education and health status of child beggars in sylhet city

American Journal of Social Sciences 2016; 4(5): 58-66

http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/ajss

ISSN: 2381-599X (Print); ISSN: 2381-6007 (Online)

Education and Health Status of Child Beggars in Sylhet City, Bangladesh

Tanwne Sarker1, Rana Roy

2, *, Mitu Chowdhury

3, Rupa Sarker

4, Khadeza Yasmin

5

1Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh 2Department of Agroforestry and Environmental Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh 3Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh 4Department of English, Anandamohan College, Mymensing, Bangladesh 5Department of Soil Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh

Email address

[email protected] (T. Sarker), [email protected] (R. Roy), [email protected] (M. Chowdhury),

[email protected] (R. Sarker), [email protected] (K. Yasmin) *Corresponding author

To cite this article Tanwne Sarker, Rana Roy, Mitu Chowdhury, Rupa Sarker, Khadeza Yasmin. Education and Health Status of Child Beggars in Sylhet City,

Bangladesh. American Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 4, No. 5, 2016, pp. 58-66.

Received: July 21, 2016; Accepted: August 3, 2016; Published: August 25, 2016

Abstract

The study was carried out to investigate the Education and Health Status of Child Beggars in Sylhet City. In this study, total

numbers of 90 child beggars were interviewed. Data was collected by well-organized questionnaire and using interview

schedule and face-to-face interviewed from the respondents. Simple random sampling techniques were used. Various socio-

economic and demographics variables were considered at the time of data collection. But in this paper variables related to

education and health status are only used. The study indicates that about 63.3 percent of child beggars were illiterate and

58.0% of child beggars never attended to school. The massive percentages of the respondents (85.0%) were not linking any

kind of work other than begging. Over half of the child beggars (55.6 percent) have reported about playing with friends during

leisure time. Around 84.0% of the respondents faced different types of torture and among tortures beating was most common.

Food consumption pattern was too poor and most of them are underweight. Hygienic condition of them was not satisfactory

and due to this they suffer various kind of normal and severe disease. But one important thing is that 85.6% had no drug

addiction habit.

Keywords

Child Beggars, Education and Health Status, Sylhet City, Bangladesh

1. Introduction

Children incorporate about fifty percent of the earth’s

population and are its most vulnerable section. They are

dependent on adults, can be manipulated and are particularly

susceptible to all kinds of influence, both physical and

mental. As minors by law children do not have autonomy to

make decisions for themselves. The younger the child the

more vulnerable physically and psychologically he/she is,

hence the need for protection of children [1]. Life on the

streets, coupled with the conditions that cause children to

leave home, make street children vulnerable to a variety of

risks to their physical, emotional, social and cognitive

development. Inadequate nutrition, prolonged exposure to

cold and damp, substance abuse and high levels of violence

all compromise their chances of survival and development.

They may be subject to abuse from other street dwellers, as

well as from the police and from members of the public who

object to their presence or exploit them [2]. Sometimes,

poverty leads to quarrels and tensions which can ultimately

result in the cruel treatment of children. The mother, being

over burdened with work, can lose interest in her children

and neglect them.

59 Tanwne Sarker et al.: Education and Health Status of Child Beggars in Sylhet City, Bangladesh

The presence of children in the streets is growing in the

years. And with that, it is reasonable to think that street

children are largely diffused only in urban areas [3]. With the

escalation of polygamy, remarriage after death or divorce,

lack of family responsibility and others, children are forced

to the streets [4]. Some children actually live there after

being orphaned, abandoned by their families, or having run

away from home due to difficult circumstances or

delinquency [5]. Moreover, given social stigma attached to

single motherhood, unmarried mothers often abandon their

children in hospitals or in the street [6]. There are also

children involved in begging, vending or other petty jobs on

the streets, in some cases after attending school, and

returning to their family homes at the end of the day.

