77,6911 o,+11,So)

hr'Ht'1'1 n11' J.OC .\t.

l • :l " M .i ... 11 -i .; � = ;: - 7. ;:; :i::

--· - -Ro. Rt.

·.�0 •• 1 1 1,571 8J,13J •,l•s 5J,7d• 6JS •.59• • • ... . .. ... ...

··· � ... . .. ... . ..

t,117.t•6 •.Na � :�Mt •:i.-

'fbl aboTc fi&"'" arc nc:latltt of tbc Jlu&oo• Military Worll• Dl•l•loa.

� j li I ! • .:3 - ·- --Ra. Ra. •4.PJO ,. .......

·--7,u1 4'"4 0.....-... t.ao.m ... ·� -... ..-... I . ..... ... . .. -

1S.154 I ........ ... 4"* ... . ., ... 351•54 -....... sa.an _ ...

18

• <

UPOltT ON THI ADMINISTUTION Cl' ltlltMA. , ........ d. All Special Defence and ord inary Military works at Rangoon are now

carried out under the Military Works Department, so Mnw, workl. that the expenditure in the Rangoon Public W orb division under this head was practically nothing. The only divisions where any considerable expenditure was incurred were Thay�tmyo and Tc;>Ungoo. . .

The otdinary Military works undertaken dunng the year 1n the former dlVl· sion were-

(i) A,.moHrtr's s.lrop.-Estimate Rs. 8,ooo. Expenditure during the

' 1·· .•

. '

. I.

year Rs. 6.732. (2) Reconstructing Military Prison, Thayetmyo.-Estimate Rs. 50,000.

Expenditure during the year Rs. 5 1 ,o67. In November 189<> the original building was burnt, only the brick walls being left standing. The work was completed during the year.

(3) Quarters for Apothecary.-Estimate Rs. 5,7 1 9. Expenditure during the year Rs. 4,773. ·

(4) P11ed revetment 111aii to protect Thayetmyo Fort from ri1Jer en· croachment -Estimate Rs. 5,037. Expenditure durin� the year Rs. 3,040. Rupees 2 ,000 were spent on the work dunng 1 89<>· 9 1 , which was completed during the year at a cost of about Rs. 5,000.

At Toungoo the following Imperial Military works were completed :-( 1 ) Constructing quarters /<>r Bandmaster and Schoolmaster, Br:'tish

/nfantry.-Estimate Rs. 8,400. The work was completed at a cost of Rs. 8,39 1 .

(2) Raising stophutts on £14ropean Infantry and Native Infantry rijle ranges.-Estimate Rs. 3,334. The total cost on completion was Rs. 3,397.

Military works.

On original works v1cn�p::nrs · -· ...

207. The total expenditure on Military works during the year was as follows : -

Total

Rs.

17.1qo �s.6SS

Add for Establishment, Tooli and Plant Battack furniture

Civil buildings. 208. In the R.mgoon division the following large wo!'ks were continued during the year :-

( 1) Constr_ucting a Central 'tail fnr 2, nnn prisMer! at !nsein.-The t:snmate amounts to Rs. 8, 70,000 and the expenditure to the end of the year was Rs. 6141,452. The work was commenced in December 1 889. The plan is a hexadecagon of 69o feet exter· nal radius. There are four main wards, solitarr. cells, hospital, granary, store, worksheds and necP.ssary 011t-bu1ldings, entrance offices, quarters for Jailor and Deputy Jailor, guard-room and quarters for four work overseers. An enclosure wall 1 9 feet high surrounds the whole. It is expected that the jail will be complete<! and rt-ady for occupation on the 3 1 �t Mar 1 893. Eight hundred prisoners were sent to the jail on the 1 st j uly.

(1) Constructing nn PulJ/ic Offices, Rang-oon.-Actual work on this important building was begun in January 189<>. By the end of March 1892 all the brickwork was completed except three comer turrets of the east end block, the drum of the dome, the comer turrets, and the upper portion of the third floor of the west end block. The chief items remainin� to be done are the fitt� of punlcahs, &c., and the construction of out-houses. A rev1Sed estimate is being prepared for this work, the expenditure being to the 3 1 st March Rs. 5,53,97 S against an estimate of Rs. 51321325.

I "1

.. .�\ ' .. ,,;, *' . J . ., 1

• l ... �:I � "'},: ':�.� � .r ' .

.11'1-ttJ PUIUC WOIUCI (LOWll. BUAMA). ,, 209- Besides these two large works numerous small works were carried out, the most imJ>?11ant of these being- '

Connecting al� the Government buildings in the town of Rangoon with the drainage system and fitting them with necessary water-clotett and appliances, completed at a cost of Rs. a9 ,581. Manufacture of bricks at Koning for new Govemme�t House. Ru� 56, 162 were spent on this work.

Enlarging the gra�ary, Rangoon Central Jail. The cost of this work, completed m M arch , was Rs. 1 5,963. Barracks fo_r .5� reserve gu,ards, lnsein Jail, cost Rs. 5 ,526. . In the Arakan dms1on Myooks Court-houses where finished at Myeblln and An. A Deputy Commissioner's Court-house, thana and treasury were put ia

progress at �andoway, the.old building having been burnt. by dacoits in 189<> . . A dormitory for 50 prisoners and workshed for thC" Jail at Sandoway, with granary for 1 .000 baskets of paddy at one end of the workshed, was commenced before the close of the year, and further buildings for the K yaukpvu Jail were completed or in progre�s at the end of 1 892. These consisted ol a walled-in work-yard, which was finished at the beginning of the year, and an office and guard-house, which are in progress and which are estimated to cost Rs. 10,47:J, of which Rs. 5,965 has been spent.

In the Henzada division the work-' enlarging Henzada Jail '-has been corn· pleted at a cost of Rs. 9,626 agcii11:.l au estimate of Rs. 9,570. A combined Court-house and thana were nearTy completed at 6kpo.

Barracks for military police were construckd at Ma-ubin at a cost of Rs. I I ,873 against an estimate of Rs. 1 1 , 735 .

A police guard was built at Kyangin and police barracks have been started at Henzada which are estimated to cost Rs. 9,990 .

In the Tharrawaddy division a police guard with office at Shwedaung for the District Superintendent of Police is m progress, the amount of the estimate being Rs. 6,543, and an office for the Executive Engineer was complded during the ye.ar at a cost of Rs. 5,086.

111 tile '1'hay1.:tmyu d1\i:.1u11 lilt: jdii ouiiumgs begun dunng the previous year were complded ; these consisted of a granary and Jailor's quarters, while the old Jallor's quarters were converted into a female ward. Six police tbanas were con:.tructed in the district at a cost of Rs. 14,248.

J\t Toungoo a strong-room fvr the Civil Treasury was built, also a post office and Pn,.tmaster's quarters and a Municipal school was erected at Shwegyin. A new police office was put up also here in place of the old one, which was considered unsafe.

In the Amherst division a Myook's Court-house was built at Paung ; a combined Court-house and thana was beeun at K vaikmara. At Zathahvin anci Virtnri� Point police thanas were built. 1\t the latter place qu<u t1::1s f�r au Ass1slant Commi::;siouer, at an estimated cost of Rs. 1 1 ,466, ha\·e been nearly completed.

There were no Civil Buildings of importance constructed in the Pegu and Basscin division,; during the year.

2 1 0. The total expenditure on Civil Buildings in Lower Burma from Provin-cial funds was : -

Original works Repairs

Total

Communications. 2 1 1 . The total length of road communications

maintained in Lower Burma during the year was u under :--

Metalled roads .. . Unmetalled roads, raised and bridged Serviceable fair-weather and temporary roads

Bridle-pat ha Total

MRet. :� 656 5:ao

:1,737H

'

�-'•

.-

,., • ... _ ..... ;� ) • 'T ···� . .

, � .. , '· .

UPORT OH THI AOMIN15TRATIOH OP BURMA,

Seven and-a-half miles of metalled road and 28i miles of raised, bridged, but unmetalled roads were opened during the year, a total of 36 miles in all.

In the Rangoon division the foot-path connecting villages along the railway line from Hlawga to lnsein was taken in hand. . Certain portions of the Dalla· Tunt� road between Dalla and Kamb�, which are liable to be flooded by high spring tides, were raised, and after the raised earthwork has settled, a 3-foot metalled pathway will be put down. The foot-path bridges on the above road were also replaced by timber bridges.

A foot-path was completed between Kungyang6n and Kyaungdeik, whilst others were started between Hmawbi and Bo!Onzcik and Shwcli and 8ol6nzeik.

In the Arakan division a bridge over the Nhin chaung on the Sandoway· Kunmaw road was replaced. This work was delayed owing to trouble given by the stumps and remains of former bridges, which nece:.:.ild.Lt:J lht: rt:·lifling of the piles in many cases. The first section of the Minbya-Taungpu aoad was completed, while in the second section the bridges were constructed and 4 miles of earthwork finished.

In the Bassein division nothing of importance was done. In the Henzada division the 7th and 8th miles of the marginal bund at

Henzada were retired, a work which became necessary owing to the erosion of the river bank during the flood of 1 890.

The raising and strengthening of the Nyaungyaung road and improvements to the Ngawnn and Jrrnwaddv embankments were carried out. The second section of the Myanaung-Mata�ngda road was completed, and the third section is now in progre�s. Bridges were completed over the Natmaw and Acha creeks.

In the Tharrawaddy division a masonry bridge estimated to cost Rs. 4,433 was begun over the Myole chaung and a bridge over the Nr.wun chaung on the Prome·Myede road was commenced. The iron girder bndge over the Kala chaung in the town of Shwedaung was completed at a cost of Rs. 20,049.

In the Thayetmyo division 5 miles of the Thambulla road were metalled. In the Toungoo division work was completed on the Pyu-6kpyat road and part of the Pyuntaza-Kad6t road was improved. In the Pegu division the road from B.1 .• 1 tv • �1.an1gp6n \\..LS to1l"iph... • ..:<l at a �o:.l vi 1(:.. 1 0,500 ; 1t 1:. 4t miles in iength. A bridge over the Thabya chaung on the K yaikto- Bilin road was commenced, its estimated cost being Rs. 36,3831 and a bridge over the Hmawun creek was built at a cust of Rs. 9,088 and work on t\vo other small roads was carried on. In the Amherst division bridges were built over the Ootoo and Kozeik chaungs. These works g;rve much trouble owing to the treacherous nature of the soil. The Ta· danngu bridge was commenced, four small roads were improved, and the Shwe· gu-Hlaingbwe road was proceeded with.

2 1 2. The total expenditure in Lower Burma on communications during the year was from all sources-

On original works O:i repairs .••

Ra. 2,75,461 6,311,01u

213. The Pegu division contains the largest and most important works of this lrr·gai· nc1 N . 1. class. The Abha flood-escape on the Pegu-Sittang 1 JOn a av1ga ion. l fi • d · f R 8 h cana was ms e at a cost o s. 21 1 ,70�, t e

�stimatf�d cost being Rs. '..' , ;2,24 1 . This work was furthe!' st"ength�ned as it was found that, owing to the action of springs, water passed under the floor of the escape. The work was completed and the floods were discharged through the esc.1pe ; it was then discovered that water still passed through under the floor. Further steps were taken later, however, which appear to be successful, the floor having been cut through longitudinally and puddled clay tramped in under· neath it. The construction of the lock at Wimpadaw, at an estimated cost of Rs. 1 ,43, 196, was proceeded 1Vith, the total expenditure being Rs. 84142+ The excavation and masonry floor are finished and the wall5 commenced. A sum of Rs. 10,319 was spent in deepening the r st and 2nd mile of the Pegu-Sittang canal. In the Amherst district the waterways between certain creeks were cleared.

•lt•-t•.J PUllLIC WORKS (UPPER BURMA). 73 In tne Bassein division the Ngawun embankment had to be retired and 1trength· ened in places .

. The Municipal bu�d at Ngathainggyaung was raised and protected from erosion by groynes during the year, and a puddled wall of clay was made along the centre of the bund. J n the Henzada division there was a certain amount of work done in strengt�e�ing, raising, and retiring the embankments in that district. A small amount of s1�dar work was done in the Toungoo division.

The total expenditure on works under Irrigation and Navigation for the year � �n- h

" On repair> .. . . . . 27, On origi.

nal works . . . . . . . r,29,�7 Establishment, Tools and Plant ... 1,�9.

fotal .. • l,86,261 2 1 4. The most important work under this head is the construction of an iron

light -house on Oyster Island, which has bePn corn· Miscellaneous Public lmprove- plcted at a cost of Rs. 2,05,02 1 a.aai ns t an estimate mcnts. ,...,

ot .Rs. 2 ,50,463. The work was designed by Sir James Douglass. The light was used first on the 1 1 th May. An inn. wharf was also constructed for facili t v of landing materials durin" construction ; it was corn·

,ii. pleted during the year for 'Rs. :i5.879 against an ef>tiffi"ate of Rs. 2 7,926. In the Basscin Ji , i::.iun t he construct ion of a tidal observatory at Diamond

·:... . Island was the only major work under this head. The work has been delayed . . . as di,·ing apparatus had tn be procured for use on the work in connection with � the blasting of the channel for the supply pi pe. In the Henzada division a �] bazaar was erected at Kyaiklat , j etties and landing-steps at \\'akcma, while a jetty

-� and swing bridge at Pra?on have been begun. :�� The total expenditure for t he year under this head is as follows :-� - "i-1 ,. Rs. -�, • . '..�·

' . 0 On work, ... , . :.:,... • . .. .. · • ...... . . ,. � .. . ... 1,9634,2� -. . 1 t • · n repair> . . . • . . . . '!P • . • . ..,....,, , •• 1;· - ii: l•

'fo1al � -· •. -··

•r � �,. :;-: • • . • • · 2,Jl.J09 't(. :!..

· ; Public Works (Upper Burma). 1 ; 2 1 5. During 1 h�) 1 -92 the arrangement as regards cir�les �as �h� .sarn� as in

• 1 • • • · I) t he previous year. The Chmdwm d1v1s1on m the Gen .. ral . Second C ircle was spl it into two divisions named the

Upper and Lower Chind ll'in divisions, with headquarters _at Kin�at and Monywa r�spcctivPly. A new di\' i-;io11 w;i.; fnrnwd ?f .t he \� unth0 St<�te, with hC?'1dquarters at 'Vunt ho. This division lies in the 'J h1rd Circle and ns format10n became nece::;sary on the annexat ion nf the Wunthn territory.

� 16. �fhc v�:?:::; f:-0:71 .1.! ! .. 1 �i:-:-:r:; i; c:�h:!1;�(;� :r. �?&: f,1!! �1"·.-ir.5 .>ta.tcn1cnt. J: · am 1 1unted to Rs. " :; ,87 .780 aga in't a final grant of fap�nJi:..... !{,,. 55 . 27 , 197. Tht: corresponding figures last yr-ar

� were Rs. 44.,39, 1 23 and Rs. H..+ j '-(56 respecti,·ely :-

Orl11nal •·orb Rcv;.irs F.1cabl11hmcnc Too11 and Plant Barrack l>CJJO.rtmcut-

Ncw 1npJ1llu. . . Rt.:jJ::..iu anJ "''"l•t;:c E1ta1Jll1hmcnt

Su1pc:n1e Profit •n<I ,.,.,

OcJucl ca�ntl1turc 10 En;:land Lots by tl<'har.gc ...

Nd ouUa\· in India Tot:il firU.I Gr.:mts

Total

I I '"'t.:4JM .. UMATID I 1----lwrui.L. l-M-,no-,-1 "' " J ��:•· lr_ota.� I M1llt:H) Ci\ll I v.ork• and Ch·ll worh. l "'urks. v.ortt. 1\a,1ga· t1on.

--- --- J--- ----11---... 1 t.�::197 t ,,!!;;�56 1 1,00,('JS 4,fS,586 ·· I J,o6,66J .s.01,9J8 ... IJ.•7• 1 bJ,175 ... 1 JJ,JO<) • • • 1 10, i,11 ::: I •.•

o. 1 -

••• I� n,,;;;;-1 -.-.. -

R.. I 4,S9,30l :..s•,689 •,•5.967 1 u,u8

... I sllo

IU. 11,178

1,911 4,4.,

1117

10,0\507 ---,;--�,�1.1•• ·�· ::.,., I .;.711 ... - IJ.1'7 I '""·'"

--------The abo�-arc i'du11�c

of the lloaAdaLar MUlt.ary Wmk1 41vlttoa. 19

74 lll!POllT ON THI! ADllllNISTllATION OP BUlll\IA.

217. The chief Military works in Upper Burma were carried out in the . Myingyan, Lower Chindwin, Wuntho, Shwebo, and

Miiitary worka. Meiktila divisions. Military works at Mandalay were carried out, as during the previous year, by the Military Works Department.

The princi_pal works in the M yingyan division under this head completed or put in hand dunng the year were-

Stables for transport animals and barracks for Commissariat and Trans· port followers at Myingyan. The cost was Rs. 1 4, 18o against an estimate of Rs. 14,000.

Laying out new cantonment at Myingyan. Rupees 10,383 were spent during the year on the work.

Four full company Native Infantry barracks and Band barracks ";:h out-houses at Myingyan. Cost Rs. 57,947 against an estimate "f Rs. 56, 1 16.

Four half-company British Infantry barracks with out-houses at Myin· gyan. Cost Rs. 87,o1 2.

Four blocks of double unit first-class temporary Officers' quarters with temporary out-houses at Myingyan. Cost Rs. 23,309.

First-class temporary hospital with out-houses and quarters for Hospital Assistant and followers, Native Infantry at Myingyan. Rupees 12 , 148 were spent on this work.

Besides these works a mess-house for British Officers, a Sergeants' mess for British Infantry, Regimental and Quartermaster's stores, Armourer's shop, temporary quarters for one Conducto1·, one Transport Sergeant, and one Supply Sergeant, with out-offices and other smaller buildin�s, were built during the year.

In the Upper Chindwin temporary accommodation for the garrison at Kalewa was started. In the Lower Chindwin division four barracks and one hospital were put in hand at MJokon Hill, Gangaw, the hospital and two barracks being f'Omplt>tecl at a rmt 0f R!' Jo,.i 76. f1n;;:.rterc; for Cnmm?n<l;nb Offit (•r c.nci thrct; unit quarters for Officers were completed at the same place for Rs. 3,667. The following barrack accommodation was completed at M6nywa :-

Two barracks for 100 men each, One barrack for 52 followers, One hospital for 20 patients, Quarters for Native Officers, One store-room, One quarterguard,

and under another estimate the following hnil�ingci were p!'c"ided : -1 wo barracks, 1 80' x 40', with fittings. Quarters for two British Othcers. Quarters for four Native Offict>rs. Flooring hospital �;th junglewood planks.

