effects of matrix microcracking on the response of 2d braided textile composites subjected to...
TRANSCRIPT
0IIHFVU RI 7DVTLZ 7LFTRFTDFNLQJRQ VKH <HUSRQUH RI #/ -TDLGHG>HZVLOH .RPSRULVHU =WEMHFVHG
VR .RPSTHUULRQ 6RDGU
K@MFBMF KGF? 8F< 8FL@GFQ E) O88K&
4KVGWYSKTY UL 1KWUXVGIK 5TMOTKKWOTM" DTO[KWXOY] UL =OINOMGT
1TT 1WHUW" =9 *.'&/#('*&" DB1
C@8D=< O) K@8@O8F
4GOSRKW3NW]XRKW 3UWV$ # BIOKTYOLOI <GHX" 5\VKWOSKTYGR ! 3USVZYGYOUTGR =KINGTOIX
4KVGWYSKTY" 1ZHZWT 8ORRX" =OINOMGT *.)(,#(-+-" DB1
GE8J >8JMIM=
?GXXO[K BGLKY] 4KVGWYSKTY" BIOKTYOLOI AKXKGWIN <GHUWGYUWOKX
6UWJ =UYUW 3USVGT]" 4KGWHUWT" =OINOMGT *.'(," DB1
PAFJ8F PA8G
AKXKGWIN ! 4K[KRUVSKTY" =GYKWOGRX GTJ ?WUIKXXKX 7KTKWGR
=UYUWX 3UWV$ FGWWKT" =9 *.&/&#/&++" DB1
,-=><,.>+ L]^h Vgi^XaZ ^h XdcXZgcZY l^i] i]Z ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ V XdjeaZYYVbV\Z(ZaVhi^X(eaVhi^X Xdchi^iji^kZ bdYZa [dg i]Z bVig^m bViZg^Va d[ V -< ig^Vm^VaWgV^YZY XVgWdc [^WZg Xdbedh^iZ $-<L9;% hjW_ZXiZY id XdbegZhh^dc adVYh) <VbV\Z^c i]Z bVig^m d[ -<L9; ^h ^c i]Z [dgb d[ bVig^m b^XgdXgVX`^c\ l]^X] ^h dWhZgkZY ^caVWdgVidgn ZmeZg^bZcih d[ -<L9; Xdjedch hjW_ZXiZY id XnXa^X adVY^c\) Ac i]Z bdYZa'i]Z bVig^m ^h igZViZY Vh V Xdci^cjdjhan Zkdak^c\ hda^Y \dkZgcZY Wn V XdjeaZY ZaVhi^X(eaVhi^X YVbV\Z i]Zdgn l]^X] ^h bdY^[^ZY [gdb i]Z XaVhh^XVa ZaVhid(eaVhi^X i]Zdgn)O^i] i]^h YZhXg^ei^dc d[ i]Z bVig^m' i]Z gZhedchZ d[ -<L9; id XdbegZhh^dc adVY^c\^h hijY^ZY i]gdj\] i]Z VYdei^dc d[ V gZegZhZciVi^kZ jc^i XZaa i]Vi Xdch^hih d[ Vegd\gZhh^kZan YVbV\^c\ bVig^m VcY ZaVhi^X(eaVhi^X egd\gZhh^kZan YVbV\^c\ [^WZgidlh) JZhjaih [gdb i]Z VcVanh^h VgZ XdbeVgZY V\V^chi V bdYZa l^i]dji Zkdak^c\YVbV\Z VcY Vahd V\V^chi VkV^aVWaZ ZmeZg^bZciVa YViV id jcYZghiVcY i]Z h^\c^[^XVcXZd[ bVig^m YVbV\Z VcY ^ih ^c[ajZcXZ dc XdbegZhh^dc adVY WZVg^c\ XVeVW^a^in)
50C A9</=+ XdbegZhh^dc' WgV^YZY Xdbedh^iZ' YVbV\Z' b^XgdXgVX`^c\)
&8ji]dg id l]db XdggZhedcYZcXZ h]djaY WZ VYYgZhhZY) =(bV^a5 YXl7jb^X])ZYj>^\jgZh ,!,, VeeZVg ^c Xdadg dca^cZ5 ]iie5**_Xb)hV\ZejW)Xdb
;UZWTGR UL ;GEHGKAL= E8L=JA8DK" EUR$ **" >U$ (%(&'& --,
++-,(443.*,+*+- +--,!-+ !,+)++*+ <GA5 ,+),,22*++-,443.+4./,./0! L]Z 8ji]dg$h%' -++4) JZeg^cih VcY eZgb^hh^dch5]iie5**lll)hV\ZejW)Xd)j`*_djgcVahHZgb^hh^dch)cVk
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
48><9/?.>498
LZmi^aZ edanbZg bVig^m [^WZg Xdbedh^iZh VgZ ViigVXi^kZ higjXijgVa bViZg^Vah [dg V
l^YZ kVg^Zin d[ Veea^XVi^dch) =meZg^bZciVa hijY^Zh ]VkZ h]dlc i]Vi iZmi^aZ Xdbedh^iZh
XVc VWhdgW aVg\Z Vbdjcih d[ XdbegZhh^kZ Xgjh] ZcZg\n eZg jc^i lZ^\]i' l]Zc
XdbeVgZY V\V^chi di]Zg higjXijgVa bViZg^Vah) 8bdc\hi i]Z bVcn VkV^aVWaZ iZmi^aZ VgX]^iZX(
ijgZh' ild Y^bZch^dcVa ig^Vm^Va WgV^YZY Xdbedh^iZh $-<L9;h% VgZ gZXZ^k^c\ Xdch^YZg(
VWaZ ViiZci^dc Vh V k^VWaZ higjXijgVa bViZg^Va) Ai ^h `cdlc i]Vi -<L9;h jcYZg\d bVig^m
b^XgdXgVX`^c\ l]Zc hjW_ZXiZY id XdbegZhh^kZ Xgjh] adVYh S,T) 9ZXVjhZ d[ i]^h' i]Z bVig^m
bViZg^Va ^c i]^h XaVhh d[ Xdbedh^iZh XVc WZ bdYZaZY l^i]^c i]Z [gVbZldg` d[ YVbV\Z
bZX]Vc^Xh S-T)
EdYZa^c\ d[ YVbV\Z ^c^i^Vi^dc VcY Zkdaji^dc ^c edanbZg bVig^m Xdbedh^iZh gZbV^ch
Vc VXi^kZ gZhZVgX] [^ZaY) KX]VeZgn S.'/T jhZY Vc ^ciZgcVa hiViZ kVg^VWaZ Vh V bZVhjgZ d[
i]Z Zkdak^c\ YVbV\Z id bdYZa i]Z igVchkZghZ XgVX`^c\ ^c jc^Y^gZXi^dcVa [^WZg Xdbed(
h^iZh) AckZhi^\Vi^dch d[ YVbV\Z bZX]Vc^hbh VcY Vc^hdigde^X YVbV\Z ^c iZmi^aZ Xdbed(
h^iZh VgZ gZedgiZY ^c S0T VcY S1T) LVc\ VcY O]^iXdbW S2T h]dlZY i]Vi i]Z lZVkZ
VgX]^iZXijgZ ]Vh V h^\c^[^XVci Z[[ZXi dc i]Z [V^ajgZ WZ]Vk^dg d[ V iZmi^aZ Xdbedh^iZ)
IjZ` Zi Va) S3'4T hijY^ZY i]Z W^Vm^Va XdbegZhh^kZ [V^ajgZ d[ -<L9;h' l]^aZ i]Z jc^Vm^Va
XdbegZhh^kZ Xgjh] WZ]Vk^dg d[ -<L9;h ]Vh WZZc hijY^ZY Wn Kdc\ Zi Va) S,T) Ac i]ZhZ
hijY^Zh' i]Z jc^i XZaa d[ i]Z Xdbedh^iZ ^h bdYZaZY Wn igZVi^c\ i]Z [^WZg idlh VcY bVig^m
Vh hZeVgViZ ]dbd\ZcZdjh hda^Yh) JZXZcian' VYdei^c\ V h^c\aZ JM;' CVg``V^cZc Zi Va)
S,+',,T ]VkZ ^ckZhi^\ViZY i]Z [V^ajgZ ^c^i^Vi^dc ^c ldkZc iZmi^aZ Xdbedh^iZh jh^c\ [V^ajgZ
Xg^iZg^V [dg i]Z Xdchi^ijZcih' l]^aZ i]Z XdbegZhh^kZ [V^ajgZ d[ eaV^c lZVkZ iZmi^aZ Xdb(
edh^iZh ]Vh WZZc ^ckZhi^\ViZY Wn ;]Zc\ VcY P^dc\ S,-T) L]Z iZch^aZ bZX]Vc^XVa gZhedchZ
d[ iZmi^aZ Xdbedh^iZh VgZ gZedgiZY ^c S,.T' l]^aZ i]Z bdYZa^c\ d[ YVbV\Z Zkdaji^dc
jh^c\ V egdeZgin YZ\gVYVi^dc hX]ZbZ ^h gZedgiZY ^c S,/T) L]Z bZX]Vc^hbh d[ YVbV\Z
jcYZg [Vi^\jZ WZ]Vk^dg ]VkZ Vahd WZZc hijY^ZY' VcY gZhjaih ]VkZ WZZc egZhZciZY Wn S,0T)
KijY^Zh dc i]Z bZX]Vc^XVa gZhedchZ d[ .< iZmi^aZ Xdbedh^iZh VgZ egZhZciZY ^c S,1T' l]^aZ
i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ i]Z gZh^c dc Xgjh] ZcZg\n VWhdgei^dc ]VkZ WZZc gZedgiZY ^c S,2T) JZXZcian'
AkVcdk Zi Va) S,3T' ]VkZ gZedgiZY i]Z gZhjaih d[ V hijYn dc iZch^aZ gZhedchZ d[ ig^Vm^Va
WgV^YZY XVgWdc*Zedmn Xdbedh^iZh l]dhZ YVbV\Z lVh dWhZgkZY jh^c\ P(gVn VcY b^Xgd(
hXden) Ddbdk Zi Va) S,4'-+T ]VkZ egdk^YZY ZmiZch^kZ Y^hXjhh^dch dc i]Z bZhd(hXVaZ
bdYZa^c\ d[ iZmi^aZ Xdbedh^iZh jh^c\ i]Z [^c^iZ ZaZbZci bZi]dY)
Ac i]^h Vgi^XaZ ^i ^h gZXd\c^oZY i]Vi [^WZg idlh $l^i] [^WZgh VcY bVig^m bViZg^Va% VcY
i]Z bVig^m bViZg^Va ^c WZilZZc i]Z idlh [dgb i]Z WVh^X Xdchi^ijZcih d[ i]Z JM; d[ V
-<L9;) ;dchZfjZcian' h^cXZ V YVbV\^c\ VcY YZ\gVY^c\ bVig^m bViZg^Va V[[ZXih i]Z