In developing countries like Bangladesh, the street

children are also the matter of high deprivation and

vulnerability and with that women or girls are the most

deprived segment. To assist the street children with their

living strategies, there have been many initiatives from many

international, national, and NGO sector. But still, there exists

a strong need to provide the basic necessities along with the

provisions to live a normal life for the major portion of these

street children, namely – the child beggars.

Education is placed at the centre of human development.

The National Plan of Action for Education for All (EFA)

speaks for early childhood care, education and development

[7]. Education is the most cost effective possible way for

Bangladesh to mainstreaming street children in the society

and to ensure their rights according to the country’s law and

policies [8]. But studies show that most street involved

children in Bangladesh are not in school and have either had

no education, or have dropped out of school during the

primary school years. Once living on the streets, children

have limited access to formal education due to their lack of a

parent or guardian, an address and documents. Some street

working children try to combine school and work, but have

difficulties in coping with the hours, are frequently absent

and have poor grades due to lack of time to study [9]. Also,

the children of urban slums are severely deprived of the right

to education. In many places, vulnerable children such as

street children who never went to school singled out cost of

education as a major reason for not attending school [10].

Moreover, the plight of disabled children regarding

attendance of school is another factor in this regard. There is

a social dimension to disabled children being denied access

to education, where street children and child beggars face the

worst situation. In general, society considers the disabled as

people who have little to contribute to society and are often

relegated to beggars with no opportunity to attend school to

enable them fully realize their potentials.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

indicates compulsory and free primary education as a

fundamental and indivisible right for all children.

Nevertheless, many children drop out from school at a very

early age (nearly 50% of students before they complete

Grade 5) and begin to work, sometimes leaving the family to

reach a big city, where they live alone in hazardous

conditions [4]. Street-children who face severe and chronic

poverty in terms of living condition are deprived of basic

human rights. About 700,000 street children in Bangladesh

have no access to medical care and education, although these

are important for human resource development [11].

The situation of health care services in Bangladesh has still

a long distance to cover for achieving the high quality

success. The street dwellers are deprived of permanent

shelters, use of sanitary latrines, adequate water for taking

bath or even access to safe drinking water, and government

healthcare services. They suffer from various diseases

including skin diseases, respiratory tract infection, fever,

cough, cold, worm infestation and diarrhoea [3]. Their

unhygienic living condition creates a serious public health

hazard. Among the street children a percentage are found

with disabilities. Many of these children are not identified

nor do they get adequate and appropriate rehabilitation

services [12]. Their families initially take medical

interventions in quest for ‘Magical Cure’ for their disability.

Many families consider their children’s disability to be fate,

curse, will of God, etc. So they are affected by

misconceptions and negative attitude. The source of income

of the street children with disabilities is mainly concentrated

on Begging, small business/vendor, collecting rice from floor

of rice market, and selling [13]. The disability status of the

street children is in most cases exploited for profitable

purposes [12]. Many of the street children with disability are

being used as beggars as their disability creates sympathy

and attracts people’s sentiment. Most of them are being

forced by their families to beg as source of income. Some

groups of people and families even capitalize on the

disability of their children as a means of income. Moreover,

they are kept out of social integration and development

process, and are deprived of normal wages and other

benefits. The street children with disabilities are at time

physically, emotionally, and sexually abused. In terms of

overall scenarios of the access to education and health care

status, only 100,000 of 700,000 children were being reached

through the Government, NGOs, and other organizations due

to several kinds of resource-deficit [11]. Education was more

accessible to these children than healthcare. Projects, such as

‘Education for All’ and ‘Reaching Out of school Children’,

were education-oriented; similar projects for health care do

not exist, which directly give access to healthcare.

Neither the health nor the education policies mentioned

anything specific about how to tackle the condition of street-

children. However, the Ministry of Primary and Mass

Education worked on a project together with the UNICEF

which target street-children [11]. The health policy was more

concerned with the poverty situation and had several targets

trying to make healthcare more accessible and affordable. If

poverty is seen as the main cause of migration of children

from home to streets, the health policy might have indirectly

incorporated street children. Both national and international

NGOs work with street children both directly providing

healthcare and education and indirectly by working against

poverty.