A mess-house and out-houses was also built at M6nywa. All the above Military buildings were built of temporary materials and the total outlay was not very large.

I n the Bhamo division a general magazine at Bhamo was completed at a total ct st of Rs. 1 9,002.

An institute for British lrifantry was made by certain additions and alterations in two of the existing barracks.

The roads in Fort C were completed at a total cost of Rs. 1 7,45� Several other works of utility were carried out during the year. Ssx wells were

dug in Fort C, jungle was cleared for latrine pits, and a road made to the same, and a sum of Rs. 91468 was spent in stubbin1t jungle round Fort C at Bhamo.

In the Katha division the post at Mansi was completed which was begun in the previous year. A mule-track from Banmauk to Mansi and a cart-road from Mawteik to Maui, which were begun during the Wuntbo expedition, were com• pleted.

' · '

..

lr • •

• . . ,• .

•,

.... '91J • PUBLIC WORKS tUPP�R BURMA� 75 In the Wuntho div�sion temP._?rary barracks for Native Infantry were com·

pleted at Wuntho and Pmlebu, nultlary police posts were built at Nanugum and Chaungz":uk, an� three cart-roads were made ; they were-fhr Smgon-Wuntho road. Cu:.t Rs. 20,6o5.

Wuntho·Pinlebu road. Cost Rs. 26,7 10. Taungma�-Kawlin road. Cost Rs. 8,543.

The Wuntho-Pmlebu road was further improved and bridged at a cost of Rs. 37,247.

All the above works were started during the Wuntho expedition. In the Shwebo division the following Military buildings were completed at

Shwebo :-Magazi11i; for four companies, Native Infantry. Ma�azine fur British Infantry. Brittsh Infantry mess-house and out-houses. Hospital with out-houses for women of the British Infantry.

·· , Commissariat godowns.

· .. ;, J �� . • � Day-rooms for British Infantry .

. ... !-' $.. 1'4,.,. \.: Two blocks of two unit Officers' quarters with out-houses, Native Infantry. · .' , ,'.��". J�� Two half-company barracks with out-houses, British lnf<..ntry,

-.'9"'. Family quarters for a battalion of British Infantry. ' W � , ;• Medical Officer's quarters with out-houses. J Commissariat Officer's quarttrs with out-houses.

1n addition to the above buildings there were many improvements carried out in the cantonment. Trees were planted along the roads and some roads were metalled and improved.

In the Kyaukse division barracks and Officers' quarters for a detachment of Native Infantry were completed with out-houses at Taunggyi. Cost Rs. 30,598.

Temporary Military buildings were constructed at Bampon (Mone) and others were started at Fort Stedman. t�· ·�· I n the M eiktila division the following buildings were completed durin� the

�� " � .. � 1.,�d;--�o.t �I"'1Kd}J. :-... 4<ti . ""- !of,�· ' ,.. S a.·• ·-.; '�,..,_. ·· Bntish I nfantry armourer's shop. r �- ·-;.. Native I nfantry armou�er's shop. . � �...,· •,r · One Llock of two umt quarters with out-houses for Senior Medical

� -�" r � Officer. Cost Rs. 1 1 ,245.

· . �; · � � � l Four fir._t-class temporary company barracks and out-houses for Native ?· ; . � ' · ,:.: ., • . I nfantry. Cost Rs. 43,938 .

. · ; �'... Quarterguard and lock-up for Native Infantry.

� •f Bakery, kneading-room, and store-�oom . . �. • : -t -� ·� First-class tuuporarv barracks '\nth out-houses for the band, Native ; ' � . l11ld11uy.

. . � .. .. - . , . '.1« 1. ·� ;__, Fir!'t·dac;c; tempnrary stables, Nat�ve Infantry. � :• , _ Three tempurary barracks for Na:1ve Infantry.

• ' · .First-class temporary quarters for a Conductor, Commissariat Depart• ment.

Commanding Officer's quarters with out-houses. Cost Rs. 1 8,002. Orderly-room, Adjutant and Quartermaster's offices, and. store-ro?m. First-class temporary mess-house for headquarters wmg, Native In·

fantry. . . . Block of 1 2 family quarters with out-houses for Bntish infantry. Cost

Rs. 29,0 18. . First-class temporary quarters for followers of Native Infantry. Quarters for followers British Infantrv.

In addition to the above, �ork was put in.

hand on the following buildings at Meiktila :-

First-class temporary build�ngs f.or the Transport Department. First-class temporary hosp�tal �th out-houses. . First-class temporary hospital with out-houses, Native ln!antry. Two block;; of two unit first-class temporary quarters with out-houses

for Officers, Native Infantry.

RLrORT ON THE ADMINISTRATIO� OF BURMA.

. . . . 2 1 8. The Civil Building!l in tipper Burma are all C.ml Builchngs. aid for from I mperial Funds. In the Minbu division the principal work done was in connection with the

new jail. The enclosure wall, female ward, under-trial w�rd, t�o worksheds, Jailor's quarters, store-room, and part of the granary were built during the year at a cost of Rs. 63,045. . ·

The jail at Mvingyan wa!I complett:d during the year ; the total cost has been Rs. 3,84,592 ; a gianary and store-room were also constructed. The temporary buildings in Pagan jail were replaced by permanent ones at a co�t . of �s. 20,�92 and additional buildmgs were put up at a cost of Rs. 1 7 ,640. C1v1l police buildi11gs were completed at Pakokku , and a thana, cook-house, and lavatory at Myingy;m .

Myo6ks' Court-houses were built at Natogyi, Sale, and Pakukku. I n the Upper Chindwin di\•ision the District Jail at Kindat was commenced,

also a Tdegraph office, cemetery, new military police lines, and a bungalow for the Deputy Commissioner. ln. the Lower C hindwin there were no works of importance . In the Bhamo divisinn the District Jail on the Kindat pattern was begun. A military police post was cc,nstructed at Mannaung, and quarters for an Assi3tant Commissioner and Police Officer at Mogaung are being started.

In the Katha division the jail , on the Kindat pattern , was proceeded with,

the expenditure to date being Rs. 50,323. Permanent barracks for ci\'il police and a combined blockhouse and thana were erected at Katha. A telegraph office was also built.

In the Ruby Mines division little new work was started ; the buildings left incomplete last year were finished. They consisted chiefly of buildings for military and civil police, barracks and a hospital being completed at Mogok.

At �hwebo the Chaplain's quarters were finished. The wall of the jail and the necessary buildings mside the enclosure were completed at a total cost of Rs. 68,056. Subdivisional Court-houses were built at Kinu and Male on the standard plan. A temporary Roman Catholic church was built at Shwebo.

fn tfi, 'f "'tn(1?'-'y r•:.,-:t d; ·.·;_,i '�1 .:t � � ... : . u . id}; l' , f \vurk� \1.'Lit: '- ..:d � i(.<l �Jut, tht· mGst im portant being-

.. - : ........ >

.., .'

Alterat ions, additions, and extensions to Mandalay Jail. This work was dune on two esti mates. The jail is nov. practically complete in all re· quir<'ments.

Construc!;,.,n of Courts and offices for the Judicial Commissioner and Commi�sioner, Mandalay, with subsidiarv buildings. This is a large masonry building. The cost wa� Rs. 3s,090.

Construction of Residency for the Supcrinten<lt:nt, Northern Shan States, Lashio. This work is :\bout twn-thirfl., �""'"' •l-r rri<:t bri;;a Rs. 23,663.

, - . - · �

in addition to the above works, a d�k bungalow and Public Works office ;-:;ere built ;.� S.:.E: ... ing, SutJ:visiuual an<l Pvli1,;i:: Gwl:er's quarters at M yotha and a Subdivisional Court-house at Pyinulwin. ' ·

New out-houses were constructed for Government House at Mandalay and a Seni'>r Chaplain's residence was built at a cost of Rs. 10,9 12 .

A water-supply scheme t o Government House, Mandalay, was fitted up during the year.

In .he Kyaukse division there were no new works ot importance. In the Meiktila division quarters with out-houses were constructed for the Popce Officer at Wundwin. Three combined Myooks' Court-houses and thanas with defencible basements were finished at Meiktila road, Mahlaing and Pindale. A civil hospital was built at Meiktila. At Pyawbwe quarters for one Subdivisional Officer and one Police Officer were built. The temporary jail at Yamethin was converted into a permanent jail for 1 1 2 prisoners. The work was not quite finished at the dose of the year, expenditure to date heing Rs. 52,�5 against an estimate of Rs. 58,or4. Nine blocks of married quarters were built for the military police at Yamethin. Work \\·as also started on the froposed residence for the Commis· sioner, Eastern Division, at Meiktila and civi police lines at Meiktila road.

.. -

. t�

' ...

I

PUBLIC WORKS (t:PPER BURMA� 77 The total expenditure on Original Works, Civil Buildings (excluding Establishment, Tools and Plant) was during the year-

L '

On works On rcp:iir•

Ra. y,5S,3ii6 1,18,133 '•

Tot:il

2 1 9. Owing to the famine which occurred during the ye;;,-a larger number Communications. of roads were undertaken t h::m would otherwise have

been the case. In the Minbu �ivision the most im portant road was the Taun�d•ingyi

Natmauk road, �n w.h1ch R�. 56,�08 was expended. A numht>r nf small roads were const ructt:d as .Famme .R�l_ief \\ orks, the .total spent on t h .. m being Rs. J t , 1 1 5.

L n the Mymgyan cl1v1�1on no ro�ds of 11nportance were made. Rupees 52,850 was spent on famllie .Rd1�f Operat10n<; (Communication<;) however.

I n the Upper Chmdwm roads were raised and metalled in Kindat and the raising of the road from Pyintha ghat towards Fort White was compl�ted at a cost of Rs. 27 ,782 ..

. I n the Low�r C�indwin divi�1on Rs. 5 r ,965 was spent on Famine Relief Oper· at10ns (�ommunications), the c}i;ef under�aking being thC' Bu<lalin·Maungdaung road, wluch cost Rs. 1 9, 787. l he road 1s not yet completed, but gran:I has been collected.

In the Wunlho diYi�ion two bridges were built Mcr the Dondok and Daun· gyo chaungs, and the little work remaining on th" Tigy.1ing-K awlin road was completed. The cost of this work hCl.s been Rs. 2,07 ,800 from the commencement.

l n the Ruby Mines divi;;ion the Ruby l\lim•s road was widened and the old junglewood bridges have been replaced by permanent teak bridges. The Kin bridge, a 6o-feet trus� bridge, was finished during the year. The road has cost Rs. 8,05,697 to date. The expenditure <luring the year amounted to Rs. 98,704.

I n the Shwebo division the princi pal roads on which work was undertaken were the Ye-u-Taba\'in, Tantahin.:i\fal.'- ;inr. Yl'-11 -K ir1 · ..... . . ] ,: Tb · h:1 » ;· 1 . . n"1' -; \ �-u " i1 h tii. rr1.1iwa y. l he roa<l ha,; been constructed, but consolidation remains to be di10e. Rupees 60,48 1 was sp .. .:nt on the work this year. The expenditure on Fam .ne Relief Operations (Communicatil>ns) was Rs. 66,457, of which Rs. 22,438 was spent on a road from Kinu tu Kabwet .

, � ,; 1 11 tl1t: :Vlandalay Civil division the most important work is the Maymyo-, · · Lashio road \\' ork was completed on the f1ro.;t <>ection at a cost of Rs. 43,6o4 from

·�

commcnccme1 t l , anJ 1111 tht: scc0ml section at a r<''-l (•f Rs. i i ,622 from commence· tnC'nt. \\' ork \\':tS continue<l llll the two rcmaini 1 1g sections, an<l three inspection bungalO\Vi wnf' ! 1uilt 011 the fourth scr.ti1ll1 an<l . . �hers \\ 1..r..: i.>uilt at Chaungzon and Thibaw. Mat erials for the two rrirnl'r hrin ct''" h'l\'I' h""" rAlli>rti>�

Tla.: l· a111i 1 1e l{d1d Upcrations ( �ommu111cations) in 1 h�s rl1\•1sion wP.re ron· fir11.:J tu t i 11 . .: Sagaing <l1slncl, where Rs. 8,832 was spent durm� the yca_r.

In the K yauksl: division metal has been collected on 1 he hrst section of the Myingyan-Fort Stedman road ; in the second section a gnn� deal of :ock bl�st. ing has been done and t he Nam pandet bridge completrd ; m the third section also good progress has hem made. These three sectio_ns are open to cart traffic.

The Kyaukse-Chaungwa road up to the Samon nver has been completed, and a tru-;sC'd bri<lgc of two ..;pans of 6o feet and four spans of 20 feet was con· str . • �ted nver the Panlaurtg r:·:cr. .

I n the Meiktila division there were no roads of importance constructed except those made as famine relief works, th� mo�t important being the YamethinHlawbon road the Yindaw-Kyindim roa<l, tlw �lahlaing-Wundw\n road, the Nyaun�?-yan-Yi� cfaw road, and th� ' '.eiktila-\\:uncJwin road, the total expenditure on Famine Operations (Communications) hanng been Rs. 1 ,85,702., .

220. Thr length of road commumcat1ons open in Upper Burma at the end of the year was-Minor.

Ii) Md:illcd ro:td� ·· · . 1 i i ) Un11wtaJ;<�I. hut r"i'�d :111tl lmch;<:'d r01ads . . .

(i'i) Sen ;,;c;,l>!<! fair-wcatlic1 and ttmpvr:ir) rraJ,

(i\•) Bridle-paths ...

Mi1". ... l14l . . . 1,3871 . .. yoSf

l79

20

KEPORT ON TH. ADMIN ISTRATION OF BURMA,

The length opened during the year was as follows :-

Metall� roads . . . · · · Unmctallcd, but rniscd and bridged roads Suviccable fair-weather and temporuy roads Bridle-paths

Total

Mrlet. 149t .. . SJOt ... :r•nt

145

... 1,1ut 2 2 1 . One of the most noteworthy features of the year un�er. rt:v!t:w was the

. . . . repair of many of the old Burmese imgat10n schemes lmgatron and Navigation. as Famine Relief Works. These works, besides

affording wages and food to the inhabitant� of distressed distric�s, help to safeguard the country in years of drought by storing up whatever rainfall t here may be, and by arranging for its .economical distribution �o

. _the ��ops. Such works

were largely undertakt:n 1n t 1 1_t: K yaukse a!1d Me�kt1la .d1v1s1ons,. 67 sc�en�es having been completed by Mr. L1tsti>r, Executive Engmeer, m the Me1kttla district at a cost of Rs. 2,6o,306. The works consisted chiefly in repairing the bunds of old tanks and providing esca;;c· channels and sluice�. Some weirs of ston� c�ibwork were also built, the water held u p by them bcmg taken on to the cult1vat1on by canals dug for the purpose. The largest works carried out as famine relief works were in the Meiktila district-

The �1yin � The M\•in canal

c�t. R,, 00,799 , • The Nvaungbinla �

· "'( i _;. / • The Pyaukoby:i canal

12 OOO 15.6o� 13,140

· -�;; 'f The Py:iukohya �� "J'+ r ·� � Th� Wundwin � ·· .-, In the Yamcthin district Rs.

• -:· end of the year.

8,&>o 10,530

1 , 1 6,477 were spent on similar works u p to the ·� Yi As regards ordinary works, there was no very large expenditure. A certain

amount of work was completed on the Mu Canal scheme in the Shwebo division, and surveys were continued an<l flood observations taken. I nspection bunga-' .. . ··1 1 • \'.. ,) ;. . ,. , ,-;,; ..

In the Mandalay Civil divisio,9-_ the surveys of the Nyaungyan and Minhla tanks and of the Madaya project were continued. In the Sagaing subcivision some small famine works were begun.

In the Kyaukse divi.,ion the improvements to the headworks of the Samar canal cost Rs. 1 1 ,5 1 0 during the year.

In the .\Ieiktila division the Kyaukse tank was partially constructed at a cost of Rs. 1 ,04. 763 during the year. The revised estimate amounts to Rs. 4, 1 3,272. This tank, it is estimated, when completed, will have a waterspread of 7 :.qua re miles and will irrigate 7 ,ooo acres. The work, ·' strengthening the bund '""f t h" \' :l '1>� ! 1: ! q I 'J -� \ '" 1.\ '\ c' I ! : : J"' 1 - : t . t.L

222. The conservancy of the Chimlwin rive-r W:l" prn('eedcd "ith and work •1 . 11 P bi ' 1

was done in improving the M yittha river at the rapids, " 1s.:>! nneous u 1c mprv• cments. d h 1- G d K k k an t e snags .,etwccn a11gaw an yau pyau were removed. In tht: Lower Chindwin division tanks at Ngwedin and Budalin were improved as famint: works, and a tank was begun at Thakutane. Bazaars were constructed at Wuntho, Mogok, and Palcik, and a groyne above the Ngawun rocks was made by the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company, a �ant of R "· 8,364 towards the work being made by Government. The �oyne. it 1s hoped , wul cause a channel to be cut through the sandy bed of the river away from the rocks, and navigation will then be easy.

Railways. BURMA STATE RAI LWAY F O R YEAR ENDING 3 1 ST DECEMBER 1 89 1 .

Length of line. 223. The total length of line open at the end of the year was 609 miles as under-

lrrawaddy Section Sittang Section Tou111foo·Mandalay Extension Suburb:in Line . . . . . . ... S.1gaing-Shwebo Section, Mu Valley Railway

Total

Mile1. 161 166 2:10 9 53

•bv•••·I RAILWAYS, 79

224. Land was acquired in Rangoon for a new storeyard in a convenient Works in pro .. ress locality near the river, also at Lct padan for the ex·

•

0

• • tension �f the station yard there. A pier of t hr� 0;\1ku bridge at '.'111cag1: 8o·5, S1ttang line, having given way, and. the pres�nt waterwar of 8? lineal . feet having prove<l insufficient, it was

decided to build a new bndl{e wtth 1 80 hneal feet of waterway. The girders are under supply and the work is in hand .

A new goods stat ion was built at Keighley Street Rangoon on the suburban lint'. Kemmendine station has been considerably 'enlarged.