bZX]Vc^XVa WZ]Vk^dg d[ i]Z idlh VcY i]Z bVig^m l^i]^c V JM;' i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ bVig^m
YVbV\Z dc i]Z XdbegZhh^dc higZc\i] d[ -<L9; ^h ZkVajViZY jh^c\ V JM;) L]Z Vgi^XaZ
^h dg\Vc^oZY Vh [daadlh6 [^ghi' i]Z XdjeaZY YVbV\Z ZaVhid(eaVhi^X i]Zdgn [dg bdYZa^c\
bVig^m YVbV\Z Zkdaji^dc ^h egZhZciZY) L]^h ^h [daadlZY Wn V YZhXg^ei^dc d[ Vc ZmeZg(
^bZciVa egd\gVb i]Vi lVh XVgg^ZY dji id YZiZgb^cZ i]Z eVgVbZiZgh i]Vi VgZ VhhdX^ViZY
l^i] i]Z bVig^m YVbV\Z bdYZa) L]Z XdbbZgX^Va XdYZ 898IMK ^h jhZY id ^beaZbZci V
jhZg bViZg^Va hjWgdji^cZ [dg i]Z bVig^m YVbV\Z bdYZa VcY id eZg[dgb XdbegZhh^dc
gZhedchZ hijY^Zh dc i]Z JM; d[ -<L9;) >^cVaan' i]Z h^bjaVi^dc gZhjaih VgZ XdbeVgZY
V\V^chi ZmeZg^bZciVa gZhjaih' VcY V\V^chi bdYZah i]Vi Yd cdi Zmea^X^ian Xdch^YZg bVig^m
YVbV\Z)
--- K) KGF? =L 8D)
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
70>39/9692C
L]Z VXXjbjaViZY Z[[ZXih d[ bVig^m b^XgdXgVX`^c\ aZVYh id gZhedchZ i]Vi VeeZVgh id
b^b^X l]Vi ^h dWhZgkZY ^c bZiVa eaVhi^X^in) @dlZkZg' jca^`Z ^c XaVhh^XVa bZiVa eaVhi^X^in'
i]Z jcadVY^c\ gZhedchZ ^h cdi ZaVhi^X $l^i] bdYja^ gZbV^c^c\ ZfjVa id i]Z bdYjajh d[ i]Z
k^g\^c bViZg^Va%) AchiZVY b^XgdXgVX` VXXjbjaVi^dc aZVYh id V \gVYjVa YZXgZVhZ ^c i]Z
jcadVY^c\ bdYjajh' Vh i]Z bVig^m ^h adVYZY [jgi]Zg ^cid V gZ\^bZ d[ ^cXgZVh^c\ bVig^m
b^XgdXgVX`^c\) L]ZhZ dWhZgkVi^dch gZ\VgY^c\ i]Z YZ\gVYVi^dc d[ V edanbZg bVig^m bViZg^Va
XVc WZ bdYZaZY Wn Veegdeg^ViZan bdY^[n^c\ i]Z XaVhh^XVa' hbVaa higV^c B- [adl i]Zdgn d[
eaVhi^X^in' S-,T) L]Z bdY^[^ZY i]Zdgn hiVgih l^i] i]Z YZXdbedh^i^dc d[ i]Z idiVa ^cXgZbZciVa
higV^c id Xdch^hi d[ Vc ZaVhi^X eVgi VcY V eaVhi^X eVgi' l]dhZ dg^\^ch hiZb [gdb ^ih gZaVi^dc id
b^XgdXgVX`^c\5
Y!& ' . Y!K& ' 2 Y!V& ' 1,0
l]ZgZ5
Y!& 'C. Y!,, Y!-- Y!.. Y",- Y",. Y"-.
! "1-0
Y!V& 'C. Y!,,V Y!--
V Y!..V Y",-
V Y",.V Y"-.
V! "
1.0
Y!K& 'C. Y!,,K Y!--
K Y!..K Y",-
K Y",.K Y"-.
K! "
1/0
VcY p qC ^cY^XViZh V igVchedhZ d[ V kZXidg)
L]Z ZaVhi^X higV^c ^cXgZbZci Y!K ^h gZaViZY id i]Z higZhh ^cXgZbZci i]gdj\] V bdY^[^ZY
ZaVhi^X Xdchi^iji^kZ gZaVi^dch]^e5
Y!K& ' .BK/ ! Y#& '
1, " $40100
l]ZgZ !4 ^h ^cigdYjXZY Vh V YVbV\Z eVgVbZiZg VcY5
Y#& 'C. Y#,, Y#-- Y#.. Y%,- Y%,. Y%-.& ' 110
L]Z ^ckZghZ d[ $0% ^h gZegZhZciZY Wn5
Y#& ' . 1, " $40 3K/ ! Y!K& ' 120
l]ZgZ S3KT VcY SBKT VgZ i]Z jcYVbV\ZY ZaVhi^X hi^[[cZhh VcY Xdbea^VcXZ bVig^XZh VcY5
3K/ ! . BK/ !", 130
L]ZgZ[dgZ' ^i [daadlh i]Vi5
BK## $
.BK/ !
1, " $40140
VcY5
3K## $
. 3K/ !1, " $40 1,+0
AKXVUTXK UL (4 2WGOJKJ CK\YORK 3USVUXOYKX BZHPKIYKJ YU 3USVWKXXOUT <UGJX --.
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
>dg i]Z eaVhi^X eVgi' i]Z eaVhi^X ^cXgZbZciVa higV^c ^h YZ[^cZY Vh5
Y!V& ' . Y&6L #
6#
. Y& #%! "
l]ZgZ' Y& ^h V hXVaVg bjai^ea^Zg VcY5
L # .1#,, " #--0- 2 1#-- " #..0- 2 1#.. " #,,0- 2 1%,-
- 2 1%,.- 2 1%-.
-
1, " $40-1,,0
^h V bdY^[^ZY kdc(E^hZh eaVhi^X ediZci^Va)
@ZcXZ' $,% WZXdbZh5
Y!& ' . BK## $
Y#& ' 2 #%! "
Y& 1,-0
8c Z[[ZXi^kZ higZhh ^h YZ[^cZY Vh [daadlh5
#K#- . .L # 1,.0
9n bViX]^c\ i]Z ^cXgZbZciVa eaVhi^X ldg` YFV' dWiV^cZY i]gdj\] i]Z Z[[ZXi^kZ higZhh VcY
Z[[ZXi^kZ eaVhi^X higV^c' VcY i]Z ldg` d[ ^cY^k^YjVa higZhh XdbedcZcih VXi^c\ i]gdj\] i]Z
gZheZXi^kZ ^cXgZbZciVa eaVhi^X higV^c XdbedcZcih' Vh h]dlc WZadl' Vc ZmegZhh^dc [dg i]Z
Z[[ZXi^kZ higV^c ^h dWiV^cZY) L]Vi ^h' i]Z ldg` Xdc_j\ViZ Zfj^kVaZci eaVhi^X higV^c !V ^h
YZ[^cZY hjX] i]Vi i]Z ^cXgZbZciVa eaVhi^X ldg` d[ ^cY^k^YjVa higZhh XdbedcZcih VXi^c\
dkZg i]Z ^cXgZbZciVa eaVhi^X higV^c XdbedcZcih ^h ZfjVa id i]Z Zfj^kVaZci higZhh d[ $,.%
VXi^c\ i]gdj\] Y!V) L]ZgZ[dgZ5
YFV . #OPY!OPV
.-
.#K
#-Y&
. #K#Y!V
1,/0
L]jh'
Y!V .-
.#K
#Y& 1,00
>gdb i]Z Xdch^hiZcXn XdcY^i^dc' Y& XVc WZ hdakZY) Fdl' [dg eaVhi^X [adl id dXXjg' i]Z
higZhhZh bjhi hVi^h[n V n^ZaY XdcY^i^dc' l]^X] ^h hiViZY Vh5
@ . L # ",
.#K
#-. + 1,10
L]Z Xdch^hiZcXn XdcY^i^dc' l]^X] gZfj^gZh i]Z hiViZ d[ higZhh id gZbV^c dc i]Z n^ZaY dg
adVY^c\ hjg[VXZ Yjg^c\ eaVhi^X [adl' ^h gZegZhZciZY Wn5
Y@ . + 1,20
>gdb $,1%5
Y@ . YL # "-
.#K
#Y#K# . + 1,30
--/ K) KGF? =L 8D)
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
L]Zc $,3% XVc WZ [jgi]Zg ZmegZhhZY Vh5
Y@ . YL # "-
.#K
# Y#K#
Y!V
Y!V
. YL # "-
.#K
#8V#Y!V
. +
1,40
l]ZgZ5
8V# .
Y#K#
Y!V1-+0
YL # .6L#
6#OP
Y#OP 2-$L #
, " $4Y4 1-,0
O^i] i]Z hjWhi^iji^dc d[ $,0%' i]Z Xdch^hiZcXn XdcY^i^dc ^h ZmegZhhZY Vh5
6L#
6#OP
Y#OP 2-$L #
, " $4Y4 "
/
4##
K-8V
#Y& . + 1--0
dg' ^c bVig^m [dgbVi5
#%! "C
Y#& ' 2-$L #
, " $4Y4 "
/
4##
K-8V
#Y& . + 1-.0
8i i]^h hiV\Z' V YVbV\Z Zkdaji^dc Xg^iZg^dc ^h cZZYZY) 9VhZY dc i]Z ZmeZg^bZciVa gZhjaih id
WZ Y^hXjhhZY aViZg' i]Z YVbV\Z Zkdaji^dc ZfjVi^dc ^h X]dhZc Vh !Y4 . !Y!V $^)Z)' Y4 . Y!V%)
L]Vi ^h' ^i ^h VhhjbZY i]Vi i]Z X]Vc\Zh ^c i]Z hXVaVg YVbV\Z eVgVbZiZg ^h VWUVUWYOUTGR id
X]Vc\Zh ^c i]Z Zfj^kVaZci eaVhi^X higV^c) L]Z XdchiVci d[ egdedgi^dcVa^in' !' ^h YZiZgb^cZY
i]gdj\] ZmeZg^bZcih Vh Y^hXjhhZY aViZg)
Y4 . Y!V
.-
.#K
#Y&
>gdb $-.%'
Y& .#%& 'C 3K#/ ! Y!& '
#%& 'C 3K#/ ! #%& ' " -$L #
,"$4-.#K
# 2 /4#K
#-8V#
1-/0
KjWhi^iji^dc d[ Y& ^cid i]Z ^ckZghZ d[ $,-% \^kZh i]Z ^cXgZbZciVa higZhh!higV^c gZaVi^dch]^e5
Y#& ' . 3K## $
"3K#/ ! #%& ' #%& 'C 3K#/ !