American Journal of Social Sciences 2016; 4(5): 58-66 60

Objectives of the Study: The principle and general

objective of this study is analysing the education and health

status of the child beggars of selected area in Sylhet city.

i. To identify the status of education of Child beggars in

Sylhet City.

ii. To find out the torture faced by the respondents.

iii. To explore the hygiene practice among the child

beggars.

iv. To obtain information on the health condition of the

Child beggar.

Limitation of the Study: This study was undertaken with

the selected points of Sylhet city which were Hazrat

Shahjalal (R) Mazar, Kodomtoli Bus-stand, Railway Station,

Bondor Bazar, Zinda Bazar and Ambarkhana Point.

However, this study was not covering the whole country even

not the Sylhet city. This has been done with a very limited

area in limited time. The Study was carried out from

February to April 2016.

2. Methodology and Materials of the

Study

Sylhet city is known as Holy place and it is totally

different from the rest of the country due to rapid

urbanization, growth of investment holder, growth of

business or commercial, activities, liquidity of money and

natural resources etc. and due to above factors the tendency

of child begging in this city increasing at an alarming rate. In

Sylhet city 6 (Six) child beggars crowding area such as

Hazrat Shahjalal (R) Mazar, Kodomtoli Bus-stand, Railway

Station, Bondor Bazar, Zinda Bazar and Ambarkhana Point

have been selected for collecting the representative and

crucial data. In this study, total numbers of 90 child beggars

from 6 areas (15 respondents from each area) were

interviewed by the author during February to April 2016.

Simple random sampling techniques were used to collect

data. A planned questionnaire was developed containing both

the closed and open ended query to collect data through face-

to-face interview with the respondents. The questionnaire

was pretested in areas far away from the sample areas and

revised according to the feedback gained in the field level.

The questionnaire was formed to obtain the relevant

information considering personal, household, social and

economic details. The questionnaire was checked per day

taking the interview and gain these were carefully rechecked

after collecting all the data and coded prior the entrancing

into computer technology. The data was edited in case of

sighting discrepancy (doubt entry, wrong entry etc.). On the

other hand, secondary data was gathered from published and

unpublished research reports, journals, books, as well as from

record and documents of relevant agencies. The data was

processed to undergo statistical analysis using SPSS 16

windows program. Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel were

used to represent the tabular and chart icon.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Age and Sex Relation

Larger part of the child beggars (84.4%) are boys and

remaining of them (15.6%) are girls in the studied city. Just

15.6% of the boy child beggars are somewhere around 5 and

9 years, though 100% of the girls fall under this age section

(i.e., 5-9). Lion's shares of the boy child beggars (64.4%) are

somewhere around 10 and 14 years and just 4.4% are in 15 to

18 years group.

Figure 1. Distribution of child beggars by age group.

3.2. Educational Status

Human resources development is very important for any

country, especially for a poor country and its children and

women, though it is a global issue. One of the main

indicators of human resource development is education. In

Bangladesh, about 34 percent of preschool age children are

not in school. The rate of exclusion is lower for primary

school-age children at 16.2 percent but rises sharply for

lower secondary school-age children at 30.7 percent [14].

From the Table below, it is found that about 63.3 percent of

child beggars were illiterate. Around 5.6 percent can write

their name only and 31.1 percent has somewhat educational

qualifications however they are limited under primary level

of education.

Table 1. Distribution of child beggars by education level.

Educational status of the respondents Frequency Percent

Illiterate 57 63.3

Can sign name only 05 5.6

Class ( i-v) 28 31.1

Total 90 100.0


3.3. Status of Continuing Education and

Willingness of Educational Attainment

It is uncovered from the graph beneath that around 10% of

child beggars were preceding with their studies and around

32% had dropped out. Here it ought to be seen that around

58% of respondents never attended to school. They said that

their parents were not ready to give them school use despite

the fact that expense was low. It is intriguing to note that

around sixty six percent child beggars want to attend in

school or proceed with their educational attainment, while

thirty four percent respondents are not fascinated to achieve

school. At that point they said who will give their need on the

off chance that they go school in light of the fact that the vast

majority of the family even depend of their pay.