' A new station house and 'up' and 'down' platforms connected by a footbridge have been pro· vided. A pl:\tform anrl temporary stati0n at Palaik and at Mandalay Shore, and a station house have been provided. A bungalow for a Permanent-way Inspector was built at Rangoon .

The route from Samon to Myingyan having bl'en surn:yed it w:i.:; decided to revert to the original proposal of a branch line from Mcikt ila Road station to Myingyan vid Meiktila . This :.ecti •m, Meiktila Road to Meikt ila, is under con· struction as a famine relief work and the extension onwards to �lyingyan is under survey. The earthwork was begun as a famine relief work in February, and by the end of �!arch 9 1 lakhs of cubic feet were completed. No other work was per· mitted to be donP, hut arrangements were made for supply of rails and sleepers and station machinery from the surplus stores of this railway when required.

A small sample of ! he Shwcbo :\l ining Syndicate':. cval 11as bt;cn tried and was so far sat isfactory that an order for the supply of 3,000 tons has been given i.u the Syndicate. A careful trial will be made, but the difficulty in obtaining quali· fted labour at present restrict:> the output.

On the 1 st July 1 89 1 the Sagaing-Shwebo Section of the Mu Valley Rail· way was taken over by the Management of the open line.

. . 225. The capital outlay during therlear ended ' .

Capital transactions. f 'I · 3 1 st D1..: 1 ·cmber 1 89 1 on the systen o ai ways m Burma was : - 1 � • . I . r 1 Ii� lrrm1.1dch .ind �:ttan;; Sect.• -,s . .. 1,56,9''9 h,r th" ;\I.ii.dab\ SLcllun 3,23,t!36

The cap1 : :d exp1..:nditu�e on the whole line since the commencement �as been lrrawaddy and Sittang Sections Rs. 3,0J,i·t.J28, Mandalay Section Rs.

Re\'enue transact1uns.

�u:-1.r.g- 1�9' J ,n + "'.: I '°·' '

226. The gross earnings on the whole line as cvmparcJ with the earnings for 1 890 have been as under.

c: .... s� . . . /

The workin� expenses !or �b.e ye:ir::: 1 890 and 1891 are shown below.

\\'v1�i11g cxpt..·1: ... t..·., fu1 iS9u Working expenses for dg1

Or an increase of

Rs. 3 1 .i.,.241 34.83,8o5

3,6o,564

Th! incre:!!:e in the passenger •:affic e:i.r.nings . was partly rlre tn inc-r(':\5'!d open m ileage worked and partly to the scarcity which ��mpelled. people .to travel. This cause also affecH:d the goods traffic , large quantities of nee having been consig-ned from R�ngoon to L'pper Burn�a. . .

The increase in working exp�nse:. 1 s . pnnc1pally �ue. to the �eavy renewals on the (rrawciddy Valley line, 20 m iles havmg been relaid m continuous lengths with 50 lbs. steel ra ils.

M u \'ALLEY STATE R.\ILWAY FOR THE YEAR 1B9 1 •9:t. Under Construction, 270!· miles.

227• D uring th,· financial year under review �\·ork .was started on two new con· struction divisions, making up the total of 2701 miles given above. The Myohaung

(. . · n?- rrL ::-.�

e01rna <! "'! r: ..

T elegra?hs. . . . " ...: .. -::� ·�:== -:--..:1-:0: t:..::- -��

. ' 11:..-: • "'�3 :1) '= � :::.1.:- � -::-raa � · -;.:-· ·:-:.7'." 1 1- -: ;"'-'"31' ·:;;.::k

-· - .. . - . -1 r.2.�� .. 'ir,,. :r:, r�:. ,;.t::: ,,-..::; • r .. � - -x:-a_.; :;._ • 7.. �-: 7.C 7 .. � .. - :-: :. -,_ . c� -:�. :-. :.� :.-1.oi:: H4:.�

• • H... • - . B - .. . - -. - . . �� e:r�....a. ��c c?..�je::--.. _ A r::r: r.r.":•:-".:.: : r : ·9� .ri- _ .. f:5 .-: �:=-� ::__-� �c.c· .�a:-�..i c,: c.a.;;,c.e. :.· .. c� .. r r:i. r_::;a..,.-::.f::-.:d... t_.;.,:; �-::c -: ��'."" ':--:-i-:� � - � :::-:- ·-.;"; • :i"".� n 4.....-t41� '� (�ft.:r .. ,:.: ii5':r:::: -� �� ::.):a ': : : -� a:-.� ;·3 :::::�5 -: : -;,-.:.:;.Ar::-:c.;;..s.·· i::�-:-\::c� foe ::.r..e n �:::r.. The.-.:: 111o.:;:.:: r..:. L.:�.-.· ,·,n • in :b; _::!e:; :e:-.:-:-: :•.::. :::o:: B:..:::-..a -:::t:a:e R.i:.!·iav i.:z:::.;t :b: ·�. ' ·

... ;i =.ere 'f�.:; J";1 . �;.�- �:;.?" � .... - ... ..:. -.. -:-::-- · .:.- - · -- :i - - -- -·- - - � - . � ... ,&J •• !-�-,.��: . ,'!!:!..:.� �:: :" '! . . �· ·'i::i!' --= ·� , . ,.;. ��a. ro :--=52.::c::·.�!.:• . T :·.-=. :-_:::::::_: IC: .. �t::L.� G?tn r.,(", ·c-.-:: 8 !.:-;r:.a. �:�:-:: R :!:. •• �y a:,.,: :::c r:1... T. :>er or pr. \-1:� �.::..; oc-.:e-s 01:"..;i:-.:-""-��c bv - .:; �-:: :;.a.-::-:-.�.: :::::--2::-=·i .... -. .a.l;:. " ;;:! c. T;::� -.:""1�<- r '. ·: ;:: .:es ::::.'.!.!�· t.air.ec � .. c'1.� 0:.:-.:i.. Tct-= :-J},(1::� ( r) ::: :.a:. \"° f::..a.:! '::se:: .. :o � = 1 a: R.:....� .,:: .ic)Q a!:� .:o .. � :.. .. !...� }!·:,�.�."!in- .

� :-:.:.a! :c.c-: ··':-: . ..,: =� �_;..g_.- • .- '. ;.:: ;:::-.ci:! c:=::··:;c.:i o'. b�- the ccoar.m-=:-.:.t r!f'�� rr: ��.� :·�_:- ... �; �-1}�. �. 7 � .a_�a.: ;-, .. � t. C·..f...4.-.:!_4� . . 5: ;•"W:. i t.s :cp:"'��;s.a ��:'!a.�� ryr r. y � ?""=- r..-� · 1.-;·� :.:, ,:_-; .:-;._:.:·.:-:· ,.:·-' : r.: E.- ?::.a..--:� Po::..i.·Pc:_-.a:-,z �abt-e haT:; z b� c!:-:c:d. T · : L-::::-:::.:-. : P : - · ·- =·: · :,:-. _ -;;. .., .- .;ccc4'5C v� 9-Y l � :..e:"-�·r P��· .. AJi"4 \J��c l -., � c-:r.: ... . ..\ .. ar- t • .;h - �5 d. : ",�-.;. :; ... ,,.:.. i 1 � - - 2-: ·�� -�-::f�;. L-=��::;��;� :�-�.:-::�·�:·::;�-=:�:-�:=; ·:::;;�-='_ · : �-: :�-.: . =-� :?c.:::-.·c::y.

T't, 1 · t. ' I • " • • 1 1 • • f • .,,.,": pr.,�:A. :-:-_ ___ _ _ .-;1_ r •• -� -=tj,,.: �: • . ; ; .. :;.� ; ffiC .55dgC5 l·t a" 't' � J.g:t!��": 3;,;9• :....:..t_JC4!-a � t�o�·- :n�'i:ak d 19·; pe: cc::�. TI;e �s .. �: inceases •tte--at r� !'mktan .t5"9 � c-::--:� . \;..--:;! · .:.:: .;6 9 �r c..��:., �me :Sg.:.: ::� 29 9 � cent.

I: :s ...atisfartc.«y :o no;e �ha: the number of signallers and telegraph-masters � at'!' n.Ja:itttTS has risen from 5 - :o i 3. that i.s. �o nearly jO per i:cnt. oi the entire e5b.hti3hmient. Out of thi� ,,_ .-::�::: :=:.:re a::e onh· ::.-� nv.1-c;tl .. :cul!>.

O...:�r� the monsoon oi 1�1 the d1,·ision ..-as ,-isited by se\"ere storms �s· ing IC'".etal intttTUptWms.

:::29- Sv addition to the length of line or •ires was made in the Arabn din· Anb! If . . sioo during · �e year. The numbtt of offices also

�-remained the same. The number oi messages sent

and receic'� r.£S almost exact!\" the same as last \"ear. 2,30. In the Cppe Burma di,i ;ion 3Si'"i5 miles of line and So; � mi\es ot u s- .u . . wire .-ere erected during the year. of this amount pp« � 196·25 miles of wire were foe militarJ purpusc:s ift

°"'�kon �h 5dd operatioos, namt:iy, Blwno to �ampaung. ll);tkyina to

I ..

.... ...i POST OPPICL 81

Sad6n, Wuntho to Pinlebu, Katha to Mansi. The total mileage of wire at the end of the year was 4,859·88. A tel1::phone exchange was established in Mandalay on 1 st September 1

.8�1 •. consisting of 1 1 ·87 miles of line and 64·85 miles of wire, with

1 2 offices. This is m addition to the six military offices previously in existence. The. number of telegrams disposed of during 1891 -92 was 975,847 as against 681 13 1 2 m 1890-91 .

The number of offices open on 3 1 st March 1892 was 64 which shows an in· crease of 1 1 during the year under report. '

Post Office. 23 1 . The ocean mail services were maintained with punctual regularity

throughout lht:: yt::ar. Considerable interruption was, however, causeu to the river mail services on the

lrrawaddy and Chindwin, for which the l rrawaddy Flotilla Company an'; the con• tractors, by the rivers falling unusually low during the first three months of 1892.

Steamer services.

232. I n connection with the expeditionary force sent to Manipur in 1 89 1 ,

F . Id P a staff of Post Office officials was despatched to • ie ost. Tamu (the base of the Field Post Office) and to

Manipur, and post offices and mail lines were also opened to serve the military and police columns operating in the Chin Hills and on the Bhamo frontier.

f 1 r . B 233. At the close of the year the number of Extent 0 posta ines '" urma.

miles over which mails wert:: carried was as follows :-

Imperial District dlk ...

Compared with

I Mail-cart ! Runners Railway. or pony 1, and boal Steamer lines.

lines. lines •

... til 561 I 1,517 2.672 . . . 8 . .. 1,654 1,359 I . I .� � : .,. ::� mi .. ;. I :;,1

3 1 I�··

Amongst the principal lines opened during the year were . Shwebo to

Wuntho, a trolly line (94- miles), Mog�ung to �ort O'Donnell (6o.

miles), �atha to Wuntho 16.t miles) Scnbo to :\Iyitkyma (So miles), Tamu lo Mampur (66 miles).

234. The number of post offices and letter boxes �t the beginning of the year Post offices.

Money-orders.

Vear.

was 247 an<l 4�5 re::.pectively. At the close of the Vf";Jr thf"rf' WPrf' "5� r ·<' ffi,.,,., ""tl S"" l�t�·.:r boxe� · z35. The following t:ih!c shows the number of money-orders issued and paid during the past two years :-

Increase

Jssu,;o. P.u1>.

Number. 1· Value. Number. \ Value. ----i ---- --· - - -·

.... _ . __ _

Rs. Rs. 8o,roo 42,as,850

1---:----1----i---, .. 1 39,698 1 11,399

Of the total number of money-orders issued in 169 1 -92 the proportion of telegraphic orders was 1 in 8.

8& IUIPORT ON THI ADMINISTaATION or BURMA.

136. Then: were 161 $a•inrs Banks.

Year.

post office saving banks in the province at the close of the year or four more than in 1 890-9J . The busi· ness transacted by them in each of the two years was as follows :-

D&POllTS. Amount of bal•nu. W1TBDRAW.u .. s . I Number

of -------- accounts , Number. Value. I Number. ,, Value. open.

i��--i·��- I�� R� I

33,3115 I IMJ,870 I 37.907 • 20,83.700 I

I R� I Rs.

19,131 j 13,10,710 16,663 I 24,08,no

201,137 j 13,26,66o 21417 ! 32,27,26o I i

Increase ___ ... _l_._.,_s2_2-'-I 2,89,830_! _ 1,oo6 ! 15,950 I 4t754 I 8,18,990

237. There was a slight increase of 32 in the number of insured articles sent through the post office during the year, while the number of value payable parcels so sent rose from 16,047 to 1 9,54 1 .

238. The amount o f correspondence, &r., that passed through the post office during the year was considerahly in excess of that ofli��respondence through the post of 1 890-9 1 . The following Me the statistics for the

Vear.

Miscellaneoia.

two years :-

Letters and News• Book and

I

··- _:_· post.cards. papers. pattern packets.

I I . 9.-��.J�� I ..uw.010 I 403.1b1 I 1 1 ,ho7,07b ... I 144.957 1 ... 9,9'1<>,730 1 ,946466 626,65:1 174.339 1 2,728,187

239. There were r 4 <'onv1ct1ons of postal officials during the year for criminal offences.

·-·�.] Rl\"KSUE.

V.-REVE N U E AND FINANCE.

Revenue.

(a) Lower Burma. 240. The follo"ing statement exhibits the demand, the remission. and the net

General •t:itistics. der�and under each head of income in Lower Burma dunng the past two years :-

hem of rnenuc.

I. f.2nfi tC'\'C'OUC' 1. Cu•IOm'I J• t-an11.at1nn.t;n· .. 1::..1(111i� $. ... Ott"it'I e. Stam1·, 7. t-1.l\crw· a. M1kcll.rn\:OllS 9. Marine ... . ..

lo. f...a.nd-r;Uc m lieu of capit;U1on·tas 11. Sa.It cu11e ••• • ..

Total

1�1. I aSQ;r�J. ------ --- --- -----

24 1 . -:rhc total area assessed to land rc,·enue in 1 89 1 -02 was .C\.4c; :;i .88.1 a<'res

Lard rever\'C. _;,._·:,,l-,. i..l1 . 11:L.;-(.i3.�. l)i. -+ 1 i p� .. '-�· 1 ''-• v. \ � Ll <.1.1. .. 1 ,. d.u t..,; ol 1 890-9 1 , or slighlly more than the increase of �ere·

age, 3 · 7 1 per cent . of 1 890-9 1 , over 1889-90. The largest increase occurred in Thongwa, where la1�c areas of uncull iv"ated land a\l·ait tht. plough. The net land reve1111f> rlern:mrl of t hP y1?ar. i.e. , the gross de:nand :ifter deduct in; n::r:is:;ion;.;, was Rs. 92,26,543 ag:•;nst Rs. 86, 1 5,388 in 1 890- 9 1 . Tht>rt: was an increase in c�c�y district in Lower nurma cxccpt Rangoon Town. where the rC\'C. tUe is or tnflmg amount, and Thayt•tmyo, in which the crop-; over c 1nsiderablt> areas were destroyed by drought . The great<'r part of th1· inn<'ast· wa'> Mntri buted by Thongwa ( K s. 2 ,57, 250), Jh<;sein ( Rs. 1 ,20 . . p 1 ) , and l lanthawaddy ( Rs. 67,052), a1.J \.\J.� ..: .... � �u lHUlL c .. d ... L.Ul c..L1.. � .:>Ul \ l ) HH.,..J.'"'!Ul i... IU\...IH,:,, l U .;")}-'l\..d.J. vf l..U:l..l�d.l;\Jl l , dUJ to rt:<lucr i1 1 1 1 .. r <Hl'a under f,tllv11·s . Tht... 1u · i1uc .-.f the year " a.; collected \\itli unprecedented prnmptitude. The tntal sum cnllccr ed was Rs. 98,97,092, nc.1mcly, R::i. �2, 1 6,00� c u 1 1 e1 1l Jc:11 1d1tU a11<l R::i. G,8 J ,083 .:111c:ar::i. Tiu� amuunt outstanding at the end of the ,-.._ar was only R-;. 1 2, 785 , and in 1 2 out of 19 districts the whole revenue had been collected by the 31 st March 1 892 .

242. The total number of per�ons as�es�ed to capitation-tax was 9 1 3, 1 1 2 against 8j8, 1 g6 in 1 890-9 1 . The net demand of the Capitation-tax. R · R . . yearamounted to s. 37, 1 4,903 aga111st s. 35,79,162

an 1 890-9 1 , the total collections, incl udmg outstandmgs, to Rs. 37,20,73� against Rs. 35,86,282, the outstandings to Rs. 6�5 against Rs. 8,493. �he

_ outstandings occurred in the Sandoway and H enzada districts. In all other d1stncts the whole of the tax was collected within the year. The increase in the yield of the capitation-tax was contributed mainly by I It:nzada ( Rs. 6 1 , 1 53), Tharrawaddy (Rs. 1 8,81 0), T h6ngwa (Rs. 18,81 1 ) ,

. Amherst � Rs. 16,728), and Shwegyi�

(Rs. 20,878). Of the capitation-tax paytng population 77'1 I belong�d to the agi:i· cultural and 22 ·89 to the non·a!>Ticultural <'las<:e.-. The corresponclmg fi�ire!' 1n

•89<>-91 were 74·66 and 25 ·34. 0 The increa�e.i� the agricu�tural population was contributed principally bJ the lrrawaddy d1v1s1011, where tt rose.fro.m 61 · 1 1 to

70· 16 per cent. The total number of persons exempted from cap1tat1on·tax was 100, 143 against 1 03.340 in 1890-9 1 .

. �

• ,..,. J.. .

t

•

IU:PORT o:.; fllE AOMINIS'Cl<ATION 01' BURMA.

143. The net revenue demand on account of fisheries was Rs. 161221 1 26 against Rs. 16135,584 in •890-91 ; the total collections including outstandings were Rs. 16158,4"1 or

Rs. 9,347 less than in the previous year. There was a considerable increase (Rs. 21 ,7 14) in the revenue of the Pegu division, and in that of the Amherst dis· trict (Rs. 1 7,300)1 but these increases were more than counterbalanced by a diminution of almost half-a-lakh in the Thongwa district. The diminution was due to the surrender of a large number of leases which had been bought at unduly high prices at the quinquennial sales of 1 890-9 1 , and which wne re-c;nld at a loss. Notwithstanding this decrease, the fishery re\·enue of Thongwa in 1 B9 1 -92 was 2! lakhs higher than the revenue of 1 889-90. The total outstandings of fishery revenue at tht> end of 1 891-92 were Rs. 1 8,9 10 :ig:i:nst Rs. 53, ; 5 1 in 1 89<>-91 .