#%& 'C 3K#/ ! #%& ' 2 /4#K
#-8V# " -$L #
,"$4-.#K
#
' (
Y!& ' 1-00
L]Z iZgbh ^ch^YZ i]Z aVg\Z eVgZci]ZhZh VgZ YZ[^cZY Vh i]Z Xdch^hiZci iVc\Zci hi^[[cZhh [dg i]Z
XdjeaZY YVbV\Z ZaVhid(eaVhi^X i]Zdgn VYdeiZY ^c i]^h Vgi^XaZ)
/0>0<748,>498 91 "
K^c\aZ aVnZg -<L9; eaVfjZh lZgZ jhZY id Xji ,)0 ^c) l^YZ heZX^bZch i]Vi lZgZ 2 ^c) adc\
VcY +)+0 ^c) i]^X`) 8i [^ghi' i]Z heZX^bZch d[ -<L9; lZgZ hjW_ZXiZY id iZch^aZ adVY ^c i]Z
AKXVUTXK UL (4 2WGOJKJ CK\YORK 3USVUXOYKX BZHPKIYKJ YU 3USVWKXXOUT <UGJX --0
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
igVchkZghZ $id i]Z Vm^Va idlh% Y^gZXi^dc) L]Z gZhedchZ d[ hZkZgVa heZX^bZch lZgZ ZmVb^cZY
^c i]^h bVccZg) L]Z higV^ch ^c i]Z heZX^bZch lZgZ bZVhjgZY k^V WVX` id WVX` higV^c \V\Zh
eaVXZY Vi i]Z XZciZg d[ i]Z iZhi heZX^bZc $>^\jgZ ,%) 9n Yd^c\ i]^h V rbVhiZg XjgkZs lVh
\ZcZgViZY) L]Z bVhiZg XjgkZ iZgb^cViZY l]Zc i]Z heZX^bZch XdbeaZiZan [V^aZY) L]^h bVhiZg
XjgkZ ^h h]dlc ^c >^\jgZ -) >gdb i]Z bVhiZg XjgkZ' V XnXa^X adVY^c\!jcadVY^c\!gZadVY^c\
iZhi egd\gVb lVh XgZViZY' l]ZgZ i]Z heZX^bZc ^h jcadVYZY eg^dg id gZVX]^c\ [^cVa [V^ajgZ Vi
egZ(YZiZgb^cZY adVY aZkZah VcY gZ(adVYZY' l^i] i]^h XnXaZ gZeZVi^c\ bVcn i^bZh) L]Z gZhjaih
dWiV^cZY [dg i]gZZ @Zigdc Xdjedch $^c l]^X] @Zigdc ^h i]Z edanbZg^X bVig^m bViZg^Va% VgZ
h]dlc ^c >^\jgZ .) Ac i]^h [^\jgZ' dcZ hZZh i]Vi i]Z gZhjaih [dg i]ZhZ i]gZZ hVbeaZh' l]^aZ
h]dl^c\ hdbZ hXViiZg' Vaa [Vaa l^i]^c ZVX] di]Zg XadhZan) L]Z jcadVY^c\ edgi^dc ^cY^XViZY Vh
89' ;<' ZiX) ^c i]ZhZ [^\jgZh Vaadl YZiZgb^c^c\ i]Z ZaVhi^X jcadVY^c\ hadeZ Vh V [jcXi^dc d[
Veea^ZY higV^c) Fdl' idiVa higV^c XVc WZ YZXdbedhZY Vh5
!idiVa . !K 2 !V
.#
5UI 2 !V 1-10
l]ZgZ 5UI ^h i]Z k^g\^c bdYjajh d[ i]Z Xdbedh^iZ)
L]ZgZ[dgZ' i]^h iZhi YViV XVc WZ jhZY id \ZcZgViZ V eadi d[ i]Z Xdbedh^iZ jcadVY^c\
bdYjajh Vh V [jcXi^dc d[ higZhh) L]jh' lZ ]VkZ 5jcadVY^c\Xdbedh^iZ . L$#%) K^cXZ i]Z Xdbedh(
^iZ Xdjedc ^h V igVchkZghZ Xdjedc $i]Z Vm^Va [^WZg idlh VgZ eZgeZcY^XjaVg id i]Z adVY^c\
Y^gZXi^dc ! hZZ >^\jgZ ,%' ^i ^h [jgi]Zg VhhjbZY i]Vi Vaa i]Z YVbV\Z ^c i]Z Xdbedh^iZ $VcY
]ZcXZ i]Z gZYjXi^dc ^c 5% ^h XVjhZY Wn bVig^m b^XgdXgVX`^c\ YVbV\Z) >dg V igVchkZghZan
"
!
<>?
;NL>FI
D>DBM
3A?JG= '% * G@;H8> D< H;CG?DC H;GHG ?C H>; HF6CGJ;FG; 9?F;8H?DC&
--1 K) KGF? =L 8D)
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
adVYZY Xdbedh^iZ' Vh lVh h]dlc ^c S--T' i]Z bVig^m bdYjajh ^h gZaViZY id i]Z Xdbedh^iZ
bdYjajh i]gdj\]5
,
5-
.'LEL
5-L
2'S1, " EL 0
5S1-20
& &%&&+ &%&' &%&'+ &%&( &%&(+ &%&)&
+
'&
'+
(&
(+
)&
)+
*&
;NL>FI
;NL
BMM"#
68
>$
3A?JG= (% 4>; 06GH;F 8IFJ; <DF .;HFDC%76G;9 8DBEDG?H;G H;CG?DC H;GHG ?C H>; HF6CGJ;FG; 9?F;8H?DC&
& &%&&+ &%&' &%&'+ &%&( &%&(+&
+
'&
'+
(&
(+
)&
)+
;NL>FI
;NL
BMM"#
68
>$
5BNLJI"'5BNLJI"(5BNLJI")
0"
1"
2
3
3A?JG= )% 4;CG?DC 8M8A?8 H;GH F;GIAHG <DF .;HFDC%76G;9 8DBEDG?H;G ?C H>; HF6CGJ;FG; 9?F;8H?DC&
AKXVUTXK UL (4 2WGOJKJ CK\YORK 3USVUXOYKX BZHPKIYKJ YU 3USVWKXXOUT <UGJX --2
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
l]ZgZ EL ^h i]Z [^WZg kdajbZ [gVXi^dc VcY lZ ]VkZ jhZY i]Z Xdbedh^iZ Xna^cYZg bdYZa
$;;E% S-.T [dgbjaV) L]jh' i]Z iZhi YViV dWiV^cZY [dg i]Z Xdbedh^iZ XVc WZ jhZY id \Zc(
ZgViZ YViV [dg i]Z Zkdaji^dc d[ i]Z bVig^m bdYjajh Vh V [jcXi^dc d[ bVig^m higZhh) Fdi^XZ
i]Vi i]^h ^cY^gZXi bVccZg d[ dWiV^c^c\ i]Z Z[[ZXi^kZ bVig^m bdYjajh ^h VYdeiZY ]ZgZ' h^cXZ V
k^g\^c bVig^m Xdjedc l^aa cdi egdYjXZ i]Z hVbZ SKINGTOXS d[ bVig^m b^XgdXgVX`^c\ h^cXZ
^c V k^g\^c Xdjedc i]ZgZ VgZ cd [^WZg idlh) AcYZZY' i]Z egd\gZhh^kZ VXXjbjaVi^dc d[ YVbV\Z
^c i]Z bVig^m ^h [VX^a^iViZY Wn i]Z egZhZcXZ d[ i]Z [^WZg idlh $dg [^WZgh ^c i]Z XVhZ d[ egZ(
egZ\(WVhZY aVb^cViZh% VcY i]^h bZX]Vc^hb ^h l]Vi Xdcig^WjiZh id i]Z VeeVgZci eaVhi^X^in
a^`Z hd[iZc^c\ WZ]Vk^dg i]Vi ^h dWhZgkZY ^c i]Z iZmi^aZ Xdbedh^iZ)
Ac S,T' i]Z OT XOYZ bVig^m higZhh!higV^c XjgkZ [dg @Zigdc lVh h]dlc VcY i]^h [^\jgZ ^h
gZegdYjXZY ]ZgZ Vh >^\jgZ /) >gdb i]^h [^\jgZ' dcZ `cdlh i]Z higZhh aZkZa VcY i]Z XdggZ(
hedcY^c\ eaVhi^X higV^c) L]jh' ^[ lZ jhZ i]^h [^\jgZ' VcY `cdl^c\ i]Z jcadVY^c\ bdYjajh d[
i]Z Xdbedh^iZ Vh V [jcXi^dc d[ bVig^m higZhh' ^i ^h edhh^WaZ id dWiV^c V gZaVi^dc WZilZZc i]Z
^chiVciVcZdjh bVig^m jcadVY^c\ bdYjajh' 5 S' Vh V [jcXi^dc d[ bVig^m eaVhi^X higV^c) <ViV
dWiV^cZY ^c i]^h bVccZg [dg i]gZZ Y^[[ZgZci @Zigdc Xdjedch VgZ h]dlc ^c >^\jgZ 0) Ac i]^h
[^\jgZ' i]Z kZgi^XVa Vm^h ^h 5S
5Ul]ZgZ 5U ^h i]Z k^g\^c' jcYVbV\ZY OT XOYZ bVig^m bdYjajh'
l]^aZ 5S ^h i]Z ^chiVciVcZdjh $jcadVY^c\% bVig^m bdYjajh) L]Z ]dg^odciVa Vm^h ^h i]Z
bVig^m OT XOYZ eaVhi^X higV^c) L]^h ZmeZg^bZciVa YViV hZi ^h [^iiZY l^i] V rWZhi [^is higV^\]i
a^cZ i]Vi egdk^YZh 5S
5U. , " $!eaVhi^X' VcY i]ZgZ[dgZ ! ^h YZiZgb^cZY id WZ ! . 1)/1) K^cXZ
!eaVhi^X . 4' i]ZgZ[dgZ lZ ]VkZ 5S . 5U$, " !4%' l]^X] ^h i]Z VhhjbZY [dgb ^c =fjVi^dc
$,+%) Ai ^h id WZ cdiZY i]Vi i]Z YViV XVc WZ [^iiZY WZiiZg l^i] di]Zg XjgkZh [dg >^\jgZ 0'
]dlZkZg' ^c i]Z egZhZci ldg` V a^cZVg YZ\gVYVi^dc bdYZa lVh VYdeiZY YjZ id ZVhZ d[
XdbejiVi^dcVa ^beaZbZciVi^dc) 8c ZmedcZci^Va YZXVn ineZ XjgkZ dg Vc Va\ZWgV^X YZXVn
ineZ XjgkZ XVc Vahd WZ jhZY id XVeijgZ i]^h YZ\gVYVi^dc' Wji i]ZhZ VYY^i^dcVa gZ[^cZbZcih
VgZ aZ[i [dg [jijgZ ldg`)
& &%&&( &%&&* &%&&, &%&&. &%&' &%&'( &%&'* &%&', &%&'.&
+
'&
'+
(&
(+
)&
)+
;NL>FI
;NL
BMM"#
68
>$
3A?JG= *% /C G?HI IC?6L?6A GHF;GG!GHF6?C F;GEDCG; D< .;HFDC F;G?C&
--3 K) KGF? =L 8D)