Figure 2. Status of continuing education and willingness of educational attainment.

3.4. Involvement of Works Besides Begging

The boundless bits of the respondents (85%) were not

involving any sort of work other than begging. Around 7% of

them were included with various sort's works and 8% of the

respondents work incidentally close to begging. One-fourths

(25%) of them works as a coolie. Around one-fifth (22%) of

them are tokai. Around 18% of the respondents serve in

hotel. A 14 percent of the respondents have reported that they

offer flower or daily paper other than asking.

Figure 3. Works besides begging.

3.5. Leisure and Recreation with Drug

Addiction Behaviour

Over portion of the child beggars (56 percent) have

reported about playing with companions amid recreation

time. As indicated by members' inclination and practices

another mainstream occasion is sitting in front of the TV

at recreation (16 percent). For the most part they watch

kid's shows and Bengali movies at TV. A few have

reported about watching sports (to be specific, Cricket) at

TV. In most case, they sit in front of the TV in the tea

stalls and TV kept on display at electronic stores. It has

been reported by 12 per cent child beggars that they enjoy

their time by gossiping with other friends. A part of them

(10 percent) have reported about travelling around during

their relaxation time. A 5 per cent of the respondents have

reported about sleeping at leisure. A couple bits of them (1

percent) take a few medications or smoke amid relaxation

as stimulation.

The finding demonstrates that 6.7% of the child beggars

had drug enslavement propensity and 85.6% had no

medication fixation propensity. A 7.8% of them take drug

occasionally. The study indicates that 54.0%, 23.0%,

15.0% and 8.0% of the drug addicted child beggars used

cigarette, polythene, alcohol and ganja for drug addiction

respectively. Cigarette was the significant wellspring of

fixation for the vast majority of the addicted child

beggars.


Figure 4. Drug addiction behaviour of the respondents.

3.6. Torture Faced by the Child Beggars

Child beggars face numerous complications during

begging. The vast portions of the respondents (84%) faced

torture and 16% of the street children were free from torture.

Among tortures beating was in the first ranking (58%)

followed by forcing to do hard task (25%), Negligence (10%)

and Forcing to snatching money (7%). According to

participants’ preference majority of the child beggars (43%)

have reported about assaulting physically by the Passer-by. A

12 per cent of the respondents have reported that that police

drive them to leave the spot of begging or sleeping at night.

An around 9 per cent face torture by their parents. In addition

local stalkers, shop keepers and owner of beggars group

additionally torment them both physically and mentally

during begging. Another vital thing was that 17 percent

respondents were not interested/ feel frightened to specify the

name of tormented individual. The study of Zahiduzzaman

found that many of the street children in city areas in

Bangladesh faced problems a lot and were tortured violently

by others that were really against children rights [15]. Our

study understood that most of the child beggars living in

Sylhet city were tortured by passer-by.

Figure 5. Difficulties Faced by the Child beggars.


3.7. Distribution of the Respondents by Their

Food Intake Pattern with Their

Nutritional Status

The outcome demonstrates that, the represents diversity in

the intake pattern of foods of respondent child beggars. The

study shows that 100% of the respondent’s consumed rice

daily where 70.0%, 68.9% and 58.9% of the respondent’s

consumed vegetable, pulse and potato daily respectively. Any

of them don’t consume meat, egg, sweetmeat and milk daily.

Whereas only 1.1% and 3.3% of the respondents consume

fish and fruits daily. It's particularly pitiful that 2.2%, 2.2%,

14.4%, 61.1% and 10.0% of the child beggars never consume

meat, fruits, milk, butter/ ghee and sweetmeat respectively in

their entire life. The result exhibits that the nutritional status

of the respondent child beggars, where dietary status was

measured by using Body Mass Index (BMI) for age. From

the data it was watched that dominant part (92.2%) of the

respondents was in underweight classification. The

concentrate likewise demonstrated that 5.6% of the

respondents were sound weight and just 2.2% of the

respondents were overweight.

