earthquake emergency assistance project

Initial Environmental Examination

Haldebesi – Dhobi - Dhandebesi Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project July 2017

NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

Prepared by District Coordination Committee (Ramechhap)- Central Level Project Implementation Unit – Ministry of Federals Affairs and Local Development for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Environmental Assessment Document

The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Haldebesi – Dhobi - Dhandebesi Road Rehabilitation

and Reconstruction Sub-project

July 2017

NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Loan: 3260 Project Number: 49215-001

Prepared by the Government of Nepal for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

This Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of

Haldebesi-Dhobi-Dhandebesi Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project,

Ramechhap District

Submitted to

Government of Nepal

National Reconstruction Authority

Singhadurbar, Kathmandu

Submitted through

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

Central Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur

Submitted by

District Coordination Committee, Ramechhap

July, 2017

IEE of Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Ramechhap

i

Executive Summary (in Nepali)

!= k[i7e"ld

@)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f Ifltu|:t :yfgLo ;+/rgfx?sf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k'gp{Tyfg ug{ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;xof]udf tyf :jL; ljsf; lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf k|efljt !@ lhNnfdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] dfWodåf/f Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+sn] dxTjk"0f{ ;8s ;+hfnsf] k'glg{df{0f ug{, xhf/f}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ k'gM ljBfno k'¥ofpg, k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ cTofjZos ;sf/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfn] e"sDk tyf klx/f]åf/f Ifltu|:t sl/a !#% ls=ld= /0fg}lts ;8s tyf $%) ls=ld= u|fld0f ;8ssf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{sf/L lgsfo /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f /x]sf] 5 . u|fld0f ;8ssf] xsdf o; cfof]hgfsf] cfwf/e"t ;fem]bf/sf ?kdf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt, lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{no, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno /x]sf 5g\ .

xNb]a];L—wf]aL—9fF8]a];L -#*=*(( ls=ld=_ ;8ssf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgf sf] e"sDk cfktsflng ;xfotf cfof]hgf cGtu{ts} Pp6f pkcfof]hgf xf] . lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfosf] ?kdf tTsflng /fd]5fk lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt -xfn /fd]5fk lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt_ o; pkcfof]hgfsf] lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfo xf] . pkcfof]hgf ;~rfngsf qmddf kg{;Sg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo Pj+ ;fdflhs k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf] of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f (IEE) k|ltj]bg ;f] tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

k|:tfljt pkcfof]hgf sfof{Gjogn] @)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( df uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f pNn]Vo ?kdf Ifltu|:t o; ;8s v08nfO{ k'gM ;+rfngdf NofO{ /fd]5fk lhNnfsf] lnv' ufFpkflnsfsf] j8fx? @, #, $, % / & -;fljs ;}+k', lah'nLsf]6, gfubx / ltNk'ª uf=lj=;=_ tyf ToxfFsf !$ eGbf j9L jl:tx?nfO{ tTsflng lhNnf ;b/d'sfd dGynL tyf b]zsf cGo If]q;Fu ;8s ;+hfn dfkm{t hf]8\g]5 .

@= k|:tfjs

e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t xNb]a];L—wf]aL—9fF8]a];L ;8s -#*=*(( ls=ld=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgfsf] lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{sf/L lgsfo Pj+ k|f/lDes jftfj/0f kl/If0fsf] nflu k|:tfjssf] ?kdf tTsflng lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt -xfn /fd]5fk lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt_ sf] sfof{no /fd]5fk /x]sf] 5 .

k|:tfjssf] k'/f 7]ufgf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] sfof{no /fd]5fk dGynL, /fd]5fk ;Dks{ kmf]g M )$*—%$)#$&, %$)!!$ km\ofS; M )$*—%$))@( #= k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] cf}lrTo tyf p2]Zo

e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f{ ;DaGwL] P]g, @)&@, e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&@ tyf e"sDk k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'Nof+sg ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)&@ / klxnf] ;+;f]wg @)&# -cg';'rL !_ Pj+ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;'/If0f


ii

gLlt syg -;]kmuf8{ kf]nL;L :6]6d]G6_ @))( cg';f/ jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] Jojxf/Ls tyf 7fFp laif]z Go"lgs/0f tyf nfea[[¢Lsf pkfox? ;'emfj ug{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoog sfo{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo pkcfof]hgf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjx? kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} jftfj/0fdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjsf] Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? / ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? af/] ;'emfj lbg' / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 .

$= k|:tfjsf] ljj/0f tyf cWoog ljlw

k|:tfljt pkcfof]hgf /fd]5fk lhNnfsf] lnv' ufpFkflnsfsf j8f @, #, $, % / & -;flas ;}+k', lah'nLsf]6, gfubx / ltNk'ª uf=lj=;=_ af6 k|j]z ub{5 . tTsflng lh=lj=;= /fd]5fkn] o; ;8ssf] xNb]a];L b]vL 9fF8]a];L;Dd #*=*(( (Ch 0+000 to 38+899) ls=ld= v08nfO{ e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf cGtu{t k'glg{ld{0fsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o; ;8snfO{ k|yd :t/sf] lhNnf ;8ssf] dfkb08df u|fe]n :t/df k'glg{df{0f ul/g] 5 . 5]psf] 9n / ;f]Nh/ ;lxt o;sf] s'n rf}8fO{ ^=@% ld= x'g]5 . o; pkcfof]hgfsf] OlGhlgol/ª nfut d'=c=s= ;lxt g]=?=@*#,$@*,)&!=$@ /x]sf] 5 .

of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"gL cfj:ostf k'/f ug{ cfjZos ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k"j{cWoog tyf :ynut cWoog / ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;lrj:t/Lo lg0f{oåf/f @)&@.!@.!) ut] :jLs[t sfo{;'rLsf] clwgdf /lx tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

%= pkcfof]hgfsf] ljBdfg jftfj/0fLo cj:yf

pkcfof]hgf If]q dWo kfxf8L ef}uf]lns If]qdf /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf] e'uf]ndf 7f8f eL/ tyf pkTosf /x]sf 5g\ . ef}ule{s b[li6sf]0fn] of] If]qdf dWo kfxf8L If]qsf] dWo / pRr sf]6Lsf] kl/jlt{t -d]6fdlkm{s r§fg_, d'Vo?kdf lkmnfO6, PlDkmaf]nfO{6, d]6f:ofG8:6f]g / l;:6 kfOG5 .

ef}uf]lns prfO{sf] leGgtfsf sf/0f o; pkcfof]hgf If]qdf pi0f, pkf]i0f / Gofg] ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o; If]qsf] tfkqmd udL{df #) l8=;]=;Dd k'Ug] / lxpFbdf % l8=;]= ;Dd emg]{ u/]sf] 5 . oxfF jflif{s ;/b/ !&)) ld=ld= jiff{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt ;8sdf !@ eGbf j9L ;fgf v]flN;x? /x]sf 5g\ 7"nf vf]nf o; v08df kb}{gg\ . k|:tfljt ;8s 5]psf] e"pkof]udf jgIf]q, s[lif, cfjf; tyf ahf/ If]q /x]sf 5g\ .

of] pkcfof]hgf v]taf/L, cfjf; If]q, jg tyf v'Nnf If]qaf6 k|j]z ub{5 h;dWo] )±)*) b]lv )±&*) tyf @±%() b]lv #±)^), !±%@) b]lv !±*$%, !^±*)) b]lv !&±))), @$±!)) b]lv @$±@%), @^±))) b]lv @^±@)), #)±)!) b]lv #!±!)), #^±)!) b]lv #&±)() / #&±!%) b]lv #&±$$% ;Ddsf v08x? ljleGg cf7 -*_ j6f ;fd'bfls jg qmdzM v'Djf/L ;f=j=, /fDr] ;f=j=, v/fª v'?Ë ;f=j=, em§]Zj/L ;f=j=, e[Ë]Zj/ ;f=j=, kf]s' ;fn3f/L -;}k'_ ;f=j=, tf?s] ;Nn]gL ;f=j= / ;}k' kfvf ;f=j=af6 k|j]z ub{5 . o; ;8ssf] ;'?jflt v08df ;fn / af]6 wo/f] h:tf ?vx? kfOG5g\ eg] clwsf+z If]qdf lrnfpg], ;NNff, plQ; cflb kfOG5 . To;}u/L ;8ssf] clGtd v08df lnv' vf]nfsf] lsgf/df vo/, l;dn, l;;f} cflb kfOG5 . ;8s lsgf/df e]l6Psf jg:kltx?df eg] ;fn, c:gf, af]6 wo/f], hfd'gf, lug]/L, ufof] cflb /x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qsf] h+undf kfOg] jGo hGt'x?df d[u, dn;fk|f]] cflb k'b{5g\ .


iii

k|:tfljt ;8s /fd]5fk lhNnfsf] lnv' ufpFkflnsfsf j8f @, #, $, % / & -tTsflng ;}+k', lah'nLsf]6, gfubx / ltNk'ª uf=lj=;=_ cGtu{t cGtu{t xNb]a];L, /ftdf6], ltNk'ª, bfl/daf]6, 9fF8], rfvs{, nfdfufpF, wf]jL, sf]6ufpF, wf/fkfgL, kf]s', l;l/;], a]nf}/L, 9fF8]a];L nfufotsf !$ eGbf a9L jl:tx? kb{5g\ . k|efljt If]qdf $(@* 3/w'/Lddf !)^!% k'?if / !@$($ dlxnf u/L hDdf @#!)( hg;+Vofsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qd If]qL hftLsf dflg;sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|d'v hfltdf tfdfª / du/ /x]sf 5g\ . cfof]hgf If]qsf] ;fIf/tf b/ ^@=(* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf w]/}h;f] AolQmx? s[lif / kz'kfng k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\ . cGo d'Vo k]zfdf Aofkf/ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . ;8s If]qdf Rff/j6f pk:jf:Yo rf}sLn] :jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . vfg]kfgLsf] nflu ()=!@ k|ltzt 3/w'/Ln] kfOkåf/f ljtl/t kfgLsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . k|efljt If]qdf tTsflng ltNk'ª / ;}+k' uf=lj=;=sf s]xL 3/w'/Ldf dfq ljB't ;]jf k'u]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] k|d'v :yfgLo ahf/ xNb]a];L, wf]aL / 9fF8]a];L x'g\ eg] d'Vo ahf/ eg] dGynL, /fd]5fk / rl/sf]6df /x]sf] 5 .

^= jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?

^=! ;sf/fTds k|efjx?

pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf tTsfn b]lvPsf ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df o;n] #(!,%*) JoQmLlbg a/fj/sf] c:yfoL /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ 5 . o;}u/L pkcfof]hgf ;~rfng kl5 x'g] ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df /fd]5fk lhNnfsf] lnv' ufpFkflnsfsf j8f @, #, $, % / & sf hgtfnfO{ aif}e/L oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf tyf kx'Fr, s[lif pBf]usf] k|j4{g, cfly{s ljsf;, cfbL /x]sf 5g\ . ;8s ;+rfngdf cfPkl5 pkcfof]hgf k|efljt If]qsf hgtfx?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;]jf h:t}M :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;fd'bflos ;]jf, ahf/ tyf cGo ;'lawfdf ;xh / b|"t kxF'r k|fKt x'g]5 . o; ;8ssf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f kl5 o; If]qdf b}lgs pkEff]Uo a:t'x?, vfB tyf cGo a:t'x?sf] cfk'lt{ ;xh x'g]5 eg] o; If]qsf] s[lif pkh cflbn] klg ;xh ahf/ k|fKt ug]{5 h;n] ubf{ hLjg:t/ a[l4 x'g]5 / e"sDk k|efljt hgtfsnfO{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'g:yf{kgfdf d2t k'Ug]5 .

^=@ gsf/fTds k|efjx?

pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf jftfj/0fsf] ;fdflhs cjojdf b]lvg;Sg] k|d'v gsf/fTds k|efjx?df pknAw ;]jf ;'ljwfdf bjfj, :yfgLo / cfuGt's sfdbf/x? lar åGb l;h{gf, k]zfut :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf k|efj, cflb d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf /x]sf 5g . ;8s lj:tf/ tyf gfln lgdf{0f ubf{ ljleGg lsQf tyf hUufwlgdf ljeflht @=(* x] lghL hUuf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cGo c;/x?df sfo{ / Hofnf ljt/0fdf n}+lus lje]b, hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{df gfjfnsfx?sf] k|of]u, c:j:y cfjf;sf sf/0f km}lng] /f]u, zf/Ll/s ;Dks{sf sf/0f ;g]{ of}g /f]u tyf cGo ;?jf /f]ux? x'g;Sg] b]lvG5g\ . ;fy} cfof]hgf ;+rfng kZrft pknAw ;'ljwfsf sf/0f ;8s lsgf/df cJojl:yt j;f]jf; a9\g uO{ ;8s If]q cltqmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 .

;8s lgdf{0f k|s[ofdf k|of]u x'g] pks/0f, ;jf/L;fwg Pj+ /;folgs tTjx?sf] sf/0f Wjlg, xfjf / kfgL k|b'lift x'g ;S5 . kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gePdf hn tyf hldgsf] k|b'if0fn] cGo gsf/fTds k|efj lgDTofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . lgdf{0f ;fdlu|x?sf] ;d'lrt e08f/0f tyf ;+rfng gubf{ r'xfj6sf sf/0f ;txL tyf e'ldut hn k|b'lift x'g;Sb5 . h}ljs jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf] ;Gbe{df rf]/Llzsf/Lsf sf/0f jGohGt'df kg]{ k|efjnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . ;8s lj:tf/sf qmddf @$±!)) b]lv @$±@%), @^±))) b]lv @^±@)), / #)±)!) b]lv #!±!)), #^±)!) b]lv #&±)() / #&±!%) b]lv #&±$$% ;Dd qmdzM em6\6]Zj/L, e[Ë]Zj/, kf]s' ;fn3f/L -;}k'_ ;f=j=, tf?s] ;Nn]gL ;f=j= / ;}k' kfvf ;f=j=sf] hDdf !)% j6f lrnfpg], plQ;, af]6 wo/f], kf}jf / dn]bf]sf ?vx? sf6\g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .


iv

&= Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?

cfof]hgfsf] gsf/fTds c;/x? Go"lgs/0f ug{sf nflu ljleGg Jojxfl/s tyf ldtJooL pkfox? ;'emfj ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf k|:tfjsn] cfof]hgf lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngsf] cjlwdf o:tf pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ 5g\ . cfof]hgf lgdf{0f cjlwsf] qmddf k|:tfjsn] lgdf{0f Joj;foL dfkm{t Go'gLs/0fsf pkfox? nfu" ug]{]5 . cjnDag ul/g] s]xL k|d'v pkfox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

cled'lvs/0f tyf Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd dfkm{t dxLnf tyf ljkGg au{sf] ;;lQms/0f ul/g]5 .

lghL hUuf, lghL ;+/rgf / lghL ?vla?jf nufotsf lghL ;DklQsf] clwu|x0f ubf{ Ifltk'lt{ lbOg]5 .

l;+rfO{sf s'nf]x?sf] xsdf ;se/ ltgsf] ;+/If0f jf Iflt k'u]df lgdf{0f kZrft k'g:yf{kgf ul/g]5 .

:yfgLo ;]jf ;'ljwfdf bjfj sd ug{ 7]s]bf/n] b}lgs pkef]Uo cfjZostf h:t} vfg] kfgL, ;+rf/, tyf vfgf ksfpg] OGwg, cflbsf] Joj:yf SofDkleq} ug]{ 5 . lgdf{0f ultljlwsf sf/0f s'g} ef}lts ;+/rgfdf Iflt x'g uPdf To;sf] k'glg{df{0f jf k'g:yf{kgf ul/g] 5 .

k]zfut :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] ;/f]sf/sf nflu cfjZos tof/L ul/g] 5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ x]Nd]6, kGhf, a'6, ;'/IffTds k]6L, r:df, df:s cflb k|bfg ul/g] 5 . lgdf{0f / e08f/0f:yndf cgflws[t k|j]z / ultljlw /f]Sg vt/fsf ;+s]tx?, 5]saf/ Pj+ kfn]sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

SofDk tyf lgdf{0f If]qaf6 %) ld k/ c:yfO{ rkL{sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 / ltgnfO{ kfgLsf] ;|f]taf6 %) ld k/ /flvg] 5 .

pTvgg\af6 lg:s]sf] df6f]nfO{ lgwf{l/t :yfgdf 6f] jfn, l/6]lgË jfn, j[Iff/f]k0f / cfjZostf cg';f/ gfnLx? lgdf{0f u/L ;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .

ljBdfg / ;Defljt klx/f]nfO{ pko'Qm h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd ul/g]5 .

cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] qmddf lg:sg] 3/]n' tyf lgdf{0fhGo kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ gbLIf]q af6 k/ pko'Qm :yfgdf / efF8f]df ;+sng ul/g] 5 / ltgsf] k|sf/ cg'?k Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .

lgdf{0f ultljlwdf k|of]u x'g] t]n tyf cGo /;folgs kbfy{x?nfO{ pko'Qm :yfgdf Wofgk'j{s e08f/0f tyf pkof]u ul/g] 5 .

cfof]hgfn] sf6\g] kfFr ;fd'bflos agsf !)% ?vx?sf] Ifltk'lt{sf nflu @,^@% -!M@% sf] cg'kftdf_ j6f ?vx? /f]kL ;fd'bfls jg dfkm{t ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .

jGohGt'sf] rf]/Ll;sf/L lgoGq0f tyf ltgsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;r]tgf hufpg] ;Gb]z af]s]sf] xf]l8{Ë af]8{x? /flvg]5 .

*= ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ tyf ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] nflu !% lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf g]kfn ;dfrf/kq /fli6«o b}lgsdf lj=;+= @@÷!@÷@)&@ df k|sflzt u/L ;DalGwt ;fljs uf=lj=;=, lh=j=sf=, ;fljs lh=lj=;=, ljBfno, :jf:y rf}sL, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf AolQm jf ;+:yfx?af6 /fo ;'´fa ;+sngsf] nfuL k|sfzLt u/l/Psf] lyof] . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf k|:tfljt ;8s glhssf j:tLx?df ufpmF:t/Lo ;+3;+:yfsf k|ltlgwL tyf cGo :yfgLo AolStx?;Fu k|:tfjLt pkcfof]hgfaf6 kg{ hfg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds c;/ jf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn u/LPsf] lyof] .


v

:yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] /fo;'emfj ;lxt ;dfj]z u/L tof/ ul/Psf] k|ltj]bg :jLs[tLsf] nflu /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f ;dIf k]z ul/g]5 . l:js[t k|ltj]bg ;/f]sf/jfnf / cGo AolQm jf ;+:yfx?sf] kx'rsf] nfuL /fd]5fk lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt ;ldtLsf] ;'rgf s]Gb|, PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yflgo ljsf; dGqfno, /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f, e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgfsf] j]e;fO6df /flvg]5 .

(= u'gf;f] lgbfg ;+oGq

pkcfof]hgfsf] jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo hgtfsf] hgu'gf;f] ;'Gg / tLgsf] plrt tyf ;dofg's'n ;Daf]wg ug{ o; k|f=j=k= k|ltj]bgdf $ txsf] u'gf;f] lgbfg ;+oGqsf] af/]df cf}+NofOPsf] 5 .

!)= jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgf

pkcfof]hgfsf] c;/, l:ylt, ltgsf Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?, cg'udgsf] tl/sf / ;do tlnsf ;d]6]/ cWofo ( df jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ kf/LPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} Go"lgs/0fsf pkfo sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] klxrfg o; jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgfdf ul/Psf] 5 . k|:tfljt cfof]hgfsf ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0f cGtu{tsf ljleGg cg'udgsf ;"rsx? klg kQf nufOPsf 5g\ . pkcfof]hgf k'glg{df{0fsf] cg'udg /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f tyf lhNnfsf cGo lgsfox?n] ug]{5g\ . jftfj/0fLo cg'udgsf] nflu ? @)),))) ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . o; pkcfof]hgfsf] jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgsf] nfuL ? !#,%@),*(*=!* 5'6ofOPsf] 5 . h;dWo] ? !@,)%*,#&(=$# o;sf] l;len nfutdf ;dfj]z ul/;lsPsf] 5 .