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
10, =47?6,>498= 91 =48260 <?. .97;<0==4@0 <0=;98=0
K^c\aZ JM; XdbegZhh^dc gZhedchZ VcY [V^ajgZ ]VkZ WZZc Y^hXjhhZY Wn i]Z Vji]dgh ^c i]Z
egZk^djh hijYn S,T' ]dlZkZg' ZhhZci^Va YZiV^ah d[ i]Z >= bdYZa' WdjcYVgn XdcY^i^dch' VcY
i]Z bZi]dY d[ VcVanh^h VgZ egZhZciZY ]ZgZ [dg XdbeaZiZcZhh) =meZg^bZciVa dWhZgkVi^dch
[gdb egZk^djh hijY^Zh S--T ]VkZ h]dlc i]Vi bVig^m YVbV\Z ^c i]Z [dgb d[ b^Xgd(XgVX`^c\'
VcY idl WjX`a^c\' Vadc\ l^i] idl `^c`^c\ VgZ i]Z Ydb^cVci bdYZh d[ YVbV\Z [dgbVi^dc ^c
-<L9; jcYZg XdbegZhh^dc) L]jh' id XVeijgZ ZmeZg^bZciVaan dWhZgkZY XdbegZhh^kZ
YVbV\Z bZX]Vc^hbh i]Vi Xdch^hi d[ YZiV^ah Vi i]Z -<L9; jc^i XZaa aZkZa' Veegdeg^ViZ
bdYZa^c\ higViZ\^Zh [dg i]Z [^WZg idlh VcY i]Z OT XOYZ bVig^m cZZY id WZ ^cigdYjXZY ^cid
i]Z bdYZa) L]Z XdbegZhh^dc gZhedchZ d[ i]Z JM; ^h hijY^ZY jh^c\ i]Z [^c^iZ ZaZbZci
bZi]dY ^c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] i]Z XdbbZgX^Va hd[ilVgZ 898IMK Wn VYdei^c\ V .< Y^h(
XgZi^oVi^dc d[ i]Z [^WZg idlh VcY i]Z bVig^m) L]Z gZhedchZ d[ i]Z XdbejiVi^dcVa bdYZa
jcYZg jc^Vm^Va adVY^c\ ^h ZhiVWa^h]ZY jh^c\ i]Z JACK VgX(aZc\i] bZi]dY S-/'-0T' dei^dc
VkV^aVWaZ ^c 898IMK)
.THDVLRQ RI 7LFTRPRGHO
L]Z JM; bdYZah ^c i]Z egZhZci ldg` lZgZ Wj^ai jh^c\ i]Z XdbbZgX^Va hd[ilVgZ eVX`V\Z
K<J;(A<=8K EVhiZg KZg^Zh 4) L]Z b^Xgd VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ i]Z [^WZg idl ^h h]dlc ^c
>^\jgZ 1) L]Z dkZgVaa Y^bZch^dch d[ JM; VgZ h]dlc ^c >^\jgZ 2) .< iZigV]ZYgdc ZaZbZcih
VgZ jhZY VcY i]Z h^oZ d[ ZaZbZcih jhZY [dg bZh]^c\ $VcY i]jh i]Z bZh] YZch^in% lVh
YZiZgb^cZY Wn V XdckZg\ZcXZ hijYn' l]^X] ZhiVWa^h]ZY V bZh] YZch^in i]Vi gZhjaiZY ^c
cd VeegZX^VWaZ X]Vc\Zh ^c i]Z JM; bVXgdhXde^X dgi]digde^X egdeZgi^Zh) >jgi]ZgbdgZ'
i]ZhZ egdeZgi^Zh lZgZ [djcY id WZ ^c XadhZ V\gZZbZci l^i] bZVhjgZY Zc\^cZZg^c\ XdchiVcih
d[ i]Z -<L9; S-1'-2T)
& &%&&( &%&&* &%&&, &%&&. &%&' &%&'( &%&'* &%&',&%(
&%)
&%*
&%+
&%,
&%-
&%.
&%/
'
8G>MNF@"MNL>FI
7JLH
>GFT
BA
"HJ
AO
GOM
5BNLJI"'5BNLJI"'!GFIB>L"NLBIAGFIB5BNLJI"(5BNLJI")
3A?JG= +% 1DFB6A?N;9 BD9IAIG JG& EA6GH?8 GHF6?C <DF ?C G?HI .;HFDC B6HF?L K?H> 6 A?C;6F HF;C9A?C; G>DKC&
AKXVUTXK UL (4 2WGOJKJ CK\YORK 3USVUXOYKX BZHPKIYKJ YU 3USVWKXXOUT <UGJX --4
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
,UUWPSVLRQU 7DGH /WTLQJ 7RGHOLQJ RI <?.U
LVWaZ , h]dlh i]Z egdeZgi^Zh d[ XVgWdc [^WZgh VcY i]Z Zedmn bVig^m l^i]^c [^WZg idlh) Ac
dgYZg id dWiV^c i]Z ]dbd\Zc^oZY bViZg^Va egdeZgi^Zh d[ i]Z Vm^Va [^WZg idl' hZkZgVa Vhhjbe(
i^dch ]VY id WZ bVYZ) L]Z Vm^Va [^WZg idlh lZgZ igZViZY Vh dcZ Zci^in l^i] i]Z Vhhjbei^dc
d[ igVchkZghZ ^hdigden) L]Vi ^h' i]Z Vm^Va [^WZg idlh VgZ VhhjbZY id WZ .< heVXZ jcYjaVi^c\
XjgkZY .< hda^Yh) L]Z Vm^Va [^WZg idl ZaVhi^X egdeZgi^Zh lZgZ \ZcZgViZY jh^c\ i]Z kVajZh
) '
(
3A?JG= ,% 0?8FDGHFI8HIF; D< DC; 35,&
-.+ K) KGF? =L 8D)
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
h]dlc ^c LVWaZ , VcY ^c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] i]Z ;;E gZaVi^dc \^kZc ^c @ZgV`dk^X] S-.T)
8m^Va [^WZg idl Xgdhh hZXi^dcVa VgZV lVh bZVhjgZY jh^c\ b^XgdhXden) 8aa i]Z Vm^Va [^WZg idl
egdeZgi^Zh VgZ WVhZY dc V bZVhjgZY [^WZg kdajbZ [gVXi^dc' EL . 1-"' VcY i]Z ZaVhi^X
egdeZgi^Zh d[ i]Z idlh VgZ h]dlc ^c LVWaZh . VcY /' XdggZhedcY^c\ id ild hZih d[ Vhhjbe(
i^dch [dg i]Z [^WZg egdeZgi^Zh) <ZiV^ah d[ i]Z XVaXjaVi^dch VgZ egdk^YZY ^c 8eeZcY^m 8) Ac
dgYZg id dWiV^c i]Z XdbegZhh^kZ gZhedchZ d[ i]Z -<L9; l^i] ^c^i^Vaan ^beZg[ZXi Vm^Va [^WZg
idlh' cdca^cZVg Xdchi^iji^kZ egdeZgi^Zh d[ i]Z Vm^Va [^WZg idl $l^i] OT XOYZ bVig^m egdeZgi^Zh%
VgZ gZfj^gZY [dg [^c^iZ YZ[dgbVi^dc) L]Z lVn ^c l]^X] i]ZhZ egdeZgi^Zh VgZ dWiV^cZY ^h
djia^cZY cZmi)
>TDQUXHTUHO[ 4URVTRSLF ;ODUVLFLV[ 7RGHO RI VKH ,ZLDO 1LEHT >RY
<jZ id cdca^cZVg^in ^c i]Z higZhh!higV^c gZaVi^dch d[ i]Z OT XOYZ bVig^m' i]Z Vm^Va [^WZg idl
Vahd h]dlh cdca^cZVg^in) L]^h ^h VXXdjciZY [dg Wn jh^c\ @^aash S-3T Vc^hdigde^X eaVhi^X^in
("H
H
3A?JG= -% 2J;F6AA 9?B;CG?DCG D< DC; 35,&
789B= '% 3A9=G 8D< C8IGAM FGEF=GIA=H0 8MA8B IELH 8D< 9A8H @8K= >A9=GKEBJC= >G8;IAEDH E> ,'%+ 8D< -*%-"# G=HF=;IAK=BN%
2%% 2&& 4%& 4&'
"),-# "),-# "),-# "),-# #%&
14@5?> 8;57@ '(% &* ') *$%' %$&)
27B@?> ,$*' %$(+
AKXVUTXK UL (4 2WGOJKJ CK\YORK 3USVUXOYKX BZHPKIYKJ YU 3USVWKXXOUT <UGJX -.,
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
bdYZa VcY heZX^Va^o^c\ ^i id i]Z XVhZ d[ igVchkZghZ ^hdigden) @^aash i]Zdgn YZhXg^WZh' dc V
bVXgdhXde^X hXVaZ' i]Z n^ZaY^c\ VcY eaVhi^X [adl d[ Vc Vc^hdigde^X bViZg^Va) Ac i]Z i]Zdgn' V
n^ZaY Xg^iZg^dc ^h edhijaViZY dc \ZcZgVa \gdjcYh l]^X] ^h h^b^aVg ^c [dgb id i]Z kdc(E^hZh
Xg^iZg^dc [dg ^hdigde^X bViZg^Vah' Wji l]^X] XdciV^ch h^m eVgVbZiZgh heZX^[n^c\ i]Z hiViZ d[
eaVhi^X Vc^hdigden) Ld dWiV^c i]Z higZhh!higV^c gZhedchZh ^c i]Z Y^[[ZgZci Y^gZXi^dch d[ igVch(
kZghZ ^hdigden d[ i]Z Vm^Va [^WZg idl' i]Z Xdbedh^iZ Xna^cYZg b^Xgd(bZX]Vc^Xh bdYZa $;;E%
d[ i]Z Vm^Va [^WZg idl ^h ^beaZbZciZY $hZZ @ZgV`dk^X] S-.T%' ^c Vc ^cXgZbZciVa [Vh]^dc) >dg
ZmVbeaZ' ^c i]Z ,- eaVcZ d[ i]Z [^WZg idl $l]ZgZ , YZcdiZh i]Z [^WZg Y^gZXi^dc%' i]Z hZXVci
h]ZVg bdYjajh XVc WZ XdbejiZY Vh V [jcXi^dc d[ h]ZVg higZhh) Mh^c\ i]Z ;;E bdYZa
gZaVi^dch' Vh \^kZc ^c @ZgV`dk^X] S-.T' i]Z gZaVi^dc WZilZZc i]Z hZXVci h]ZVg bdYjajh d[
i]Z OT XOYZ bVig^m VcY i]Z Xdbedh^iZ hZXVci h]ZVg bdYjajh ^h \^kZc Vh5
7S . 7,-