Fisheries.

244. The total demand of salt excise reYenue was Rs. 1 ,66, 1 1 4 against Rs 1 ,89,933 in the previous year, the total collections Rs. 2 ,33,55 7 against 1<.s. 1 , 7 1 ,6 Jo. The increase in

collections was due to the recovery of outstandings of the previous year. The demand in various districts differed largely. In Kyaukpyu, owing to sp�culative over-production in 1 890-91 , production diminished enormously in 1 891-92 and the demand fell from Rs. 79,320 to Rs. 14, 1 75. There was a large increase, on the other hand, in Bassein (Rs. 15,768), Amherst (Rs. 8,525), and Tavoy (Rs. 20,285). There was a great improvement in 1891-92 as compared with 1890991 in promptitude of collection of the tax. The total amount outstanding was Rs. 101 against Rs. 68,319 in the previous year. The question of the best method of r.nllecting the salt-tax was under consideration during the year. It was proposed at one time to abolish the composition system as a general rule and to substitute for it a maundage duty. This proposal was ultimately abandoned in view of the difficulty of adequately supervising salt manufactories and of providing a machinery for the levy of the duty. It has accordingly been decided to retain for the present the composition system.

245. The income from minor forest produce amounted to Rs. :14,914 against

Salt exci�e.

T:' .. - i ·i : •.: . T ' · L.· .. , .. .... \' . . . I. c �· · .. . . ' ·� � ... .:.. . T: . • ') ··:; . . : it.... '-· • � l1 ,,,u .. 1v"' \ ..i..,'), uu · lLi • "1101 iurc>l ;itwill:c. a falling off in receipts on account of cutch. Cutch

outside reserves has been almost exhausted in Lower Burma and the revenue derived from it must for many years be inconsiderable.

Collection of re\'enue. 246. The following statement gives statistics of

notices and processes issued for the collection of revenue :-

Vear.

-------

CozRc1va PRoc1ssu 1ssuF.o. Not ices issued \ under sedion 45 of the -------.---

NUMllBll OP PlllSOl'I.

Ac:. arre>l. .if property. property. ArTCSted. to jail. ! Lanu hcvcnue I warrant ot Attachment Sale or Committed

t89o-91 ... 29,613 l 1 1 ,oSi 4,878 714 3,595 I 9 •ll9111i . .. u,267 I 1,359 3,191 123 3416 u

The unexampled promptitude with which the revenue was collected during 1891 -92 hs been noticed in the preceding paragraphs of this report. The sta· tistics given above show that this great improvement was accompanied by a large dec-rea!'I" i'l the number of coerciy..; processes. It is highiy :.alisfaclo1y that a revenue of, in round numbers, 1 6o lakhs of rupees should have been collected with so little difficulty and with no more than Rs. 39,019 outstanding at the end of t!te year. The commission earned by thugyis in 1 B91-9::i amounted Rs. 8,43,424 against Rs. 7,05,858 in •890-9 • , the increase corresponding to the increase which took place in the revenue collected. The question of the substitution of village headmt:n for thuE;yis as the revenue collecting agency of the province was under consideration dunng the year. District Officers were cunsuhed on the subject and the experiment was tried in several circles in the J'avoy, Toungoo, Shwegyin, Kyaukpyu, and Sandoway districts. In all cases the experiment was succcstful, tbo revenue being collected promptly and without difficulty. It has now been

,,, ..... , ll\"ENU!.

decided lo int�oducc. the system throughout Lower Burma by substituting head· men for thugy1s as circles fall vacant. 24 7. There was a very satisfactory increase in the year 18g1-92 in the revenue

sumps. frnm stamps, the net revenue having risen from . Rs. 9,�2,i62 to Rs. I0,47,848 or 6·62 per cent. About half of the increase wa.s contnbuted by other general stamps, the remainder by court-fee stamps, �ece1pt stamps, and bills-of-exchange. There was a decrease under fore1gr1 bill stamps. The increase under other heads was contri· buted �y all except ti.v� dist�icts and was very large m som<'. The increase was due to 1mpro�ed adm1mstrat1_on. Th.us in the Shwcgyin district, 11•here 61 docu

ments were 1i;ipounded against 23 m 1 890-9 1 , the revenue from other general stamps ros� irom R:.. 318�4 to �?· 7 , 1 90, and m 'l harrawaddy, where 6g docu· me.nts were 1.mpoundcd against 1 5 m 1 890-9 1 1 the revenue from the same source, which had nsen by upwards of Rs. 1 ,000 in 1 890-9 1 , made a further ad\·ance of upwards of . 13-s. 2 �ooo m the year under report. In the Prome district, where the stamp adm1mstrat10� was �nsatisfactory in 1 890-9 1 , there was an increase of upwar�s of Rs. 1 ,0� �n rec.e1pts_from general stamps in 1891-92. A main factor m the. 11nproved adm1�1strat10n drsdoscd by the stamp statistics of 1 89 1 -92 was the acuon taken early m the year to place the stamp administration under the special control of an officer at readquarters.

248. The total net revenue from opium in 189 1 -92 was Rs. 1 9, 1 1 ,624 against Rs. 19,74,2o6 in Lhe previous year. There was a falling off of Rs. 1 , 141699 in receipts from the sale

of opium to licensed farmers and an increase of Rs. 501707 in the sums T*'alized by sales of opium farms. The number of such farms, 20, was the same in 1 89 1 -92 as in the previous year. The greater part of the increase in the receipts from sale of opium farms was contrihuted by Arakan. where the Akyab shop, the only shop in the division, sold for Rs. 1 ,62,250 against Rs. 1 ,281000 in the previous year. ThP. increase wa" attributed to the fact that the license was sold by tender instead of bv auction. There had been a combination amongst the Akvah opium vendors llt ku.p Uv\\ (I lih.: pnce Ul lhL iiLcll:.C a11u liicrcture ll Y,(f.:, suhl oy lt:l\Uer mstea� of \orally by auction. In the lrrawaddy division the Bassein, Yandoon, and Thayll rnyo shops fetched considerably more than in the previous ye�. �n the ca"e of ,he remaining shops of the pru,·ince there was no great vanat1on m the prices paid in the two years. i�e dc..:rcasc in the rccc�pt.s fr?m �ales .of opium to license,: vendors was due principally to a very large d1mmut10n m the sales of opium to tlw licensed farmers in Bas�ein and -�hayetmyo. The number of seers issued in Ba-;,ein fell from 9,86-1- to 5,632 anrl m Thayetmyo !rom 2 , 7 2.0 to 78o. In Akyab and Yandoon, on the other hand, th<'re were considerable increases, the number of sc.::rs of opium issued in �ky_:� h�vin� i!'.cr�as�d fro� 6,632 �o 7,352 , and m \ andoon trom b,3l:So to 0,350. 1 ne 1.ugt: u111111 1ul1or.s m . B�ssem and Thayet myo were due to 1 he fact � hat th.e farmers were detected in illegal practices and puni,,hcd. The increased 1s�ucs :n Yandoon pr.obably went.t o sup· ply the illicit demand in Thayetmyo and .l:fassem which the opium tarmers m t hose districts were afraid to meet. .

Opium.

249. The following statement shows the receipts o� accou�t of hquor under the principal heads of receipt during 1 890991 and Liquor.

Vear.

1891 -92 : -

I. Si I - 0 ·� � -= · 11 L1c1xsu FOR ••LI oir � ,; .!! � � .., .g -0 lA _: � 1 ·� COUNTRY H,_WINT&D

. ,, Ill " c ;; ti r4 � ·s _!! 1 � :;:i $ .� E o

Total. I �� ! H j i � l_:JLIQUOU.

I -oi=-� ! � I 'i � � l l 6 Tari. Rice-beer •

.§ 0 w 1 :.J ..J

-----.

.-1

--Rs-. -

l

i·-R

s. 1--R-,-. --i--�I R

a. ll---Rs.--

'

1--R-1.-

6 S 6 9 s3 620 2 .it. ...,,, ,..11.-:1112 •1 •s.61.919 2.3 .25 .54 . . p • ·� I 3,95.524 6.45.\IH 66,6oo 2,79i961 . s,38,tW tMJ.975

86 UPOltT ON THI AO'NINISTRATION or 8UllMA.

There are three distilleries in Lower Burma, at Rangoon, Moulmein, and Toungoo. The Rangoon distillery ceased to work at the .e�d o� the year as it was unable to compete with the Mandalay and Mad.r';ls d1�t1l.lenes: There �as a large increase in the sum realized from duty on spmts . d1�ttlled m Moulme!n. This was due to the measures taken by the Deputy Comm1ss1oner to sec�re stnct obedience to rules in the working of the distillery. There was a large increase, from Rs. 1 ,46,684 to Rs. 2140, : u 3 in the duty on liquor imported from Madras, which is driving locally distilled liq,uor out of the Lower Burma market. It also appears to have some eftect on the 1mportatio!l of foreign spirits, of w�ich 1 54,552 gallons, paying a duty of Rs. 8,43,929, were imported m 1 89<>-91 against 142,416 gallons, paying a duty of Rs. 7,8z,010 in the year under review. Ther� �as a slight falling off in receipts from license fees for the sale of imported and �·�ttllery liquor. The number ot outstills licensed for the manufacture of country spmts was reduced during 1891 992 from .p to 3 7 and the receipts from license fees fell from Rs. 83,6zo to Rs. 66,6oo. The greater parl of the decrease was contributed by the Irrawaddy division in which two licenses in the Thongwa district, which fetched Rs. 9,320 in the previous year, were not renewed. There was also a large falling off of Rs. 6,ooo in Shwegyin, which was due principally to the abolition of an outstill. Receipts from the sale of licenses to vend tari increased from Rs. 2 ,65,o8o in 1890-91 to Rs. 2,79,g68 in the year under review. The increase took place almost entirely in the Amherst district, \vhere the tari licenses fetched, in round numbers, Rs. 1 z,ooo more than in 1 890-91 . Receipts from the salt- of rice-beer increased by the large sum of Rs. 1 , zo,827, the greatt:1 part of which was contributed by the Pegu division, where the increase amounted to, in round numbers, a lakh of rupees.

250. There was a very large increase in l 89 r -92 as compared with 18go-91 in the number of prosecutions and convictions under Olfenc:es against tl1e excise laws. the Excise and Opium Acts. The numbers of per·

sons arrested rose from 2, 1 72 to 3,346, of persons convicted from 1 ,681 to 2,643, and of persons imprisoned from 528 to 7 16. The amount of fines imposed was R � . 9 1 �fb :i.".'ai11 <:• R � 5'3. •.o: :i t�c prcccrl':i� : · u .,..j ,. ·t \' ,, • • 1 iJ,_(;c.:. J. " .:.· trom 1 ,987 to J ,884 in the number of persons convicted of drunkenness. The greater part of the decrease took place in the Amherst district, in which there was an abnormal increase in prosecutions in 1 89<>-91 .

�s 1 . The income-tax applied in 1 89 1 99z to salaries o f Government servants Income-tax. m both Upper and Lower Burma and to 46 towns in

Lower Burma. There v.·as a very satisfactory improvement in the administration of the Act during the year under report. The total collections of the year amounted to Rs. 6,59,02 1 against Rs. 5,90,863 in 1 890-91 . Excluding deductions made from salaries of Government servants and frvrn Gv\-t:t 1 1 1111;0� :.c:curities thf' nriginal dPm;:tnd of the ye�r w:i.s Rs. 5,27,04.i. agaiust Rs. 5,47,043, the final drmand, after the hearing of objections, was Rs. 4,63,954 against Rs. 4,48,6go. The total collections including arrears amounted to ks. 4,61,3 1 7 aga1rrc;t Rs. 3,97,8451 the outstandings to Rs. 461647 against Rs. 1 , 15,o69. The yield of the income-tax in Burma is steadily increasing, hav· ing risen from Rs. 4,59,728 in 1 888-891 the year in which the tax was first imposed, to Rs. 6,59,02 1 in the year under review. Pegu, in which Rangoon is included, has contributed the greater part of this increase, but in both Tenas· serim and lrrawaddy the yield of the tax has doubled. In Arakan, which con• tains only one large town, Akyab, the yield of the tax has remained stationary. The number of salaries taxed increased from 517 1 8 (3, 78 1 Government and 1 ,937 non-Government) to 61 157 (3,889 Government and 2,268 non-Government), the total yeild of the tax from Rs. 2,62,878 to Rs. 2,93,622. The greater part of the inc:ease was contributed by no n . Government salaries, and was due to growth of the large towns and to increased care in assessments. The increase m the numbers of salaries taxed was distributed over the various classes, the great pr� portion of the increase being contributed, as usual, by salaries below Rs. 21000. There was, however, a very substantial increase in the number of salaries of more than Rs. 2,000, and the increase in the yield of the tax from this source (Rs. i8,3u) was larger than the increase in the yield (Rs. 1 2,532) from salaries of

........ 1 lU\'!NUI!.

Rs. 2,000 and less. The original demand under the head 11 Tax on companies •• was. R�. 74,527, the final demand, after revision, Rs. 66,555. The arrears at the bcgi.nmng of �he year amounted to Rs. 44,364. Of this sum Rs. 42,329 were remitted, leavmg a balance for coll�ction of Rs. 2,035. The collections of the year amounted to Rs. 68,565, the balance outstanding at the end of the year was Rs. 25. The demand of the year, excluding arrears, exceeded the demand of the previous year by Rs. 5, 1 781 the c�llections. exceede� those of the. previous yeai by Rs. 25 , 165. The bulk of the mcreast! m collecttons was contnbuted by Ran· goon, where nearly twice as much was collected under this head as in 1890-9•· The large remissions which were made during the year were due mainly to the accumulation of irrecoverable balances in Moulmein between 1888 and 1891. The re\'enue under the head " Tax on :.�..:uriLies '' decreased from Rs. 51845 in 1 890-91 to Rs. 5,432 in consequence o[ thP. redemption of debentures by the Port Commissioners in the course of the year. The original demand of the income· tax on other sources of income was Rs. 3,55,961 against Rs. 3,92,928 in •89o-9 1 , the decrease being due to more careful assessments in the first instance. The final demand after revisions by Collectors and Commissioners amounted to Rs. 3,0 l ,ooo against Rs. 3,o.+1558 in the preceding year, the collections, including arrears, to Rs. 2,891061 against Rs. 21751416. The arrears at the end of the year amounted to Rs. 33,788 against Rs. 53,829 in 1 890-91 . There was an increase in collections in most districts of the pruvi111.:e1 the principal being in Akyab (from Rs. 9, 135 to Rs. 1 1 ,623), Th6ngwa (from Rs. 1 7,996 to Rs. 20, 734), Henzada (from Rs. 91 143 to Rs. 10,520)1 Amherst (from Rs. 13,353 to Rs. 20,946). In Rangoon collections decreased by Rs. 2,083 and in Bassein from Rs. 1 2,725 to Rs. 1 2, 1 07.

252. There was a great i�prove.me�t in 1891-�2 in the adm}n�stration <;>I .the Act as compared with the adm1mstrat1on m the previous year. \\ h1le the ong1ral demand Rs. 5 127,044 was Rs. 201000 less than the original demand of 1 89<>-9 1 1 Rs. 5,471043, the final demand, Rs. 4,63,954, was. R.s. 1

.5 1000 !l'ore than t�e

final demand of 1 893·9 1 , Rs. 4.48,690. Another md1catian of improvement m c.dtili!.i::itrau0n in 1891 ·9� \\a::. lilt: dt:crc.L:.c 111 procc: .,e,, i::.:.uc::U. Ti1t:rt: wa:. a large decrease in the number of warrants issued (from 3,077 to 2,277) and a still larger proportional decrease in the number of cases in which property was .actually dis· trained on (from 65 1 to 76). Ou� of the to�al number of wa.rra�ts 1SSued 2,�24 were issued in Rangoon and 1 10 m Moulmem. In several d1stncts no coercive processes were issued.

2 3 "' � , 7 II

(b) Upper Burma.

253. The following statement exhibits the demand, the remission, and the net demand under each head of income in U pper R"'"""""' d"n'11""1 Burma durmti • hP- past tw0 y"'ar<; ·-

-18'.)<>-91. I 1891'9:?. ; .

I � "2 I I -g I .,; "2 -o 3 Item of revenue. .,; c O! � �

1 .!l I (!j -a .2 � j.? e c "' .. .. (!j .. "O " .!l I "C I e ·e e e .. I ii " " .. " " 0 c: z 0 c: z ·-1 -1

Upp11' liul'mo. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rt.

Thathmeda . • . 46,20,04 I 65,6� 45,54,366 44,70,145 1 ,6o,483 43.09.662 - 2.44t704 State land ... 7,63,382 1,7 7,61,614 9,99,uot 7,124 9,91,877 + 2,30,263 Excise ... I 4.20,.59 ... 4,:20.459 4,69,269 . . . '-69.269 + 48,810

Forc..U ... 16..u.297 IJ,27,JOO . .. IJ.27.JOO - J,16,997 ••• 16,.44.297 ...

2,46.7%9 2'46,729 + 1s.62o Stamps ... :z,3 1 , 109 ... 2,31,109 .. . ... 10,882 U,38,JIO + 17,190 Miscellaneous 1 1,25,817 4'6o7 1 1 ,:z1,120 1 1,49,192 ... 14.930 �� + 2,621 Salt 14,669 2,36o 12.J<'9 ... Marine :::

... 16,n9 39.365 + 1,u,516 16,779 ... ... . ..