Table 2. Distribution of respondents by food intake pattern.

Food groups Food Eaten Frequency of consumption (%)

Daily Weekly Once per fortnight Once per month Once per six month Never

Cereal and cereal

products

Rice 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bread/Ruti 22.2 24.4 25.6 12.2 15.6 0.0

Potato 58.9 41.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Meat, fish, egg and

beans

Meat 0.0 22.2 10.0 52.2 13.3 2.2

Fish 1.1 35.6 26.7 34.4 2.2 0.0

Egg 0.0 46.7 27.8 17.8 7.8 0.0

Pulses 68.9 24.4 2.2 4.4 0.0 0.0

Fruits Fruits 3.3 16.7 24.4 37.8 15.6 2.2

Milk Milk 0.0 3.3 13.3 36.7 32.2 14.4

Vegetables Vegetables 70.0 23.3 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Fats, oils and sugars

Butter/ghee 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 36.7 61.1

Others oil 95.6 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetmeat 0.0 1.1 7.8 34.4 46.7 10.0

Nutritional Status by Body Mass Index (BMI)

Weight Status Category Frequency Percent

Underweight 83 92.2

Healthy weight 05 5.6

Overweight 02 2.2

3.8. Hygiene Practice Among the Child Beggars

The outcome indicated that the hygienic state of the street children was not pleasing. A large portion of them about 55.5%

were utilizing tap water as a source of drinking water however nobody heated up the water before drinking. Only 23.3% of the

take bath regularly. The rate of regular brushes their teeth was 30.0%. Around 77.8% of the total selected child beggars were

not following the proper hand washing practice before taking meals.

Table 3. Hygiene practice among the child beggars.

Hygienic practice Frequency Percentage

Sources of drinking water

Tube-well 23 25.5

Tap 50 55.5

Tube-well and tap 17 18.9

Boiling of water

Yes 0 0.0

No 90 100.0

Bath regularly

Yes 21 23.3

No 69 76.7

Brush teeth regularly

Yes 27 30.0

No 63 70.0

Hand washing practice before taking meals

Yes 20 22.2

No 70 77.8


3.9. Defecation Practice Among the Child

Beggars

The tendency of using open area for defecation is higher

among the child beggars. The study indicates that only 22.0%

of the child beggars used sanitary toilet, 49.0% of them used

open toilet and 29.0% used both sanitary and open toilet in

the study area. Around two-third of the child beggars (69.0%)

wash their hand just with water after defecation which has

serious negative impact on health issues. A 12.0 per cent each

of the child beggars use ash and mud after defecation. Be that

as it may, it has additionally been seen around one-fifths

(19.0%) of the respondents use cleanser for washing hand

after defecation.

Figure 6. Practice of defecation.

3.10. Distribution of Respondents According

to Face Any Kind of Disease and Types

of Disease

Illness is a characteristic matter in which each person

endures. Individuals endure different sort of typical and

extreme disease due to physical instability, food taking habit,

reaction of medication, restless time spend, over work and

tired situation. Beggary is a method for procuring cash which

is connected with suffering various kind of disease is the

resultant of staying with dust, rain, heat of sun and dirty

environment for the long time. It has been observed that three

fourths (73.3%) of the respondents felt wiped out in a months

ago going before the study. Among the child beggars who felt

debilitated in a months ago going before the overview, three-

fourths (74.2%) of them were experienced fever. Around one-

third of the child beggars (36.4%) suffered from diarrhoea.

Some were experienced dysentery (4.5%) and headache

(3.0%) which is hurtful for their physical condition as well as

a danger for the capacity to work.

Table 4. Suffering of disease face and types of disease.

Do you suffer any kind of disease?