!!= lgisif{

o;:t/sf] pkcfof]hgfsf nflu pkcfof]hgfaf6 x'g] gsf/fTds c;/x? guGo 5g\ . w]/}h;f] c;/x? :yfgLo :t/d} lgdf{0f r/0fdf dfq l;ldt 5g\ . cfof]hgfaf6 x'g] clwsf+z gsf/fTds c;/x?nfO{ lbOPsf Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?af6} sd jf Ifltk"tL{ ug{ ;lsG5 / :yfgLo:t/df / lgdf{0f r/0fd} l;ldt ug{ ;lsG5 . jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgfsf] leq ;d]6LPsf pkfox? cjnDag u/LP kl/of]hgf If]qdf ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs tyf ;f:s[lts jftfj/0fdf 7"nf] c;/kg]{ b]lvb}g . To;}n] cfof]hgfsf] k|s[lt, o;sf] cjl:ylt, :yfgLo hg;d'bfox?sf] cfof]of]hgf k|ltsf] ?lr tyf klxrfg ul/Psf ;Defljt gsf/fTds c;/x?nfO{ dWogh/ ub{} k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoogn] lgb]{zg u/] cg'?ksf] Go"lgs/0f tyf clej[l4s/0fsf pkfox? cjnDag u/L pkcfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoog g} oy]i7 /x]sf] 5 .


vi

Executive Summary

1. Background

In order to accelerate economic and social recovery of the communities through

rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating

earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015, Earthquake

Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) has been implemented under financial support of

Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical support of Swiss Agency for Development

and Cooperation (SDC) in 12 affected district. Through this project, the ADB will support the

Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into schools,

return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and income for

families by repairing critical road networks. The project will also repair and improve about

135 km of strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and

landslides. The National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the coordinating government

agency. The Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) and the District

Coordination Committees (DCCs)/District Technical Office (DTO) are the implementing

agencies at central and district levels respectively.

Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi (38.899 km) Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-

Project is one of the projects under EEAP. As the district level implementing agency of the

sub-project, this IEE study report has been prepared by DCC (then District Development

Committee, DDC) Ramechhap to address the likely environmental and social impact, both

beneficial and adverse, due to the proposed upgrading of the road.

The proposed reconstruction and reconstruction of Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road

will render the existing infrastructure devastated by devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015

and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015 fully operative and reinstate the road access to

more than 14 settlements of the wards 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 of Likhu Rural Municipality (then

Saipu, Bijulikot, Nagdaha and Tilpung VDCs) of Ramechhap District to the district

headquarter in Manthali and other parts of the country.

2. The Proponent

The DCC (then DDC), Ramechhap is the executing agency at the district level under

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) project and the proponent of the Initial

Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of Haldebesi

– Dhobi – Dhandebesi (38.899 km) Road.

Full Address of the Proponent:

Office of the District Coordination Committee, Ramechhap

Manthali, Ramechhap

Telephone No. 048-540347, 540114

Fax No. 048-540029

3. Rationale and Objectives of the IEE

Preparation of IEE for district road is mandatory according to Act relating to Reconstruction

of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2015, Rule relating to Reconstruction of the

Earthquake Affected Structures 2016, Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact


vii

Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2016 and First

Amendment 2016 (Schedule 1) and ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 to suggest the

appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to address the

environmental impact of the proposal.

The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of physical, biological, socio-

economic and cultural environment of the sub-project area and recommend practical and

site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare and implement

environmental management plan for the sub-project.

4. Project Description and Study Methodology

The proposed sub-project passes through wards 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 of Likhu Rural Municipality

(then Saipu, Bijulikot, Nagdaha and Tilpung VDCs) of Ramechhap District of Nepal. Then

DDC has proposed to reconstruct the 38.899 km (CH 0+000 to 38+899) km road under

EEAP. It will be rehabilitated and reconstructed into a District Road Core Network (DRCN)

standard road with gravel pavement. The road will have 6.25 meter formation width including

shoulder and drainage. The estimated total engineering cost including VAT is NRs.

283,428,071.42

This IEE report has been prepared following necessary desk and field study and defined

procedure and also on the basis of the ToR approved by the secretary level decision of the

MoFALD on 2016-03-23 A.D. to fulfill the statutory requirement of GoN.

5. Existing Environmental Condition

The project area lies in the Mid-hills (Lesser Himalayan) physiographic zones of Nepal. The

area has a rugged topography consisting steep hills and river valleys. Geologically, the study

area comprises medium to high grade metamorphic rocks of Lesser Himalayan Sequence of

Central Nepal mainly phyllites, amphibolites, metasandstone and schists.

Considering the elevation, the area has tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate climatic

conditions. The temperature reaches as high as 300C in the summer and falls as low as 50C

in the winter. It receives annual rainfall is 1700 mm. The road alignment passes through

more than 12 small streams. No major stream fall along the alignment. The landuse in the

ZoI includes cultivated/agricultural land, settlement and market area and forest.

The sub-project segment lies among cultivation area, settlement, forest patches and barren

land among which sections at Ch 0+080 to 0+780 and Ch 2+590 3+060, Ch 1+520 to

1+845, Ch 16+800 to 17+000, Ch 24+100 to 24+250, Ch 26+000 to 26+200, 30+010 to

31+100, Ch 36+010 to 37+090 and Ch 37+150 to 37+445 fall under eight different

Community Forests: Khumbari CF, Ramche CF, Kharang Khurung CF, Jhatteswari CF,

Bhringeshwar CF, Saipu CF, Taruke Salleni CF and Saipu Pakha CF respectively. The

beginning section of the road has trees like Sal (Shorea robusta), and Bot dhayero

(Lagerstroemia parviflora), whereas the most of the remaining section Chilaune (Schima

wallichii), Khote Salla (Pinus roxburghii) and Uttis (Alnus nepalensis) etc. Likewise, ending

section of the road alongside of the Likhu Khola has Khayar (Acacia catechu), Simal

(Bombax ceiba), Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo). The trees reported alongside of the road

alignment include Sal (Shorea robusta), Asna (Terminalia alata), Bot dhayero

(Lagerstroemia parviflora), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Gineri (Premna integrifolia),


viii

Gayo (Bredelia retusa) etc. Wildlives reported near project area are Mriga(Muntiacus

muntjak), Malsapro (Martef flabiguli) etc.

The road alignment passes through wards 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 Likhu Rural Municipality of

Ramechhap District and more than 14 major settlements along the alignment that include

Haldebesi, Ratmate, Tiplung, Darimbot, Dhande, Chakharka, Lamagau, Dhobi, Kotgau,

Dharapani, Poku, Sirise, Belauri and Dhandebesi. Around 23109 persons with 10615 male

and 12494 female live in 4928 households in the ZoI of the sub-project. The population of

the project area is dominated by Chhetri followed by the indigenous group Tamang and

Magar. Total literacy of then project VDC is 62.98%. Agriculture and livestock rearing are the

major occupations of the project area. Other occupations include small business and aboard

jobs. Health care service is being delivered by four Sub-Health Posts along the road

alignment. Almost 90.12% of the household are benefitted by piped drinking water. Almost

all of the households in the project area have been supplied with electricity. Haldebesi,

Dhobi and Dhandebesi are the local market centers and the major nearest markets are

Manthali, Ramechhap and Charikot.

6. Environmental Impacts

6.1 Beneficial Impacts

The immediate beneficial impact from the project during construction phase is generation of

temporary employment opportunity of 391,580 persondays. The major beneficial impacts

after project completion includes enhanced accessibility and transportation facility

throughout the year to the people of wards 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 of Likhu Rural Municipality of the

Ramechhap District, promotion of agro-enterprises based on local agricultural products and

economic development. Once in operation the road will offer easy, comfortable and quick

access to people of the area to social service facilities like health, education, market and

other facilities. After rehabilitation and reconstruction of the road, the supply of daily

consumables, food and others will be easy and provide market to local agricultural products,

especially Junar which will improve the living standard of and help the the earthquake

affected people in social and economic recovery.

6.2 Adverse Impacts

Among the adverse impact on the social domain of the environment, pressure on existing

service facilities, possible conflict and clash between local and outside workers, occupational

health and safety are of chief concern. For widening of road and construction of side drains

2.98 ha of private land distributed in different plots belonging to different owners will be

acquired. Other impacts are gender discrimination in task and wage distribution, involvement

of children in risky works, diseases due to unhygienic living condition, communicable

diseases and STDs, etc. During operation phase, ribbon settlement along the project

alignment could develop haphazardly and encroachment might occur along road alignment.

Operation of construction equipment and vehicles and use of chemical substances during

construction activites may produce noise, water and air pollution. Improper management of

waste may cause water and soil pollution leading to other deleterious consequences.

Improper storage and handling of construction materials and equipments may cause water

and soil pollution through leakage and seepage. Regarding the impact on biological

environment, hunting and poaching of wild animal is also possible during construction and


ix

operation but the chances are very low. In course of widening the road, altogether 105 trees

of Uttis, Chilaune and Maledo need to be felled down from five CFUGs: Jhateswari,

Bhringeshwar, Poku Salgharni (Saipu CF), Taruke Salleri and Saipu Pakha CFs at Ch

24+100 to 24+250, Ch 26+000 to 26+200, 30+010 to 31+100, 36+010 to 36+090 and Ch

37+000 to 37+150 respectively.

8. Mitigation Measures

A number of practical and cost effective mitigation measures have been suggested to

prevent, correct and compensate the adverse effects of the project implementation. The

project proponent is bound to implement these measures during the construction and

operation of the project. For construction phase, the proponent will implement the mitigation

measures through contractor. Some of the major measures to be adopted are as follows:

Women and disadvantaged people will be empowered through awareness and

capacity development training.

Private properties including private land, private structures and private trees will be

acquired after compensation.

Irrigation will be protected or rehabilitated after construction in case of damage.

To reduce the pressure on service facilities, contractor will manage utilities like

communication, lighting and cooking energy, drinking water supply, etc within the

camp. Any damages to physical infrastructures will be reconstructed or rehabilitated.

To address the issue of occupational health and safety, proper safety arrangements

will be made. Safety equipment such as helmets, boots, gloves, safety belts, safety

glasses and masks will be provided to the workers working in the construction sites.

Warning signs, posts, barriers and guards will be installed to restrict access of

unauthorized persons to storage areas.

Arrangements of temporary latrines will be made for workers and they will be placed 50

m away from water bodies.

Spoil generated from earthwork will be disposed in designated location and managed

properly with toe wall and retaining wall, vegetation cover and necessary drainage

structures.

Existing and possible landslides will be controlled or prevented by appropriate bio-

engineering technique.

All the camp wastes and construction wastes will be placed in the designated waste

collection pits away from the water path.

Oils and other chemicals used in construction activities will be handled carefully and

stored in fallow land away from the river beds by using impervious layers.

Arrangement will be made to plant 2,625 trees and protect them through the respective

CFUGs to compensate the 105 trees felled from the three Community Managed

Forests along the road corridor.

Hoarding boards carrying messages to aware people on control of hunting and

poaching of wildlife and their conservation will be placed.

8. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure

In order to prepare the IEE report, 15 days public notice was published on 04/04/2016 AD in

Nepal Samacharpatra, a national Nepali daily newspaper seeking written opinions from


x

concerned then VDCs, DFO, CFUGs, schools, health posts and related local organizations.

Public consultation was done with the local people living near the proposed road, members

of local organizations and local leaders during the preparation of IEE report in order to aware

them of incoming road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project and to identify the

possible beneficial and adverse impacts due to this sub-project.

IEE report prepared by incorporating the suggestions of local stakeholders will be presented

to NRA for review and approval. The approved report will be made accessible to interested

parties and the general public through the information center of MoFALD, NRA, Likhu Rural

Municipality and websites of ADB and EEAP.

9. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)

The IEE report has suggested four (4) levels of GRMs to receive and facilitate resolution of

affected people’s concerns and grievances regarding project’s environmental and social performances and impacts in a timely and satisfactory manner.

10. Environmental Management Plan

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been proposed with present report including

issues identified, possible effects and impacts, measures for their mitigation, monitoring

methods and schedule in Chapter 9. In addition, agencies responsible for executing

environmental mitigation measures and monitoring have been identified in the EMP.

Different monitoring indicators on the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural

environment have also been identified. The NRA with local bodies will monitor during

reconstruction and operation phase. For the environmental monitoring, NR 200,000 has

been allocated. The cost for environmental mitigation measures and benefit augmentation is

NRs. 13,520,898.18 where NRs. 12,058,379.43 is allocated within civil work cost. This does

not include the cost required for implementation of Resettlement Plan (RP) and Gender

Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) Plan.

11. Conclusion

Most of the identified and perceived impacts of the project are of low significance compared

to the project of this scale. With the set of mitigation measures, most of the identified

adverse impacts can be minimised and/or compensated and limited to locality and

construction period. Once the measures outlined in the EMP are implemented, there is no

risk for residual impacts that may affect the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural

environment of the project area. Hence, it is suitable to implement the project addressing the

impacts through the mitigation and enhancement measures suggested by this IEE,

considering the nature of the project, its location, and people’s positive perceptions and

identified environmental impacts. This IEE study is considered sufficient for this project.


xi

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background ..................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Project Implementation Unit ............................................................................. 2

1.3. Consultant ....................................................................................................... 2

1.4. Objectives of ToR ............................................................................................ 3

1.5. Objectives of IEE Study ................................................................................... 3

1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE ........................................................................... 3

1.7. Limitations of the IEE Study ............................................................................. 4

2. DESCRIPTION ON RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION WORKS ............... 5

2.1. Project Location ............................................................................................... 5

2.2. Salient Features of the Project ......................................................................... 9

2.3. Components and Activities of the Sub-Project ............................................... 10

2.4. Construction Materials Requirement .............................................................. 10

2.5. Source of Construction Materials and Quarry Sites ....................................... 11

2.6. Land Requirement ......................................................................................... 11

2.7. Human Resource Requirement ..................................................................... 12

2.8. Campsite ....................................................................................................... 12

2.9. Spoil Disposal Area ....................................................................................... 12

2.10. Project Implementation Schedule .................................................................. 13

2.11. Construction Approach .................................................................................. 13

2.12. Cost ............................................................................................................... 14

2.13. Impact Zone .................................................................................................. 14

2.14. Environment Protection Policy ....................................................................... 14

3. STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ....................................................... 15

3.1. General.......................................................................................................... 15

3.2. Study Team ................................................................................................... 15

3.3. Project Area Delineation ................................................................................ 15

3.4. Desk Study and Literature review .................................................................. 16

3.4.1. Review of Existing Information ............................................................... 16

3.4.2. Map Reading ......................................................................................... 16

3.4.3. Checklists .............................................................................................. 16

3.5. Field Study .................................................................................................... 16

3.5.1. Initial Interaction and Consultation with Stakeholders ............................ 17

3.5.2. Public Notice .......................................................................................... 17

3.5.3. Public Consultations .............................................................................. 17

3.5.4. Physical Environment ............................................................................ 18

3.5.5. Biological Environment........................................................................... 18

3.5.6. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment ............................................ 19

3.6. Impact Identification, Prediction and Evaluation ............................................. 20

3.7. Group Judgement .......................................................................................... 21

3.8. Designation of Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Plans ............................. 21

3.9. Report Preparation ........................................................................................ 21

3.10. Information Disclosure ................................................................................... 21

4. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION ......................................................... 22

4.1. Physical Environment .................................................................................... 22

4.1.1. Topography ............................................................................................ 22


xii

4.1.2. Geology and Soil Type ........................................................................... 22

4.1.3. Slope Stability and Erosion .................................................................... 24

4.1.4. Seismicity of the Project area ................................................................. 24

4.1.5. Climate .................................................................................................. 25

4.1.6. Drainage and Hydrology ........................................................................ 25

4.1.7. Land Use ............................................................................................... 26

4.1.8. Air Quality, Water Quality and Noise Levels ........................................... 26

4.2. Biological Environment .................................................................................. 26

4.2.1. Vegetation and Forest Type ................................................................... 26

4.2.2. Forest Management Regimes ................................................................ 27

4.2.3. Domesticated Plants .............................................................................. 31

4.2.4. Ethno-botany and NTFPs ....................................................................... 31

4.2.5. Rare, Threatened and Protected Plants ................................................. 32

4.2.6. Wildlife ................................................................................................... 32

4.2.7. Rare, Threatened and Protected Wildlife ............................................... 32

4.3. Socio Economic and Cultural Environment .................................................... 33

4.3.1. Population, Household and Settlement .................................................. 33

4.3.2. Caste and Ethnicity ................................................................................ 35

4.3.3. Language ............................................................................................... 35

4.3.4. Literacy and Education .......................................................................... 35

4.3.5. Occupation............................................................................................. 35

4.3.6. Agriculture and Cropping Pattern ........................................................... 36

4.3.7. Livestock ................................................................................................ 36

4.3.8. Migration Pattern.................................................................................... 36

4.3.9. Public Health and Sanitation .................................................................. 37

4.3.10. Public Service Infrastructures and Facilities ........................................... 37

4.3.11. Food Sufficiency .................................................................................... 39

4.3.12. Potential Development Areas ................................................................. 39

4.3.13. Project Affected Families ....................................................................... 40

5. IMPACTS OF RECONSTRUCTION PLAN IMPLEMENTATION ON

ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................... 44

5.1. Beneficial Impacts and Augmentation Measures ........................................... 44

5.1.1. Construction Phase ................................................................................ 44

5.1.2. Operation Phase .................................................................................... 45

5.2. Adverse Impacts ............................................................................................ 46

5.2.1. Pre-construction Phase .......................................................................... 46


5.2.3. Adverse Impacts during Operation Phase .............................................. 51

5.3. Climate Change Impacts ............................................................................... 52

5.4. Cumulative Impact ......................................................................................... 53

5.4.1. Beneficial Impacts .................................................................................. 53

5.4.2. Adverse Impacts .................................................................................... 53

6. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES .................................................................................. 55

6.1. No Action Option ........................................................................................... 55

6.2. Project Alternative ......................................................................................... 55

6.3. Alternative Alignment ..................................................................................... 55

6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach .............................................. 55

6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process ................................................................. 56


xiii

6.6. Alternative Resources .................................................................................... 56

6.7. No Forest Option ........................................................................................... 56

7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS MITIGATION AND MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES57

7.1. Augmentation Measures ................................................................................ 57

7.1.1. Beneficial Impacts during Construction Phase ....................................... 57

7.1.2. Beneficial Impacts during Operation Phase ............................................ 57

7.2. Mitigation Measures....................................................................................... 58

7.2.1. Pre-construction Phase .......................................................................... 58


7.2.3. Adverse Impacts during Operation Phase .............................................. 65

7.3. Climate Change Impacts ............................................................................... 66

8. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

PROJECT ..................................................................................................................... 67

9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .......................................................... 73

9.1. Institutions and their Roles............................................................................. 73

9.2. Reporting and Documentation ....................................................................... 75

9.3. Implementation of the Mitigation Measures .................................................... 75

9.4. Matter to be monitored while implementing the Proposal ............................... 86

9.4.1. Baseline Monitoring ............................................................................... 86

9.4.2. Compliance Monitoring .......................................................................... 86

9.4.3. Impact Monitoring .................................................................................. 86

9.5. Monitoring Indicator ....................................................................................... 87

9.5.1. Pre-Construction Phase ......................................................................... 87


9.5.3. Operation Phase .................................................................................... 87

9.6. Monitoring Indicators ..................................................................................... 88

9.7. Cost of Mitigation and Enhancement ............................................................. 97

9.8. Costs of Environmental Monitoring ................................................................ 98

9.9. Grievance Redress Mechanism ..................................................................... 98

9.9.1. First level of GRM .................................................................................. 98

9.9.2. Second level of GRM ............................................................................. 99

9.9.3. Third level of GRM ................................................................................. 99

9.9.4. Fourth level of GRM ............................................................................. 100

9.9.5. Procedure for Grievances Handling as Per National Law ..................... 100

10. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................... 102

List of Tables

Table 1: Restructuring of Affected VDCs of Ramechhap District ........................................... 2

Table 2: Salient Features of Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road .................................... 9

Table 3: Quantity of Construction Materials ......................................................................... 11

Table 4: Possible Quarry Sites ............................................................................................ 11

Table 5: Permanent Land Requirement by Land Use Type ................................................. 12

Table 6: Manpower Requirement ........................................................................................ 12

Table 7: Recommended Spoil Disposal Sites ...................................................................... 13

Table 8: Sub-Project Implementation Schedule................................................................... 13

Table 9: Study Team ........................................................................................................... 15

Table 10: Impact Area Delineation ...................................................................................... 16


xiv

Table 11: Summary of the Meeting Minutes during Public Consultations ............................ 18

Table 12: Numerical scales as proposed in the National EIA Guidelines ............................. 20

Table 13: Cumulative scores of level of significance ........................................................... 20

Table 14: Geology and Soil Type along Road Alignment .................................................... 23

Table 15: Landslides and Erosion Prone Areas along Road Alignment ............................... 24