Total ... 1 88,36,553 74.SOO 87,62,053 87,15,931 1 ,78.489 Bs.37'442 - 1,14.611

.,

88 RIPORT ON THE ADMINl&"?RATION or UUIUlA.

254. The total number of taxable familit:s in Upper Burma was $07,�29 against 481 ,5 1 7 in �890-91 , the inc.rease bemg due

Thathameda. mainly to the mcluston of Wuntho m Upper Burma proper. Had the season been normal the demand of thathameda, assessed at ordinary rates, would have amounted to some 49 lakhs. In consequence of the scarcity, however, the normal demand of Rs. 10 per hou.sehold had to be reduced to a demand varying from Rs. 3 to Rs. 6 per household tn large tracts of cou�try

· affected hy scarcity, and thus the tot�l ?em.and �mounted to Rs. 44, 70, 145 against Rs. 46,20,041 in 1890-91. The d1m11�ut1on m de�and does not, however, re· present the whole Joss of revenue occasioned by famine. In Shwebo ?.nd Magwe remissions to the amount of Rs. 1 ,46,01 3 had to be granted, and of the total out• !ltllncling• rnf R!1. 3,46,R 7 1 at the end of i891-92 Rs. 1 ,08,772 have �ince the close of the yPar heen remitted in Myingyan in consequence of the famme. The loss of revenue caused by famine may, accordingly, be set down at about 8 lakhs of rupees in round numbers thus-

Reductions or assessinents in famine areas ... Remi��ions Irrecoverable

Total

Rs. 5,00.000 1,50,000 1.50,000

8,oo,ouo

The collections of 1891 -92, including arrears, amounted to Rs. 41,4 1 ,763 against Rs. 431401920 in the previous year, the remission to Rs. 2,03, 1 0 1 against Rs. 65 67 5, the out standings to Rs. 3,46,871 against Rs. 2, 131446. I n the Northern and c�ntral divisions collection<; increased from Rs. I 7 ,8 1,42 7 to Rs. 20,39,6o5, the diminution in collections in the districts of Shwebo, Ye-u, and the Lower Chindwin having been more than made good by large increases in Katha, Sagaing, and the Upper Chindwin. In the Southern division there was a large increase of collections in Pakokku, which escape<l the famine, but a large decrease in the three remainin� districts. The total collections of the division amounted to Rs. 1 5, 1 5,647 agamst Rs. 16,44, 196 in i890-91 . In the Eastern divi:>ion, whP·e a'-5•'S"tr.i::� • � h?.d tr1 b("' r,·c!u1 · ,l by :nw1• • h;rn t>nvh:.lf in tlit: Yami:thm a11<l :.\1ciktila districts, collections fell from Rs. 8,37, 1 13 to Rs. 4,97,520.

::155. The total demand of revenue from State lands amounted to Rs. 9199,001

State lands. against Rs. 7,63,38::1 in the previous year, the col-lections, including arrears, were Rs. 9,86,41 3 against

Rs. 8,281796, the outstandings Rs. 1 , 19, 777 against Rs. 1 109,616. The increase in dema::d was partly nominal, being due to a change in the system of collecting the island-tax in the Southern division. The remainder of the increase was contributed by Katha and Sagaing and by small increases in other di,.tricts. As the ·greater part of the revenue from State lands is contributed by the Northern divi· si.-.n .<t1•l Ky.. .. !.; .. .-. whirli w.-1 .. :t!n!O'-l fret- from scarc!�j·, and by Sagaiiig in \\h1 ... h it was confined to comparath·e!y small areas, the rt:vt:nue from this source was less affected by the scarcity than might have been expected.

256. The revenue from fisheries increased from Rs. 2,00,793 to Rs. 2,5!\1726, 0 h the greater part of the increase being contributed by t er revenue. M d l ( R o8 ) S . an a ay s. 1 5, 9 , a�am� (Rs. 24,245), and

Myingyan (Rs._ 6,467). The �emand on account of .imgat1on-tax amounted to Rs. 98,554 agamst Rs. 90,577 m 1890-91 , the collect1ons to Rs. 841032 against Rs. 8�,277. . The b�lk of the ir�gation-tax is collected in the Kyaukse district, the 0111y d1slnct which had, prcVJous to 1 891 ·9::1, a regular system of irrigation. The famine of 1891 -g2 afforded the opportunity of constructing irrigation works on a large scale in the dry zone of .Upper Burma, i.e., the country lyin� between the :aoth and :a:and parallels of latitude. In all parts suitable for imgation in which scarcity rendered the opci:"n.g o! relief works n�cessary a lar�e proportion of these works took the form of 1mgabon works, and 1n the Yam�thtn and Meik• tila districts alone nearly 10 lakhs were spent on them. Considerable sums were a1so spent in the Shwe�, �yingyan, and Sagaing districts, and small sums in ¥-e-u and the Lower CbmdW1!1- Th� result of the irrigation works carried out in 18g1992 and of those now being camed out will be a large increase in the irriga· tion rnenuc in the near future. The only other "90urces of revenue in Upper

•

aaea .... J R£\'ESU&.

Burma calling for special notice are the salt-tax and petroleum. The yield of the �It-tax, Rs . . 14,930, was almost the same as in 1890·91 . Salt is manufactured m several districts of Upper Burma, but the works are of small size and the manufacture is carried on so!dy for local consumption. The revenue from petroleu� rose fro!11 Rs: 55,501 m 1 890-91 to Rs. 80,826 in the year under review. This revenue 1s d�nved. almost entirely from the oil-wells at Yenangyaung, which are worked by native miners and by the Burma Oil Company. The oil-producing area was surveyed in 1 890 an<l 1 89 1 , and rules were issued for the !?fant of leases of suitable blocks. Several applications for leases were made by European speculators desirous of engaging in the oil-mining industry and leases are about to be issued to them.

357. The revenue-collecting agency of Upper Burma is the village headman. C 11 et. f The number of circles in 1 891 -93 was 3 872 against o e K>n o revenue. . . •

3, 1 76 111 1 890-91 , the increase being due to the division of " myothugyiship.,," or circles comprising a number of villages, into headmen's charges of from one to three or four villt1ges. The number of coercive proc.:esses issued increased from 2 , 7 1 5 to 316771 the number of arrests from 7 10 to 930, of imprisonments from 7 to 28, and of sales of property from 34 to i�. The greater part of the increase was contributed by the Northern division, and does not indicate that people were harassed to pav revenue in p;irts affected by scarcity. In the districts in which famine was sev�re the number of processes decreased on the whole, and in all these districts only one per!>on was imprisoned and only 20 sales of property took place.

258. Agricultural advances to the amount of Rs. 4, 1 1 1558 were ma:le in 1 891 -92 against Rs. 1 145,328 in 1 890"9 1 . The large increase was due to the scarcity and was con·

tributed mainly by the Eastern divisi0n. Advances were made for the most part for the purchase of cattle, but considerablP sums were advanced to buy seed also, and in two districts small sums were advanced to loc.:al traders to buy grain for sale at relief works .

Agricultural advances.

..:5). fill: lu•ai net receipts ;1on1 stamps rn L, pper lJurma \\ot:re Rs. 2,38,450 s again!>t Rs. 2124,699 ·in 1 890-91 . The increases

• tamps. were largest in Katha, from Rs. 3,740 to Rs. 5,6o2,

in the Lower Chindwin from Rs. 7 18o6 to Rs. 10,5381 and in Pakokku from Rs. 1 31354 to Rs. 20,96o. There was a falling off, a" was to be expected, in Yamethm and \fciktila, where seYere scarcity pre\'ailcd. Th0 greater part of the increase in stamp revenue which took place in L'ppcr Burma was contributed by receipt and other �eneral stamps which yield<'d Rs. 65,966 against Rs. 47,3o8 in 1 890-91 The revenue from this source should continue to expand in Upper Burma as the stamp law becomes better known.

�..:iv. Ti1e upium n:Yenuc rl.:111amcd praci ically ;;t;;.tion;;.ry in 189 1 -92, having increased by Rs. 3,42 1 only, but there was a marked change in the proportions in which it was contri·

buted by the two sou;·ccs, sales uf lit.clo!>c fn:,., dll<l ::.ale::. of Government opium, from which it is mainly derived. Receipts from the sale of licenses to sell opium fell from Rs. 9 1 1 200 to Rs. 4514 1 21 whereas receipts from sales of Government opium increased from Rs. 32,916 to Rs. 7 7 ,587. All the licenses for the retail sale of opium fetched much less than in 1 890-91 with the exception of those at Pyinmana and Yamethin, for which slightly increased prices were paid. The great fallmg off in prices obtained at auction sales was due partly to combinations among the Chinese to keep down bids, partly to the fact that in previous years prices were run up beyond the real value of the shops by speculators wh.o overestimated their value. The receipts from the sales of Government opium fell very largely in Mandalay, namely, from Rs. 32,640 to Rs. 9,6oo1 and increased enormously namely from Rs. 22 1 76 to Rs. 98,0 16 in Minbu, Yamt:thin, and Pyinmana.

' In othe; places where

1opiu� shops were licens�d there.was a.small

inrreasc in the issut>s of Government opium. The large fallmg off m the 1ssue1 ef G0vernment opium in Mandalay was d_ue in j)art to an increa.se in the amoui:tt of native .opium importe�, the d�ty on which was Rs. 5,535 ag.amst Rs. 1 ,000 m the previous year. It 1s possible that the decrease was also a result of thr

Opium.

23

· ...

MIPOIT ON Tiii AUMINli'ITRATION or BURMA.

measures taken early in 1891·92 to check smugglini. The e!1onnout increase in the issues of Government opium at Minbu, Yam�thm, :md Pymmana were proba· bly due to purchases made by the opium-farmers in those places for the purpose of illicit exportation to Lower Burma. . R . 261. The total income from liquor in Upper Burma '!1 189!·92 was s.

. 3,29, 1 32 against Rs. 2 ,83,�7 in 18go-g1 an� Rs. Uquor. 3,76,625 in 1889·90. The increase was contributed

by excise dut1 on distillery liquor, license� for the manuf�cture and sale of country spirits, and licenses for the �ale of tan. The following statement compares receipts under the main heads m the two last years :-

Liqu« manufactured I I . . I afttt the European Country spiri_ts and

method nt distillerie1 lmrort-1 liquor. frrmented hquc_>r Tari.

I I Duty on liquor pu.ed out of a distillery or brewery.

l anJ Lrcwc:rit:• in I I (other than tan). I Upper Burma. 1 I I 1119,.91. I 1891-92· I •89o-9•· . 1891"92· I 1890-91. I 1891-91. , 1890-9 1r::

i 1!!90"91. 18g1-9J.

Rs. Ra. I Rs. ) Rs. Rs. I Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.

26,382 23,335 , 1,13,243 1,20,732 1 1 ,555 Ju,205 45,701 57,237 6g,78g 95,78o

The increase in excise duty on liquor was due to the opening of a distillery at Mandalay and to the increase in issut:s of beer from the Mandalay brewery. There are now three distilleries in Upper Burma-two at Mandalay and one at Pak6kku. The issues of beer from the brewery, on which an excise duty of one anna a gallon is charged, rose from 70,563 to 1 72,792 gallons. The beer was supplied to 1 2 shops in Upper and one in Lower Burma, which were sanctioned in order to give locally brewed beer an opportunity of competin� with imported liquor and spirits. The increase in receipts from country spints was due to an increase from 6 to 1 1 in the number of licenses issued for the manufacture an 1 sale of such spirit�. Of the�" r 1 0•::<>tills 9 \t·er.e i•, r t: 1 P . 1 l •' p�tts 1.,f : h<.. i\orll1ern dn 13ion, 1 in Ye-u, and 1 in Magwe. No less than 70 illicit outstilis were sup• pressed.

262. There was an increase from 1 35 to 237 in the number of offences re· Ported under the Opium Act and a decrease from Offences against the excise laws. • 531 to 485 in the number reported under the Excise

Act. Al: hough the number of offences reported under the latter Act diminished they were of a more serious character than the offences reported in 1 89o-91 , as the number of perc::ons imprisoned increased from 101 to 142. In the rural tracts of Upper Burma offences against the opium and excise laws are rare as the people are little given to the consumption of 0piu111 and liqu0r, ! n tcwn:; the consump· tion is iarger.

Finance.

L01JJer Burma. 263. There has been no change in the terms of the Provincial contract with the Government of India during the year 189 1 -92 .

. The net result of the Provincia� transactions was a surplus of Rs. s1o6,016, whu:h was less than that of the preVIous year by Rs. 5,56, 142. The fallmg off is due to heavier expenditu1c: under Forest, Railways, Irrigation and Civil Works, •�ic� more than counterbalanced a satisfactory improvement in receipts. Th� D1stnct Cess Fund a�counts show a net surplus of Rs. 3,47,6g6, which was better than that of the preVJous year by Rs. 2, 1 r 1521 . The improvement was due partly to an increas,,. in receipts and p..irtly to less outlay on village police owing to the abolition of the headmen on the introduction of the Vill�e Act.

' 26+ The following statement brings into juxtaposition the gross receipts and expenditure of the years rSgo-91 and 1891'"92 distributed between Imperial, Pr� vincial, Incorporated Local, Excluded Local and Municipalities, omitting Debt and

•&e•-9'·1 FINANCE (LOW!R BVltMA�

Remittance acco�nts, and contributions from Provincial funds to Incorporated Local funds, an_d _vie� versd: The tr'.lnsactions of the Rangoon Port Trust and the Rangoon �umc1pahty are included m these figures, although those institutions do not bank with Government i-

Receipts. Expenditure. Receipts. Rxperlditur .. 1-----1 ---·-- · ---

Imperial R,, Rs. Rs. Rs.

25,59,520 2, 14.J3, 185 26,36,531 ... , Provincial

2,u,05,2�� ln<.orl'urate<l Locai" 1.61 .. p,70 !,50,6.,750 1,66 .. 9,14� 1,61,18,216 ... 1 1 1 ,99,J98 10,77,923 1 2,74,2119 &·5�3 F.xdurled Local ,. .. . . . . i1.1i.706 I 19,33,934 18,70,752 't ,ll 23 Municipalities . .. 1

_22,6:·��

- 23,95,850 22,95,.68 2:1.l;,.S4 ----

Total . . . , 4,25,81,352 I 2,30.Jl,977 ... 35,22,836 2,38,7g,558 I 265. There was a net increase of Rs. 21271940 in the receipts of 18g1"92 as

Imperial. compared with the previous year. The gross in• crease amounted to Rs. 8,34,835, and occurred under the following heads :-

I.and Revenue Salt Stamps Exci•e Assessed taxes Forests ... Registration and Interest

Rs. 6,20,434

13,885 28,734 42,053 36,937 90,222 2,570

Total 8,J4.835

But it was largely counterbalanced by a falling off under the heads deta;led he!()•\• ·-·

Opium Cu�tom� Ci'd Works . . . Stationery, Miscellaneous and other heads

Total

Rs. 36,094

5.37.791 20,743 1:0�68

6,o6.8Q5

266. The improvement under " Land ReYenue " was due to arrear collection ; to the demand for the year having been almost folly collected ; to growth of population. which 5\1elled the re:r!'ipts frnm r;:ipit:l.tinn-tax ; anc! to an increased artd having been brought uncier assessment by surveys c.nd settleme::nt ; that under " Stamps " to growth of reve::nue from year to year ; that under " Excise " to large importation of 11aJras liquor, the:: <luty on which is credited to this head. The better re:;ult undt:r " rh::.t:ssetl Taxes ., was due to more careful assessment ; and lhat under " Forest " chiefly to the sale of Government timber having fetched mort than in the previous \·ear. The stoppage of illicit sales by the opium farmers caused the sale of Government opium to fall off ; and the large decrease under " Customs," as compared with 1 890-9 1 , is due to the receipts from export duty on rice havin� been unusually high in that year o�ng tn :m �xceptionally large demand for nee in Japan and other Eastern countnes.

267. On the expenditure side there was an incre.ise of Rs. 1 ,�1824 under " Land Rt. venue" as compared with the year 1890-9 1 , which occurred chiefly Ul\der " Survey and Settlement " owing to the sanction of a traverse surve1 by local agency ; and under " Commission on Collections " owing to an increase m revenue collections. " Forest " shows an increase of Rs. 1 , 19,205, and " Scientific and other Minor Departments " Rs. 66,364, due chiefly to heavier expenditure on " Census " and in the Arch;£o!ogical De::parlmt:nt. There were petty increases also under " Excise," " General Administration," " Ecclesiastical," and other h;?"4'ds

·.

,.

REPORT ON THI ADMINISTRATION OF BURMA,

. which �gated Rs. 19,394. '.. the following heads :-

On the other hand, there were decreases under

R ..

Refund� 30,045 Political 10,271 Military works ... 93,363 Special Defence works .•• 1,ll5,w4 . MiM.c1l.111CUu� 1&n<l ulln:r heads 5,1192

The net result of the comparison is an increased expendi�ur� of Rs. 77,0 1 2. 268. In the Provincial section the receipt side shows a net improvement of Rs.

5,07,434 as compared with that of the year 1 890-9 1 . Provincial. It is made up of increases of Rs. 46, 165 under " Land

Revenue " Rs. 28 733 under " Stamps," Rs. 1 4,0 1 7 under " Excise," Rs. 36 ,937 �nder " Assesse d1taxcs," Rs. 90,222 under " Forest,'' Rs. 66,8 1 4 under " Law and Justice-Courts of Law," Rs. 2,93,598 under " State Railways ,. and Rs. 24,616 under other heads, counterbalanced by decreases . of Rs. 16,240 undc:r " Jails," Rs. 421467 under " Police, " Rs. 24,385 under '' Mmor Works and Navigation, " and Rs. 10,576 unc!cr other heads.

26g, The receipts nnder " Land Revenue," " Stamps," " Excise," " Assessed . taxe<> " and " Forest " are divided in fixed proportions between Imperial and · Provincial. The explanation given for the increases in the Imperial shares of . these heads apply equally to the Provincial shares. The increase under " Courts of Law " is accounted for by larger receipts from sale-proceeds of unclaimed property and magisterial fine.;; that under " State Railways " to expansion of traffic. The falling off in the rec:eipts under '' Police " was due to there having been less recovery on account of punitive police, which was considerably reduced during the year. . .

270. On the expenditure side the net result of comparison with th� previous year is an increase _of Rs. 10,53,466. The gross increases were as follows ;-

Land Revenue Forest

Law and Ju�tice-Courts of Law J :-iu.· .,T"d l1��t!rt'-f"' :'; .: Marine

. f:ducation Scientific and other Minor Depnrt .nents Superannuation Allowances aml Pensions State Ra.il:a·ays Minor Works and Navigation ... Civil Work� Petty increases und� other heads

Rs. 81,517

1,19,205

45,863 l � .. .. ' .'\�

19,750 19,788

15,879 21,643

2,02,833 4,38,214

1,91,222

1 7,406 -

Total 1 t .R7,077

•

13ut they were partiy reduced oy less expenditure of Rs. 1 , 1 51893 under " Police " -and Rs. 1 7, 7 1 8 under other heads.