17L,- 2 7S0 " ( L 17
L,- " 7S0
17L,- 2 7S0 2 ( L 17
L,- " 7S0
1-30
L]Z VWdkZ gZaVi^dc WZilZZc i]Z Xdchi^ijZci egdeZgin VcY i]Z Xdbedh^iZ egdeZgin ^h jhZY id
XdchigjXi V Xdbedh^iZ h]ZVg gZhedchZ XjgkZ ^c i]Z ,- eaVcZ Vhhjb^c\ i]Vi i]Z [^WZgh VgZ
ZaVhi^X VcY i]Vi i]Z bVig^m dWZnh i]Z bZVhjgZY OT XOYZ h]ZVg gZhedchZ XjgkZ' h]dlc ^c
>^\jgZ /) EdgZ YZiV^ah VgZ \^kZc ^c S,T) Ac Yd^c\ hd' ^i ^h VhhjbZY i]Vi Vi ZVX] higZhh
aZkZa' i]Z Xdbedh^iZ VcY i]Z bVig^m WZ]VkZ Vh hZXVci hda^Yh) Ac V h^b^aVg bVccZg' i]Z
gZhedchZ XjgkZh ^c i]Z -. eaVcZ $igVchkZghZ iZch^dc ^c i]Z - Y^gZXi^dc VcY i]Z h]ZVg gZhedchZ
^c i]Z -. eaVcZ% VgZ Vahd XdbejiZY ^c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] i]Z ;;E bdYZa' l]^aZ i]Z [^WZg
Y^gZXi^dc $,(Y^gZXi^dc d[ i]Z idl% ^h VhhjbZY id WZ a^cZVg ZaVhi^X) >gdb i]ZhZ higZhh!higV^c
gZhedchZ XjgkZh' VcY ^c i]Z XVhZ d[ igVchkZghZ ^hdigden' . n^ZaY higZhh gVi^dh VgZ dWiV^cZY)
L]Zn VgZ' 1--' 1,-' VcY 1-.' l]^X] VgZ i]Z gVi^dh d[ i]Z n^ZaY higZhh ^c ZVX] bViZg^Va Y^gZX(
i^dc l^i] gZheZXi id i]Z gZ[ZgZcXZ n^ZaY higZhh' l]^X] ^c i]Z egZhZci hijYn ^h iV`Zc Vh i]Z n^ZaY
higZhh ^c i]Z - Y^gZXi^dc ^bean^c\ 1-- . ,) >dg i]Z -<L9;' hijY^ZY ]ZgZ' 1,- . 1,. . +)03
VcY 1-. . +)03) Abea^X^i ^c i]Z jhZ d[ i]Z @^aa Vc^hdigde^X eaVhi^X^in bdYZa ^h i]Z Vhhjbei^dc
i]Vi i]Z ]VgYZc^c\ XjgkZ ^c ZVX] Y^gZXi^dc ldjaY WZ i]Z hVbZ Vh i]Z ]VgYZc^c\ XjgkZ ^c i]Z
- Y^gZXi^dc) L]^h Vhhjbei^dc lVh Vahd kZg^[^ZY Wn Xdbeji^c\ ^cY^k^YjVa ]VgYZc^c\
gZhedchZh VcY XdbeVg^c\ V\V^chi i]Z VhhjbZY gZhedchZ Y^XiViZY Wn i]Z - Y^gZXi^dc) KjX]
V XdbeVg^hdc gZhjaiZY ^c Vc ^ch^\c^[^XVci Y^[[ZgZcXZ [dg XdbejiVi^dcVa ejgedhZh VcY ^h
h]dlc ^c >^\jgZ 3) EdgZ YZiV^ah d[ i]Z @^aa i]Zdgn ^beaZbZciVi^dc VgZ \^kZc ^c S--T)
-RWQGDT[ .RQGLVLRQU RI <?.U DQG 4PSHTIHFVLRQU 4PSRUHG
HaVcVg $-<% k^Zlh d[ i]Z JM; VcY i]Z adVY^c\ jcYZg Y^heaVXZbZci Xdcigda XdcY^i^dch
jhZY id dWiV^c i]Z a^cZVg ZaVhi^X gZhedchZ $VcY i]Z XdggZhedcY^c\ dgi]digde^X Zc\^cZZg^c\
XdchiVcih% VgZ Vh h]dlc ^c >^\jgZ 4) L]Z jc^i XZaa ^h cdi gZhigV^cZY [gdb ZmeVcY^c\ ^c i]Z
aViZgVa Y^gZXi^dch $[gZZ ZmeVch^dc%' l]^aZ dc i]Z [VXZ VlVn [gdb $l]^aZ eVgVaaZa id% i]Z
adVYZY ZY\Z' i]Z Y^heaVXZbZci ^c i]Z adVY^c\ Y^gZXi^dc ^h egZkZciZY) L]Z gZhjaih dWiV^cZY
[gdb i]ZhZ r[gZZs WdjcYVgn XdcY^i^dch lZgZ XdbeVgZY V\V^chi i]dhZ i]Vi ldjaY WZ
dWiV^cZY [gdb eZg^dY^X WdjcYVgn XdcY^i^dch' l^i] b^c^bVa $4-" Y^[[ZgZcXZ% YZk^Vi^dch)
>dg Veean^c\ eZg^dY^X WdjcYVgn XdcY^i^dch' dcZ ]Vh id ]VkZ ^YZci^XVa cdYVa ed^cih dc i]Z
deedh^iZ [VXZh d[ V [^c^iZ ZaZbZci bZh]) L]^h gZhig^Xi^dc ^cigdYjXZh XdbeaZm^i^Zh VhhdX^ViZY
l^i] XgZVi^c\ V [gZZ >= bZh]) 8 YZiV^aZY XdbeVg^hdc WZilZZc eZg^dY^X VcY cdceZg^dY^X
WdjcYVgn XdcY^i^dch [dg i]ZhZ -<L9; higjXijgZh ^h egdk^YZY ^c Kdc\ S--T) 8ahd' gZXZcian
Vc Zm]Vjhi^kZ hijYn ]Vh gZkZVaZY i]Z b^c^bVa Y^[[ZgZcXZh ^c i]Z ild ineZh d[ 9;h [dg V l^YZ
-.- K) KGF? =L 8D)
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
4LJIN"PFBQ"#A>MEBA"GFIBM"MEJQ"NEB"ABCJLHBA"?JAS$
!
!
#
"
<JK"PFBQ
3A?JG= /% +DIC96FM 8DC9?H?DCG ?C ;?=;CBD9; 6C9 F;GEDCG; 6C6AMG;G&
& &%+ ' '%+ ( (%+ ) )%+ * *%+
#!'&!)
&
'
(
)
*
+
,
-
.
/
'&
;NL>FI
7JLH
>GFT
BA
"MNL
BMM (("AFLB@NFJI
'("AFLB@NFJI()"AFLB@NFJI
3A?JG= .% ,DBE6F?GDC D< H>; .;HFDC >6F9;C?C= 8IFJ;G 6ADC= (($ '($ 6C9 ') 9?F;8H?DCG&
AKXVUTXK UL (4 2WGOJKJ CK\YORK 3USVUXOYKX BZHPKIYKJ YU 3USVWKXXOUT <UGJX -..
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
kVg^Zin d[ b^XgdhigjXijgZh S-4T) >jgi]ZgbdgZ' ^i ^h cdiZY i]Vi [dg XdbegZhh^kZ [V^ajgZ' i]Z
Vhhjbei^dc d[ eZg^dY^X^in ^h ^cXdggZXi' h^cXZ i]Vi aZVYh id Vc Vgi^[^X^Va eViiZgc d[ eZg^dY^X
[V^ajgZ' jca^`Z i]Vi dWhZgkZY ^c ZmeZg^bZcih) >dg i]Z gZhedchZ VcVanh^h jh^c\ i]Z JACK VgX(
aZc\i] bZi]dY' gZhjaih lZgZ [^ghi dWiV^cZY [dg jc^Vm^Va XdbegZhh^dc $Y^heaVXZbZci Xdcigda%
^c i]Z \(Y^gZXi^dc) KZkZgVa gZhedchZ VcVanhZh lZgZ XdcYjXiZY l^i] V hZg^Zh d[ ^beZg[ZXi^dc
bV\c^ijYZh) L]Z ^beZg[ZXi^dch $Z^\Zc ^beZg[ZXi^dch% lZgZ \ZcZgViZY Wn [^ghi eZg[dgb^c\ Vc
Z^\ZckVajZ VcVanh^h d[ i]Z JM;) L]Z ZaVhi^X WjX`a^c\ dg k^WgVi^dc Z^\ZcbdYZh' XdggZhedcY(
^c\ id i]Z hVbZ WdjcYVgn XdcY^i^dch Vh ldjaY WZ jhZY ^c i]Z gZhedchZ VcVanh^h ^h X]dhZc
[dg i]Z eZgijgWVi^dc $>^\jgZ ,+%) >^\jgZ ,+ h]dlh i]Z [^ghi i]gZZ Z^\ZcbdYZh [gdb l]^X]
i]Z .gY bdYZ $V adXVa bdYZ% ^h hZaZXiZY id WZ i]Z ^beZg[ZXi^dc h]VeZ i]Vi eZgijgWh i]Z
eZg[ZXi bZh] d[ i]Z bdYZa [dg XVggn^c\ dji i]Z [^c^iZ ZaZbZci gZhedchZ VcVanh^h) L]Z Vbea^(
ijYZ d[ i]Z eZgijgWVi^dc ^h X]dhZc i]gdj\] bZVhjgZbZcih d[ i]Z JM; b^XgdhigjXijgZh
l]^X] gZkZVa ine^XVa YZk^Vi^dc ^c \ZdbZign d[ i]Z [^WZg idlh) L]Z ^beZg[ZXi^dch $^c iZgbh d[
Vm^Va idl jcYjaVi^dch% VgZ +)+1+!+),- bb ^c bVm^bjb Vbea^ijYZ $dc VkZgV\Z%' l]^aZ
i]Z Xgdhh(hZXi^dc \ZdbZig^X Y^bZch^dch d[ i]Z Vm^Va idlh VcY W^Vh idlh VgZ ^cY^XViZY ^c
LVWaZ -) Ai ]Vh WZZc gZedgiZY ^c S,T i]Vi i]Z bVm^bjb XdbegZhh^kZ higZc\i] d[ JM;
YZXgZVhZh Vh i]Z bV\c^ijYZ d[ ^beZg[ZXi^dc ^cXgZVhZh)
0110.>= 91 .9?;60/ /,7,20 ,8/ ;6,=>4.4>C
L]Z XdjeaZY ZaVhi^X YVbV\Z(eaVhi^X i]Zdgn $=<HL% Vh YZhXg^WZY ZVga^Zg lVh ^beaZbZciZY
^c 898IMKLE kZgh^dc 1)0 hiVcYVgY i]gdj\] V jhZg YZ[^cZY bViZg^Va hjWgdji^cZ) 8 h^c\aZ
JM; bdYZa [dg @Zigdc lVh hijY^ZY l]ZgZ Vm^Va VcY W^Vh idlh lZgZ VhhjbZY id WZ ZaVhi^X(
eaVhi^X VcY i]Z bVig^m VhhjbZY id WZ Vc =<HL hda^Y) Lld hZih d[ Vhhjbei^dch [dg i]Z [^WZg
()
' ()
'
()
'