Table 16: Major Streams along the Road Alignment ........................................................... 25

Table 17: Landuse along the Road Alignment ..................................................................... 26

Table 18: Chainage wise Dominancy of Tree Species ........................................................ 27

Table 19: Community Forest along the Road Alignment ..................................................... 28

Table 20: Medicinal Plants and Local Use ........................................................................... 31

Table 21: Rare, Threatened and Protected Animals Found in Project Area ......................... 33

Table 22: Population Distribution in District, Rural Municipality and Project Area ................ 34

Table 23: Settlements and Population of the along the Road Corridor ................................ 34

Table 24: Occupations of Surveyed Households ................................................................. 36

Table 25: Migration Status in the ZoI ................................................................................... 37

Table 26: Food Sufficiency and Income level of the Affected Households ........................... 39

Table 27: Status of People Losing their Struturues in Road Sub-project ............................. 41

Table 28: People Losing their Land to Road Sub-project .................................................... 43

Table 29: Trees to be felled at different chainages .............................................................. 50

Table 30: Trees to be Felled and Compensatory Plantation Requirement ........................... 64

Table 31: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines ............................. 67

Table 32: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities ................................................................ 73

Table 33: Summary of the Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures ....................... 76

Table 34: Summary of Adverse Impact Prediction and Mitigation Measures ....................... 78

Table 35: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE .......................................................... 88

Table 36: Compliance Monitoring of Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road Rehabilitation

and Reconstruction Sub-project .......................................................................................... 90

Table 37: Impact Monitoring of Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road Rehabilitation and

Reconstruction Sub-project ................................................................................................. 94

Table 38: Estimate of Environmental Cost of the Sub-Project ............................................. 97

Table 39: Estimated Cost for Environmental Monitoring ...................................................... 98

List of Figures

Figure 1: Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road in DTMP Map of Ramechhap

District ........................................................................................................................ 6

Figure 2: Road Alignment in Topographical Map ....................................................... 7

Figure 3: Road Alignment in Ecological Map .............................................................. 8

Figure 4: Road Alignment in Google Earth Map ....................................................... 22

Figure 5: Location of Sub-project in Geological Map ................................................ 23

Figure 6: Seismic risk map of Nepal ......................................................................... 25

Figure 7: Environment Management Organization Structure ................................... 74

Figure 8: Grievance Redress Mechanism as Per EARF of EEAP .......................... 100

Figure 9: Grievance Redress Mechanism in National Law ..................................... 101


xv

Appendices

Appendix 1: Terms of Reference approval letter & Approved ToR .................................... 106

Appendix 2: Environmental Assessment Checklists .......................................................... 117

Appendix 3: Checklists for Baseline Information Collection ............................................... 122

Appendix 4: Public Notice ................................................................................................. 126

Appendix 5: Deeds of Inquiries ......................................................................................... 128

Appendix 6: Recommendation Letters .............................................................................. 140

Appendix 7: Minutes of Public Consultations ..................................................................... 146

Appendix 8: Tree Loss and Compensatory Plantation ....................................................... 152

Appendix 9: Abstract of Costs ........................................................................................... 168

Appendix 10: List of Affected Structure ............................................................................. 177

Appendix 11: Grievance Redress Mechanism ................................................................... 184

Appendix 12: Environmental and Social Monitoring Report Outline ................................... 185

Appendix 13: Pictorial Highlights ....................................................................................... 186


xvi

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADB: Asian Development Bank

amsl: above mean sea level

BS: Bikram Sambat

CBO: Community Based Organization

CFUGs: Community Forest User Group

CISC: Central Implementation and Support Consultant

CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

CL-PIU: Central Level Project Implementation Unit

dBA: Decibel (A)

DCC: District Coordination Committee

DRCN: District Road Core Network

DDC: District Development Committee

DDR: Detail Design Report

DISC: District Implementation and Support Consultant

DIA : Direct Impact Area

DL-PIU: District Level Project Implementation Unit

DMG: Department of Mines and Geology

DNPWC: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation

DoLIDAR: Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads

DoR: Department of Roads

DTMP: District Transport Master Plan

DTO: District Technical Office

DWSC: Department of Watershed and Soil Conservation

EA: Environmental Assessment/Executing Agency

EARF: Environment Assessment and Review Framework

EEAP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP: Environment Management Plan

IIA : Indirect Impact Area

GESI AP: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Action Plan

GIS: Geographical Information System

GoN: Government of Nepal

HH: Household

HIV: Human Immune Deficiency Virus

IEE: Initial Environmental Examination

IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature

LEP: Labor based Environmentally Friendly and Participatory Approach

LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas

MoFALD: Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development

MoPE: Ministry of Population and Environment

NGO: Non-Governmental Organization

NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Products

NRA: National Reconstruction Authority

ODF: Open Defecation Free

PAFs: Project Affected Families

PAM: Project Administration Manual


xvii

PIU: Project Implementation Unit

RCC: Reinforced Cement Concrete

RP: Resettlement Plan

RoW: Right of Way

SDC: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

STDs: Sexually Transmitted Diseases

SWCA: Soil and Water Conservation Act

ToR: Terms of Reference

VDC: Village Development Committee

www: World Wide Web

ZoI: Zone of Influence


1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

1. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented

with the loan financing of ADB, Swiss technical support and counterpart funding from the

Government of Nepal (GoN). It aimed at accelerating economic and social recovery of the

communities through rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due

to devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015. The

project will support the Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children

back into schools, return vital government services to desperate communities, and create

jobs and income for families by repairing critical road networks. The Project covers 12

affected districts in eastern, middle and western development region of Nepal namely:

Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kavrepalanchowk, Ramechhap, Okhaldhunga, Sindhuli,

Solukhumbu, Ramechhap, Gorkha, Lamjung and Chitwan. The project will repair, retrofit or

rebuild at least 700 schools and 300 district-level government buildings damaged by the

earthquake to disaster-resilient standards. The project will also repair and improve about 135

km of strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and

landslides. The roads will be rebuilt with improved road safety features and designed to

withstand future disasters and the impact of climate change.

2. National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the legally mandated agency for leading

and managing the earthquake recovery and reconstruction in Nepal and is the Executing

Agency (EA) of EEAP. The Central Level Project Implementation Unit (CL-PIU) for rural road

component of EEAP is under the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development

(MoFALD).

3. The proposed rehabilitation and upgrading of Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road

will provide easy access to the rural Eastern part of Ramechhap District to the district

headquarter in Manthali and other parts of the country through Nayapul – Manthali Road.

The road serves wards 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 of Likhu Rural Municipality (former Tilpung, Nagdaha,

Bijulikot and Saipu VDCs) of Ramechhap District and settlements like Haldebesi, Jhangre,

Katahare, Kharibote, Aarubote, Nagdaha, Dhobi, Kotgau, Poku, Sirise Setapahara and

Dhade thereof to the rest of the world through road network. These areas have high potential

in vegetable, fruits, livestock, dairy and broom grass production.

4. While already, very low number of vehicles was plying on the road because of the

bad road condition, the road had been further damaged due to devastating earthquake of 25

April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015. Transportation of goods and services

from the market centers to the rural areas and vice-versa has been difficult, insufficient and

costly due to poor geometry, standards and earthen nature of the road. The proposed

rehabilitation and upgrading will facilitate the easy access to the rural people of Ramechhap

District. The enhanced road network will provide access to the rural people to the basic

service facilities like health, education and daily economic activities hence improving their

living standard. Hence, there is an urgent need of rehabilitating and upgrading this road to

facilitate easy accessibility for isolated villages and the road has attracted DTMP priority No-

21DR025.


2

5. The project affected then Tilpung, Nagdaha, Bijulikot and Saipu VDCs are now

restructured as wards of Likhu RM (please refer Table 1). Then office of Bijulikot VDC will be

the centre of Likhu RM for now. Office of then DDC, Ramechhap has been acting as office of

Distict Coordination Committee. The name of affected then VDCs mentioned in this reports

are now ward 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 of Likhu Rural Municipality.

Table 1: Restructuring of Affected VDCs of Ramechhap District

VDCs mentioned in report Wards of the VDC Current reformation

Tilpung VDC 1-9 Likhu RM 7

Nagdaha VDC 1-9 Likhu RM 5

Bijulikot VDC 5-9 Likhu RM 4

Bijulikot VDC 1-4 Likhu RM 3

Saipu VDC 1-9 Likhu RM 2

6. The Terms of Reference (ToR) was prepared and approved before the formulation of

Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of

Earthquake Affected Structures, 2072 (2016) based on Environment Protection Act 1997

and Environment Protection Rule 1997. It was approved by the secretary level decision of

the MoFALD on 2072-12-10 (March 23, 2016) right before the mobilization of the design

team. The road design parameters were revised in the course and the length and formation

width fixed at 38.899 km and 6.25 m respectively. So, there is a discrepancy in the design

information in the IEE Report, ToR and the public notice. The IEE Report, ToR and the

public notice deals with the same road, DRCN No. 21DR025 and the name of the obligatory

points are the same. This IEE Report has been prepared based on the final DPR.

1.2. Project Implementation Unit

7. DCC Ramechhap is the implementing agency at the district level (DL-PIU) and the

proponent of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the rehabilitation and

reconstruction of Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road. The National Reconstruction

Authority (NRA) is the concerned authority for the approval of IEE study report.

Address of the Proponent

Office of the District Coordination Committee, Ramechhap

Manthali, Ramechhap

Telephone No. 048-540347, 540114

Fax No. 048-540029

Email: [email protected]

1.3. Consultant

Central Implementation Support Consultant (CISC)

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)

Ekantakuna, Lalitpur

P.O. Box 113

Telephone No: 977-1-5543142/43

Fax No: 977-1-5543144

E-mail: [email protected] ; Website: www.drilpnepal.org

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.drilpnepal.org/


3

8. Af-Iteco Ltd., Switzerland acting as Central Implementation Support Consultant of

EEAP has awareded consultancy services to the JV of Gaurav Integrated Development

Associates Nepal P. Ltd (GIDA Nepal P. Ltd), NEST P. Ltd. and JAARSA Engineering

Consultancy (P) Ltd., Sankhamul, Kathmandu who was responsible for conducting the

necessary desk and field study and preparing IEE report on behalf of the proponent adhering

with the approved ToR and all the prevalent policies, acts, rules and guidelines.

NEST P. Ltd.

Sankhamul-34, Kathmandu

Telephone No. 01-4784515

Email: [email protected]

1.4. Objectives of ToR

9. The main objective of the TOR was to guide the preparation of the comprehensive

and coherent Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study report as per the Environment

Protection Act 1997 (EPA ’97) and Environment Protection Rules 1997 (EPR ’97) and amendments. The specific objectives of the study were to:

Identify the data requirement of IEE study and general methods for acquisition of such

information.

Identify major issues that may arise as a result of proposed works on bio-physical,

socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area,

Identify relevant legal documents that need to be reviewed during the IEE study and

subsequent project implementation.

Provide an outline on structure of IEE study report

1.5. Objectives of IEE Study

10. The objective of the IEE study is to identify the environmental impact due to

implementation of the sub-project in the area and to suggest a sustainable way out, help

decision makers to balance development and protection of human well being and the

environment. The specific objectives of the study are to:

Provide information on the general environmental setting of the project area as

baseline data,

Identify, predict and evaluate the major issues that may arise as a result of proposed

works on bio-physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area,

Recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement

measures,

Prepare and implement environmental management and monitoring plan for the

project, and

Ensure that IEE is sufficient for the proposed road project.

1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE

11. As prescribed in the Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact

Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2016 and First

Ammendment 2016 promulgated under the Act Made to Provide for Reconstruction of the

mailto:[email protected]


4

Earthquake Affected Structures (Act relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected

Structures), 2072 (2015), Schedule 1 (2) (Projects Requiring IEE) under Rule 3,

rehabilitation and reconstruction of district, urban and rural roads need to undergo IEE study

and the report requires approval from the NRA. This IEE has been conducted following the

ToR for IEE approved by MoFALD prior to enactment of aforementioned laws according to

Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Rules 1997. Preparation of

IEE report by concerned DCC and approval of the IEE report by the NRA according to

Nepali legal provision is considered sufficient and Nepali legal provisions in essence satisfy

ADB's requirements. EEAP sub-projects fall under category "B" (categorization is as "A", "B"

and ''C'' based on the significance of sub-projects impact and risks on the environment and

environmental safeguard considerations) where IEE is mandatory for all sub projects

according to Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 of ADB. The road section does not fall

within the boundary of protected area of any category.

1.7. Limitations of the IEE Study

12. The study has following limitations:

Site specific environmental management plan is not prepared

Name of private owner (tree loss) could not be listed, and RP will be referred for this

purpose

Since the IEE was carried before the restructuring of local level, the IEE report is in line

with old structure’s roles and responsibilities.


5

2. DESCRIPTION ON RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION

WORKS

2.1. Project Location

13. The proposed Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road (DTMP No- 21DR025) passes

through wards 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 of Likhu Rural Municipality (former Tilpung, Nagdaha, Bijulikot

and Saipu VDCs) of Ramechhap District of Central Development Region of Nepal. Then

DDC has proposed to rehabilitate and reconstruct the 38.899 km (CH 0+000 to 38+899)

road from Haldebesi to Dhandebesi (CH 0+000 to 38+899) to gravel standard. The road

section starts from Haldebesi of Likhu Rural Municipilatiy-7 (former Tilpung VDC-2) along

Nayapul – Manthali Road (27o25’55” N Latitude and 86o05’36”E Longitude) and ends at Dhandebesi of Likhu Rural Municipality-2 (then Saipu VDC-4, 27o26’23” N Latitude and 86o15’17”E Longitude) of Ramechhap District passing through 14 settlements along the

alignment. The major settlement areas are Haldebesi, Jhangre, Katahare, Kharibote,

Aarubote, Nagdaha, Dhobi, Kotgau, Poku, Sirise Setapahara and Dhade. The road connects

eastern part of Ramechhap district with the district headquarter in Manthali and rest of the

country through all-weather connectivity. The road is directly connected to Nayapul –

Manthali Road.

14. The road alignment is depicted in DTMP Map, Topographical Map and Ecologicl Map

in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively.


6

Figure 1: Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road in DTMP Map of Ramechhap District

21DR025


7

Figure 2: Road Alignment in Topographical Map


8

Figure 3: Road Alignment in Ecological Map


9

2.2. Salient Features of the Project

15. The features of the proposed project are summarized in the table below (Table 2).

Table 2: Salient Features of Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road

Features Description

Name of the Road Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road

Type of Work Reconstruction and Rehabilitation

Project starting date April, 2016 Project ending date June, 2019 Road Classification DCRN; 21DR025

Location

District: Ramechhap

Rural Municipality Likhu Rural Municipality 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7

Major Settlements

Haldebesi, Jhangre, Katahare, Kharibote, Aarubote,

Nagdaha, Dhobi, Kotgau, Poku, Sirise Setapahara,

Dhade

Length 38.899 km

Starting Point Haldebesi of Likhu Rural Municipality-7 (then Tilpung

VDC-2) (0+000)

End Point:

Dhandebesi of Likhu Rural Municipality-2 (then

Saipu VDC-4); Steel Truss Bridge bordering

Ramechhap and Okhaldhunga districts (38+899)

Geographical feature

Terrain Mid-Hills

Altitudinal Range 531 m to 1831 m

Climate: Tropical to Sub-tropical

Geology: Lesser Himalayan Rocks (Phyllite and Gneiss),

Colluvium, Alluvium and Residual Soil

Meteorology: Unevenly Distributed Precipitation Controlled by

Monsoon

Design Standard

Standard NRRS 2055, 2nd Revision December 2014

Existing Surface: Earthen, Stone pitched

Proposed Pavement: Gravel, Cobble for grade >8%

Right Of Way: 10 m on either sides (Center line)

Formation Width: 6.25 m (includes 1m drainage & 0.75 m Shoulder)

Carriage Way Width: 3.75 m

Shoulder Width: 0.75 m on either side

Maximum Gradient 12%

Minimum Gradient 0.5%

Lane Single

Structures (Qty/No.)

Drainage Structures

a) Side Drain Throughout the alignment at hill side, Cascade drain

for grade greater than 7%

b) Causeway 11


10

Features Description

c) Slab Culvert 1

d) Pipe Culvert 67

e) Irrigation Crossing 34

Retaining Structures

a) Stone Masonry Wall 11,322.13 cu.m.

b) Gabion Retaining and

Breast Walls 7,506.50 cu.m.

c) Stone Masonry Revetment

Wall

722.20 cu.m.

Earth Work

a) Excavation/Cutting 178,866.87 cu.m.

b) Embankment/Filling 20,341.14 cu.m. cu.m.

Pavement Volume

a) Gravel 17,492.34 cu.m

b) Cobble 16,222.43 cu.m.

Project Cost (NRs)

a) Civil Works (Base cost) 224,942,913.83

b) 13% VAT (of a) 29,242,578.80

c) Sub-Total (a+b) 254,185,492.62

d) Work Charge Staff and Small Miscellaneous Expenses @ 3% (of c)

6,534,499.41

e) Physical contingency @ 10% (of c)

6,748,287.41

f) Grand Total (c+d+e) 22,494,291.38

Total Household 1273

Population 6204

Monitoring Cost (Nrs.) 200,000.00

Mitigation cost (Excluding Monitoring)

12,62,518.75

EMP Cost included in Civil Cost 12,058,379.43

Total Project Cost including Environmental and Social Cost

287,975,755.71

Source: DPR Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road Sub-project

2.3. Components and Activities of the Sub-Project

16. Total length of the road is 38.899 km with 6.25 m formation width. Project

components are: construction of structures like roadway, toe wall, retaining wall, breast wall,

side drain, pipe culvert, slab culvert, irrigation crossings, etc. Site clearance, earthwork

(excavation and filling), bioengineering, spoil disposal management, paving, compensatory

plantation, roadside plantation are the activities during the construction of this road sub-

project.

2.4. Construction Materials Requirement

17. Suitable materials including fill materials, base material and sub-base and pavement

material will be required for road construction. Besides these materials, boulders and river-


11

based aggregates and sand will be required for gravelling road, building retaining walls, RCC

culverts, side drains and drain covers and other road features. The quantity of construction

materials required for rehabilitation and reconstruction works as derived from the design

report is summarized in the Table 3.

Table 3: Quantity of Construction Materials

SN Materials Unit Quantity

1 Embankment and Filling Materials Cu.m 21,637.93

2 Gravel Cu.m 68,782.53

3 Cobble Cu.m 16, 222.43

4 Stone Cu.m 19,625.43

5 Geotextile Sq.m 5,844.80

6 Cement Mt. 1,560.00

7 Steel Mt. 16.73 Source: DPR Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road Sub-project, 2016

2.5. Source of Construction Materials and Quarry Sites

18. Construction materials like cement and geotextiles will be bought from the nearest

market within the country. The major construction materials that include suitable materials

(fill, base and sub-base materials, gravel, cobble, stone etc.) have to be sourced from local

sources or quarries. The sources of these materials have been presented in the Table 4.

Table 4: Possible Quarry Sites

Material Site Distance

Gravel Tamakoshi River, Haldebeshi Within 1 km from starting point

Likhu Khola At Ch: 35+000 (Sirise)

Sand Tamakoshi River, Haldebeshi Ch: 0+000

Likhu Khola Ch: 35+000

Boulder Tamakoshi River, Haldebeshi Ch: 0+000


At site of roadway cutting

Aggregate Tamakoshi River, Haldebeshi Ch: 0+000


Roadway Cutting

Source: Field Survey, 2016 2.6. Land Requirement

19. It is an existing road with average width of 5.25 m. To upgrade it to the prescribed

standard, 3.89 ha of additional land will be permanently required for the sub-project. Private

agricultural land constitute major portion of this land. The permanent land requirement of the

sub-project is described in the Table 5.


12

Table 5: Permanent Land Requirement by Land Use Type

SN Land use Area (ha)

1 Agriculture (Including settlement) 2.98

2 Forest Land 0.45

3 Open/Barren Land 0.46

Total 3.89

Source: Field Survey, 2016

20. Additionally, land will be required for sitting ancillary facilities like construction camp,

storage yard and spoil disposal. These are located in private land or open/barren land.

Private land necessary for sitting temporary structures will be hired from interested owner at

prevailing market rate. After completion of the work, the camps and facilities will be

dismantled and rehabilitated and returned to the owner. Permanent land will be acquired

from the respective owner following due compensation and deed transfer in the name of

proponent.

2.7. Human Resource Requirement

21. People will be required for excavation, spreading, concrete works, gabion weaving,

transportation, supervision and management during construction of this project. The work

force requirement for the reconstruction works has been describe in Table 6.