27 1 . The lransactions of the �istrict Cess Funds compared with those of lncorpoJated Local Funds. the previous year show a net i!1crease in receipts of Rs. 74,99 1 , and a decrease m expenditure of Rs. t 1'61.:io. ��e increase in rec�} pts . wa1� made up of Rs. 5 1 ,3g6 under " Pro

¥10c1al rates, Rs. 8, 1 21 under Police, Rs. 9,0 1 8 unde:: " M iscellaneous " Rs 5,93 t ui:ider " Civil Wor ·s," and Rs. 1 ,o67 under " Land Revenue " and

' othe; heads ; less a falling off of Rs. 545 under " Marine " ��d " Edl!-;ation." The gross ,?ecre;asejn e?'penditure wa� .Rs. 1 ,g6,305, of which Rs. 1 ,90,28o occurred

·under Pohce owmg to the abolition of the headmen on the introduction of the 'Village Act, Rs. 511 53 under " M inor Works and Navigatic,n," and Rs. 872 �der " Refund� " and •· Medical." These were partly counterbalanced by in· erea�d expenditure of Rs. 1 8,27 1 under " Provincial rates " Rs. 3 837 under 1' p t Offi " R 6 d " M . " R 8 d '

' . . os ice, s. 2,5 I un er arme, s. 2 2 7 un er " Education " Rs. 7,972 under " Miscellaneous," Rs. 33,839 under ,,'Civil Works," and Rs.

' 1 , 1 1 8 under other head�. .

FINANCE (Ul'Pl!R DURMAi 93 Upper Brtrma.

272, The re�cipts and expen�iture of Upper Burma, inclusive of the trans· actions of the Public Works and Railway Departments for the past two years are shown in the following statement :-

' ·

Receipts. I Expcnditur::-, Receipts. I Expenditure.

----- -----!-----

Imperial . . . ... j Rs. I Rs. i Rs. l R1 •

1,1 2,86,981 1,8.,,71,1<17 1.1 1.52,�1 1' 1,9:,5;,C)S1 I ocnrporntr<l r .nral Excluclecl 1.oc:il

... , i.12,379 1 2,36,6oo I i.1.�.040 i.;17.S'JJ 6.i. 109 . t.3. 164 I 7.i,902 I 74'910

M umc1pahl1es . ' . . . I s.ss.:ijs I 6,21 .441 5,54,079 6,,J...,1 1.93.92,6n I 1 ,20,56,385 l--;,;;:-9� Totai

273. The receipts of 1 891 ·92 show a net dec;·ease of Rs. 1 ,34,6 1 7 as com-

1 • 1 pared with those of the previous year. The falling off mpena · occurred chiefly under " Land Revenue," " Forest," " Police," and " Military \\'orks," but it was largely compensated for hy increased receipts from " Opium ," " Stamps," " Excise," " Triuutes, ' " Interest," " Marine," " M iscellaneous " and " State Railways."

274. The falling off under " Lan<l Revenue " amounted to Rs. 3,34,372 owing chiefly to abatement of the <lcm;n,d fur thathameda in the districts affcc�cd by scarcity and to non-payment of the secon<l instalment of rent, amounting to Rs. 2,00,000, by the Ruby M ines Company ; that under " Forest " to Rs. 3, 1 6,997 ; that under " Pulice " to Rs. 24,233 owing to disbandment of punitive and the Ruby Mines Company's police ; that under " Military \\'orks " to Rs. 1 6,776 ; that under " Medical " and 1 1 Stationery : nd Print ing " aggregated Rs. 4,774. The improvement under " Opium " amounted to Rs. 1 4,422 owing to larg-e salPs in thf' Minl:iu, v� ,�· '- : i�: .. �,· .1 f'., : ' . • : · . '.i . : : · · . ! . . .- " ' " ' · ·: t � · ..ii; 11-1., •v i\.,,. 1 5,4.4 j ; t hcit under " Exc; �c " lu Rs. 5 7 186 1 , an<l wa.> uhtaincd chieAy from license fees on liquor and gain on 1 he sale of opium ; that under "Tributes" to Rs. �. 1 S 1 , due to arrear collection and t n the prompt realizati,m of thl' year's duP-.; ; that under " lnten:::.t " to Rs. 1 0,300 owing tu larger ach·anccs lu cult i\·ators and t o the interest on loans granted to �luni1·ipalities having fallen due and rccnvered during the year ; that under " Marine " tl' Rs. 2 2 ,543, due to t h\.· sale d a launch and a flat to the M u Valley Railway Department ; that under 1 1 Miscellaneous '' to Rs. 1 7,246 and was obtained chielly from di,-count charged on Burmese coins ten<lere<l at the treasuri"" and premium •Jn �upply-bills, the demand inr which was gr�akr than in thP prPyinu5 } 1 .11 ; 1 i i ; 1 1 •wd•.:r :St..J.t ·..: !\.��;:1 .. ;;;1 .: · ; , , IZ:;. J,vJ,J I :.! u\\111g Lo expansion ot trathc ; and that un<lcr ·• :::ialt," " kcg1stration," 1 1 Cnurls d Law," " Jails " and other heads to Rs. 25,253. .

'2 '; < , Un the exp< ndi tu 1e ::-idc !lac l id resuit of cnmpan-;on with the previous year i� �n increase of l�s. 6,86.j84. The gross increasP in expenditure am<•untcd to Rs. 1 5,84,8 2 1 and occurred undt:r the following heads :-

Rs. Refunds an<l drawbacks I .and Revenue Fort>sls L.-. and Justice-Courts ol Law . . . Marine . . . . . . Education Misccilaneous State Railways-\Vorking expenses Mini>r Works and Navigation ...

20.030 99.1�6 4 r.i�I\ 49,<xJl} 6o,1 j6 21,719 2 1 ,025

Civil Works . . Petty increas• s under Excise, Jails, Ecclesi�·stio1(, Sup�r3nnualion

and other heads . . .

1,39,i76 7,26,831 3,73 668

Total is,S�.Sn But these increases were largely redu.ced,

, by less expenditure ?,f R�._ 8,�,o:>,7,

namely, of Rs. 5, 1 1 ,756 under " Police, Rs. 1 1 ,209 under Poht1cal, Rs. :I ..

!\&PORT ON TH& ADMINISTRATION or BURMA. [•It•"!>•· 1 go 057 under 11 Miscellaneous Railway expenditure," Rs. 1 ,64,994 under 1' Mili�ry 1Works," and Rs. 20,02 1 under " General Administration," 11 Scientific and other Minor Departments," and other heads.

276. The increase under " Refunds " was due to special forest refunds ; that under " Land Revenue " to heavier expenditure on surveys ; that under 11 Courts of Law " to the charges on account uf tht! J u<licial Commissioner having been incur· red for a part of the year only in 1 890-91 and to larger expenditure on salaries and judicial establishment under " Criminal Courts ; " that under " Marine " to construction of vessels and larger outlay on subsidies ; that under " Education " to !ncreased expenditure on inspection and salary· grants to certificated teachers ; that under " Miscellaneous " to the transfer of circuit-houc:e rh<i.rges to I mperial and to a large amount having been written off on account of the loss of Government money at Kawlin. The decreased expenditure under " Police " was due to the tran<:fn nf certain battalions to the Military Department ; that under " Political " chiefly to the outlay on the " Anglo-Siamese Boundary Commissiun " ha,·ing been much less than in the previous year.

277. The transactions of the District Funds in Upper Burma, as compared

I ted Local F nd with those of the year 1890-91 , show a net increase

ncorpora u s. . . f R 6 66 d f R . d" m receipts o s. 2, 1 an o s. 993 m expen t·

ture. The increase in receipts was chiefly contributed by bazaar rents and ferries. There was larger expenditure on bazaar establishments, canals in the Minbu district, and hospitals and dispensarie3, but it was counterbalanced by smaller outl�y on the construction of bazaars c1.nd other works of public utility than in the prevaous year.

Lon·er Burma. 278. These include the following funds, namely, Town, Port, Cantonment,

Rangoon Port Trust, and Educational Syndicate. Excluded Local Funds. The Rangoon Port Trust is not home on the Govern·

ment books. The transactions, including debt and remittances, were as follows :-

=======-· ==========,.....,....=��,-; .. ,_ ·"=��-=- -.,.,.-,;-=·=,..,,,,

Town Port ... Cantonment •••

Syndicate ... Rangoon Port Trll5t

Funds.

Total

Opening balance. Receipts. Total. Disburse

ments. Closing balance.

279. The expenrliture on 4180,167, namely,-

public works <luring the year aggregated Rs.

Town funds ...

Port funds Cantonment funds

Rs. 3<>.756

1 1.0�7 Rangoon Port Trust 4,l8,l]6 Edt:cational Syndicate . • .

The only funds having loans outstanding were the following :-

Moulmein Port Fund F""111 lh1 PN/Jli�.

... '

Rs. �59

... 7'94.041

.... ., .. 1 PINANC! (UPP!R BURMA� 95

LMIJer and Upper B1'rma. 280. Except Rangoon Municipality, the transactions of which are not borne

M . . I't'

on the Government books, there were 41 munici· unic1pa I ICS. 1

· . . 8 . . . pa 1t1es m 1 9 1 -92 against 42 m the previous year, the Myinmu Municipality being abolished. . The .followii:il? statements show the transactions of e.

ach municipality and its financial position at the close of the year. The closing balances, with the exception of that of Sandoway, seem to be sufficient, but it deserves considera· tion whether minimum balances mi�ht not with advantage be fixed.

Lo1�,.,, Burmn, 1891-9z.

M unicip;il ities. Receipt.. Total. 1 Openin� I 1 balance. I ------------ -- 1 ---- ,---- -----

Akyab Bassein Henz;ida Kyaikto Kyangin K�aukpyu Mergu1 Moulmein Myaungm,·a J',hanaung .. Ma-ub1n N gathainggyaung Paungd� . • .

Pegu Prome Ramree Sandoway Shweg)in T;ovo, 'Ti..- •. ; .. �-.. . J 1�:t1on

Tc;ungoo Vandoon Zalun Rangoon

To1;il

Mumc1paht1es.

i ··· 1 ... ::: I ...

.. . "' l Rs.

2 1 ,629 35.233 35.363

4.5�5 4.i36

• 2,45ll 8,015

10.132 3.632 6,483 5,02 2 3.729

12,723 29,165 16.957 . 3,655

354 14.573

··· I 594 .,·,,: '· � .. us 29462 22,1 1 0 27, 1 79

3.05,052

Hs. 1 ,09.972 1,38.1•)5 9' •.';2')

1 7 .�27 23.9.p t6,j8u 28,1H2

1,41 1, 1 78 4,683

�3.:!;6 1(;,005 19,;85 3:;,6,12 5(qo9

1,28,218 1 1 ,5q 13,053 37.380 18,77,i 4 :>1' lj,I 1 2 87.i(/<) 38,788 q,509

18,07.172

29,60,735

Upper Burma, 1891-9:1.

'-';"�!"::!i;; h�l;i nrf'.

---- ------------:-1 Rs. Mandalay . .. Shwebo ... Bhamo .. .

Pak6kku . .. Myingyan .. . Mmbu . . . Salin Taungdwingyi Pagan . • .

Yesagyo .. .

M6nywa .. . Ye-u ... �inmana ...

am�hin .. .

Sagaing ... Kya� ...

...

. ..

.. . ... ...

...

. ..

... ...

...

. . .

...

. . .

. .. .. . .. .

Tota.I

... ]tJ.059 ! 3,35,990

.. . 3,232 I 1 �.111

.. . 16,7H I 15,517 . .. 5,168 I 37,0 1 1

. .. 5, 13 1 14494

1,7-5.J I • 1, is� ... .. . 9,332 15,059 . .. 5,857 20,055 . .. 2,135 341 3 ... 7>976 3,384 .. . 7,286 14,83�

.. . 4.753 1 ;,819

.. . 16, 122 36,079

.. . 1,511 13,1!91

.. . 5,752 33,051

... 7,643 lo,61l

... 1,]s,932 ) 5.9sA35]

R •. 1 ,3 1 ,6o1 I ,7J.328 1,i5,892

21,7X2 28,678 111,,38 3h,t97

1 ,50,310 8,315

J• ·,35•1 1 1 ,027 23.5 q 4!!,355 !15.574

IA5,175 15,169 13,407 5 1 .953 1<).\68 ,J.)· 1

21,470 1,1 7,252

6o,8g8 .p,C:S8

21 , 1:1,224

Total.

Rs. 4,121'49

16,009 32,239 4:1,179 19,625 12,705 24,391 25,912 5,548

1 1 ,36o 22,1 18 n,572 52,201 li.402 3 ,8o3 18,254

M•.367

Di>bur.;cments.

R•. 1 , 1 3 , 1 1 5 1,32,<130 1,0<•,<)40

13.3p 1 6,893 10,2�4 31.5�

1,40,493 4,9117

1 7 .4�3 15,484 q,3 1 9 38,<)68 65,qo

1,32,992 9,835

13,133 44,193 16.111i

.:> ''"5 1 6,598 92,562 42,o64 1 1 ,679

20,00, 194

31,71,.pl

Disburscmc::nt:s.

Rs. 3,61),768

15,770 18,137 35,183 l4,6o:l

I

\

9.311" 10,386 I 18,:147 5,146 9,722

1�,333 l ,973 40,885 10,271 31.575 17,5:11

6,.0,899

Rs. 18,486 40,398 24,952 8,,po

1 1 ,785 3.004 4,653 9,81 7 '.l.408

l«,876 5,543 9,195 9,387

20,434 12,183 5.,334

.!74 7,<:>00 �.�tit .:;l>.;11'; 4,872

24,()go 18,834 3o,0<19

1,1 2,030

440,293

Cloaing balance.

Rs. 42,281

239 14,102 6,996 5,023 J,3;�

14,005 7,665

402 l,�8 6,7 5 3,599

11,316 s.1sr 7,228 733 --

l.J0-468

REPORT OM THI o\DMllOllTltATIOM OP BURMA.

28 1. The liabilities of the municipalities in the way of loans on 3 ut March 1 8g2, were as follows :- Due to G011trn1PUnl.

,J Rangoon <Water works� ... Pmme (Water w·orks) ..•

K)aukpyu (Construction of bazaar) Mergul (Constraclion ol baaar) M inl:lu (Construction of bazaan Palc6kku (Coll9tnlction of bazaar) .. , M6ny"·a (Construction of baJaar} Vesagyo (Construction of bazaar) Py i11mana (Comtruction of baRar) Ye-u (Construction of b:iz;;ar) Taungdwi�vi (Construction of bazaar) Sagaing (Con!'lruction of b:iz::i:ir) ...

Rs. 1.39,l49 Ss,502 7,682

1.522 3,663 20.422 11.,509 4,.()96

;\0,642 9,101

10,000 13,648

The three last named municipalities took under report.

up their loans during the

Dut to Public. Rangoon (Water works) ... Rangoon ! Drainage scheme) Rani:oon (Drainage and high-pressure w11ter-supply)

Paper Currency.

Rs. s,50,000

:22,41,500 1/X>,000

year

282. The net circulation of notes on the :31 st March of each year since the office was first opened in August 1 883 has been as Paper Currency. follows :-

Rs. 3rst March 188� :io,90,495 3ut March 1885 13,36,705 3111t Mnrch 1886 15,M,78o 31st March 1887 3:z,o1.200 31�! March 18R8 37,42,850 31st M11rch 1889 28.44,310 31st March 1890 18,90,Soo 3 1 st March 1891 53,11,715 315t March 1892 39.46,175 2�1. ThP i.;<:11f'<: "f i;r,t. , 1 , ,,'. .:;: : <?) ' ·S, 2 :·�c·.i .v R;,. 5,04,05,145 .1ga1n -. t Ks. 5,ol:S, 1 2,lS�S in 1 890-91 and lhose cashed to Rs. 5, 1 7,70,785 against

Rs. 4,83,9 1 ,970 in 1 890-91 . The denominations were as follows :-Issues, 1d91-92. Receipts, 1891-92.

Rs. No. Rs. No. 5 29,527 s 37'779 10 86.328 10 1$6,297

20 37,044 20 38,c36 c;u 16,6o7 50 17,998 )OO 37,856 100 37,�8 500 3,557 500 3.451

1,onn <i, 76<) I ,OOO 6,638 I0,000 �.:;JQ IO,l'<Yl ':."')')

284. I h.- Jognres for the p:i:>t year show a dtci<lc<l <li::crcasc in the circulation �f the five-rupee d.·nnmination of notes as cumpa1t:<l with pre\•ious years as far back as 1887 ; of the other denomination.;;, thr> Rs. 50 notes a!s0 shuw a faliing off as �ompared with last year, whilst all uthcr denominations show an increase, the Rs. l ci particularly so. The very large falling off in the circulation of Rs. 5 notes is due to a cleverly executed forgery of these notes which was discovered in April 18,91, when the circulation was at once affected and continued falling off to the close of the year. The decrease in the circulation of notes of Rs. 50 as com· pared with last year is due t" ::. rumour which for so1111:: time p1�va1led in the bazaars that forged notes of Rs. 50 were also in circulation. There was appa· rently no foundation, however, for this rumour, as no forged Rs. 50 notes were disct vered.

•l!l•-9•·l MEDl<AL RELIEF t<OWER BURMA). 91

VI.-VITAL STATISTICS AND MEDICAL SERVICES.

Vital Statistics of the General Population. 285. In Lower Burm.a 95,332 births were registered during the year, being att

Vital �tatistics. increase of. rather fl!Ore than 1 0,000 on the figures for . 1890. T�1s total gives a ratio of 20·74 per mille on the

population �f Lower Burm.a accordmg �o the census of 1 89 1 . As in previous years , the births of male children predominated to a marked extent, the t()tals for the two sexes, male and female, being 49, 1 24 and 46.208 respectively. Of deaths there wew registered i 3, 190, the proportion of males to females bei� as 1 23 to 1 00. The death-rate of Lower Burma was 1 5·93 per t!1ille. It varied 111 different towns from 1 1 ·95 to 40·2�. I n Ra��oon it was :l7'09 and in Moulmein it was 28·25. For the 25 towns mth populat10ns of over 5,000 the average death-rate was 29·6o. The rate per millc for Christians was r 1 6, for Buddhists 16-02, for Hindus 23·03, and for Musalmans 1 4·28. No record of births and deaths is kept in U pper Burma.