3A?JG= '&% -?FGH H>F;; GMBB;HF?8 BD9;G <DF H>; 35, "K?H> B6HF?L ;A;B;CHG F;BDJ;9 <DF J?GI6A 9?GEA6M
EIFEDG;#&
-./ K) KGF? =L 8D)
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
lZgZ jhZY) Ac i]Z [^ghi $bdYZa ,%' i]Z [^WZg ^h VhhjbZY id WZ ^hdigde^X l]Zc i]Z Xdbedh^iZ idl
egdeZgi^Zh VgZ XdbejiZY) Ac i]Z hZXdcY $bdYZa -%' i]Z [^WZg ^h VhhjbZY id WZ igVchkZghZan
^hdigde^X' l^i] egdeZgi^Zh \^kZc ^c LVWaZh . VcY /) L]Z >= bZh]' VcVanhZh egdXZYjgZ VcY i]Z
Z^\Zc bdYZ h]VeZh lZgZ h^b^aVg id i]dhZ jhZY [dg i]Z VcVanhZh l^i]dji i]Z =<HL bdYZa $[dg
ZmVbeaZ' Vh ^c Kdc\ Zi Va) S,T%' hd i]Vi dcan i]Z Z[[ZXi d[ bVig^m YVbV\Z dc JM; XdbegZhh^dc
higZc\i] XdjaY WZ hijY^ZY ^c ^hdaVi^dc) L]Z gZhjaih VgZ h]dlc ^c >^\jgZ ,,' l]^X] h]dlh V
egZY^XiZY a^b^i adVY ^chiVW^a^in' bjX] a^`Z l]Vi ^h dWhZgkZY ^c ZmeZg^bZci) >jgi]ZgbdgZ'
i]Z egZY^Xi^dch d[ bdYZah , VcY - VgZ kZgn XadhZ id ZVX] di]Zg h^\cVa^c\ i]Vi i]Z dkZgVaa
bVXgdhXde^X gZhedchZ ^h Ydb^cViZY Wn i]Z idl Vm^Va egdeZgi^Zh $[^WZg Ydb^cViZY% VcY i]Z
bVig^m ZaVhi^X(eaVhi^X egdeZgi^Zh) L]Z kVg^djh hiV\Zh d[ i]Z gZhedchZ' l]^X] ^h ]^\]an cdc(
a^cZVg VcY ^h ine^XVa ^c a^b^i^c\ XdbegZhh^dc higZc\i]' ]Vh WZZc Y^hXjhhZY WZ[dgZ ^c S,'-2T) Ac
XdbeVg^hdc id i]Z hijY^Zh l]ZgZ i]Z =<HL bdYZa ^h cdi jhZY' ^i ^h hZZc i]Vi i]Z egZhZci
gZhjaih l^i] i]Z =<HL bdYZa h]dl cd VeegZX^VWaZ X]Vc\Z id i]Z bV\c^ijYZ d[ i]Z Xdb(
egZhh^dc higZc\i]' ]dlZkZg' i]Z bVig^m YVbV\Z ^cigdYjXZh V adlZg eaViZVj higZhh' bjX] ^c
a^cZ l^i] i]Z dWhZgkZY ZmeZg^bZciVa eaViZVj higZhh aZkZa) L]Z h^c\aZ JM; =<HL eaViZVj
higZhh aZkZa d[ 10)+ EHV XdbeVgZh lZaa id i]Z XdggZhedcY^c\ ZmeZg^bZciVa kVajZ d[ 0/ EHV)
L]Z eZV` higZc\i] d[ i]Z h^c\aZ JM; =<HL egZY^Xi^dc ^h h^b^aVg id i]Vi dWhZgkZY ZVga^Zg
^c Kdc\ Zi Va) S,T)
8 [Zl ^bedgiVci ^beaZbZciVi^dc ^hhjZh VgZ id WZ cdiZY) 8h ^c Vcn YVbV\Z i]Zdgn'
bVig^m YZ\gVYVi^dc aZVYh id V gZYjXi^dc ^c bVig^m bZX]Vc^XVa egdeZgi^Zh $=fjVi^dc $,+%
[dg ZmVbeaZ%) @ZcXZ' Vh XdbejiVi^dc egdXZZYh i]Z edhh^W^a^in Zm^hih i]Vi V kVajZ d[ higV^c
789B= (% 1GEHH$H=;IAED8B <AC=DHAEDH E> 5=IGED$98H=<>A9=G IELH CE<=B=< LAI@ =BBAFIA;8B ;GEHH$H=;IAEDH%
*7.16
+-035 -9/6
"11#
+/235 -9/6
"11#
/E;4< 8;57@ B?D
/C7@497 "==# )$* &$(
3B67C "==# %$) %$&
0;4A 8;57@ B?D
/C7@497 "==# '$- %$)
3B67C "==# %$&* %$&&
789B= *% 2B8HIA; ;EDHI8DIH E> 5=IGED >A9=G IELH 8D< AD HAIJ 5=IGED C8IGAM ! 6E<=B (%
(3267/78.27$,534.57/.6 "),-# 2%% 2&& 2'' 4%& 4%' 4&' #%& #%' #&'
27B@?> 4E;4< B?D ''*$% &&$. &&$. -$%( -$%( ($.' %$'' %$'' %$*'
27B@?> 5;4A B?D &,($, &'$- &'$- &%$- &%$- )$'+ %$&. %$&. %$*&
/C G?HI 27B@?> =4B@;E ,$*' %$(+
789B= )% 2B8HIA; ;EDHI8DIH E> 5=IGED >A9=G IELH 8D< AD HAIJ 5=IGED C8IGAM ! 6E<=B '%
(3267/78.27$,534.57/.6 "),-# 2%% 2&& 2'' 4%& 4%' 4&' #%& #%' #&'
27B@?> 4E;4< B?D ''*$- &-$+ &-$+ )$-& )$-& *$-) %$'&+ %$'&+ %$*.
27B@?> 5;4A B?D &,+$, ',$& ',$& *$,' *$,' -$*) %$'&+ %$'&+ %$*.
/C G?HI 27B@?> =4B@;E ,$*' %$(+
AKXVUTXK UL (4 2WGOJKJ CK\YORK 3USVUXOYKX BZHPKIYKJ YU 3USVWKXXOUT <UGJX -.0
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
$VcY i]ZgZ[dgZ YVbV\Z% ^h gZVX]ZY hjX] i]Vi i]Z Zcig^Zh ^c i]Z bVig^m iVc\Zci hi^[[cZhh
bVig^m VeegdVX] VcY WZXdbZ oZgd) L]^h XVc aZVY id XdbejiVi^dcVa VcY XdckZg\ZcXZ
Y^[[^Xjai^Zh) GcZ lVn id dkZgXdbZ i]ZhZ Y^[[^Xjai^Zh ^h id egZhXg^WZ V YZ\gVYVi^dc aVl i]Vi
cZkZg Vaadlh V oZgd hi^[[cZhh Zcign) 8cdi]Zg lVn id VX]^ZkZ i]Z hVbZ gZhjai ^h id cdi Vaadl
i]Z YZ\gVYVi^dc aVl id gZhjai ^c V cdcedh^i^kZ kVajZ [dg hi^[[cZhh) O^i] i]Z a^cZVg YZ\gV(
YVi^dc aVl jhZY ^c i]^h eVeZg $=fjVi^dc $,+%%' ^i lVh VhhjbZY i]Vi Zcig^Zh ^c S3K&T lZgZ
cZkZg VaadlZY id WZXdbZ cdcedh^i^kZ) A[ i]Z XdcY^i^dc lVh bZi' i]Zc ^h lVh VhhjbZY i]Vi
i]Z Zcig^Zh d[ S3K&T VgZ 0+" d[ i]Z dg^\^cVa kVajZ [dg [jijgZ XdbejiVi^dch)
.98.6?/482 <07,<5=
L]Z Z[[ZXi d[ bVig^m YVbV\Z ]Vh WZZc bdYZaZY i]gdj\] V XdjeaZY YVbV\Z(ZaVhid(eaVhi^X
i]Zdgn) Ai ]Vh WZZc h]dlc i]Vi i]Z Z[[ZXi d[ bVig^m YVbV\Z YdZh cdi V[[ZXi i]Z egZY^XiZY
eZV` XdbegZhh^dc higZc\i]' Wji i]Z edhi(eZV` hd[iZc^c\ ^h cdl egZY^XiZY ^c V bjX] WZiiZg
bVccZg' VeegdVX]^c\ i]Z ZmeZg^bZciVaan dWhZgkZY eaViZVj higZhh aZkZah) ;nXa^X iZhih jh^c\
h^c\aZ aVnZg -<L9; iZch^dc hig^eh ]VkZ WZZc jhZY id ZmigVXi i]Z YVbV\Z aVl VcY i]jh' Vaa
i]Z eVgVbZiZgh ZciZg^c\ i]Z YZhXg^ei^dc d[ YVbV\Z ]VkZ WZZc fjVci^[^ZY) ;dchZfjZcian' i]Z
=<HL VeegdVX] egZhZciZY ]ZgZ ^c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] i]Z ZmeZg^bZciVa X]VgVXiZg^oVi^dc VgZ
egdedhZY Vh V bZi]dYdad\n [dg egZeVg^c\ i]Z ^ceji YViV gZfj^gZY [dg bZVc^c\[ja Xdbej(
iVi^dcVa egZY^Xi^dch d[ eZV` higZc\i] VcY edhi(eZV` hd[iZc^c\ ^c -<L9; XdbegZhh^dc)
,.589A60/2708>=
L]Z Vji]dgh VgZ \gViZ[ja [dg i]Z [^cVcX^Va hedchdgh]^e d[ i]Z 8jidbdi^kZ ;dbedh^iZh
;dchdgi^jb' =cZg\n EVcV\ZbZci Odg`^c\ ?gdje' VcY i]Z <ZeVgibZci d[ 8ZgdheVXZ
&&
+&
'&&
'+&
(&&
(+&
)&&
;NL>FI
;NL
BMM"#
68
>$
9=2"QFNEJON"A>H>DB
9=2"QFNE"A>H>DB"!"HJABG"'"
6B>I"BRKBLFHBIN>G"@OLPB
9=2"QFNE"A>H>DB"!"HJABG"("
&%&&+ &%&' &%&'+ &%&( &%&(+ &%&)
3A?JG= ''% ,DBE6F?GDC 7;HK;;C H>; F;GEDCG; D< ' 35, K?H> 96B6=; 6C9 H>6H K?H>DIH 96B6=;&
-.1 K) KGF? =L 8D)
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
=c\^cZZg^c\' Mc^kZgh^in d[ E^X]^\Vc) L]Z Vji]dgh VX`cdlaZY\Z i]Vi i]^h gZhZVgX] lVh
hjeedgiZY' ^c l]daZ dg ^c eVgi' Wn i]Z <ZeVgibZci d[ =cZg\n) KjX] hjeedgi YdZh cdi
Xdchi^ijiZ Vc ZcYdghZbZci Wn i]Z <ZeVgibZci d[ =cZg\n d[ i]Z k^Zlh ZmegZhhZY ]ZgZ^c)
,;;08/4B