Table 6: Manpower Requirement

SN Type of Workforce Input Unit

1 Unskilled 368,962 Person/days

2 Skilled 22,574 Person/days

3 Operator 44 Person/days

Total 391,580 Person/days

Source: DPR Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road Sub-project, 2016

2.8. Campsite

22. As stated in the preceeding section, the project will require large number of workforce

that cannot be provided by the project area alone. Workers have be be procured from

outside to complete the work in stiputated time. Hence, camp facilities will be required to

house the outside worker. Appropriate camp sites have been identified at Ch 4+100, Ch

13+500, Ch 19+900, 26+300 and Ch 36+900. These ares have availability of water for

drinking and sanitary use. Toilets will be arranged with respect to the number of workers

stationed in the camp.

2.9. Spoil Disposal Area

23. As per the design report of the sub-project, about 257,382.93 cu.m of spoil is

expected to be generated from cutting and excavation of road and drains and some of the

spoil, 17,091.15 cu.m, will be used in filling road. Surplus volume needs to be managed

properly. Appropriate spoil disposal sites have been presented in the Table 7.


13

Table 7: Recommended Spoil Disposal Sites

Chainages Recommended Spoil Disposal Sites

2+430 Kholsi, Spoil disposal in valley side of the road

11+150 Kholsi

28+050 Simle Khola site

31+040 At valley side spoil disposal Source: DPR Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road Sub-project, 2016

2.10. Project Implementation Schedule

24. Table 8 shows the implementation schedule of Devitar-Phulasipokhari Road

Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-Project.

Table 8: Sub-Project Implementation Schedule

SN Activity 2016 2017 2018 2019

I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

1 Detailed survey, design

and estimate

2 Preparation of resettlement

plan

3 Environmental Assessment

and Implementation

3.1 IEE report preparation and

approval from NRA and

ADB

3.2 Implementation of EMP

3.3 Environmental Monitoring

4 Work Implementation

4.1 Civil construction work Note:

I = (January, February, March) II = (April, May, June)

III = (July, August, September) IV = (October, November, December)

2.11. Construction Approach

25. Implementation of road sub-project works will be carried out by employing a

Construction Contractor through National Competitive Bidding. However, the contract

package will include the following features:

Use of equipments and manpower to execute the contract within the stipulated

deadline.

Balancing cut and fills and reuse of excavated materials as construction materials, and

thus not generating excess spoils as far as possible.

Use of bio-engineering techniques with integrated use of vegetation, small civil

engineering structures and proper water management systems to ward of erosion.


14

2.12. Cost

26. Length of this road is 38.899 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total project cost of

the road is estimated NRs. 287,975,755.71 and civil work cost is NRs. 283, 428,071.42

(Refer Appendix 9).

2.13. Impact Zone

27. The project will have direct impact on Wards 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 of Likhu Rural

Municipality (former Tilpung, Nagdaha, Bijulikot and Saipu VDCs) and indirect impact on

Areas within the geographical boundary of Likhu Rural Municipality excluding wards 2, 3, 4,

5 and 7. Please refer Table 10 for detail.

2.14. Environment Protection Policy

28. The project has aimed to carry out rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in build

back better features for road safety and climate resilience. The project activities are primarily

guided as per National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy, 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.), Act

relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S (2015 A.D.), Rule

relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D). The

project has been screened as per Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact

Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures (First Amendment, 2016

A.D.). Project has carried out IEE study and prepared the report as per the work procedure

of NRA and Environment Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) of ADB. For

implementation of EMP as prescribed by IEE, project has provision of human resource and

budget.


15

3. STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

3.1. General

29. The approach, methodology and procedure followed were according to the objectives

of IEE, and the legal requirements guided by Work Procedure Related with Environmental

Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2072 (2016) of

GoN and the ToR approved by the secretary level decision of the MoFALD on 2072-12-10

(March 23, 2016). Adhering with the ToR, the study included desk study, literature review,

field survey/inspections/observations with measurements, discussions with local

communities, stakeholders, concerned agencies, and IEE team judgment. The copy of

approved ToR is given in Appendix 1. Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

and Checklist for preliminary climate risk screening were also considered during IEE report

preparation as given in Appendix 2.

3.2. Study Team

30. The study was carried out by a team of qualified professionals which consisted of the

followings (Table 9).

Table 9: Study Team

SN Position Name of Member Qualification

1 Team Leader (IEE Expert) Shyam Prasad Adhikari MSc in Env Sc.

2 Biologist Jaya Raj Mishra MSc in Forestry

3 Geologist Basanta Raj Adhikari PhD in Geology

4 Socio-economist Angishwor Shrestha MA Sociology

5 Civil Engineer Sabin Bajracharya BE Civil

3.3. Project Area Delineation

31. For the purpose of the IEE study, then VDC along which the sub-project passes

through was taken as the project area or the zone of influence (ZoI). ZoI has been

categorized into Direct Imapact Area (DIA) and Indirect Impact Area (IIA). Although the area

within 10 m on either side of the road from the centerline has been considered as the RoW,

DoR and DoLIDAR have been following 100 m on either side form the centerline within the

DIA. However, the width of the corridor to be studied depended on the legal requirement

plus the predicted extent of impacts. As the established practice, the wards of Likhu Rural

Municipality along which the road passes have been considered under DIA in this report and

the geographical boundary of the rual municipality excluding the DIA is considered for IIA

and has been taken into account for the socio-economic information including

impacts/issues assessment for the study purpose. This area has been further distinguished

into core project area and surrounding area as given in Table 10.


16

Table 10: Impact Area Delineation

Zone Locations

Direct Impact Area

(DIA)

Wards 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 of Likhu Rural Municipality (then Tilpung,

Nagdaha, Bijulikot and Saipu VDCs).

Indirect Impact

Area (IIA)

Area within the boundary of Likhu Rural Municipality excluding

wards 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7

3.4. Desk Study and Literature review

32. The study commenced with desk study and review of relevant literatures. The

following activities were performed through desk study:

3.4.1. Review of Existing Information

33. Various existing sources of information were collected and reviewed to determine a

frame of reference for the assignment. Such sources of information included existing laws,

rules, guidelines and manuals, IEE reports of similar projects, Reference Manual for

Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road Development, Environmental

Management Guidelines of DoR, APPROACH for the Development of Agricultural and Rural

Roads, 1999 of DoLIDAR, etc. Detailed Engineering Survey and design of the Haldebesi –

Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road Rehabilitation Sub-project were also reviewed to determine the

nature and scope of activities of the project. Similarly, pertinent sources of secondary

information were identified, collected and reviewed to build acquaintance with the

environmental settings of the project area under physical, biological and socio-economic and

cultural domains of the environment. These sources included publications of then DDC, then

VDCs, District Forest Office (DFO), Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), NGOs, INGOs and

other governmental and non-governmental bodies. Data on rainfall and other meteorological

conditions were also acquired from secondary sources and authenticated with that obtained

from Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM).

3.4.2. Map Reading

34. Preliminary acquaintance with the general environmental setting of the project area

was built by reading maps of different types like topographical maps, geological maps and

ecological maps. Similarly, geographical boundary of the Zone of Influence (ZoI) was defined

and delineated on the topographical map.

3.4.3. Checklists

35. Based on the desk study, project specific checklists were prepared for focus group

discussion and data collection on physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural

baseline data of the project area. This is based on APPROACH manual produced by

MoFALD.

3.5. Field Study

36. A multi-disciplinary team comprising of environmental expert, biologist, sociologist

and geologist visited the project site from 2073-01-01 B.S. (2016-04-13 A.D.) to 2073-01-11

B.S. (2016-04-23 A.D.) and carried out thorough field investigation through survey,


17

inspection, observation and measurement to collect baseline information on physical,

biological and socio-economic and cultural environments and identify possible issues and

impacts on these three environmental domains. Various participatory methods like focus

group discussion, key informant interview, consultations and interactions were employed to

aid collection of relevant information. The collected baseline data were verified by citing

standard references and evaluated before accessing impacts on them.

3.5.1. Initial Interaction and Consultation with Stakeholders

37. Prior to conducting the field study, interaction was carried out with the design team

and the proponent. Proponent was contacted on the first working day of field visit, i.e., 2073-

01-02 B.S. (2016-04-14 A.D.). The existing information about socio-economic condition of

the people in and around the proposed project site was also collected by interacting with

local communities, environment related organization, concerned government and non-

government agencies and other local and district level stakeholders.

3.5.2. Public Notice

38. The local people and stakeholders were involved in the study process through

various activities like public consultation, meetings, interactions and discussions. These

activities were employed to collect relevant information on various environmental domains

and peoples’ issues and concerns on the project. Public participation is essential to ensure

the quality, comprehensiveness, effectiveness of IEE as well as to ensure that the public

view's are adequately taken into consideration in the decision making process.

39. According to Working Procedure relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake

Affected Structures 2016, 7 days notice had to be published in national daily newspaper.

However, 15 days public notice was published on 2072-12-22 B.S (2016-04-04 A.D.) in

“Nepal Samacharpatra”, a national level daily newspaper (Appendix 4) seeking written

opinion from then VDC, DFO, then DDC, schools, health posts and related local

organizations; immediately after approval of ToR as per EPA 1997 and EPR 1997. Copies of

the public notice were affixed in the notice board of the affected then DDC, DTO, then VDC,

Schools, Health posts, Post Office, Public Places etc. of the then VDC and deeds of

recognition (Muchulkas) were drawn to confirm the affixation of the notice in the

aforementioned locations (Appendix 5). Recommendation letters were obtained from the

affected municipality and attached in the IEE report (Appendix 6).

3.5.3. Public Consultations

40. The IEE team carried out a series of public consultation meetings with local

communities and related stakeholders. The consultation and interactions were focused on

the environmental sensitivity and concerns in the area, importance of environmental features

located in the area, present status, present problems or difficulties, potential solutions, and

consequences that are related in minimizing the possible impacts. A summary of meeting

minutes with local people is given in Table 11 and the meeting minutes are in Appendix 7.


18

Table 11: Summary of the Meeting Minutes during Public Consultations

Date Venue and

Location

Participant Issues and suggestion of meetings

Male Female

2073-01-06

B.S. (2016-

04-18 A.D.)

Likhu RM-2

(former Saipu

VDC-8)

12 3 Provision of bridges and culverts as

necessary over the seasonal streams

Compensation of private land and

properties

Making construction works environment

friendly

Priority to blacktopping than increasing the

width

2073-01-06

B.S. (2016-

04-18 A.D.)

Likhu RM-3

(former Bijulikot

VDC-1)

17 0 Management of proper drainage structures

Employment priority to local people in

construction related jobs

Due consideration to landslides and erosion

during construction.

Consideration should be given to making

the construction environment frindly

2073-01-07

B.S. (2016-

04-19 A.D.)

Likhu RM-5

(former Nagdaha

VDC-8)

16 2 Timely implementation of the sub-project

and adoption of appropriate mitigation

measures for all the impacts on the

environment

2073-01-07

B.S. (2016-

04-19 A.D.)

Likhu RM-7

(former Tilpung

VDC-5)

11 2 Due consideration to landslides and erosion

during construction.

Consideration should be given to making

the construction environment friendly

Management of proper drainage structures

Compensation of private land and

properties

2073-01-08

B.S. (2016-

04-20 A.D.)

DCC Ramechhap

(then DDC),

Manthali

21 2 Proper mitigation measures should be

adopted to mitigate the adverse

environmental impact due to sub-project

implementation. (Source: Field survey, 2016)

3.5.4. Physical Environment

41. Walkthrough survey and field observation were carried out to collect site-specific

information about physical environment of the project area.

42. Geological investigation was made to explore the general geology, geomorphology,

geological features like discontinuities and possible geologic hazard within the road corridor.

3.5.5. Biological Environment

43. Information on existing flora was documented by reconnaissance survey of the

project site and its vicinity and listing of the plants encountered. Most of the plants were

identified in the field with the help of standard reference (Polunin and Stainton 1984).

Botanical nomenclature followed Press et al. (2000). Total enumeration was conducted for


19

trees that need to be felled. Plants with diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm were

considered as trees.

44. Forest management regimes were identified by discussion with the local people and

consulting the publication of District Forest Office.

45. Information on mammalian species was and their movement was obtained from

discussions with the Herders, Rangers, Security personnel, FUGs etc. Identification of

mammalian species followed Baral et.al. (2008) and Shrestha T.K. (1997).

46. An inventory of avifauna and herpetofauna was performed by direct observation

method using standard checklists and keys. Birds were observed with the help of binocular

and identified using standard key developed by Fleming (1976) and Inskipp (1985).

47. Ethno-biological survey comprised collection of representative species during

vegetation survey with analysis and recording of local information on their utilities by

administering interview/discussion session with relevant local informants, thereby showing

them the species in question and illustrated manuals (Martin, 1995; Shrestha, 1985).

48. Documented plants and animals were tallied with relevant references (IUCN Red

Data Book, CITES Appendices, Government of Nepal’s list of protected plant and animal) and assigned respective threat and protection statuses.

3.5.6. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment

49. Socio-economic study was based on primary information collected from the field

through methods like focus group discussion (FGD), key informant interview (KII),

observation and household survey using socio-economic survey tools like checklists and

questionnaire. The study also used information available in the general documents on district

and then VDC and National Population Census, 2011 to compare with the primary findings.

FGD: Twelve (12) FDGs were conducted at the five major settlements along the road

alignment (Haldebesi, Jhangre, Katahare, Kharibote, Aarubote, Nagdaha, Dhobi, Kotgau,

Poku, Sirise Setapahara and Dhade.). On an average, 5 people were present in the

discussion whereby discussion was held on socio-economic condition of the area and

availability of resources and service facilities.

KII: KIIs were conducted with then VDC secretary and the representatives of CFUGs. The

interviews were focused on availability of natural resources and public service facilities.

Household Survey: Household survey was carried out in the study area to assess the

socio-economic condition and loss to be incurred by the project affected families as well as

to gather general socio-economic and cultural condition of the study area. The survey

covered 300 households of wards 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 of Likhu Rural Municipality (former

Tilpung, Nagdaha, Bijulikot and Saipu VDCs/not in order). Out of 40 of the project affected

families, 39 families were represented in the household survey and one family was absent in

the project area, meaning they are living outside the project area.


20

50. Regarding the analysis technique, mainly descriptive analysis technique was used.

Nonetheless, simple quantitative analysis techniques (eg percentage and average) were

used for some environmental components.

3.6. Impact Identification, Prediction and Evaluation

51. Based on the project details and field investigation, potential issues related to

physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment due to the implementation of

the project were identified, predicted and evaluated. Issues and concerns were also solicited

from concerned agencies and local stakeholders through public notification and public

consultation meetings. While identifying and predicting the impacts, due consideration was

given to the proposed actions/activities during project construction and post construction

(Operation and Management) phase on the existing physical, biological and socio-economic

and cultural resources. Both beneficial and potential adverse impacts have been analyzed.

52. The Environmental impacts were evaluated on the basis of guidelines given in the

National EIA guidelines 1993, based on the Magnitude, Extent & Duration of the impact and

the respective numerical ranking. The criteria for the rating of the impacts in terms of their

magnitude, extent, and duration are elaborated below:

Magnitude: This can be low-Lo (minor), medium-M (moderate), and high-H (major),

depending on the scale or severity of change.

Geographical extent: If the action is confined to the project area, it is referred as site-

specific (Ss), if it occurs outside area but close to project area, the extent of impact is local

(L), if it occurs far away from the project, it is referred as regional (R).

Duration: It can be short term (ST - i.e. less than 3 years), medium term (MT - i.e. 3-20

years), and long term (LT - i.e. more than 20 years).

Table 12: Numerical scales as proposed in the National EIA Guidelines

Magnitude Score Extent Score Duration Score

High/Major 60 Regional 60 Long Term 20

Moderate/Medium 20 Local 20 Medium Term 10

Minor/Low 10 Site-specific 10 Short-Term 05 (Source: National EIA Guidelines, 1993)

53. The cumulative scores on this analysis have been used to decide the significance of

the impacts. Following Table 13 depicts the cumulative score of level of significance:

Table 13: Cumulative scores of level of significance

Total scores Significance of Impacts

Up to 44 Insignificant

45-74 Significant

Beyond 74 Very significant


21

3.7. Group Judgement

54. The IEE team worked as a group. Multi-sectoral analysis was done through

discussion in the group to identify inter linkages among various environmental issues. The

IEE team used group judgment as the basic tool to establish the significance of

environmental impact, identification and design of potential mitigation and enhancement

measures, and preparing EMP of the project.

3.8. Designation of Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Plans

55. Based on the identified impacts, their nature, extent and magnitude, the mitigation

and monitoring prescriptions were designed. A realistic approach was applied for the

application of the mitigation measures in the local context. Environmental monitoring plan

was developed to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and implementation

status.

3.9. Report Preparation

56. Based on the processed information, a draft IEE report has been prepared with

detailed site specific baseline information and alternative analysis. All identified and

predicted likely environmental impacts have been included in the draft report, which also

contain environmental management plan (EMP). EMP has focused on realistic mitigation

measures, environmental monitoring including implementation responsibilities, staffing, and

budget and co-ordination aspects. The report has followed Schedule-4 under Subsection 1

of Section 12 of the Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for

Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures (Fundamental Procedure), 2072 (2016).

Final report will incorporate the comments of the review committee from NRA.

3.10. Information Disclosure

57. IEE report containing the executive summary in Nepali language, identified impacts,

recommended mitigation measures and the EMP will be sent to the Likhu Rural Municipality.

Approved IEE report will be made accessible to interested parties and general public through

DTO. Moreover, NRA, MoPE and CLPIU-EEAP will get the copy of final approved IEE

report. The e-copy will be available in ADB website also.

.


22

4. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

58. This section deals in brief with the existing environmental setting of the project area

with regard to physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment and

interpretation of the baseline information with view of impact assessment and environmental

management.

4.1. Physical Environment

4.1.1. Topography

59. The project area lies in the Mid-hills (Lesser Himalayan) physiographic zone of

Central Nepal. The area has a rugged topography consisting steep hills and river valleys

(Figure 4). The elevation of the road ranges from 532 m to 1828 m asl.

Figure 4: Road Alignment in Google Earth Map

4.1.2. Geology and Soil Type

60. Geologically, the study area comprises rocks of Lesser Himalayan Sequence of

Central Nepal mainly phyllite, amphibolites, shists and metasandstone (Figure 5). There are

no major thrusts along the road alignment. The dominant rock types along the road

alignment are also phyllite, amphibolites, shists and metasandstone. The entire area is

composed of residual and colluvial soil. Rock outcrops are found at some locations.

Distribution and thickness of these soil types depend on the topography.


23

Source: Dhital, 2015

Figure 5: Location of Sub-project in Geological Map

61. The detail topography, geology and overlying soil type along the road alignment is

presented in the Table 14.

Table 14: Geology and Soil Type along Road Alignment

Section Chainage Elevation

(m asl)

Aspect Geology Soil Type

Haldebesi-

Nagdaha

0+000-

13+900

531-1604 West-

East

Phyllite, Schist,

Gneiss,

Colluvial, Residual

Nagdaha-

Dhobi

13+900-

19+930

1604-

1831

West-

East

Phyllite Collivual, Residual

Dhobi-Sirise 19+930-

34+400

1831-780 West-

Northeast

Phyllite, Gneiss,

Shists and

Quartzite

Colluvial, Residual

Sirise-

Dhandebesi

34+400-

38+899

780-682 South-

North

Quartzite Residual, Colluvial,

Alluvial Source: Field Survey, 2016

Project

Area


24

4.1.3. Slope Stability and Erosion

62. The road alignment passes along a hilly terrain of the mid-hills. The stability of slopes

along the road corridor depends upon slope angle, the material constituting the slope, rock

discontinuities and hydrological conditions. There are few small scale slides or erosion prone

areas along the road alignment especially in Likhu Rural Municipality wards 2 and 7 (then

Tilpung and Saipu VDCs). The main causes for occurring slides are surface runoff and toe

cutting. The detail inventory of the landslide with location has been provided in Table 15.