286. Except in the case of smallpox, there was an apereciable rise in the . numlwr (•f deaths from the principal diseases record· General history 01 the chief ed as compared with the figures of the previous year. disea;e•.

There was an increase of 1 ,324 <leaths under cholera, of 3,426 under foyers, and of 1 ,095 under dysentery and diarrhcea. The inc.rease under diseases other than the above and under the head of injuries was rather over 61000 in all. The Arakan d ivision returned 1 2 deaths from cholera as against 1 in 1 890, but both Sandoway and K yaukpyu were as free from this disease as in the previous year. I n Thongwa Jistrict there were 839 deaths from cholera, of which 92 occurred in \' andoon town, and in two other registration areas in this district the number of deaths was OYcr 6o. Deaths due to smallpox fell from i 6o� to r . )-f "r1 . . : .: . '":;...:i" . 1...·t. ... : ; , L.\J •. l,.i. JJL. •• Ha. t11 \\ h1'-- i1 \Jn� nun, lkr of casualties from tl1is disease was at all high were Henzada, Thtingwa, Hanthawaddy, and P1�gu. The total of deaths from fevers, dysentery, and diarrhcea was higher than in both 1 .S89 and 1890, but did not reach the figures recorded for 1 888, which was a particul2rly unhealthy year.

Immigration and Emigration. 287. The total number of immigrants into the Arakan division both by sea and

land during the 1·car was returned at 1 1 1534 compared with 5,6�0 in the yt>ar before, and of e�1iarants at 1 2,044 compared with 4,9 1 J. Tlw immigrants consist

h. fl � L rh' J . ' ' ( n ' ' • " ' c \(> v nf h :i r,·p.;:t 1 . , 1HHlr1.1;� f't'*('\n"'I tpb • . !��;r·:--.� \,.I ' : . j. � I v . UL.t�e:;.'-u, '"'''� UUlK V ( whoni return t 1 1 th1· ;r home� year by year after the crops arc reaped, only a s mall min(•rity remaining a,; permanent :;�ttl1·rs i n Arakan. I t i� bl'l ieYed that many of them come and go wit ho11t h<'ing rpgi c;tnl'd 11.t all. Th.e returns fo.r the tu\\ 11 uf Rangoon showed 1 08. •oo immigrants and 7 1 ,5 78 emigrants dunng the year. These are for the most p,trt coolies from the l\�adras porls, �nd the maj ority of them go back with their earnings lwfore the ramy season begms. More of t�em, howeYer, remain behind now than formerly, and settle down, at least for a hme, in �he provinr<' . . At l\I �ulmcin; ,�here the�c is a c?nsi.derabl� settled �a!11il _pop�latt"n eng::.gcd m the nee a 1 1 ,i t1l l lLe1 mill� an? m nee a1�u sugar c�1ttvat 1on m the surrounding districts, the number of 1mm1grants registered dunng the year was J 1 '497 and of emigrants 29,240.

Medical R�tief (Lower Burma).

288. The number of Lower Burma dispensaries remained unchan�ed during

. . the year. The increase in the number of in-patients Dispensaries. treated in Lower Durma dispensaries, namely , from

.1 7 142 1 to 20,0�8, was even mor� marked than in 1 S�. The ri�e was largest

m the Pegu divi;ion, the increase m the Rangoon hospital alone being 2,464 over 25

l!PORT ON THE ADMl=--ISTRATION 01' Dt:RMA. 1891.,1,J the figures of th� pre�ious year. �early 19,000 more ut-patie!'ts were treated in the lower province m 1891 than m 1 ��, an<i th� total nf hnth JO and nut door patients was 284,349 against 262,8o1 m the previous ye.ar Of �mallpox c�ses there were 731 against 825 :md of cholera ? 1 8 case� against 143 m .the previous year. The majority of smallpox cases were treated m Rangoon, 'l\'htch account· ed for 692 in the course of the year. There were most cholera cases at ToungoCl, Rangoon, Yandoon, Moulmein, Bassein, and Ma-ubin. 1:he expenditure .for the year amounted to Rs. 2 30,4891 or Rs. 15, 149 more than m 1 890. The nse was mainly due to heavy ex�enditure on med icines r•f Eurupcan manufacture in Ran· goon, Akyab, and elsew .. ere. A new .sy c;tem f?r the purchase vf Europea1_1 dru�:. was elaborated during the year and w ill cornf' mto fnrrf' frnm the 1 �t Apnl 1 893. Its main feature is that the stores for all medical institutions in the proYince, other than those maintained, controlled, and managed by the State, will in future be obtained on wholesale terms.

289. At the commct:cement of the year there were 25 1 lunatics, of whom 225 . were males and 26 females confined in the asylum. Rangoon Lunatic A•ylum. The admissions during the year aggregated 8..i ( 70

males and 1 4 females), and 59 of the inmates were discharged during the same period. There were 22 deaths against 40 in the preceding year, and the year closed with a population of 254 (232 males and 22 females), being three more than al the close of 1 890. The number of admissions to hospital was 75 against 1 36 in the previous year. Of the total number in confinement at the end of the year, 9::1 were criminal and 162 were c:vil lunatics. The expenditure of the year amounted to Rs. 28,34::i, or Rs. 7 1 5 more than in 1 890. The average cost of each lunatic rose from Rs. 1o6 to Rs. 1 14. The income from lunatic labour was Rs. 5,810. This was Rs. 453 less than in the previous yt:ar, the decrease being due to the loss nf a market for baskets and brooms. The average number of lunatics employed on labour was only 2 19 against 233 in 1 890. The profits of manufacture fell from Rs. 5,545 to Rs. 4,008.

Medical Relief (Upper Burma).

290. Eight new dispensaries were started in Lipper !3ur:na, and two which .,· .. �;;,; ;;.. : ..::a J:, iu c.:.i..i:,�cllt.l: \\l:ll: auui1:,hcci <luring ;ht year , so that at its close there were 45, being six

more than at the end of 1 890. Of t he new institutions, two were at Fort \\' hite and Haka. Those that were abnlished "'ere the; dispensaries at Tantabin and Mong Nai ( '.\fonc). The establishment of ;i dispensary �t \\'an Pring in the Shan States w'I!' c;:i rictioned in August, the new institution taking t he place of the old Mong Nai (Munc) d ispensary. During the year 8,575 indoor and 1 27 ,86g outdoor patients were treated against 5, 704 and 93,joR in the preceding year. The increase in the: attendance at the M�ndalay hosp1 als from 8, 1 1 6 to 1 2 .634 was especially marked, and was chiefl)' among the 13urmans. The tctai number of � . : :: �:.:1 F·' · . � � 1 :.: 1 5 ag:1..1. · 5:)J�· : � : , , � �SI\.· 1 o treat this enhanced numbl:r of paLients Rs. 1 , 1 5 ,990 were expended , being Rs. 1 ,942 less than in 1 890. As in previous years bnt a small port ion of this total was contributed from sourr,es ot her than GoY..:rnmenl 1e1 l:llUt:s. Thi:: sum paid from Municipai funds 0n thi�. account was rather lower than in 1 890, being Rs. 491765 against Rs . .s 1 ,552, but the subscriptions from all sources, including fees from patients, rose from Rs. 1 ,994 to Rs. 3,634.

D1sper.sarics.

291 . On the whole the health of the military police , as evidenced by the

!-filitary ;icH�: hoipitals. police hospital returns, wac; fair 'fl.r- fnrrf" was r"· duced during the year by about ::i,500 men and the

total "f admissions to hospital and daily average sick fell to an exte�t rather more t�.an .Proportiona.tc to �he reduction. The rate per mille of strength of average da1l.Y sic� was 54·4, betng sliJ..,htly lower than in the previous year, when it stood at �5 · 7 . The. death.rate taken on the total of deaths in hospital only was 1 roi agamst 16·65 m 1890. The decrease in the Invaliding rate was, however, very marked. The m<'st unhealthv battalions so far as can be judged from the. per�entage of a�mi.ssion� on �vcragc str�ngth, were those of the Upper Chmdwm and Ye-u dtstncts and of the Mogaung subdivision. The percentage

,,,,..,,] VACCINATION. 99 for the Y e-u battalion wt10: 283· 1 7, but this wa:; far below Lhe highest percentage of the previous year, which reached 425· 1 1 . The percentage of deaths 'A'as highest in the Katha and Mog6k battalions. The Katha death-rate (3·90 per cent.) was even higher than iu 1 889. The total expenditure 011 police hospi· tals fell from R s. 1 ,54, 1 2 1 to Rs. 1 ,35, 726. The decrease was due to tbe reduction in the force already mentioned.

Sanitation. 292. A set of draft rules for the promotion of sanitation in villages, and a

S •1 1 draft of instructions for the guidance of headmen and an1 ary ru es. "II · · · I d C v1 agers m samtary matters, were c1rcu ate to om-m:ssioners of Divisions in Upper and [ ower Burma with a view to learninj;! how far it would be praccicahlf' or advisable to introduce the clcmc::11Ls of sanitation into the rural tracts of thf' province. The replies of all the officers consulted were not received till near the close of the year, and, in consideration of the recent inauguration of the new system of village headmen and village police, it was del:i<lcd to defer for the prto;t:nt the issue of <ldir.ite rules on Liu: subjt:ct oi rural sanitation. Early in 1891 the loc.'ll Government was asked to nominate a del�gate to represent the province at the Seventh I nternational Con�ess of Hygiene and Demography held in London in August, and Surgeon-L1eutenant-Colonel Sinclair, who left on furlough in June of that year, was selected.

293. No new sanitary works L'f any great importance were executed during

S .1 k the year either in Cpper or Lower Burma. The an1 ary wor s. . �hone dramage system was extended to other parts

of the town of Rangoon, and on the whoic worked satisfactorily, though the M unicipality has had to pay s•.1mewhat heavily for the honoar of intrnducing the system into the Indian Empire. The Lower Burma Municipal Act was amended by Act XXI of 1 89 1 in order to give tht Municipal Committee sufficient powers to compel householders tu connect their houses with the main sewers. More than 700 houses had been connected before the close of the year. Two blocks occurred in the sewers in May and ]uric and mt>asures were taken to prevent the recurrence of "llrh an :trr;rfrnt Th,. (" ·• . . . : , . � .,-, · · l · ··" , · . < h ... rn<; 1"r t i 1·� n:ciamauon of low lands and fur the general i mprovem'!nt of

'Rangoon held

a sucri·ssion of meetings during the year and framed a scheme which was submittf'd • 1 1 the GoYernment of l 1 1Jia an,\ has, "i11l:e the close of the year, been approved. At Akyab ten new latrines were constructed and a scavenging-tax was impn.,.1•d tn maintain Lhem. The Pr0mc \\ akr-111 1rks continued to give satisfaction and about ;o new hydrants were erected. In Ma-ubin a scavenging-tax was imposed to serve 23 public and �1m1t' pri\·atc l;i,trincs. AL Bassein the reclamation of the Obo sw,tmp cost l<.�. 6,428, and there i s a project for reclaiming the swampy portion of 1 he foreshore. At :\foulnwin the qut:-,tion of providing a decent watersupplv was a�a111 deferred ; six new latrines W(•rp PrN't1·ri ;1nd a sran:n:!ing-t:n c wa,, i m iio:,eJ \\itl1 a vit:w t o t h e ci1 1sing o t ccss-p1ts and t h e construction of ad· ditiu11al l,ttrines. The Public Works Ucpart m<'nt sp1'11t Rs. 1 ,28,484 in Lower and Rs. t , T0,462 in Upper Burma on sanitary works aeainst Rs. 85,23t and Rs. z , q,8tn respect 1vcly in 1 89u. Cuusi<lering the funds at their disposal, the Upper Burma Municipalities spent a reasonable amount un sanitary works and conser•·anc\'.

Vaccination,

294 The number of pe:-sons rnccinated in Lo'\\·cr B�:-r.�:.. d�:;nt; l S�1993 was 1 29 509, being less by 1 0,8 1 2 than in the previou� Lower nurma. ' Th bi d · h d" year. e mo.;;t nota e ecreases were m t e tS•

tricts of Prome, Thongwa, Henzada, Thayctmyo, and Toungoo. In the Tharra· waddy district two additional va ·cinators

_ were appointed . • a!1d

_the n�mber of

operations increased from 5138 1 to 6,552 ; m the AJ?lhe�st district, mcludmg Moulmein town, there was an increase of 2,476 vaccmatwn-.. The percentages of success in primary cases dicl not in most distric�s materially differ .from those �f the previous year, but in Pegu the average fell trom .90 to 86, and 1� Salween 1t rose from 48 to 65. For the whole of Lower Burma 1t was 85· � 1 , bL1ng worse 1:-y

100 REl'ORT ON !'HE AOAliNISTRATlON OP BURMA.

· 1 7 than in the previous year. The total number of vaccinators was increased by one and the expenditure on establishment rose from R s. 25,565 tn R'!. 25,905.

Th� cost of the special vaccination staff \tas Rs. 32,663, and the average cost of each successful case wa" Re. 0-5-3 against Re. 0-4-9 in the previous year. The general rate per case was abnormally high. The Vacc�n:itio.n.Act was applied during the year to Thayetmyo cantonment and to tl1e Mu111c1pahttes �f . Ya!l�oon, That6n, and Mergui. Rules were made under the Act for the Mum�1paht1es of Ngathainggyaung-Daunggyi, Myanaung, Mergui, Thaton, and Ma-ubm, and for the cantonment of Thayctmyo. The Act is now in force in all Lower Burma Municipalities but seven, of which Pegu is the most considerable, and in all Lower Burma cantonments but one .

.295· The number of vaccinations in Upper Burma was 57,�5 against 37,956.

u 5 There were four additional vaccinators entertained, pper urma. and the aver"ge outt11rn of each vaccinator's work

rose from 1 ,356 to 1 ,8 1 2 operations. In Mandalay district there was a large increase of w,722 owing mainly to the extension of the Act to Mandalay M unicipality and Cantonment. In the Upper Chindwin there was a gre1t and unex· plained decrease, and from other districts, including Katha, Lower C hindwin, and Pyinmana, reports of opposition to vaccination were received. The assistance which can be rendered by the District Officer and his assistants in removing such opposition was illustrated by the case of Ye-u, where the number of vaccinations increased from 11289 to .f,24-f.. The cost of each successful case fell from Re. 0-4-2 to Re. 0-3-2. The total expenditure was Rs. 9171 :z. During the year the Act was applied to the Municipalities of Mandalay, Myingyan, Pagan, Salin, Pyinmana, and Yametbin, and the Cantonment of Mandalay. Rules under the Act were made for the M•Jnicipalit:es of Mancldlay, Salin, and Pyinmana. The Civil Surgeons verified more cases than in the preceding year, and the Civil Surgeon of Mandalay, whose 919 verifications were accidentally omitted by the Sanitary Commissioner from the previous year's report, found time to verify over 3,000 cases in 189 1 -9:.i. The high percentage of successful secondary vaccinations in 189o-9 1 attracted the notice of the Government of India which was inclined to doubt the correctness uf the returns. In the vear of report the t>f'rrpnt:H1r '"II •n T n•1 ,.r p,,, . .,, , r. ,.,. (. , , , � - a" ; " l... :. 1 ppc.:- l3) urm"' l rv11• t ... - ' • • J •• ,. ... , , • • - .J ' ··- . ...,,. _ .... '"" l - • 09 to i I .

........ ) EDt.. CATION (LO\',-l!lt BUR."tlA� IOI

VII.-INSTRUCTION.

Education (Lower Burma). 2g6. The number of schools, public and private, in existence at the close' of

G neral 111 the year was 6, 148, or neatly 400 more than in the

e rea 19" previous year. Of this total, 2,782 were publi� and 3,366 private institutions. As compared with the figures of 1 89o·91 there was a decrease of 97 in the number of schools classed as public. The falling off occurred under the hea<l of Primary Vernacular schools ; but, though the actual number of schools of this class was smaller than in the previous year, the number of pupils rose from 74, 763 to 79,6o6. In the previous vear the decrease of 2 23 primary schools, which that year showed bt!low the total of 1889-90 was due to the fact that the v isits of Inspecting Officers were made later than usual and at a time when the indigenous schools were abnormally empty, and it was anticipated that the year now under report would restore thP fnrnier total. The expectation has not been realized ; the number of pupils in primary public schools in 1 889·90 was 83,g86, or 4,380 more than in the year of report. The decrease is due to the removal from the public list of schools which taught no arithmetic. Taking the number of public schnols in the province as a whole, there were nearly 61000 more pupils than in 1890·9 I .

297. The schools classed as private institutions both increased in number and showed more pupils in attendance. Of 3,366 schools of this kind, 3, J 49 were secular and 2 1 7 were for religious instruction only. In the former class nearly 1 1 ,ooo more pupils were taught than in the previous year. The requirement of arithmetic has thrown into this class of schools some which formerly were shown as public and has prevented others from being recognized.

298. The following list shows the number of pupils under instruction in Lfl�·c-r Burm::-. h:- '. !� · · p:i. · , f:, '- ) ' a1 ., : ·-··

Pupils. 1887-88 1 17.J.41 1888-89 121,672 1889-9o l2!f,007 189<>-91 1 1 5,2Q7 1891-yl IJl,688

299. According to the last census the population of Lower Burma was 4,658,627, and had increased since 1 88 1 by 921 ,856. In 1 88 1 -82 the number of pnoil.:; under instruct inn was 89,950. The increa se of population has therefore been 25' per cent. and the increase of pupils under instruction has been 48 per cem. Assuming the populati"n of school-going age to be at both epoch-. ' � r"'r cer.t . ( •f the �Yho!e pq.::.:!��:�::, � h e prop0iLiui• uf :.d1uiars to populat10n ot 'ichool-going age has risen from 1 6 to 1 9 per cent.