Ac dgYZg id dWiV^c i]Z ]dbd\Zc^oZY bViZg^Va egdeZgi^Zh d[ i]Z Vm^Va [^WZg idl' ild hZih
d[ Vhhjbei^dch VgZ bVYZ) Ac i]Z [^ghi' i]Z [^WZg ^h VhhjbZY id WZ ZaVhi^X $bdYZa ,% VcY ^c
i]Z hZXdcY' ^i ^h VhhjbZY id WZ igVchkZghZan ^hdigde^X) Ac Wdi] XVhZh' i]Z idlh VgZ igZViZY
Vh dcZ Zci^in l^i] i]Z Vhhjbei^dc d[ igVchkZghZ ^hdigden) L]Vi ^h' i]Z [^WZg idlh VgZ
VhhjbZY id WZ .< heVXZ jcYjaVi^c\ XjgkZY .< hda^Yh) L]Z [^kZ ^cYZeZcYZci ZaVhi^X Xdc(
hiVcih [dg V igVchkZghZan ^hdigde^X XdcXZcig^X Xna^cYZg bdYZa d[ V [^WZg VcY V hjggdjcY^c\
bVig^m VgZ Vh [daadlh6
L]Z Vm^Va bdYjajh ^h YZ[^cZY Vh5
5, . 5L, 1, 2 "0EL 2 5S1, 2 )01, " EL 0 1-40
l]ZgZ5
" .-(
L-,5S1, " (
L-. " -(
L,-(
L-, 0EL 1(
L,- " ( S0
5L- 1, 2 ( S01, 2 EL 1, " -( S00 2 5S1, " (
L-. " -(
L,-(
L-, 01, " EL 0
1.+0
) .-5
L-( SEL 1( S " (
L,- 0
5L- 1, 2 ( S01, 2 EL 1, " -( S00 2 5S1, " (
L-. " -(
L,-(
L-, 01, " EL 0
1.,0
L]Z igVchkZghZ bdYjajh ^h YZ[^cZY Vh5
5- .,
'LEL
5L-
2'S1, " EL 0
5S1.-0
5. . 5- 1..0
l]ZgZ5
'L .5
L,EL 2 1, " (
L,-(
L-, 05S 2 ( S(
L-,5
L,
+ ,1, " EL 0
5L,EL 2 5S1, " EL 0
1./0
'S ./1, " ( S-
05L, " 1, " ( S(
L,- 05S!EL 2 5SES
5L,EL 2 5S1, " EL 0
1.00
Hd^hhdcsh gVi^d XVc WZ dWiV^cZY [gdb'
( ,- ./1, " EL 01, " (
L-. " -(
L,-(
L-, 0!( S5S
11, " EL 01, " (L-. " -(
L,-(
L-, 005S 2 1, 2 EL 2 1, " EL 0( S " -EL( S-
05L-
2/( S 2 EL 1-(
L,- " ( S0 2 1( S-
1, " -EL(L,- " EL 00!5
L-
11, " EL 01, " (L-. " -(
L,-(
L-, 005S 2 1, 2 EL 2 1, " EL 0( S " -EL( S-
05L-
AKXVUTXK UL (4 2WGOJKJ CK\YORK 3USVUXOYKX BZHPKIYKJ YU 3USVWKXXOUT <UGJX -.2
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
L]Z h]ZVg bdYjajh ^h5
7,- . 7S 17S 2 7L,- 0 " EL 17S " 7
L,- 0
17S 2 7L,- 0 2 EL 17S " 7
L,- 0
) *
1.10
8ai]dj\] 7-. XVc cdi WZ hdakZY [dg Zmea^X^ian i]Z l^YZan VXXZeiZY ZmegZhh^dc ^h5
7#-. .
,
,
7L-.
EL 2 '/
,
7S 1, " EL 0
EL 2 '/1, " EL 0
1.20
l]ZgZ5
'/ .. " /( S 2 7 S57
L-.
/1, " ( S01.30
8 bdgZ ^ckdakZY ^iZgVi^kZ iZX]c^fjZ XVc WZ jhZY l]^X] ^h5
ELQL-.
QL-. 2 7##
-.
21, " EL 0QS
QS 2 7##-.
. -1EL7S
7S " 7##-.
211, " EL 07
L-.
7L-. " 7##
-.
' (
1.40
l]ZgZ QS ^h i]Z Wja` bdYjajh d[ i]Z bVig^m VcY i]Z [^WZg XdchiVcih VgZ YZ[^cZY Vh [daadlh5
QL-. .
,
-13
L-- 2 3
L-. 0 1/+0
3L-- .
1, " (L,-(
L-, 05
L-
, " -(L,-(
L-, " (
L-
-. " -(L,-(
L-,(
L-.
1/,0
3L-. .
1(L-. 2 (
L,-(
L-, 05
L-
, " -(L,-(
L-, " (
L-
-. " -(L,-(
L-,(
L-.
1/-0
L]Z Hd^hh^dcsh gVi^d ^c i]Z eaVcZ d[ ^hdigden XVc WZ hdakZY [dg Vh [daadlh5
( -. .5-
-7-.
" , 1/.0
@ZgZ' i]Z hjWhXg^eih L VcY S gZ[Zg id i]Z [^WZg VcY bVig^m e]VhZh) 5 gZegZhZcih i]Z Qdjc\sh
bdYjajh' 7' i]Z h]ZVg bdYjajh' E' i]Z kdajbZ [gVXi^dc' "' ed^hhdcsh gVi^d) L]Z , Vm^h ^h ^c
i]Z [^WZg Vm^Va Y^gZXi^dc' l]^aZ i]Z -!. eaVcZ ^h i]Z eaVcZ d[ ^hdigden)
Ai ^h Vahd cdiZY i]Vi ^c bdYZa ,' i]Z [^WZg ^h VhhjbZY id WZ ^hdigde^X VcY ^c bdYZa -' i]Z
[^WZg ^h gZ\VgYZY Vh igVchkZghZan ^hdigde^X' l^i] , WZ^c\ i]Z [^WZg Vm^h VcY -!. eaVcZ WZ^c\
i]Z eaVcZ d[ ^hdigden) L]Z bVig^m ^h VhhjbZY id WZ ^hdigde^X)
8 XdggZXi^dc ^h bVYZ [dg i]Z Vm^Va idl Vm^Va bdYjajh jhZY WZXVjhZ i]Z idl ^h cdi jc^[dgb
^c ^ish Y^heZgh^dc) L]ZgZ VgZ VgZVh Vi i]Z XZciZg d[ i]Z idl' l]ZgZ i]Z bVig^m ]Vh cdi eZcZ(
igViZY VcY i]Z XZciZg d[ i]Z idl h]dlh V ]^\]Zg kdajbZ [gVXi^dc d[ jclZiiZY [^WZgh)
5#, . 5, # 1,51#
, 1//0
-.3 K) KGF? =L 8D)
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
l]ZgZ 1, ^h i]Z VgZV d[ i]Z idl' VcY 1#, ^h i]Z VgZV i]Vi lVh VXijVaan lZiiZY Wn i]Z bVig^m)
>gdb i]Z bZVhjgZbZcih gZedgiZY ^c' S--T' i]Z VkZgV\Z kVajZh [dg 1, . ,)3- bb-' VcY
1#, . ,),2 bb- ]VkZ WZZc jhZY ]ZgZ)
<010<08.0=
,) Kdc\' K)' OVVh' 8)O)' K]V]lVc' C)O)' >VgjfjZ' G) VcY P^Vd' P) $-++2%) 9gV^YZY LZmi^aZ;dbedh^iZh jcYZg ;dbegZhh^kZ DdVYh5 EdYZa^c\ i]Z JZhedchZ' KigZc\i] VcY <Z\gVYVi^dc'3USVUXOYKX BIOKTIK GTJ CKINTURUM]' '(5 .+04!.+2+)
-) LVagZ_V' J) $,430%) 8 ;dci^cjjb EZX]Vc^Xh ;]VgVXiZg^oVi^dc d[ <VbV\Z ^c ;dbedh^iZEViZg^Vah' ?WUIKKJOTMX UL YNK AU]GR BUIOKY] UL <UTJUT) BKWOKX 1" =GYNKSGYOIGR GTJ ?N]XOIGRBIOKTIKX' $**5 ,40!-,1)
.) KX]VeZgn' J) $,434%) EZX]Vc^XVa ;]VgVXiZg^oVi^dc VcY 8cVanh^h d[ AcZaVhi^X ;dbedh^iZDVb^cViZh l^i] ?gdl^c\ <VbV\Z' Ac5 JZYYn' B)F) VcY LVeaZn' B)D) $ZYh%' =KINGTOIX UL3USVUXOYK =GYKWOGRX GTJ BYWZIYZWKX' 8E<(,++' 8KE=' FZl Qdg`)
/) KX]VeZgn' J) $,440%) HgZY^Xi^dc d[ ;dbegZhh^kZ KigZc\i] VcY C^c` 9VcYh ^c ;dbedh^iZh Mh^c\ VOdg` HdiZci^Va' 9TYKWTGYOUTGR ;UZWTGR UL BUROJX GTJ BYWZIYZWKX' $#$1*2%5 2.4!210)
0) @j[ZcWVX]' O)' 9d]b' J)' Cgdaa' D) VcY DVc\`Vbe' 8) $-++/%) L]ZdgZi^XVa VcY =meZg^bZciVaAckZhi^\Vi^dc d[ 8c^hdigde^X <VbV\Z ^c LZmi^aZ(gZ^c[dgXZY ;dbedh^iZ KigjXijgZh' =KINGTOIX UL3USVUXOYK =GYKWOGRX' %!$1%5 0,4!0.-)
1) 9dadi^cV' C)K)' EjgoV`]Vcdk' ?)C) VcY K]X]j\dgZk' N)F) $-+++%) <VbV\Z VcY >gVXijgZEZX]Vc^hbh d[ LZmi^aZ ;dbedh^iZh' =KINGTOIX UL 3USVUXOYK =GYKWOGRX' $'$,%5 /0!/3)
2) LVc\' P)<) VcY O]^iXdbW' B)<) $-++.%) Hgd\gZhh^kZ >V^ajgZ 9Z]Vk^dgh d[ -Y OdkZc;dbedh^iZh' ;UZWTGR UL 3USVUXOYK =GYKWOGRX' $($,.%5 ,,12!,,34)
3) IjZ`' K);)' OVVh' 8)E)' K]V]lVc' C)O) VcY 8\VgVb' N) $-++.%) ;dbegZhh^kZ JZhedchZ VcY>V^ajgZ d[ 9gV^YZY LZmi^aZ ;dbedh^iZh5 HVgi , ! =meZg^bZcih' 9TYKWTGYOUTGR ;UZWTGR UL >UTROTKGW=KINGTOIX' $*$/%5 1.0!1/3)
4) IjZ`' K);)' OVVh' 8)E)' K]V]lVc' C)O) VcY 8\VgVb' N) $-++.%) ;dbegZhh^kZ JZhedchZ VcY>V^ajgZ d[ 9gV^YZY LZmi^aZ ;dbedh^iZh5 HVgi - ! ;dbejiVi^dch' 9TYKWTGYOUTGR ;UZWTGR UL>UTROTKGW =KINGTOIX' $*$/%5 10+!11.)