Table 15: Landslides and Erosion Prone Areas along Road Alignment

SN Chainages Locations or

(Left/Right)

Length

of

Failure

Cause of

Failure

Protection

Structure From To

1 4+360 4+380 Tilpung, Likhu Rural

Municipality-7

20 m Toe cutting absent

2 6+600 6+660 Darimbot, Likhu

Rural Municipality-7


3 36+980 37+160 Sirise, Likhu Rural

Municipality-2


4 37+840 37+940 Dhadebesi, Likhu



5 38+340 38+480 Dhadebesi, Likhu




4.1.4. Seismicity of the Project area

63. As we know, the evolution of the great Himalayan arc is the result of collision

between the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates and as the Himalaya lies in the plate

boundary, the region is considered as one of the active seismic zone of the World. Being a

part of the Himalaya, Nepal is considered to be an active seismic zone. The existence of

tectonic features such as MCT, MBT, HFT and other active regional faults further

accelerates the rate of seismic risk. However, the project area is fairly far from such features.

In order to determine seismic coefficient, a seismic design code for Nepal has been

prepared. Bajrachrya (1994) divided the whole country into five seismic risk zones (Figure

6). According to the map of Bajracharya (1994), the road sub-project lies in the medium

seismic risk zone of Nepal (Figure 6). However, Ramechhap District was one of the severely

affected districts due to the major Earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of

12 May 2015.


25

Source: Bajracharya, 1994

Figure 6: Seismic risk map of Nepal

4.1.5. Climate

64. Climate of the sub-project area is controlled by variation in altitude and aspect.

Considering the elevation, the area has tropical to warm temperate climatic conditions. As

mentioned in the District Profile based on the DHM data of Ramechhap recorded in the

nearest meteorological station located in Manthali Municipality, annual rainfall is 1700 mm.

The temperature reaches as high as 300C in the summer and falls as low as 50C in the

winter.

4.1.6. Drainage and Hydrology

65. The road alignment passes through more than 12 small streams. All of them are

seasonal streams. There are no perennial streams along the road. Some of these streams

drain into the Tamakoshi River towards west through Tilpung Khola and some drain into the

Likhu Khola. The inventory of major streams has been presented in Table 16.

Table 16: Major Streams along the Road Alignment

SN Chainage Name of River/Stream Existing Structure New Structure Needed

and Size

1 6+100 Kartike Khola Existing None

2 10+900 Hile Khola Existing None

3 13+840 Chandi Khola Existing None

4 15+100 Airan Khola Existing None

5 17+000 Pahiro Khola Existing None

6 19+800 Swara Khola Existing None

7 29+340 Dhunge Khola None Causeway (15 m)

8 29+620 Poku Khola None Causeway (15 m)

9 33+100 Seti Khola Causeway None


26

SN Chainage Name of River/Stream Existing Structure New Structure Needed

and Size

10 34+755 Taruke Khola None Causeway (12 m)

11 35+972 Belauri Kholsi None Slab Culvert (6 m)

12 37+491 Pahare Kholsi None Causeway (6 m) Source: Field Survey, 2016

4.1.7. Land Use

66. The road alignment passes through various settlements, forest and agricultural land.

The land use of the road alignment is summarized in Table 17.

Table 17: Landuse along the Road Alignment

Type of Land Chainage Length

(m)

Existing

Width

(m)

Additional

Width (m)

Existing

area (ha)

Additional

Area (ha)

Total

Area

(ha) From To

Agriculture land

(Including

settlement)

0+000 38+899 29,794 5.25 1 15.64 2.98 18.62

Forest 0+080 37+445 4,510 5.25 1 2.37 0.45 2.82

Barren/Shrubland 1+780 38+899 4,595 5.25 1 2.41 0.46 2.87

Total 38,899 20.42 3.89 24.31


4.1.8. Air Quality, Water Quality and Noise Levels

67. There are no permanent environmental monitoring stations in the project area. Site

specific expert assessment indicated that the air quality in the project area was extremely

good during the evaluation period. However, around 100 vehicles run along the road every

day. These cause instantaneous dust pollution during the vehicle movement owing to the

condition of road. During the vehicular movement in the semi-earthen road, fugitive

emissions and dust could be high at the local level. There are no other sources of air and

noise pollution like major or minor industry. As the road alignment does not cross or pass by

major perennial stream, the issue of water pollution is irrelevant for this sub-project. And any

point source of water pollution is not visible along the river alignment in the project area.

4.2. Biological Environment

68. The sub-project alignment passes through cultivation and settlement area. Few

shorter segments (totaling 4.51 km at different chainages) pass along the eight Community

Forest. The road section does not fall under any protected area or buffer zone area.

4.2.1. Vegetation and Forest Type

69. The road alignment passes through three distinct bioclimatic zones have: Tropical,

Sub-Tropical and Lower Temperate and these bioclimatic zones are reflected in the forest

types found along the road alignment. The project area in the beginning section of the road

has Tropical Sal Forest. The major section of the road has Sub-tropical Broadleaved Forest

interrupted by Sub-tropucal Pine Forest and Alder Forest at places. The ending section of

the road along side of the Likhu River has Tropical Riverine Forest.


27

70. The beginning section has trees like Sal (Shorea robusta), Asna (Terminalia alata),

Bot dhayero (Lagerstroemia parviflora), Jamun (Syzygium cumini) and Khote Sallo (Pinus

roxburghii). Road section at higher elevation has dominancy of trees like Chilaune (Schima

wallichii), Khote Salla (Pinus roxburghii), Katush (Castanopsis indica) and Mauwa

(Engelhardtia spicata) and Uttis (Alnus nepalensis). Vegetation of Tropical Riverine Forest

like Khayar (Acacia catechu), Simal (Bombax ceiba), Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) and Haldu

(Adina cordifolia) are found along the side of the Likhu Khola. At the higher elevations, the

Sup-tropical Forest is penetrated by Lower Temperate species like Bajh (Quercus lanata)

and Guras (Rhododendron arboreum).

Table 18: Chainage wise Dominancy of Tree Species

Chainages Dominant Tree Species

From To

0+000 3+500 Sal (Shorea robusta)

3+500 10+000 Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Khote salla (Pinus roxburghii)

10+000 15+000 Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Chilaune (Schima wallichii)

15+000 25+000 Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Chilaune (Schima wallichii)

25+000 34+000 Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Uttis (Alnus nepalensis)

34+000 38+899 Karam (Adina cordifolia), Khair (Acacia catechu), Sissoo

(Dalbergia sissoo) Source: Field Survey, 2016

71. Besides these dominant species, other trees reported in the surrounding area are

Lampate (Duabanga grandifolia), Bel (Aegale marmelos), Gineri (Premna integrifolia), Gayo

(Bredelia retusa), Phaledo (Erythrina sps.), Khirro (Sapium insigne), Tooni (Cedrela toona),

Kutmiro (Litsea monopetala), Chuletro (Brassaiopsis hainla), Dudhilo (Ficus nerifolia),

Khanyo (Ficus semicordata), Taki (Bauhinia purpurea), Lakuri (Fraxinus floribunda), Gogan

(Sauraria nepaulensis), Bhalayo (Ricinus communis), Kaulo (Persea odoratissima), Jhigane

(Eurya acuminata), Nemaro (Ficus auriculata), Paheli (Litsea salicifolia), Maledo (Macaranga

denticulata), Kafal (Myrica esculenta) etc.

72. Shrub species include Dhairo (Woodwordia fruticosa), Aasuro (Adhatoda vasica),

Bilaune (Maesa chisia), Jhadi banmara (Lantana camara), Jhingani (Eurya acuminata),

Bansuli (Dichroa febrifuga), Aiselu (Rubus ellipticus, Rubus paniculatus), Chutro (Berberis

aristata) etc. Ground vegetations include Dhursul (Colebrookia oppositifolia), Rudhilo

(Pogostemon benghalensis), Banmara (Eupatorium adenophorum), Bukiphool (Osbeckia

sps.), Datiwan (Achyranthus sikkimensis), Gandhe (Ageratum conyzoides), Titepati

(Artemisia sps.), Sisno (Utricia diocia), Amriso (Thysanolena maxima).

4.2.2. Forest Management Regimes

73. Two types of forest are existent in the project area based on management practices:

Community Managed Forest and Private Forest.

Community Forest: According to DFO Ramechhap, the forests in the Ramechhap District

have been handed over to 339 forest user groups while some patches are managed by the

government itself. Altogether 4.510 km of the proposed road section passes along eight

community forests as described in the Table 19:


28

Table 19: Community Forest along the Road Alignment

Chainage Name of

CF,

Address

Major Species Existing

Area (ha)

Additional

Area (ha)

Total

Area

(ha)

Total Area

of CF (ha)

Beneficiary

HH

Mammals

Found

Birds Recorded

From To

0+080 0+780 Khumbari

CF,

Tiplung-2

Sal (Shorea

robusta), Asna

(Terminalia

alata), Bot

dhayero

(Lagerstroemia

parviflora),

0.614 0.117 0.731 15.12 68 Rato badar

(Macaca

mulatta),

Mriga(Muntiacus

muntjak), Langur

(Semnopithecus

entellus), Dumsi

(Hystrix indica)

Kalij (Lophura

leucomelanos),

Lampuchhre

(Urocissa

erythrorhyncha) ,

Ranichari

(Pericrocotus sps),

Jureli (Hypsiperes

sps)

2+590 3+060

1+520 1+845 Ramche

CF,

Tiplung-3

Chilaune

(Schima

wallichii), Salla

(Pinus

roxburghii),

0.171 0.033 0.203 25 53 Rato badar

(Macaca

mulatta),

Mriga(Muntiacus

muntjak), Langur

(Semnopithecus

entellus), Dumsi

(Hystrix indica)

Kalij (Lophura

leucomelanos),

Lampuchhre

(Urocissa

erythrorhyncha) ,

Ranichari

(Pericrocotus sps),

Jureli (Hypsiperes

sps)

16+800 17+000 Kharang

Khurung

CF,

Nagdaha 8

Chilaune

(Schima

wallichii), Salla

(Pinus

roxburghii), Uttis

(Alnus

nepalensis)

0.105 0.020 0.125 17.59 31 Rato badar

(Macaca

mulatta),

Mriga(Muntiacus

muntjak), Langur

(Semnopithecus

entellus), Dumsi

(Hystrix indica)

Kalij (Lophura

leucomelanos),

Lampuchhre

(Urocissa

erythrorhyncha) ,

Ranichari

(Pericrocotus sps),

Jureli (Hypsiperes

sps)


29

Chainage Name of

CF,

Address


Area (ha)

Additional

Area (ha)

Total

Area

(ha)

Total Area

of CF (ha)

Beneficiary

HH

Mammals

Found

Birds Recorded

From To

24+100 24+250 Jhatteswari

CF,

Bijulikot 1,2

Chilaune

(Schima

wallichii), Uttis

(Alnus

nepalensis)

0.079 0.015 0.094 45.0 60 Rato badar

(Macaca

mulatta),

Mriga(Muntiacus

muntjak), Langur

(Semnopithecus

entellus), Dumsi

(Hystrix indica)

Kalij (Lophura

leucomelanos),

Lampuchhre

(Urocissa

erythrorhyncha) ,

Ranichari

(Pericrocotus sps),

Jureli (Hypsiperes

sps)

26+000 26+200 Bhringesw

ar CF,

Bijulikot

7,8,9

Chilaune

(Schima

wallichii), Salla

(Pinus

roxburghii), Uttis

(Alnus

nepalensis)

0.105 0.020 0.125 35.74 126 Rato badar

(Macaca

mulatta),

Mriga(Muntiacus

muntjak), Langur

(Semnopithecus

entellus), Dumsi

(Hystrix indica)

Kalij (Lophura

leucomelanos),

Lampuchhre

(Urocissa

erythrorhyncha) ,

Ranichari

(Pericrocotus sps),

Jureli (Hypsiperes

sps)

30+010 31+100 Poku

Salgharni

CF (Saipu

CF)

Chilaune

(Schima

wallichii), Uttis

(Alnus

nepalensis)

0.572 0.109 0.681 20.0 152 Malsapro

(Martef flabiguli),

Rato badar

(Macaca

mulatta),

Mriga(Muntiacus

muntjak), Langur

(Semnopithecus

entellus)

Kalij (Lophura

leucomelanos),

Lampuchhre

(Urocissa

erythrorhyncha) ,

Ranichari

(Pericrocotus sps),

Jureli (Hypsiperes

sps)


30

Chainage Name of

CF,

Address


Area (ha)

Additional

Area (ha)

Total

Area

(ha)

Total Area

of CF (ha)

Beneficiary

HH

Mammals

Found

Birds Recorded

From To

36+010 37+090 Taruke

Salleni CF,

Saipu 2-7

Sal (Shorea

robusta), Salla

(Pinus

roxburghii),

0.567 0.108 0.675 85.5 181 Malsapro

(Martef flabiguli),

Rato badar

(Macaca

mulatta),

Mriga(Muntiacus

muntjak),

Kalij (Lophura

leucomelanos),

Lampuchhre

(Urocissa

erythrorhyncha) ,

Ranichari

(Pericrocotus sps),

Jureli (Hypsiperes

sps), Dhukur

(Sterptopelia

senegalensis)

37+150 37+445 Sipu Pakha

CF, Saipu-

4

Khayar (Acacia

catechu), Sissoo

(Dalbergia

sissoo)

0.155 0.030 0.184 34.1 106 Malsapro

(Martef flabiguli),

Rato badar

(Macaca

mulatta),

Mriga(Muntiacus

muntjak), Langur

(Semnopithecus

entellus)

Kalij (Lophura

leucomelanos),

Ranichari

(Pericrocotus sps),

Jureli (Hypsiperes

sps), Dhukur

(Sterptopelia

senegalensis)

Total 2.368 0.451 2.819

Source: DFO, 2015/Field Survey, 2016


31

74. Local people have planted trees in some patches of their private land or at the edge

of the terrace of their agricultural land. They generally plant fruit and fodder trees in their

private land. These are not registered as private forest in District Forest Office (DFO).

Additionally, people also own forest land as Kharbari which supply them with fodder and

fuelwood.

4.2.3. Domesticated Plants

75. Local people have planted other fruit trees like Junar (Citrus sinensis), Naspati

(Pyrus communis), Suntala (Citrus reticulata), Nibuwa (Citrus limonum), Aaru (Prunus

persica), Kagati (Citrus aurantifolia), Aamp (Magnifera indica), Katahar (Artocarpus

heterophyllus), Amala (Emblica officinalis), Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris), Banana (Musa

paradisia) and Gauva (Psidium guajava), etc and fodder trees like Paiyu (Prunus

cerasoides), Gogan (Sauraria nepalensis), Nemaro (Ficus auriculata), Bhimal (Grewia

optiva), Kimu (Morus alba), Kutmero (Litsea monopetala), Ipil Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala),

Dabdabe (Garuga pinnata), etc. Besides, people grow numerous other crops, vegetables,

pulses and fruits for household utilization or selling in the market and those form quite a long

list.

4.2.4. Ethno-botany and NTFPs

76. The biological resources play influential role in the socio-economic condition and life

style of local people. Diverse ethnic groups inhabit the project area. They use different

biological resources in various ways, like food, medicine and others. People around the

project location reported different utilities of the plant resources found in the area, though

currently, there is no record of commercial utilization of such resources in the project area.

Table 20: Medicinal Plants and Local Use

S

N

Scientific Name Common Name Part Used Purpose

1 Achyranthes aspera Datiwan Stem/Root Jaundice

2 Artemesia sps Titepati Leaf Cut and Rashes

3 Centella asiatica Ghodtapre Leaf Urinary Disorder

4 Cinnamomum tamala Tejpat/Dalchini Leaf/Bark Spices

5 Cuscuta reflexa Akas Beli Shoot Jaundice

6 Gaultheria fragrantissima Dhasingare Leaf juice Muscle Pain

7 Jatropha curcas Sajiwan Stem Toothache

8 Ocimum sanctum Tulsi Leaves Cold, Cough and Fever

9 Rhododendron arboreum Gurans Flower Diarrhea

10 Schima wallichii Chaliune Bark Juice Cut and Wound

11 Smilax ovalifolia Kukur Daino Shoot Stomach Disorder

12 Syzygium cumini Jamun Fruit Diarrhea

13 Utricia diocia Sisno Leaf Vegetable

14 Zanthoxylum armatum Timur Fruit Stomachache and Cold Source: Field Survey, 2016


32

4.2.5. Rare, Threatened and Protected Plants

77. Among the plant species recorded in the project area, commercial felling of Shorea

robusta has been banned by government of Nepal under the Forest Act, 2049. However, no

Sal trees need to be felled for project implementation.

4.2.6. Wildlife

78. A major portion of road alignment lies in agricultural land and settlement area, hence

does not hold permanent habitat of wildlife. The edges of forest designated as various

Community Forests with small segment of the alignment does not hold major habitat of

wildlife. However, the forests continue to a large tract of forest which harbours common

wildlife which sometimes find their way around the road corridor. Since the patches of forest

lie close to one another, moreover, they are virtually connected to one another; the wildlife

composition of the area is in general similar. There are no such unique habitat condition in

the area contributing to unique wildlife composition.

Mammal: Common prey species of the area is Muntiacus muntjak (Barking Deer). Common

carnivores of the project area are Canis aureus (Golden Jackal), Felis chaus (Wild Cat),

Martes flavigula (Malsapro) and Panthera pardus (Common Leopard). While animals like

Barking Deer and Golden Jackal are commonly seen in the project area, Common Leopard

is an infrequent visitor. Other mammals encountered in the area include primates like

Macaca mullata (Rhesus Macaque) and Semnopithecus entellus (Langur) and rodents like

Funambulus pennanti (Northern Palm Squirrel), Hystrix indica (Porcupine), Herspestes

edwardsi (Grey Mongoose) and various species of bats (Pteropsus sps) etc.

Avifauna: Lophura leucomelanos (Kaliz), Megalaima virens (Great Barbet), Magalaima

asiatica (Blue-thorated Barbet), Corvus splendens (House Crow), Corvus macrorhyncos

(Jungle Crow), Columba livia (Rock Pigeon), Passer domesticus (House Sparrow), Milvus

migrans (Black Kite), Acridotheres tristis (Common Mayna), Streptopelia orientalis (Oriental

Turtle Dove), Seicercus xanthoschistos (Grey-hooded Warbler), Phycnonotus cafer (Red-

vented Bulbul), P. leucogenys (Himalayan Bulbul), Urocissa erythrorhyncha (Red-billed Blue

Magpie), Halcyon smyrnensis (White-breasted Kingfisher), Copsychus saularis (Oriental

Magpie Robin), Lanius schach (Long-tailed Shrike), Rhyacornis fuliginosus (Plumbeous

Water Redstart), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black Drongo), Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret), Bubo

nepalensis (Spot-bellied Eagle Owl), Glaucidium radiatum (Jungle Owlet) and Orthrotomus

sp (Wabler) were recorded by direct sighting during the field visit in the area.

Herpetofauna: The common herpeto-fauna reported in the project area were Ptyas

mucosus (Common Rat Snake), Amphiesma stolatum (Buff-striped Keel back), Trimeresurus

albolabris (White Lipped Pit Viper), Laudakia tuberculata (Himalayan Rock Lizard), Calotes

versicolor (Common Garden Lizard), Hemidactylus spp (House Gecko), Scincella

sikkimensis (Sikkim skink), Bufo melanonostictus (Asian Toad), Hoplobatrachus rugulosus

(Pani Bhyaguta) and Paha (Bufo spp.).

4.2.7. Rare, Threatened and Protected Wildlife

79. Among the faunal species recorded in the project location, ten (10) species including

six mammals, three birds and one reptile were specified different protection statuses.

Though none of the animals recorded were nationally protected by GoN under National


33

Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973, all of these species were listed in different

appendices of CITES. Additionally, one species were listed as Near Threatened (NT) in

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Others were of Low Risk (LR) or Least Concern (LC)

or had not been assessed for their threat status.

Table 21: Rare, Threatened and Protected Animals Found in Project Area

SN Scientific Name Local Name Legal Status Local Status

Local Use GoN IUCN CITES

1 Macaca mullata Rato Bandar II Common Pest 2 Panthera pardus Chituwa NT I Rare Pest 3 Semnopithecus

entellus Langur LC I Common

4 Canis aureus Syal LC III Common Pest 5 Felis chaus Ban Biralo LC II Rare Pest 6 Herpestes edwardsi Nyauri Musa III Common 7 Milvus migrans Kalo Chil LC II Common 8 Bubo nipalensis Mahakaushik LC II Rare 9 Glaucidium radiatum Dundul LC II Rare 10 Ptyas mucosus Dhaman II Common

CITIES Appendices

Appendix I: Species threatened with extinction Appendix II: Species not yet threatened, but could become endangered if trade is not controlled Appendix III: Species identified by any party as being subject to regulation in that country and which require international co-operation to control trade IUCN Red List (1995)

LR: Low Risk, NT: Near Threatened, LC: Least Concern, VU: Vulnerable, EN: Endangered, CR: Critically Endangered, K:

Insufficiently Known

4.3. Socio Economic and Cultural Environment

4.3.1. Population, Household and Settlement

District Context:

80. Ramechhap District is a hilly district in the Central Nepal and covers an area of 1546

sq.km. According to the National Population Census, 2011, this district has a total population

of 202,646 with a density of 137.4 per sq.km. There are now 8 new local administrations

namely; Manthali Municipality, Ramechhap Municipality, Umakunda Rural Municipality,

Khandadevi Rural Municipality, Gokulganga Rural Municipality, Doramba Rural Municipality,

Likhu Sunkhoshi Rural Municipality and Sunapati Rural Municipality. The population of the

district is dominated by Brahmin/Chhetri followed by Tamang and Magar, hence the major

language spoken in the district are Nepali and Tamang.