300. The 11t!l expenditure by Government anci local authorities on edu<:ation F. . 1 was Rs. 6,54, 149, or Rs. 1 6,5 1 5 more than in 1890-manc1a . Th . h fi f l • 9 1 . e increases over t e gures o t le previous

year were largest under the heads of Secondary and Primary education, on which were spent respectively Rs. 7 ,669 and Rs. 4,342 more than in 1 890"9 t , but there was also a rise of Rs. 31338 in the expenditure on University education, due to a Somewhat enhanced outlay On thP c;ahriPS Of the erofeSSOria! StU.ff of !Jic R angoon College. The introduction of new standards mto the educational sys· tern of the province and the consequent rise in the quantity and value of �ants earned caused the increases in the expenditure on Secondary and Primary education. The abolition of Upper Primary scholarships and the closin� of two Survey schools reduced expenditure under the heads of Special education and Scholarships. The Department spent Rs. 48,523 on buildings during the year as compared with Rs. 45,653 in 1 890-91 , the increase being mainly due to the Shwegyin school-house. The ;ncrease in fee-receipts continued and amounted to Rs. 281207, to which aided Secondary and Primary schools contributed Rs. 23,005

:.16

102 P.IPORT ON THll .\DMINISTRATION OP BURMA. f•llf•'fl, 301. The average number on the rolls at the Rango?n College during the

year was 44 as compared with 24, and the average University edut"ation. daily attendance 42 as compared with . 19 in 1 8�9 1 .

The improvement in the attendance at the Colle�e 'Yas due t o an '!'crease m the number of passes in the Calcutta Entrance exammataon of the previous year, but it has to be noted that 29 out of 44 students wtore holders ?f �overnment scholarships. All the four students presented for the B. A. examination were .suc�essful, as also were 1 1 of the 14 candidates wh� competed.at the F._ A. exammat1on.

302. The number of high schools m the province was 1�creased by �wo, the . institutions that were raised to this grade bem� the

Secondary education. Rangoon Diocesan school and the Prome Municipal school, and the number of pupils stud�·ing . at high s�hools rose from 2,820 to 3,39B. There was an increase of one m Middle English schools, but there w�s a decrease of 164 pupils in attendance, due to the fact th.at the two schools ra1s�d to the High school grade took out of the returns for Maddie schools more pupils than the three newly graded Middle schools brought in. The number of Vernacular Middle schools rose from 1 7 to 22, and the number of pupils studying at them from 1 1 1 1 8 to 1 , 579. This increase was occasioned by the re-classi�cati?n of iodjgenous schools tmdertaken in the past year. At the Calcutta University Entrance and the Provincial Seventh Standard examinations 3 1 8 candidates were successful as compared with 2 1 7 in 1 890·91 and 1 1 5 in 1 889-90.

303. The number of Primary schools under inspection fell from 21854 to P . . . 21 761 . Of this total 2 ,679 were indigenous aided

rrmary mstructron. schools and the remainder were public institutions, 25 of which were under public and 57 under private management. The number of public schools under public management is shown as having fallen by two. The actual decrease was one only as there was a mistake in the figures for the previous year. Public institutions under private management increased by eight schools! of which three were in Akyab town, and the attendance at this class d school rose from 4,426 to 5 1 1 97. The decrease in the number of indigenous aided schools, which fell from 2,778 to 2,679, is attributed, as already stated, to the removal from the list of a nmnber of institutions at which no arithmetic was tau�ht. Therf" wa' an incre'.l.'r ,,c St"·<'n K :1:-1 :; ,,.choub, LuL tlic m'lmuer ut .Mahomedan schools fell from 24 to 7 and the number of pupils from 595 to 370. There was a net increase of 5,440 in the attendance at primary '.ndi6enous schools, but this rise merely brought the returns nearer the real normal attendance. Prob· ably there was a decrease in real average attendance of at least 4,000 pupils, that being about the number by which the decrease shown in the returns of 189o-91 exceeded the increase shown in the returns of 1 8g 1 -92.

304. The results-grants system.for indigenous schools continued to work satisfactorily. The arrangement by which the payment of results-grants to monastic schools in money was revived did not come into force till the close of the year. The various Teachers' CertificC'.te systems remained unchanaP<l throuo-hout the y::::.r, but the pu,,;i;v11 ui certificated assistant teachers has bee'

n ameliorated by the payment of their travelling expenses on transfer. A scheme was prepared for the grant of special educational pnvilPgPs to the sons of village headmen. In Arakan education was generally stagnant, but in Akyab district the quality of instruction improved. In the Pegu division the prospect of obtaining results-grants stimu· lated the monastic managers, but the effect has so far been unfavourable to the standard of education. The returns for Bassein and Henzada showed less ero· gress in numbers than those of the other two districts of the lrrawaddy division, but the examinations were not unpromising. The Karen s�huvlli in the jJrovince �onli11ued to do good work and exhibited an appreciable increase both in the number of pupils under tuition and in the passes gained.

305. There was a decrease of two in the institutions for special instruction Education in special •ub'ecta.

due to the closing of Survey Schools at Mergui and 1 Sandoway. The number of Normal Schools re· mained unchan�ed, as also did t'1e total of pupils at the Akyab Normal School, but the Moulmem Nonnal School, to which an Anglo-Vernacular class was added in the previous year, showed an increase of 1 2 pupils. The attendance at the

,,, ..... ] l!D\JCATION (UrPER B\JRMA). 1 03

Female Normal classes at Rangoon and 1'foult.1ein decreased, but t hey gained 1 1 passes against 1 0 in 1B9<>·9 1 . Fewer passe5 were gained by male students than m the previous year. The number of pupils at St. Peter's Bassein Industrial School fell from 5 1 to 1 8, but the institution did good work and bore the test of examination satisfactorily. The establishment of an Engineering School in Ran· goon was under consideratiC1n during the year, and after its close definite proposals were submitted for the orders of the Government of India. At the in• stance of the Educational Syndicate, a Law class was started in Rangoon and a lecturer appointed to deliver a course of Law lectures. The standard for the medical scholarships tenable at the Calcutta College -;;a5 raised, and in future no candidate will be selected unless he is able to enter for the University exami· nations.

3o6. Then� was an increase both in the number uf, a11cl in the attendance at, Education of girls.

the schools spcr.ially ,,et apart fur female education. The figures for the past two years were 66 and 73

respectively for schools and � , 1 8 1 and 21220 for pupils. Of this total, only three schools with 88 pupils were under public management. No Entrance passes were gained by any girls during the year, though no less than 1 1 had been secured in 1 890-9 1 1 but the number of M iddle School passes was doubled. Upper Primary passes increased from �30 to 504 and Lower Primary passes from 696 to �,888. Of the 20 candidates from the Dufferin Maternity Hospital presented for examination, 8 passed in sick-nursing and 1 2 in midwifery. The lack of female teachers, especially in the Karen schools, was still keenly felt.

307. The year under review was the fast in which a full trial was given to G I k the new standards and rules introdur.ed in 1�, and cncra remar s. V"J''

the general result of the test was good. The mak-ing of drawin� a compulsory subject in Government and M unicipal schools, the opening of Kindergarten classes at several of the Normal schools, and the pres· cribing of a daily compulsory course of drill and gymnastics for all educational institutions under the control of the Director of Public Instruction were among the events of the year.

Educatioa (Upper Burma). 308. The late census showed the population of Upper Burma, excluding the

G I . . Shan States and parts of t he Bhamo and Katha ellt!ca stat1st1cs. d · ·

b o6 6 S · · f 1stncts, to e 31 3,42 persons. tat1shcs o age and education were, however, a'9ailable only re�arding 2 ,946,933 persons. Taking therefore 2,946,933 as the total population, there were 1 73,838 boys and 1 79,050 girls above 4 and under 10 years of age, there were 16g,5o6 boys and 1691377 girls O\'l'r 9 and under 1 5 years, and there were 1 25,4 7 1 boys and 1 46,246 girls over 14 and under 20 year� of age. The population of school-going age,

• • taking 1 5 per cent. of 3,063,426, numbered 459,5 1 3 persons. The 1 1u 111uc1 1 1[ ,,c:1oois cia::i::it:J as publ ic institutions increased from 21940

in 1 890-91 to 3,.to1 i;; 1 89 1 .92, auJ o{ ,,diulars in :.ud1 i11::.L ilutions from 43,g6o to 53,o63. There were in add1t1on 2 ,458 private schools with 10,277 scholars. The only schuuls managed by Government were five Survey Schools with au average attendance of 1 02 scholars. Secondary Schools increa"ed in number from 9 to 1 3, and one, the St . J nseph's Convent Girls' School, attained to the grade of a High School by passing two pupils for the Eighth Standard. All the rest were classed as Middle English Schools. Except th� �ailw.ay School at Yamethin, all the Secondary Schools were managed by m1ss1onanes : four belone-Pct to the Ruus.m Catholics four to the American Baptists, two to the Church of England, and two to the W

1esleyans. The �verage daily attendance _at Secoi:idary Schools

increased from 327 boys and 59 girls to 537 boys and J� girls. Pnmary Schools numbered 544 against 436, and attracted an average a1ly attendance of 13,078 pupil>. as .;ompared with 9,257 in t he pre�iou_s y�ar. The number learmng Eng· lish increa�ed from 844 to 8g7. Th<' d1stnbut1on of the scholars among the various stages of instruction was as follows :-in. the .High s;age thr�, who were all girls i in the Middle stag�, 8 1 boys and 1� girls i m the Upper Primary stage, 5 1 � bcys and 77 girls i and .'° th� Lower Pnmary stage, 47 ,934 boys and 4,326 girls, of whom all were reading pnnted books.

ltl!PORT ON THI! ADMINISTllATION Of Bl:RMA. [• ....... 309. The direct expenditure on public instruction was Rs. 67,056, and in-

• • 1 direct expenditure absorbed Rs. • P , 167 more. In· FmanciR.. spection charges rose from Rs. 22,76g to Rs. 33,077

and building expenses fell fr?� Rs. 36,5�0 to Rs. r , 16g. The sum of Rs. 1 ,o�o

was contributed by the Municipal Committees of Shwebo, Pak6kku, Yam�thtn, and Pyinmana. Government contributed R�. 33,86o to the support of aided schools while fees in those schools brought m Rs. 1 r , 192 and endowments and other �urces produced Rs. 1 7,33 1 . The total expenditure on general education by Government was Rs. 78, 1 201 being ?2 per cent. of the recorded aggregate of all educational expenditure while in the previous year the Govern31ent share was only 63 per cent.. The a�ount of results·gr�nt� was �s. 1 7 ,4 1 7 against Rs. 8,7o6 in the previous year. Next to Mandala� d1stnct,_ wh1c� got Rs. 5 , 1 46, the Sagaing district earned the largest share of this sum ; 1t received Rs. 2,07 1 , and the Shwebo, Lower Chindwin, and Myingyan Jistricts took over Rs. 1 ,000 each. In most districts there was a very considerable increase, but the districts of Bhamo, Ruby Mines, Upper Chindwin, and ) a.methin r�trograded.. . 3 1 0. Thirteen schools were classed as High English and Middle English.

. There wern still no Middle \' ernacular Schools. Secondary �ucation. The 1 3 schools passed I 3 pupils by the Seventh and

2 by the Eighth Standards. They ::.ent up altogether for all the Middle standards 28 more candidates than in 1 890-91 and passed 26 more. The expenditure rose from Rs. 1 5,974 to Rs. 20, 1 09. The largest school was the school of the S. P. G. at Mandalay ; but the school of the highest grade was St. Joseph's Com·cnt. Out of 726 rupils in Secondary schools 239 were Christians, Hind1Js, or Mahome· dans, and o the Buddhist pupils many were the sons of Lower Burman officials who are employed in Upper Burma.

3 1 1 . The number of aided Primary schools including the Primary Depart· Primary educat:on.

ments of Middle Schools was 557, and the number of pupils in them was 1 3,732. There were 22 5chools

managed by missionaries ; two of those previously registered \\ere transferred to the ..-ernacular list and two were closed, but four new schools were opened. Mouastic schools increased from 267 to 352, and lay schools from 1 5.3 to 18o. Fifty-seven pupils from indi!?t>nou!' c:rh"0ls , 0f "·hntT: !J,· • . 11 t:rt· girl , P""�t:d the r ounh ::>lan<lar<l. The superiority ot the lay schools in the art of teaching was shown by the fact that 296 of them earned Rs. 91329 in results-grants, while 21614 monastic schools earned Rs. 8109 1 . The number of certiiicatPd assistant teachers at w. 0rk in lay schools increased from 20 to 2 1 and in monastic schools from 5 to 20.

3 1 2. The attendance at the five Survey Schools decreased on the whole by 20, and that was also the figure by which the numbers at the Yamethin school declined. A Railway

Training School for teaching telegraphy and office routine was opened in Man· dalay.

Education in special ,ubject1.

3 1 3. Two more mixed mission <:chools have been added to the list of girls' .. �...... r . 1 sch1•Pls, out two !;ave been removed from it, and the .... -ion 0 g1r '· � ' . J A I \i' I h I . num�cr o, mix<! ng o- ernacu ar sc oo s was m·

creased by one only throu�h the opening of the Railway School at Yamethin. There was a considc:rable increase in the number of public schools which admitted girls ; the mixed schools numbered 3 1 7 with 3,491 girls against 245 schools with 2,583 girls in the previous year. Schools exclusively for girls increased from 61 wi�h 7 54 pupils to 64 ,, ith 929 pupils. In the examinations for the Seventh and Eight>. Stitndards girls ob�ai .. ._J s0111e conspicous successes, but these girls were probably not natives of Upper Burma. In the primary standards, however, a considerable advance was made, and passes by the Fourth Standard rose from 7 to 16.

314. As in the previous year, thne were two schools reserved for European EdlX&tion of npecial cla- girls only ; a third European scho�I was opened at Yam�thm for both boys and girls. These three

schools instructed 87 pupils, and 37 more children of European descent were distributed cimong various mission schools. fifty.four European pupils passed in

ARTS AND SCIEl\"CES. 105

the different standards. There was only one public school for Mahomcdans, which was in Mandalay ; it contained 30 boys and 7 girls, and is reported to have worked satisfactorily . Forty-nine private sc-hools for Mahomedans were known to the Education Departrr.cnt. 1 he ManiJJuris had two public school� in Mandalay with 64 boys and one girl in attendance. The Amencan Baptist Mission School at Bhamo for Kach in boys and girls advanced to the fourth Standard, and 35 passes in the vanuus standards were obtained by its pupils. A second Chinese school was opened in M andalay .

Literature and the Press.

3 1 5. One hundred and seventy-six publ ications, of which 19 were printed at Mandalay, were registered during the year as against 1 49 in 1890 and 165 in 1 889. Classified accord ing to language there werP 7 publications in English, 92 in B urmese, 2 111 English-Burmese, 68 in Pali-Burmese, 1 in Pali , 5 in K aren, and 1 i n Tamil. Cld::.silied according to their subject-matter there were 23 shown under " Drama," 1 un<ler " H istory ," 8 und 4 ·r " LanguagP-," 1 under " Law," 4 under " �IcJicine," 8 under " M iscellaneous," 48 under '' Poetry," 7 7 under " Religion," 5 under • · Science (Mathe1natical and l\Icchanical l ," and 1 unclt:r " Science (Nat ural) ; " or according to another mode of classificat ion, there were 2 1 oi an educational and 1 55 oi a non-educational character.

Of these publicat ions the only work deserving of not ice is " A precise translat ion of the t hree character classic." I t is of interest as being the first English translativn frvrn Chinese publ ished in Burma.

3 1 6. Exclusive ol dai ly advertising sheets, the total of periodicals published in Burma was 28. Of these 5 were published in the Arakan division, 14 in the Pegu di\ i!-ion, 2 in the lrrawa<lcly cli,·ision, 4 in the Tenas:it:rim division, and 3 in the Northern division of l'pper .Bu 1 ma.

Arts and Sciences.

3 1 7. During the year sc,·cral art ists from l'pi'cr Burma, chiefly carvers in wood and i,·ory, removed to Rangoon. Silverware continues to find a market hnth ,_\· i •hip ")pr-' ,,.; + 1 ! , , 1 1 f r h. r n r 1 1. · � .,. . T!.� .. !': ! .. I :i I� :· ·.,.' ;1 i . . . i . ... . , ; :-, L::::. �.i:.;i��:.�u m K�t:1;;uon Town arc irnry -can ing, woo<l-'Larvi1ig, embwidery in silk and cotton nicllo 1rork, and si lversmit hs ' embo�sed work.

io6 Rl!PORT ON THI! ADMINISTRATION OP BURMA.

VIII.-ARCHJE.OLOGY.

3 1 8. The appointment of Governm�nt Archce<)logist remained vacant in

A h 1 1891 -92. Mr. Taw Sein Kho, Translator to Govern· re 20 ogy. ment , was employed during the year in editing the late Dr. Forchhammer's remains. The work performed by M r. Taw Sein Kho consisted in publishing the " Kalyani " in-;criplion� of Pegu, with a translation and notes ; in transcribing and publishing a volu me of miscellaneous inscriptions ; and in translating and annotating the " Po U Daung " inscriptions of Prome.

1119•·9•·1 'ST�TIOSEllY. 107

�X.-MISCE LLAN EOUS.

Ecclesiastical. 3 1 9. The construction of the :\cw Cathedral at Rangoon m:\de little progress

towards complet ion . Arrangt•m1 ·nt .; wc•rf' m 1 rl1• i11 \uf;u·-: 1 89 1 by -.1 liich one permanent vacancy on t lw Madra-.; Establishment was, and two more permanent vacancies will be, tilled by the app.iintmcm of chaplains on t h1· Ucng.il ( Rangoon) Establishme'lt for scrYicc in B,m1n. Two ;\Ldras chaphins wcn' dc·puted for temporary service in Hurn.a p1·ncling the consumm:i!ion of t h i s arrangement. A temporary Roman Catholic church wa-.; erected during the year at Shwcuo.

Stationery. 320. As in pre Yious years the Gon'rnmcnt stationery rcquired for the prov·

ince was procured from the Stationery Stores, Calcutt a. Nearly all the paper now used by t he local Gm-ernment is of count ry make. The quality and fimsh of the papers made in the l nJian mills, though not yet up to t he standard of English make for superior work. is stead ily impro\'lng, ;1110 t hat now off1•rt-d is sufficient ly good for all o�dinary purpo�e�. During the year und.:r report the work of prescribing standard forms in all rlepartm1:1 1 h was undertaken and it has bccn carried !n completion since its clo-;e. The cost of stationc�y :.upplie<l to t he province durin� the year 1 89 1 -92 was Rs. 1 , 5 2 ,503 against Rs. I ,48,G36 in 1 8<p-9 1 . Of this l'pper Burma is accountable for Rs. q.,d53 in the year of report and Rs . 1 7 ,490 in the preYious year.

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