,+) CVg``V^cZc' J)D)' KVc`Vg' 9)N) VcY LoZc\' B)L) $-++2%) 8 <^gZXi E^XgdbZX]Vc^XVa 8eegdVX]LdlVgY i]Z <ZkZadebZci d[ IjVYgVi^X KigZhh ?gVY^Zci >V^ajgZ ;g^iZg^V [dg LZmi^aZ ;dbedh^iZh';UZWTGR UL 3USVUXOYK =GYKWOGRX' %"$,1%5 ,4,2!,4.2)
,,) CVg``V^cZc' J)D)' KVc`Vg' 9)N) VcY LoZc\' B)L) $-++2%) KigZc\i] HgZY^Xi^dc d[ Ejai^(aVnZg HaV^cOZVkZ LZmi^aZ ;dbedh^iZh jh^c\ i]Z <^gZXi E^XgdbZX]Vc^Xh EZi]dY' 3USVUXOYKX ?GWY 2 !
5TMOTKKWOTM' $)$2!3%5 4-/!4.-)
,-) ;]Zc\' P) VcY P^dc\' B)B) $-++4%) 8 FdkZa 8cVani^XVa EdYZa [dg HgZY^Xi^c\ i]Z ;dbegZhh^dcEdYjajh d[ -Y el[ ;dbedh^iZh' 3USVUXOYK BYWZIYZWKX' ))$-%5 -41!.+.)
,.) CjgVh]^`^' L)' FV`V^' @)' @^gdhVlV' K)' AbjgV' E)' RV`d' E)' NZgedZhi' A) VcY Ddbdk' K)$-++2%) EZX]Vc^XVa 9Z]Vk^dgh [dg LZmi^aZ ;dbedh^iZh Wn >Zb 9VhZY dc <VbV\Z EZX]Vc^Xh'Ac5 C^b' B)C)' Od' <)R)' R]dj' D)E)' @jVc\' @)L)' DVj' C)L) VcY OVc\' E) $ZYh%' 1J[GTIKX OT3USVUXOYK =GYKWOGRX GTJ BYWZIYZWKX' Nda) ../!..0' ee) -02!-1+' Hih , VcY -' CZn =c\^cZZg^c\EViZg^Vah' LgVch LZX]) HjWa^h]Zgh' Kl^ioZgaVcY)
,/) ?dgWVi^`]' D)' AkVcdk' <)' Ddbdk' K) VcY NZgedZhi' A) $-++2%) Gc EdYZaa^c\ d[ <VbV\Z=kdaji^dc ^c LZmi^aZ ;dbedh^iZh dc EZhd(aZkZa k^V HgdeZgin <Z\gVYVi^dc 8eegdVX]'3USVUXOYKX ?GWY 1 ! 1VVROKJ BIOKTIK GTJ =GTZLGIYZWOTM' $)$,-%5 -/..!-//-)
,0) 8YYZc' K)' H[aZ^YZgZg' C)' KdadYdk' A)' @dghi' H) VcY 9jhhZ' ?) $-++3%) ;]VgVXiZg^oVi^dcd[ Ki^[[cZhh <Z\gVYVi^dc ;VjhZY Wn >Vi^\jZ <VbV\Z ^c LZmi^aZ ;dbedh^iZhMh^c\ ;^gXjb[ZgZci^Va HaViZ 8Xdjhi^X OVkZh' 3USVUXOYKX BIOKTIK GTJ CKINTURUM]' ')$2!3%5,1,1!,1-.)
,1) LV`VidnV' L) VcY Kjhj`^' A) $-++0%) Ac(eaVcZ VcY Gji(d[(eaVcZ ;]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh d[ L]gZZ(Y^bZch^dcVa LZmi^aZ ;dbedh^iZh' ;UZWTGR UL 3USVUXOYK =GYKWOGRX' $*$1%5 0/.!001)
AKXVUTXK UL (4 2WGOJKJ CK\YORK 3USVUXOYKX BZHPKIYKJ YU 3USVWKXXOUT <UGJX -.4
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from
,2) KVak^' 8)?)' OVVh' 8)E) VcY ;Va^h`Vc' 8) $-++3%) =cZg\n 8Whdgei^dc VcY <VbV\ZHgdeV\Vi^dc ^c -Y Lg^Vm^Vaan 9gV^YZY ;VgWdc >^WZg ;dbedh^iZh5 =[[ZXih d[ Ac K^ij EVig^mHgdeZgi^Zh' ;UZWTGR UL =GYKWOGRX BIOKTIK' %$$,0%5 0,13!0,3/)
,3) AkVcdk' <)K)' 9VjYgn' >)' 9gdjX`Z' 9)N)<)' Ddbdk' K)N)' P^Z' @) VcY NZgedZhi' A) $-++4%)>V^ajgZ 8cVanh^h d[ Lg^Vm^Va 9gV^YZY ;dbedh^iZ' 3USVUXOYK BIOKTIK GTJ CKINTURUM]' '*$4%5,.2-!,.3+)
,4) Ddbdk' K)N)' AkVcdk' <)K) VcY NZgedZhi' A) $-++2%) EZhd([Z EdYZaa^c\ d[ LZmi^aZ;dbedh^iZh5 JdVY EVe' <ViV >adl VcY 8a\dg^i]bh' 3USVUXOYK BIOKTIK GTJ CKINTURUM]' '(5,32+!,34,)
-+) Ddbdk' K)N)' AkVcdk' <)K)' NZgedZhi' A)' RV`d' E)' CjgVh]^`^' L)' FV`V^' @)' Eda^bVgY' B) VcYNVjig^c' 8) $-++3%) >jaa([^ZaY KigV^c EZVhjgZbZcih [dg NVa^YVi^dc d[ EZhd([Z 8cVanh^h d[ LZmi^aZ;dbedh^iZh' 3USVUXOYKX ?GWY 10 1VVROKJ BIOKTIK GTJ =GTZLGIYZWOTM' $*$3%5 ,-,3!,-.,)
-,) DjWa^cZg' B) $,44+%) ?RGXYOIOY] CNKUW]' EVXb^aaVc HjWa^h]^c\ ;dbeVcn)
--) Kdc\' K) $-++2%) ;dbegZhh^dc JZhedchZ d[ Lg^(Vm^Vaan 9gV^YZY LZmi^aZ ;dbedh^iZh' H])<) L]Zh^h'Mc^kZgh^in d[ E^X]^\Vc' 8cc 8gWdg)
-.) @ZgV`dk^X]' ;) $,443%) =KINGTOIX UL 6OHWUZX 3USVUXOYKX' EX?gVl(@^aa' FZl Qdg`)
-/) J^`h' =) $,42-%) L]Z 8eea^XVi^dc d[ FZlidcsh EZi]dY id i]Z HgdWaZb d[ =aVhi^X KiVW^a^in';UZWTGR UL 1VVROKJ =KINGTOIX CWGTXGIYOUTX UL YNK 1B=5' $*$/%5 ,+1+!,+10)
-0) J^`h' =) $,424%) AcXgZbZciVa 8eegdVX] id i]Z Kdaji^dc d[ KcVee^c\ VcY 9jX`a^c\ HgdWaZbh'9TYKWTGYOUTGR ;UZWTGR UL BUROJX GTJ BYWZIYZWKX' "&$2%5 0-4!00,)
-1) IjZ`' K);)' OVVh' 8)E)' K]V]lVc' C)O) VcY 8\VgVb' N) $-++.%) 8cVanh^h d[ -Y Lg^Vm^Va >aVi9gV^YZY LZmi^aZ ;dbedh^iZh' 9TYKWTGYOUTGR ;UZWTGR UL =KINGTOIGR BIOKTIKX' %&5 ,+22!,+41)
-2) Kdc\' K)' OVVh' 8)O)' K]V]lVc' C)O)' >VgjfjZ' G) VcY P^Vd' P) $-++3%) ;dbegZhh^dc KigZc\i]HgZY^Xi^dch d[ -Y 9gV^YZY LZmi^aZ HdanbZg EVig^m ;dbedh^iZh5 K^c\aZ ;Zaa VcY Ejai^eaZ ;ZaaE^XgdbZX]Vc^Xh 9VhZY HgZY^Xi^dch' ;UZWTGR UL 3USVUXOYK =GYKWOGRX' %#$-.%5 -/1,!-/3-)
-3) @^aa' J) $,4/3%) 8 L]Zdgn d[ i]Z Q^ZaY^c\ VcY HaVhi^X >adl d[ 8c^hdigde^X EZiVah' Ac5?WUIKKJOTMX UL YNK AU]GR BUIOKY] UL <UTJUT' MC' Nda) ,4.' ee) -3,!-42)
-4) KjcYVgVgV\]VkVc' N) VcY RVWVgVh' F) $-++1%) <Zh^\c d[ E^XgdhigjXijgZ(hZch^i^kZ HgdeZgi^Zh ^c=aVhid(k^hXdeaVhi^X HdanXgnhiVah Mh^c\ Ejai^(hXVaZ @dbd\Zc^oVi^dc' 9TYKWTGYOUTGR ;UZWTGR UL?RGXYOIOY]' ##5 ,244!,3-/)
-/+ K) KGF? =L 8D)
at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on February 10, 2010http://jcm.sagepub.comDownloaded from