Rural Municipality Context:

81. Likhu Rural Municipality has been reformed by incorporating former Duragau, Sipu,

Bijulikot, Nagdaha, Khimti and Tilpung VDCs. There are now 7 wards in this Rural

Municipality. According to National Population Census, 2011, the total population of this

Rural Municipality is 23,109. With an area of 124.51 sq.km. the population density of this

186.6 per sq.km. Detail is given in the Table 22 below


34

Table 22: Population Distribution in District, Rural Municipality and Project Area

District/Rural municipality Total

HH

Total

Population

Male Female HH

Size

Ramechhap District 43,910 202,646 93,386 109,260 4.62

Likhu Rural Municipality 4,928 23,109 10,615 12,494 4.69

Project Wards 3,308 15,808 7,206 8,602 4.78 Source: CBS, 2011

Settlements Context:

82. The road alignment traverses wards 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 of Likhu Rural Municipality

(then Tilpung, Nagdaha, Bijulikot and Saipu VDCs) of Ramechhap District via 14 settlements

namely Haldebesi, Ratmate, Tilpung, Darimbot, Dhade, Chakharka, Lamagau, Dhobi,

Kotgau, Dharapani, Poku, Sirise, Belauri and Dhadebesi. According to National Population

Cesnsus ( 2011), 15,808 people with 7,206 male and 8,602 female live in 3,308 households

in wards 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 of Likhu Rural Municiplaity. The average household size is 4.78.

Field discussion in the major settlements along the road alidnment shows that there are

altogether 6,204 persons with 2,881 male and 3,311 female live in 1273 households in the

14 settlements along the sub-project alignment. The average household size is 4.87. The

detail demographic information is provided in the Table 23.

Table 23: Settlements and Population of the along the Road Corridor

SN Settlement Former VDCs

HH Population

Caste/Ethnicity Male Female Total

1 Haldebesi Tilpung 105 238 274 512 Chhetri, Newar

2 Ratmate Tilpung 94 269 289 558 Chhetri, Brahman

3 Tilpung Tilpung 103 237 263 512 Chhetri, Newar

4 Gahate/ Darimbot

Tilpung 82 219 258 477

Chhetri, Magar

5 Dhade Nagdaha 69 153 198 351

Tamang, Magar, Chhetri

6 Chakharka Nagdaha 89 185 239 424


7 Lamagau Nagdaha 97 206 222 428


8 Dhobi Bijulikot 108 230 246 476 Chhetri, Newar

9 Kotgau Bijulikot 157 292 365 657 Chhetri, Tamang

10 Dharapani Bijulikot 103 244 263 507 Chhteri, Tamang

11 Poku Saipu 97 213 252 465 Chhetri, Magar

12 Sirise Saipu 47 121 145 266 Chhetri, Brahman

13 Belauri Saipu 32 61 78 139 Newar, Chhetri

14 Dhadebesi Saipu 90 213 219 432 Newar, Chhetri

1273 2881 3311 6204 Source: Field Discussion, 2016


35

4.3.2. Caste and Ethnicity

83. The population of Project Area (Likhu Rural Municipality) is dominated by Chhetri

(32%) followed by Tamang (29%) and Magar (12%). Other castes include Newar, Sunuwar,

Kami, Sarki, Gharti/Bhujel, Sanyasi, Hill-Brahmin, Damai, etc. The household survey of 300

households in the sub-project area shows that 61% of the households belong to Janajati

group. Similarly, Brahmin/Chhetri comprised about 36% of the households and 2 % were

Dalit.

84. The area is a home to diverse ethnic or indigenous communities like Tamang,

Newar, Magar, Sunuwar and Gharti/Bhujel and occupational castes like Damai/Dholi, Kami,

Sarki. Occupational caste households are distributed in almost all the settlements. They

have the lowest status in all sectors, i.e. they lack land resources, livestock, education,

sufficient income, access to all services and facilities.

4.3.3. Language

85. Majority of the people of the project area speak Nepali language (57%) while another

widely spoken language is Tamang owing to their second dominancy. Remaining people

speak other languages like Magar, Newar, Sunuwar and others based on their origin. But

almost all can also speak Nepali language.

4.3.4. Literacy and Education

86. Considering the population above 5 years of age, the total literacy of the project area

is 62.98% with male literacy rate 72.23% and female literacy rate 55.38%. The literacy of

project area is comparable with that of the whole district. Project area has people with all

levels of academic achievements. Local people have realized the importance of education in

their life and most of them send their children to school. However, dropout rate of female

students is still higher than male students.

4.3.5. Occupation

87. Almost all of the households are involved in agriculture, horticulture and livestock

along with other occupation. However, because of the size of the landholding and hardship

related with the geo-topographic setting, the agricultural output is insufficient to last whole

year; hence they resort to other occupations specially wage labour to fill the deficit. The

household survey data of the project area shows that 95% of the male population was

engaged in paid work including farming, livestock farming, business and other types of

employment; 16% of female are involved in these works. 84% of female are not involved in

any income generating activities. This high proportion of women in unpaid work is an

indicator of their hardship in their own house, and also their low involvement in direct

economic activities.

88. The main occupation of the surveyed households is agriculture and livestock with

more than half of the households (56%) dependent mainly on it. People are also involved in

wage labor and few in service in different organizations. Actually, the households resort on

more than one occupation for living (Refer Table 24).


36

Table 24: Occupations of Surveyed Households

Occupation Agriculture Wage Labor Service Business No

Occupation

Others Total

HHs

HH 168 43 37 0 15 37 300

Percentage 56.0 14.3 12.3 0.0 5.0 12.3 100

Source: HH Survey, 2016

4.3.6. Agriculture and Cropping Pattern

89. As known from field discussion with the local people, they grow cereal crops like rice,

wheat, maize, millet and buckwheat along with pulses like lentils, soybeans, beans and

vegetables like potato, cabbage, cauliflower, garlic and onion. Rice-Wheat-Fallow and Rice-

Wheat-Maize were major cropping pattern of Khet land and Maize/finger millet-fallow and

Maize/finger millet-Wheat was major cropping pattern in Bari land in the project area. People

have recently started to grow seasonal vegetables and fruits like Junar and Naspati. With the

upgrading of the road, transportation of these products will become easy.

4.3.7. Livestock

90. Livestock is closely associated with agricultural occupation of the population, hence

is an integral part of agriculture for their livelihood. Those who have adopted agriculture as

their main occupation, used to hold the livestock as well, as such 89.6 % of the households

have held livestock. Majority of the HH have raised local breeds of all kinds of livestock such

as cattle, buffaloes, goats, and pigs. Improved breeds of cows and buffaloes were raised by

a negligible number of HH.

91. People grow cereal crops like wheat, maize, millet, rice and buckwheat along with

pulses like lentils, soybeans, beans and vegetables like potato, cabbage, cauliflower, garlic

and onion along with various types of fruits. With the upgrading of the road, transportation of

these products will become easy. Regarding livestock, people raise cow, buffalo, pig and

goat. People are also engaged in foreign employment with most of the youth working

abroad.

4.3.8. Migration Pattern

92. Table 25 shows the status of migration among the surveyed households. About

48.7% respondents were found living in the own village for many years. Likewise, among the

respondents, only 40.7% of the respondent had stayed outside their homes of over 6 months

and only 11.0% had stayed out of the country for more than 6 months.


37

Table 25: Migration Status in the ZoI

Migration Status No. of Respondents Total Percentage

Male Female

No been away (lived continuously) 114 32 146 48.7

Been away for above 6 months in Nepal 118 4 122 40.7

Been away for above 6 months outside Nepal 32 1 33 11.0

Total 264 36 300 100.0

Source: HH Survey Data, 2016

93. Both in-migration and out-migration were reported in the project area. According to

latest census (CBS, 2011), 704 male and 181 female are absent in the project area. The

reasons of absenteeism have been found to be private jobs (60%), government jobs (10%),

education (15%) and others. Permanent migration takes places generally to the district

headquarter in Manthali, plane areas in the Terai and the capital city, Kathmandu. Likewise,

from all settlements, people migrate seasonally from Shrawan to Poush mainly in various

parts of Nepal like Kathmandu, Dhulikhel, Banepa as well as various parts of India to work

as wage labours and guards. Going abroad for employment is more common these days

among the youths. The major destinations in order of preference are Middle-East, India and

Malaysia

4.3.9. Public Health and Sanitation

94. Health care service is being delivered by four Sub-Health Posts located in each of

the project VDCs (former) along the road alignment. District level government facilities are

available in Ramechhap and Bamti. According to the District Health Office (2072), the major

health problems of the area are pulmonary obstructions/respiratory tract infection, skin

diseases, diarrhea, gastritis, ear infection, helmenthiasis, typhoid and others. The health

status of people has improved because of increased awareness towards health and

sanitation.

95. Ramechhap District has been enforcing prohibition on open defecation by providing

technical and financial support for household to build their own toilet. As of 2011, more than

64.3% of the households had built permanent toilet in the project area (CBS, 2011). As

understood from conversation with then VDC secretaries and Focus Group Discussion held

in the project area, the some rural households are yet to build permanent toilet.

4.3.10. Public Service Infrastructures and Facilities

Drinking Water Supply: Piped drinking water facilities are available to almost all the

settlements in the ZoI. The water supply generally use spring sources located at higher

elevations. The water is conveyed by pipes from the sources to the public taps through

gravity flow. These taps are located in common places so that each serves a particular

number of households. Some houses have managed private connection. CBS, 2011 shows

that 90.12% of the families have been relying on tap/piped supply while remaining 9.88 %

have been relying on well, spout or stream water.


38

Education: The project area has various levels of educational institutions and all are

managed by community (Government Institutions). There are altogether 26 formal

educational institutions in the project area including a secondary school in each of the

project VDC (former). All the schools are fairly far to be affected by the construction

activities.

Communication: Communication facility has infiltrated to almost all the areas in the project

area through mobile services of various types. The cable phones used in the past are losing

popularity due to easily accessible mobile network. Radio, FM and Television networks have

come within the access of local people. Internet service and printed media is yet to gain

popularity in the area. There is one additional post office at each of the project VDCs

(former).

Electricity and Lighting: Electricity supply is limited to the settlements alongside the road

alignment towards the start and the end only (then Tilpung VDC and Saipu VDC). Others

have managed solar panel for domestic lighting.

Fuel Wood: Fuel wood is still the common source of cooking energy with more than 98%

dependent on it. While some people have managed to grow trees in the backyard but still

large number of these fuelwood dependent people rely on surrounding forests managed as

community forests. However with the growing access, the conventional fuel is losing

popularity and people have started catering towards modern fuel like Liquid Petroleum Gas

(LPG) for cooking purpose.

Road and Transportation: The project area is connected with the district headquarter and

other parts of Nepal by road network.

Irrigation: The areas along the road alignment are mostly dependent on seasonal irrigation

from rainwater for agriculture. The seasonal kholsis have been the major source of irrigation

along the road alignment. The reconstruction works need to consider the irrigation canals at

various places.

Health Care System: Health care service is being delivered by four Sub-Health Posts (one

in each former VDC) along the road alignment. District level government facilities are

available in Ramechhap and Bamti. People also go to cities, especially Dhulikhel and

Kathmandu with more equipped and advanced services in case of complex health problems.

People also believe in local faith healers, Dhamis and Jhakris.

Market Centers: Local markets available along the road alignment are Haldebesi, Dhobi

and Dhadebesi which has shops of daily commodities, garments and restaurants. The major

market centers are Manthali, Ramechhap and Charikot which are fairly far but but connected

with road network.

Business and Industries: The project area lacks major industries however there are

various other types of businesses selling goods and services in the local area, especially

shop stalls of various types like garments, construction materials, groceries, restaurants,

liquors, cosmetics, tailor etc.


39

96. The area has the potentiality of vegetable farming and livestock based ventures

(such as dairy production) as well as furniture and bamboo crafts.

Financial Institutions: There are eight saving and credit cooperatives in the project area.

Major Banks are available in the district headquarter only.

Other Infrastructures: Community use structures like ghats (Cremation sites) are available

in the ghyangs located in the project area but are far from the road alignment. Playground

and community centers are found in most of the settlements along the road alignment.

Religious and Cultural Sites: Most of the settlements have a religious and cultural site

depending on the dominant religion and ethnicity. There are altogether 4 Gumbas and 20

(Temples) in the project area. Among the Gumbas, Peepaldip Ghyang of former Nagdaha

VDC has the local cremation site. However, these shrines are fairly far from the road

alignment to be affected by the road construction activities.

Non-Governmental Organization and Activities: A number of NGOs, clubs, mother

groups, cooperatives, forest user groups, credit and saving groups, etc are working in the

field of emergency management, water supply, sanitation, disaster, sports, women

awareness, capital mobilization, rural livelihood and income generating activities in the

project area.

4.3.11. Food Sufficiency

97. According to the household survey performed in 300 households, none of the

households in the ZoI are able to save part of their production and have to rely on other

resorts to fill up the deficiency. Such resorts include small businesses, wage labour, services

and remittance. The data on food sufficiency in the settlements along the road alignment

shows that 75 % HHs have food sufficient for less than three months, 15 % HHs for 3-6

months, 7 % HHs for 6-9 months and 3% of HHs for 9-12 months (HH Survey, 2016).

Table 26: Food Sufficiency and Income level of the Affected Households

Food Sufficiency Frequency Percent

<3 Months 225 75

3-6 Months 45 15

6-9 Months 21 7

9-12 Months 9 3

Total 300 100

Source: HH Survey, 2016

4.3.12. Potential Development Areas

98. Most of the settlements, especially in higher elevations along the proposed road

alignment and its neighborhood have immense potential of vegetable and livestock farming.

Dhobi is the major checkpoint to reach Thalari (located in former Bijulikot VDC) which could

be developed as sunset view point. Likewise, there are ancient cemeteries which date back

to the Kirant Regime. Other things of attraction could be ancient tunnels bored for copper


40

mining. Similarly, Giddhedada (located in former Saipu VDC) can be developed as a view

point. This is the best location to view Pokali Waterfall of Okhaldhunga District. As such, the

project area has immense potential for tourism development. Nonetheless, people from all

the settlements will be directly benefited through development in agriculture, education,

health and food security sector.

4.3.13. Project Affected Families

99. Altogether 24 households will lose all or part of their private structures including

cottage and houses due to widening of the road to achive prescribed standard. Similarly, 19

households will lose part of their land for this. The name and detail of these people have

been presented in the Tables 27, 28 and Appendix 10.


41

Table 27: Status of People Losing their Struturues in Road Sub-project

S.N Name Structure Occupation Chainage

no.

Land

Holding

Food

Sufficiency in

Average

Income Ethnicity Remarks

1 Govinda

Shrestha

House Agriculture/retail

shop

21+900 Self 6 month Agriculture Janajati

2 Maila

Mahatra

House Retail shop 21+900 Self 3 Month Agriculture

/ wages

Dalit

3 Sher

Bdr.Tamang

House/

cottage

Agriculture 22+400 Self 6 Month Agriculture /

wages Janajati

4 Dolkumari

Shrestha

Cottage Agriculture 22+500 Self 6 Month Agriculture /

wages Janajati

5 Dhal Bdr.

Shrestha

Balkuni of

house /

Cottage


wages Janajati

6 Chun Naryan

Shrestha

House Agriculture 25+000 Self 6 Month Agriculture /

wages Janajati

7 Indra Naryan

Shrestha


wages Janajati

8 Tilak

Limilsina

Cottage/

Shop

Agriculture/ Shop 25+200 Self 6 Month Agriculture /

wages Brahmin/Chhetri

9 Kewal

Timilsina


wages Bramin/Chhetri

10 Chakra Bdr.

Tamang

Cottage Agriculture /Shop 26+300 6 Month Agriculture /

wages Janajati Public

land

11 Dhudhi

Tamang

House Agriculture 26+300 6 Month Agriculture /

wages Janajati Public

land

12 Suntali

Tamang

Suntali

Tamang


wages Janajati


42

S.N Name Structure Occupation Chainage

no.

Land

Holding

Food

Sufficiency in

Average

Income Ethnicity Remarks

13 Yam Bdr.

Tamang


wages

Janajati

14 Tilak Bdr.

Tamang


wages

Janajati

15 Gumba

Tamang

Balkuni Agriculture 28+100 Self 6 Month Agriculture /

wages

Janajati

16 Jit Bdr.

Tamang

House

/Cottage


wages

Janajati

17 Gole Tamang Cottage Agriculture 28+400 Self 6 Month Agriculture /

wages

Janajati

18 Voj Bdr.

Mahara

Cottage Agriculture/

Waving cutting

29+200 Self 6 Month Agriculture /

wages

Janajati

19 Gope

Tamang

Small

Cottage


wages

Janajati

20 Jit Bdr.

Tamang

Balkuni+

Cottage


wages

Janajati

21 Lok Bdr. Raut Cottage Agriculture 33+000 Self 6 Month Agriculture /

wages

Janajati

22 Chet Bdr

Thapa

Cottage

/Balkuni


wages

Bramin/Chhetri

23 Dhan Raj

Raut


wages

Bramin/Chhetri

24 Gopal Basnet Balkuni Agriculture 33+100 Self 6 Month Agriculture /

wages

Bramin/Chhetri



43

Table 28: People Losing their Land to Road Sub-project

S.N Name of owner Affected Chainage

No.

Standing

Crops

Affected

area

(Average)

Remarks

1 Tika Kami Land 21+900 Maize 15 to 25 m2 Right side

2 Amrit Bdr. Khadka (

Badri Khadka)

Land Maize Right side

3 Krishna Sunar, Land Maize Right side

4 Chatra Bdr. Mahara land Maize Right side

5 Dilip Sunar Land Maize Right side

6 Fatta Bdr. Khada Land Maize Right side

7 Ram Bdr Tamang Land 22+ 100 to

22+ 600

Maize Right side

8 Amrit Bdr Tamang Land Maize Right side

9 Som Bdr Tamang Land Maize Right side

10 Mohan Bdr. Magar Land Maize Left side

11 Sushila Magar Land Maize Right side

12 Anita Shrestha Land Maize Right side

13 Padam Bdr. Khatri Land 26+400 to

26+ 90.50

Maize Right side

14 Yogesh Pandit Land Maize Right side

15 Krishna Khatri Land Maize Right side

16 Chet Bdr Thapa Land 33+050 to

33+ 900

Paddy Left side

17 Gopal Basnet Land Paddy Right side

18 Dhanraj Raut Land Paddy Left side

19 Chhatra Bdr. Basnet Land Paddy Right side



44

5. IMPACTS OF RECONSTRUCTION PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

ON ENVIRONMENT

100. The impacts are examined on the basis of baseline condition of project area and

likely impacts during construction and operation phases. Such impacts have been identified

based on site observation, field survey & information obtained from the stakeholders and few

were identified from value judgment. The impacts are evaluated in terms of their magnitude,

extent and duration.

101. Adverse and beneficial impacts that are not identified or anticipated at this stage, if

latter discovered during the construction and operation stage of the project shall be duly

taken care of by the proponent.

5.1. Beneficial Impacts and Augmentation Measures

5.1.1. Construction Phase

Employment Opportunities

102. As estimated in the design report, during construction, the project will generate

391,580 persondays of temporary employment opportunities that constitutes 368,962

persondays of unskilled and 22,574 persondays of skilled workers including engineers and

technicians, 44 persondays of an operator. People will be required for excavation, spreading,

concrete works, gabion weaving, transportation, supervision and management during

construction of this project and local people based on their qualification and skill will have

additional income opportunities. The district rate for skilled labour, unskilled labour,

foreman/operator and heavy driver is NRs 670, 535, 670 and 600 per day respectively. The

envisaged impact will be direct, local, short term in nature, having high magnitude and hence

will be very significant.