Yes No Total

66 (73.3%) 24 (26.7%) 90 (100.00%)

What kind of disease are you suffering? No. of beggars

Fever 49 (74.2%)

Diarrhoea 24 (36.4%)

Dysentery 3 (4.5%)

Headache 2 (3.0%)

Total= 66

(Percentage may exceed 100 percent due to multiple answers)

4. Conclusion and Recommendation

Sylhet City Corporation is developing quickly with a

mission and vision of Bangladesh administration of being

digitalized. The hole amongst rich and poor, along these

lines, is getting to be more extensive and more extensive

step by step. Emphatically accentuation on child beggar

issue is needed. This issue extensively makes negative

impact in our economy both in short run and long run. The

country has been lost great potential by the expansion of

child beggar participation rate. There is no option

approach to enhance our economy without decrease child

beggar in Bangladesh. Once more, it is unrealistic to

eradicate child beggar in Bangladesh inside the brief

timeframe. Step by step, our children will be moved from

begging to education. Numerous reasons are included

behind children ready to shift our children from begging

to education. In spite of the fact that destitution itself is a

multi-dimensional component, in the event that we make

new work chance to our needy individuals and decrease

disparity amongst rich and poor, and afterward child

beggar will decline. Child education and child nutrition

both are the prerequisite for human development in any

nation. Both conditions are decidedly relates with each

other, i.e. if child education improve it enhances child

nutrition as well. But child beggars are suffering severely

with malnutrition and the malnutrition strongly affects

their health. Often they are treated by medicine directly

taken from a medicine shop without consulting a doctor or

they go to Kabiraj or fakir during sickness. As a result

they remain half treated or untreated. Some awareness

program to poor parents about child education, nutrition

and capacity building programs can be taken. Without

difficult to survive, the larger part of guardians can give


their kids to proceed with teaching. In the event that the

poor guardians get mindful of about future prospect of

their kids through proper education, they will inspire to

their kids to attach education. Parents and children both

must have same goal about the future prospect of their

family as well as nation. On the basis of the results of the

research, a few proposals to enhance their position in the

nation are given underneath:

� In Bangladesh, a few non-formal schools are run with

the aid of the NGOs. However the street children such

as the child beggars additionally go to the informal

schools which haven't any community or no liaison with

the mainstream academic formats. Consequently, a

robust network or liaison is wanted amongst all the

informal and non-formals schools for these children for

their get right of entry to and sustainability into the

educational system.

� Mass recognition must be raised and general people

need to be sympathetic to the children in the street.

They must behave properly with the kids, name them by

using their call and provide them informal education if

possible.

� Child beggars are commonly tortured and abused by the

passer-by, police, local stalkers etc. Besides they make

wrong behave with them and inspire for the illegal

activities. The people who are related with the violation

of child rights, torture, and harassment should be

strictly punished.

� Conveniences for leisure and health care should be

made available for them so one can assist intellectual,

physical and psychological growth.

� All relevant organizations and institutions must be

‘child-friendly’. For example: if any child beggar go to

any hospital for seeking medical help, s/he must not be

ignored (which happens generally with them), and be

heard and attended with emergency priority.

� The street children including the child beggars generally

use open area for their defecation. So adequate number

public toilet should be established including overall

facilities, i.e., adequate water supply, hygiene, soaps etc.

Soaps can be provided to them with a low cost tag.

� Street children should be given priority to take any

types of program for the children because they are most

vulnerable group.

� The government and non-government organizations

should come forward to take necessary steps for the

street children to give them legal aid.

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[13] Study on “Possibilities of Integrating Street Children With Disabilities in to Existing Development Services”. Centre for

Services and Information on Disability, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2001. Retrieved from: http://www.csid-bd.org/research/research03.pdf on September 17, 2012.

[14] UNICEF. Global Initiative on Out-of-School Children: Bangladesh Country Study, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2013.

[15] Z. Faruque. Women, children trafficking in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Kyodo Press. 1998.

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