Enhancement of Technical Skills

103. Through regular orientation during the course of involvement in the sub-project, the

workers will be able to develop additional knowledge and skill on building roads and

associated structures at climate/disaster resilient standard. These standards are sure to be

the part of minimum standard in every development activities to take place in the future.

These skills will encourage the locals in getting long term employment opportunities. The

envisaged impact will be indirect, local, long term in nature, having medium magnitude and

will be significant.

Increased Trade and Business Opportunities

104. During construction period, different types of commercial activities will come into

operation in order to meet the demand of construction crew. In general, the enterprises will

include food and tea shops, groceries, lodges and restaurants for serving construction

crews. The demand for local products such as pulses, milk, meat, vegetables, fruits etc. will

rise during the construction period which may provide added impetus for local production

and marketing. This will contribute to the local rural economy and may help reduce rural

poverty. Such benefits may contribute to enterprise development, which often continues to

entrench beyond construction period. The envisaged impact will be indirect, local, short term

in nature, having medium magnitude and will be significant.


45

5.1.2. Operation Phase

Improved Accessibility and Reduced Travelling/Transportation Time and Cost

105. Reconstruction will improve the road condition and facilitate smooth operation of

vehicles all year round reducing the travel time and cost significantly. Good quality of road

and structures will give rise to number of public vehicles and competition thereby resulting

low transportation cost. Once the road is in smooth operation, people will have cheap and

easy access for various goods such as seeds, chemical fertilizer and technology leading to

increase in agricultural production and diversification as well as their market. The envisaged

impact will be direct, local and the long terms having high magnitude hence will be very

significant.

Promotion of Agro-enterprise

106. Road access is crucial for socio-economic recovery of the earthquake affected

communities. With the smooth operation of the road, a reliable access will be established

with the rural villages and people will have cheap and easy access for various goods such

as seeds, chemical fertilizer and technology leading to increase in agricultural production

and diversification as well as their market. This will promote agro-based (crops and

horticulture) and livestock based (dairy and meat) enterprises which have higher prospects

in the area. The envisaged impact will be indirect, regional and long term having high

magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Increase in Trade, Commerce and Development of Market centers

107. There is a possibility of increased economic opportunities and significant growth and

extension of the minor local markets along the road like in Haldebesi, Dhobi, Dhandebesi

and other places. Number of shops, their business volume and diversity in business type will

be accelerated with improved access. The farmers will be more interested to increase

agricultural production due to market accessibility. Similarly, there will be diversification in

occupational pattern of local people, who are till now mainly dependent on subsistence

farming. This will lessen pressure on local natural resources. There will be many non-farm

employment opportunities for the growing rural population especially for IPs and

occupational caste groups due to extension of market center and development of small

towns. The project will have indirect, long term, local and high benefits.

Access to Public Services and Basic Utilities

108. The upgrading of road will provide unobstructed and reliable access to different basic

facilities like education, health, market, etc to the people of eastern part of Ramechhap

District through sufficient means of transportation for daily conveyance. People of remote

villages of the western part of the district will have easy access to Manthali, Charikot and

other places for bigger health care facility, so is the case for markets centers. Smooth road

will ease the vehicular movement and immediate service of ambulance. The envisaged

impact upon education, health and others will be direct, long term, regional, of medium

magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Benefits from Increased Land Value

109. As per the discussion with local people, real estate business is rare and existing land

value is variable depending on proximity to existing and planned road. However, upgrading


46

of the road will lead to appreciation of land values particularly along road alignment due to

the reliable transportation facilities. The price is expected to be increased by two to three

folds depending on proximity to the road. This might be enhanced by increased crop

production, business and enterprise development in study area and increased land value

also enhances farmer's capability for banking transaction. This in turn will uplift the economic

condition of the local people. The envisaged impact will be indirect, local and long term

having medium magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Promotion of Tourism

110. Dhobi is the major checkpoint to reach Thalari (located in former Bijulikot VDC) which

could be developed as sunset view point. Likewise, there are ancient cemeteries which date

back to the Kirant Regime. Other things of attraction could be ancient tunnels bored for

copper mining. Similarly, Giddhedada (located in former Saipu VDC) can be developed as a

view point. This is the best location to view Pokali Waterfall of Okhaldhunga District.

Moreover, the indigenous Tamang community and their cultures can be another attraction of

cultural tourists. Increase in tourist flow along the road will bring additional economic

opportunity related with services required by national and foreign tourists.

Women Empowerment

111. All the people will be benefited from the reconstruction of the road. However, women

may be benefited more from improved access to the market centers and various service

providing agencies like health centers, banks, training institutions, women development

office etc. Frequency of visit to such agencies will increase awareness level and empower

them. The project will have indirect, significant, local and long-term impact.

Conservation and Environmental Awareness

112. The major objective of the project is to build back safer infrastructures that are able to

withstand future disasters and impacts of climate change. This requires general awareness

among the local people about conservation of the local environment. So, imparting

conservation awareness to the local people for safeguarding the reconstructed infrastructure

will enable them to conserve overall environment.

5.2. Adverse Impacts

5.2.1. Pre-construction Phase

Route Selection

113. Since, this is an existing road and proposed for rehabilitation, there is no new route

selection rather than designing geometrical improvements (as required) and widening of the

road formation to the specified width. Local conditions (structures, switchback, lay-byes,

mass balancing and safe disposal site for the excess excavated material, community utilities,

slopes, sensitive spots etc) were taken into consideration as to which side widening should

take place in order to minimize land acquisition from forest, cultivable lands, settlements and

cultural properties.


47

Detail Survey and Design

114. The road design has followed the national rural road standards developed by

DoLIDAR. The works will be executed through Contractor selected through National

Competitive Bidding. Bio-engineering techniques will be applied for stabilization of slopes,

which is sustainable, environmental friendly and can be done by using local resources and

manpower. The survey team has selected the least valuable, least agriculturally productive

land for the lay-bys and improvement and took care to avoid the demolition of houses. These

changes have been designed and incorporated into the sub-project detail design.

Additionally, all provision proposed in the EMP of IEE document will be properly reflected in

the design.

Land and Property Acquisition, Compensation and Resettlement

115. Altogether 2.98 ha of private agricultural land (including settlement) along the road

corridor need to be acquired at for widening the road. Similarly, 24 private structures

belonging to 24 different owners will be affected wholly or partly by the road sub-project.

Land will also be required for temporary facilities like construction/labour camps, stockpiling

area, warehouse, etc.


Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity

116. The sup-project will permanently acquire 2.98 ha of agricultural land and convert it

into built-up area. Moreover, spoil on farm land will also affect the production of agricultural

crops. It is clear that the loss of crops from the land acquired by the project will have

adverse impact on the financial stability of the affected households who are dependent on

the agricultural productivity of their land. The impact is expected to be direct, high in

magnitude, local in extent and of long term in duration.

Impact on Social Services and Community Infrastructures

117. Construction activities are likely to affect the irrigation canals (kulo) down and across

the road alignment. A 4 inch polythene pipe meant for irrigation is likely to be affected at

chainage 33+050. These envisaged impacts of the project will be direct, site specific, short

term and of high magnitude hence will be very significant.

Occupational Health and Safety measures

118. During the construction phase, the construction workforces will be exposed to a

number of constructions related health risks and hazards. Fugitive emissions (harmful

smoke and gases from vehicles and equipment), noise and physical injury during

construction works may cause serious health impact. Unsafe drinking water, unhygienic

sanitary condition (i.e. lack of the latrine and sanitary facilities) in the construction camp can

increase the risk of additional and endemic diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery and

cholera. The envisaged impact will be direct, local and short term having high magnitude

hence will be very significant.


48

Prevalence Communicable Diseases

119. Certain communicable diseases (flu, influenza, diarrheal disorder, dysentery, etc.)

might be transmitted by the outside workers. Workers sharing the same camp facility are at

higher risk of such diseases. Intimacy between workers and local people may spread

diseases like HIV/AIDS and STDs. The envisaged impact will be indirect, regional and long

term having medium magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Conflict between Locals and Outside Workers

120. Conflict may arise between the local people and outside labours during the project

construction. Presence of nonnative people may not be welcomed by the local residents.

Additionally, the construction workers may involve in gambling, alcoholism etc and

eventually may get into conflict among themselves or with the surrounding people. Similarly,

workforce from outside may not be familiar with the local culture of the project area and the

disagreement may take the form of argument ultimately creating conflict with local people.

The envisaged impact will be direct, local, short term, of low magnitude, hence will be

insignificant.

Gender Discrimination

121. As known from local consultation, discrepancy is already prevalent in the project area

in wage distribution among male and female labour forces. It is very likely that similar

treatment is continued while reimbursing the construction workforce involving the local. The

envisaged impact will be direct, local, short term, of medium magnitude, hence will be

significant.

Physical Environment

Change in Land Use Pattern

122. The existing present land use pattern of the project area will be changed due to the

implementation of the sub-project. 2.98 ha of additional private/agricultural land, 0.46 ha of

additional barren land and 0.45 ha of additional forest land will be permanently changed to

concrete and paved structure. The envisaged impact will be direct, site specific, long term, of

high magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Stockpiling, Spoil Disposal and Transportation of Material

123. The major construction materials are suitable materials, cement, sand and

aggregate. Stockpiling of the materials will create a major issue in the area as barren public

land are already lacking in the area. Hence, some environmental implications are envisaged

on air, water and land due to stockpiling and storage of the construction materials.

124. As per the design report of the sub-project, about 295,820.34 cu.m of spoil is

expected to be generated from cutting and excavation of road and drains. Some of the spoil

39,594.66 cu.m will be used in filling road. Surplus volume needs to be managed properly.

125. Although, limited quantity of material will be used for construction, and some of the

spoil will be used up, there may be some environmental implication of temporary storage of

these materials as well as their permanent disposal.


49

Quarrying and Extraction of the River Bed Material

126. Suitable materials including fill materials, base material and sub-base and pavement

material will be required for road construction and most of them can be derived from the

excavated materials by crushing and refining. Besides these materials, boulders and river-

based aggregates and sand will be required for gravelling road, building retaining walls, RCC

culverts, side drains and drain covers and other road features. These materials have to be

sourced by quarrying from rocky areas along the road alignment and nearby rivers as listed

in the Table 4 in Chapter 2. The potential adverse impacts of quarrying are accelerated

erosion, landslides, disturbance in natural drainage patterns, water logging and water

pollution. Inappropriate operation of quarry sites and overexploitation can adversely impact

to adjoining area as well as the river. The envisaged impact will be direct, short term, site

specific, of high magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Impact on Air Quality (Air Pollution)

127. Diesel generator, machinery equipment, excavators, dozers and transportation

vehicles may introduce the fugitive & combustion emissions into atmosphere. As the project

site lies in dry location, dust emission can be expected to be high. Smoke & Dust will also

affect the road site, vegetation, local people residing along alignment and workers. The

envisaged direct impact due to air pollution will be, site specific and short terms and of

medium significance hence will be insignificant.

Impact on Water Quality (Water Pollution)

128. During construction, water bodies may be polluted by spoil and construction wastes,

open defecation in natural streams by construction workers. Furthermore, inappropriate use,

storage & application of chemicals (i.e. fuel, lubricants, oils and other materials) for the

construction and construction equipment may cause soil, surface and ground water pollution.

These envisaged impacts due to the water pollution will be direct, local and short term in

nature and having moderate magnitude, hence will be significant.

Noise Pollution

129. During the construction period, operation of machines, excavators, rock breakers,

power tiller, roller, transporting vehicles, trucks and other construction equipment will

increase the existing noise level causing noise pollution. The envisaged direct impact will be,

site specific, short term, local and of medium magnitude hence will be significant.

Impact due to Solid Waste Generation

130. Construction activities will produce solid wastes such as synthetic materials and

some forms of inorganic wastes, whereas, domestic activities will produce mainly food

wastes and excretory wastes. Improper dumping and management of these wastes can

result in unpleasant odors, deterioration of water quality in the river water and groundwater,

visual impacts that can cause health related hazards to the local inhabitants. The envisaged

impact will be direct, site specific, short term, of high magnitude, hence will be very

significant.


50

Campsite Management

131. As the sub-project is being executed through construction contractor, camps will be

required to house construction labour. Sitting of camps may cause encroachment of forest,

agriculture land, and alteration of drainage, solid and liquid waste and waste water problems.

The construction crew will need services like water supply, electricity, telephone, provision

shop, health facilities, fuel, etc. which they will have to utilize from the existing facilities in the

area. This may create pressure on the existing common resources; especially water supply,

electricity and health service are already limited. Impact will be direct, of medium

significance, site specific and for short-term.

Biological Environment

Loss of Forest and Vegetation

132. Site clearance for construction works will affect some trees and the ground

vegetation including regeneration on both sides of the road. Altogether 0.45 ha of additional

forest land will be acquired for the sub-project and these forests have been handed over to

the eight (8) different Community Forest User Groups. Altogether 105 trees (dbh>10cm) of

species like Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Uttis (Alnus nepalensis) and Maledo (Macaranga

denticulata) need to be felled from 5 of the 8 Community Forests at Ch 24+100 to 24+250

(Jhateswori CF), Ch 26+000 to 26+200 (Bhringeshwar CF), Ch 30+010 to 31+100 (Poku

Salgharni CF (Saipu CF)), Ch 36+010-36+090 (Taruke Salleri CF), Ch 37+000-37+150

(Sipu Pakha CF) No protected tree needs to be cut by any means for sub-project

implementation (Refer Table 29).

133. Additionally, the construction crews may get to the nearby community forest for

firewood collection and they can also filch valuable floras. The envisaged impact of the

proposed construction works on vegetation will be direct or indirect, local, short term, of

medium significance, hence will be significant.

Table 29: Trees to be felled at different chainages

Chainages Name of Forest

Name of Species to be Felled

Scientific Name Number of Trees to be Felled

24+100 to 24+250

Jhateswari CF

Chilaune Schima wallichii 6 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 2

Sub-Total 8

26+000 to 26+200

Bhringeshwar CF

Chilaune Alnus nepalensis 5

Sub-Total 5

30+010 to 31+100

Poku Salgharni CF (Saipu CF)

Chilaune Schima wallichii 9

Uttis Alnus nepalensis 5

Maledo Macaranga denticulata 1

Sub-Total 15

36+010-36+090

Taruke Salleri CF


Sal Shorea robusta 5

Bhot Dhangera Lagerstroemia parviflora 5

Sub-Total 30


51

Chainages Name of Forest

Name of Species to be Felled

Scientific Name Number of Trees to be Felled

37+000-37+150

Sipu Pakha CF


Other 12

Uttish Alnus nepalensis 5

Sub-Total 47

Total 105


Hunting and Poaching of Common, Rare, Endangered and Threatened Species of

Fauna

134. Though infrequently, animal and birds visit the area. Of the wildlife species reported,

10 are rare and protected (by CITES and IUCN Red List). Visiting birds and animals could

be disturbed due to construction activities. Workforce may involve in hunting and poaching

activities at nearby community forest during construction. This anticipated impact will be

indirect, local, short term, having medium magnitude, hence will be significant.

5.2.3. Adverse Impacts during Operation Phase


Ribbon Settlement along the Project Alignment

135. There is a possibility of gathering of commercial activities and settlements from

hinterland to road alignment. There are chances of erecting new and haphazard settlements

along the improved road infrastructure to open marketing options and reap the increased

trade and business opportunities. This practice could disturb the traffic, promote

encroachment of the RoW (Right of Way), increase possibility of accidents, decline the

aesthetic value and reduce the overall capacity of road. If such practices are not controlled

by enforcing specific legal actions, the envisaged impact will be indirect, site specific, long

term, of high magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Road Safety Measures

136. Frequent movement of vehicles along the road increases the chance of accidents.

Inadequate provision of the road safety measures like lack of signals and lack of

enforcement of traffic rules during operation period may invite accidents. Road sections near

local market and schools are often crowded inviting chances of accidents. The envisaged

impact will be direct, site specific, long term, of high magnitude, hence will be very

significant.

Biological Aspects

Encroachment and Depletion of Forest

137. The forest resources depletion may occur due to ineffective drainage works,

inappropriate spoil disposal and construction practices. The development of market centers

may lead to encroachment of forest eventually exerting pressure on forest resources. To

meet the increasing needs of the forest products, illegal felling/cutting of poles and trees may


52

occur. Operation of road may increase in timber smuggling due to easy access and easy

transportation facilities. The impact will be indirect, moderate, local and long term in nature.


Slope Stability and Drainage Management

138. The road alignment passes along a hilly terrain of the mid-hills. The existing slides

and slumps may be triggered during heavy rainfall situations. Sensitive areas for possible

road slope failure are at Ch 4+360 to 4+380, Ch 6+600 to 6+660, Ch 36+980 to 37+160, Ch

37+840 to 37+940 and Ch 38+340 to 38+480). Additionally, there is possibility of slope

instability caused by the opening of branch roads connecting village settlement with

RM/DCC funding. Likewise, inadequate maintenance of the road, blockage of drains and

human activities such as grazing and irrigation water may cause slides and slope failure.

The impact will be direct, high, local and long term in nature.

Impact due to Air, Water and Noise Pollution

139. Increased number of additional vehicles due to availability of easy road access can

cause air and noise pollution. The noise of horns from vehicles can cause problem to nearby

community. Washing of vehicles in natural streams may cause contamination in drinking

water sources. As this road falls under DCRN, the vehicular movement is not expected to be

very high, the overall impact of will be direct, low, site specific and long term in nature.

5.3. Climate Change Impacts

140. Climate change is an inevitable fact which needs to be considered for future

planning, construction and maintenance of roads especially in hilly and mountainous areas

which are more vulnerable to climate change than the plain areas. According to MoE/NAPA

(2010) vulnerability assessment, Ramechhap District is ranked very highly vulnerable

(second among 75 districts) based on overall vulnerability index. As evident from the

preliminary climate screening (Appendix 2b), Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi road is

highly vulnerable to environmental and climate change attributes, such as change in

precipitation, higher rainfall intensity causing flood accelerated soil erosion and landslides.

141. Impacts of climate change on road infrastructure as screeded through Checklist for

Preliminary Climate Risk Screening will be as follows:

Due to the slope stability conditions on roadside at different chainages (chainages

stated above), the routing of the project is likely to be affected by extreme weather

events like heavy rainfall.

Road drainage could be of inadequate size or very frequently blocked causing damage

to the road calling for regular maintenance and cleaning of the drains.

Due to regular humid codition, the movement of heavy vehicles is likely to create

potholes on the road calling for regular maintenance and maintenance costs could be

considerably higher for the gravel roads.

Climate change could cause an increase in hydro-meteorological extreme events such

as storms, landslides, debris flows, that could greatly affect roads in mountain region

causing blockages.


53

5.4. Cumulative Impact

142. Cumulative impact is the sum of project impacts and interaction impacts of a single

large scale project or multiple projects of similar or different nature. No other major projects

have been reported within the ZoI of the Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi road. So the

assessment of cumulative impacts considers the impacts due to interaction of impacts of this

very project only. The following cumulative impacts may arise due to the reconstruction

activities in the surrounding of Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi road sub-project in

Ramechhap district.

5.4.1. Beneficial Impacts

143. The availability of the employment in the neighbourhood will reduce the migration of

local people to other parts of the country, as well as to foreign countries for wage-based

labour. The amount of money that is earned in wages will directly enhance the operation of

various economic activities and enterprise development in a chained manner creating other

income generating activities. Similarly, the skill and knowledge acquired during road

construction will enhance employment opportunities. Such trained manpower can earn

livelihoods from similar project in future.

144. Reconstruction of road will enhance the access of people by reducing travel time and

costs as well as quick transportation of goods. Various farm-based enterprises, including a

wide range of agricultural and livestock products will also gain momentum as a result of

transportation facilities. Vegetables, fruits, cash crops, sale of farm, fruit and livestock

products will be increased in almost all the settlements along the road corridor. Similarly,

there will be diversification in occupational pattern of local people, who are till now mainly

dependent on subsistence farming. This will lessen pressure on local natural resources.

145. Due to an increase in employment opportunities, trade, business and agricultural

income, money will be channeled into the local economy. This will increase income level of

the individual household and the local community. It is possible that some money may be

spent by the individual for community development activities such as education, school,

health and sanitation services.

5.4.2. Adverse Impacts

146. Fresh cuts also invite landslides and erosion, particularly during monsoon. The

common likely problems from inappropriate disposal of spoils are gullying and erosion of

spoil tips especially when combined with unmanaged surface water runoff, damage to farm

lands and crops as well as property at downhill. The concentrated water from the road outlet

causes erosion and landslide eventually affecting the stability of the road.

147. This sub-project passes through community forest. There will be vegetation loss from

the forests during construction of the road. Increase in vehicular movement will further affect

the movements of wildlife. Total 105 trees need to be cut down from the three community

forests. Felling of trees, further change in land use due to potential trading opportunity and

increased number of vehicles will lead to high GHGs emission as well as low carbon

sequestration. Similarly change in land use might accelerate soil erosion.


54

148. Loss of private properties, crops and trees from the land acquired by the project will

have adverse impact on the financial stability of the affected households. Increased

opportunities for trade and commerce along the roadside will attract people to build shops,

restaurants, stalls and hotels and may encroach RoW. Movement of vehicles in the road

may invite accidents.


55

6. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

149. The aim of the project is to reconstruct and rehabilitate existing road and revive the

transportation network for the promotion of fast and safe connectivity. The following

alternatives were considered to achieve the project’s objectives in environment friendly manner.

6.1. No Action Option

150. Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road already exists and is serving the

southeastern part of Ramechhap District (Wards 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 of Likhu Rural Municipality).

For the existing pavement condition and geometry of the road, travelling and transportation

has been difficult and time-consuming. Around 100 vehicles pass through the road daily

loading the local air with dusts in dry season and muddening the road during the rainy

season. If the sub-project is not implemented, the existing condition of the road will persist

and so is the hardship of the local people traveling through the road and living by the side of

the road, local people will be deprived from mainstream of development through improved

access and the direct and indirect benefit that implementation of this proposal would bring.

No action option will avoid the possible environmental implications but the hardship people

are currently facing outweighs the environmental cost of implementing the sub-project. So,

no project option is avoided.

6.2. Project Alternative

151. Road has no other alternatives for local access. The primary objective of the project

is to rehabilitate existing rural road and provide easy and all weather connectivity by

reconstructing and upgrading the existing infrastructure. As the road already exists but is

unable to provide full-fledged service for its poor surface condition and geometry, it is

indispensable to maintain and upgrade it to render it serviceable all weather. So the

reconstruction and upgrading has no other alternatives.

6.3. Alternative Alignment

152. By nature, it is a rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project. The road already

exists, although in partly damaged condition due to land failure triggered by earthquake, and

vehicles plying in most sections limited during fair weather. It aims at improving the condition

of existing road by rehabilitating damaged sections, widening and gravelling it. Moreover, the

existing alignment does not cross major stream or river and passes through the major

settlements of northwestern part of Ramechhap. It is also assumed that the existing

alignment has been considered the best among all the alternatives considered during

design. Therefore, other alternative alignment has not been surveyed at this phase.

6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach

153. Alternative design based on lane/formation width was considered. Based on the

significance of the road as being an important road connecting major settlements of Likhu

RM and the projected traffic volume according to existing traffic volume and also considering

the Nepal Rural Road Standard (NRRS, 2012), the formation width of 6.25 m was

considered.


56

154. For the exigency of the infrastructure, it will be reconstructed by employing a

construction contractor with deployment of necessary equipments for timely delivery of the

work. Nonetheless, the contractor will be made to utilize local people as construction

workforce and respect the environmental sensitivity of such hilly terrain.

6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process

155. A construction schedule (i.e. 15 months) has been proposed taking the climatic and

drainage condition of the area into consideration. During the rainy season, construction work

is stopped to allow the natural compaction of the road. Collection of sand and aggregates

from the river bed during dry period will minimize the impacts on river water quality &

downstream aquatic ecology and hence the schedule of construction is proposed

accordingly.

6.6. Alternative Resources

156. The physical resource requirements include stone for gabions, dry masonry walls

and stone pitching. Stones are available in nearby areas of various sections of the road,

whereas fine aggregates, sand will be sourced from Tamakhoshi River. The pavement

construction, earthwork, construction of simple structures such as side drains, gabion walls,

bioengineering works, etc will be carried out manually. The contractor in his discretion will

use necessary equipments and human resources for timely delivery of the work.

6.7. No Forest Option

157. While selecting the alignment, no forest option was also considered, under which the

project would have no impact on the community forest, However, as it is simple

reconstruction of the existing road alignment, the widening of the road to prescribed

standard is expected to affect a very narrow strip of forest at few shorter sections.

Realignment of the road to avoid forest area is expected to affect larger parcel of private

land that increase compensation and resettlement cost. Moreover, even if the road is

realigned, it is sure to encounter some forest along the way. Additional forest to be affected

by the project is only about 0.45 ha.


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7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS MITIGATION AND MINIMIZATION

TECHNIQUES

158. For the impacts, practical mitigation measures (or actions) have been proposed to

mitigate the possible environmental and social impacts that may result due to project

implementation (construction and operation). The proponent of the project has prime

responsibility in carrying out the indicated mitigation measures. Keeping in mind the current

political and social situation, several of these require sharing of responsibilities with public

authorities and local stakeholders.

159. Adverse and beneficial impacts that are not identified or anticipated at this stage, if

latter discovered during the construction and operation stage of the project shall be duly

taken care of by the proponent.

7.1. Augmentation Measures

7.1.1. Beneficial Impacts during Construction Phase

Employment Opportunities

160. No augmentation measure has been suggested for this benefit. However, the

contractor will be encouraged to give priority to local and marginalized people including

women in construction works as per their skills. Women will be employed in compensatory

tree plantation for afforestation and slope protection works through bio-engineering.

Enhancement of Technical Skills

161. Workers will acquire additional knowledge through training in material handling,

occupational safety, general environment, health and social precautionary measures. The

workers will be formally and informally oriented about the specific requirements for climate

and disaster resilience.

Increased Trade and Business Opportunities

162. The project will give due priority to the local markets and local products.

7.1.2. Beneficial Impacts during Operation Phase

Improved Accessibility and Reduced Travelling/Transportation Time and Cost

163. Necessary arrangement will be made for regular inspection and maintenance of the

road and its accessorial features with the help of other stakeholders. Bioengineering

operation will be continued for the sustainability of the road.

Promotion of Agro-enterprise

164. No augmentation measure has been suggested for this benefit to be within the scope

of this sub-project.

Increase in Trade, Commerce and Development of Market centers

165. DCC/Likhu RM will manage planned growth with required infrastructure facilities for

healthy and hygienic environment in the market areas.


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Access to Public Services and Basic Utilities

166. Timely implementation of the sub-project and regular maintenance of the

infrastructure will generate the service in time and sustain the service.

Benefits from Increased Land Value

167. The local people will be made aware of the fact that high value land is easily

acceptable to the banks and microfinance institutions as a guarantee to provide loans. Local

people can start their own business by mortgaging their land.


168. Awareness raising programs will be conducted in collaboration with concerned

stakeholders to support the promotion of tourism activities and infrastructures development

of lodges, hotels, restaurants and preferably home stays. People will be oriented about

village tourism with home stay provisions for the tourists especially in the homes of highly

marginalized Tamang community. A three days homestay management training will be

provided to 15 interested people from the project area with a cost of 150,000.00.

Women Empowerment

169. Women will be further empowered through awareness and training programs. The

awareness programs will be related to health and sanitation and training program will be

related to agriculture and livestock raising. A cost of NRs 100,000.00 has been allocated for

empowering women.

Conservation and Environmental Awareness

170. Environmental awareness programmes will be conducted in the project area to aware

the local people on value of local natural resources and necessity of conservation of

environment. These programs will consist of general training conducted at field level by local

conservationists and subject experts through lecture, documentary showcasing and

interaction. Total cost of NRs 250,000.00 has been estimated for conducting environmental

awareness programs.

7.2. Mitigation Measures

7.2.1. Pre-construction Phase

171. The mitigation measures adopted during design or pre-construction phases are

preventive in nature with two basic objectives.

Avoid costly corrective and/or compensatory measures.

Increase awareness among the stakeholders for the environmental management.

Route Selection

172. Since, this is an existing road and proposed for rehabilitation, there is no new route

selection rather than designing geometrical improvements (as required) and widening of the

road formation to the specified width. Local conditions (structures, switchback, lay-byes,

mass balancing and safe disposal site for the excess excavated material, community utilities,

slopes, sensitive spots etc) were taken into consideration as to which side widening should


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take place in order to minimize land acquisition from forest, cultivable lands, settlements and

cultural properties.

Detail Survey and Design

173. The road design has followed the national rural road standards developed by

DoLIDAR. The works will be executed through Contractor selected through National

Competitive Bidding. Bio-engineering techniques will be applied for stabilization of slopes,

which is sustainable, environmental friendly and can be done by using local resources and

manpower. The survey team has selected the least valuable, least agriculturally productive

land for the lay-bys and improvement and took care to avoid the demolition of houses. These

changes have been designed and incorporated into the sub-project detail design.

Additionally, all provision proposed in the EMP of IEE document will be properly reflected in

the design.

Land and Property Acquisition, Compensation and Resettlement

174. Mitigation for land and property acquisition includes compensation at prevailing

market rate. The following measures will be followed:

Compensation will be provided to the land owners on prevailing market rate. The total

compensation cost for the land to be acquired based on the rate of Land Revenue

Office (LRO) Ramechhap is NRs 2,98,777.28. The time given by the affected

household during deed transfer and other purpose will be compensated. The cost of

deed transfer assistance and deed transfer fees has been estimated to be 17,100.00.

The private structures that will be affected during reconstruction of the road will be

compensated at replacement cost. The individual owners will be provided the cost. The

total physical compensation amount of the affected structures is NRs 1,440,000.00.

Compensation will be provided for the standing crop in the affected private plots. The

cost to be provided is based on the rate of paddy (since it is the highest value crop) in

the local market considering the average productivity as 1.713 kg of rice per square

meter and has been estimated to be NRs 65,094.

Project affected families will be imparted income generation and livelihood

improvement generation training by residential training. In total, 10% of the affected

people are interested to join the program. The estimated cost for conducting the

training program is Nrs 800,000.00.

Private land necessary for sitting temporary structures will be hired from interested

owner at prevailing market rate.

After completion of the work, the camps and facilities will be dismantled and

rehabilitated and returned to the owner.



Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity

175. Mitigation measures will be as follows:

Compensation will be provided for loss of property as mentioned in section 7.2.1,


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Compensation will also be provided for loss of standing crops and temporary use of

agriculture land,

Plantation of trees of local variety like Harro, Barro, Siris, Mauwa, Chilaune and other

ornamental trees along the both sides of road to act as dust and noise barrier. A cost

of NRs 200,000.00 has been allocated for roadside plantation.

Income restoration and rehabilitation program will be carried out whereby the members

of affected household will undergo residential training on income generating activities.

The tentative cost of the training program is NRs 800,000.00.

Impact on Social Services and Community Infrastructures

176. The following mitigation measures will be adopted:

The contractor will be responsible for reconstruction and rehabilitation of damages due

to their activities; any damage to existing road in project location, like formation of

ditches, will be controlled and rehabilitated.

Altogether 34 irrigation crossings have been proposed along the road.

The construction activities will be scheduled during off-season to avoid the impact of

disruption of irrigation facilities.

Occupational Health and Safety measures

177. The contractor will maintain occupational health and safety arrangement and strictly

enforce the safety measures.

Construction workers will be prior informed about job hazards, emergency procedures

and any other relevant safety measures.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as helmets, boots, gloves, safety belts,

safety glasses and masks will be provided to the workers working in the construction

sites.

Contractor will arrange the First Aid Kit Box and standby medicine for workforce during

working period and emergency situations.

In case of serious injury and accidents, the injured will be run to the nearest hospital

with the necessary diagnosis and treatment facilities.

Warning signs, posts, barriers and guards will be installed to restrict access of

unauthorized persons to construction sites.

Only authorized person will be allowed to operate heavy machinery and equipment.

Temporary drinking water supply and latrine pit will be established at site.

Dust control will be done in the construction areas by sprinkling water.

Vehicles and equipment will be maintained in proper condition so that they produce

less noise.

Group accidental insurance will be done for the workers.

178. The cost of occupational health and safety measures has been incorporated in the

civil cost of the sub-project.


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Prevalence of Communicable Diseases

179. Sanitary condition will be maintained in the construction camp by arranging toilets

and water supply. Workers will be encouraged to keep their camps clean and tidy. Workers

will be made aware through awareness program about STDs and the preventive measures.

Conflict between Locals and Outside Workers

180. Construction workers from outside the project area will be well-informed about the

general norms and values of society. The construction workforce will be instructed to respect

local people, especially the female members and observe/follow the local culture and

tradition. Workforce will be discouraged to involve in activities like gambling and alcoholism.

Local people will be informed about project activities, requirements and time schedules.

Local people will be given maximum priority in employment.

Gender Discrimination

181. Project will establish agreement with contractors to consider male and female equally

for wage distribution for works of similar nature. Male workers will be instructed to respect

their female counterparts.



182. There will be no mitigation measures for the permanent loss of agricultural, forest

land. However, following mitigation measures will be adopted to compensate the loss of land

into built up area:

Roadside plantation of trees will be done to increase greenery in the area. Local plants

like Harro, Barro, Simal, Siris, Chilaune, Bains, Katush, Lakuri, Mauwa, Bajh, Guras,

Paiyu, etc and other suitable ornamental plants will be planted along the roadside.

During re-vegetation, local species identified during the survey will be used.

Agricultural extension services will be improved to compensate loss of production.

Stockpiling, Spoil Disposal and Transportation of Material

183. Although, limited quantity of material will be used for construction, and some of the

spoil will be used up, there may be some environmental implication of temporary storage of

these materials and can be minimized by adopting following measures:

Wherever possible, surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and

depressed areas etc. Suitable sites have been listed in Table 7 of Chapter 2.

Top soil will be stored and utilized in farm land

Remaining excess spoils will be disposed in specified tipping sites in a controlled

manner and the tipping sites will be covered by vegetation through bio-engineering

techniques after surplus material is tipped.

Spoils will not be disposed on fragile slopes, farmland, marshy land, dense forest

areas, natural drainage path, canals and other infrastructures. (Although spoil disposal

and tipping areas have been proposed within the boundary of community forests, these

areas have very sparse stands of trees.)


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After the disposal, the site will be provided with proper drainage, vegetation and

adequate protection against erosion.

Necessary toe walls and retaining walls will be provided to protect the disposal of soil.

Material will be stockpiled at fallow land and covered,

Proper drainage will be arranged around the stockpile area,

Stockpiling of the cement and other materials in shaded structures within the

construction camp will be made.

Quarrying and Extraction of the River Bed Material

184. The following mitigation measures will be adopted to address the issues related to

quarrying:

Sediments derived from the excavation will be used for backfilling.

Coarse aggregates and sand will be obtained from designated and approved quarries

and borrow areas that have already taken environmental clearances (if such sites are

available). No such sites having environmental clearances were available. Possible

quarry sites have been identified in Table 3 of Chapter 2. These sites will be used with

due consideration to local environmental condition.

Unstable sites, erosion prone areas, dense forest areas, settlements and fertile farm

land will be avoided for quarry operation.

Stones and boulders will be collected from the environmentally suitable and legally

recognized quarry sites.

After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be rehabilitated to suit the local

landscape.

The materials to be transported will be covered by plastic sheets. Arrangements will be

made in trippers to arrest water dripping from the materials.

Impact on Air Quality (Air Pollution)

185. To mitigate the air pollution and its effect the following measures will be carried out:

Construction equipment and vehicles will be regularly examined and maintained in

proper condition.

Water will be sprinkled at major settlements along the road at least two times a day

during peak construction.

Construction materials will be properly covered during conveyance.

Open burning of garbage will be strictly prohibited.

Impact on Water Quality (Water Pollution)

186. The impacts can be mitigated by:

Ensuring safe storage and wise use of chemicals to prevent spillage;

Avoiding the disposal of excavated materials in or near water bodies;

Discouraging open urination and defecation and construction of toilets in camp sites.

Noise Pollution

187. The following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the noise pollution:


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Construction equipment will be maintained in proper condition by applying grease and

lubricants.

Sound producing equipment will be preferred to use only in day time.

Earplug will be provided to the worker involved in equipment operations.

Impact due to Solid Waste Generation

188. The solid waste generated from the construction/labor camp will be segregated at

source and degradable waste will be used for composting. All the camp wastes and

construction wastes will be placed in the designated waste collection pits away from the

water path. The separate storage areas will be established for all punctured containers

(drums, carboys, flasks etc) and will be processed for selling to scavengers. Similarly, the

offsite activities of the workforce that are potential to cause pollution of surface and

subsurface waters will be prohibited.

Campsite Management

189. Use of local labours will avoid the chance of campsite management. In case labours

have to be brought from outside, they will be housed in local houses brought in rent instead

of camp. If it is indispensable to establish a camp, they will be sited away from productive

lands and forest areas. The following mitigation measures will be adopted to mitigate the

impact of camp establishment:

Respectable compensation will be paid for using private farm or lands for storage or

camp. The camp and storage sites will be properly cleaned, reinstated and handed

over to the respective owner followed by receiving necessary clearance from the

owner.

Toilet, water and other basic facilities will be provided to workers. The contractor will

manage the utilities like communication, lighting and cooking energy, drinking water

supply etc within the camp so as to avoid the pressure on local services. The

responsibility of looking after the amenities of the workers is the responsibility of the

contractor.

Labor camp will have room with proper ventilation and natural light, safe drinkable

water, mosquito net, sanitary facility, and solid waste management.

Construction material will be properly stored.

Appropriate camp sites have been identified at Ch 4+100, Ch 13+500, Ch 19+900,

26+300 and Ch 36+900.

Biological Environment

Loss of Forest and Vegetation

190. The following measures will be adopted to address this impact:

For construction crews at camp, contractor will provide kerosene or LPG cylinder for

cooking and heating for avoiding firewood collection. The respective provisions will be

set in contract document.

Similarly, restriction will be put on construction workers to enter into the local forest

areas for firewood and NTFP collection and the provision will be enforced as


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punishable offence. They will be made aware about importance of conservation and

restricted activities.

191. The following activities will be strictly followed to cut trees from the forest area during

road reconstruction:

Forest clearance approval will be obtained from the MoFSC.

Forest site clearance for construction will be limited to minimum width of road.

No tree or vegetation will be cut unless absolutely necessary.

Project will hand over the felled trees to CFUGs.

192. According to the Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National

Priority Projects, 2074 B.S. of GoN, the sub-project has to carry out plantation (with

protection for five years) or pay for the plantation and protection cost to the District Forest

Office. The trees to be felled from different forests and compensatory plan have been

described in Appendix 8. In total, 105 trees need to be cut down from the five (5) of the

eight (8) community forests along the road. So, in total 2,625 seedlings have to be planted

for compensatory plantation with estimated cost of NRs 412,518.75 considering the

plantation of each plant as calculated in the table given in Appendix 8a and Appendix 8b.

This cost will be provided to CFUGs through DFO in two installments. Location and type of

species for the plantation will be selected by the CFUGs/DFO. However, emphasis will be

given to local, multiple use, rare, endangered and protected species. The samples of

agreement between the proponent, DFO and concerned CFUGs for compensatory

plantation with disbursement schedule are presented for individual CF in Appendix 8c and

the plantation plan is presented in Table 30 and Appendix 8d.

Table 30: Trees to be Felled and Compensatory Plantation Requirement

Name of Forest Number of

Trees

Compensatory Plantation Cost of Plantation

Jhateswari CF 8 200 31,430.00

Brhingeshwar CF 5 125 19,643.75

Poku Salgharni CF

(Saipu CF)

15 375 58,931.25

Taruke Salleri CF 30 750 117,862.50

Sipu Pakha CF 47 1,175 184,651.25

Total of CF 105 2,625 412,518.75 Source: Field Survey, 2016

Hunting and Poaching of Common, Rare, Endangered and Threatened Species of

Fauna

193. Hunting and poaching by the construction crew will be strictly prohibited. The

construction activity will be managed so as to minimize disturbance to wildlife; speed limit

will be enforced for transporting vehicles. The impact can be minimized by employing the

local labours. Similarly, restriction will be put on construction workers from entering into the

local forest areas and the provision will be enforced as punishable offense. In addition, restriction will be put on the use of wildlife meat in the construction camps. Hoarding boards

will be placed at sensitive sites (Ch 0+080, 1+520, 16+800, 24+100, 26+000, 30+100,


65

36+010 and 37+150 where the road passes along the forest areas) at a cost of NRs 200000

to aware workers and locals alike on importance of wildlife and conservation.

7.2.3. Adverse Impacts during Operation Phase


Ribbon Settlement along the Project Alignment

194. Respective DCC and Likhu Rural Municipality will regulate the possible development

along the road access so as to minimize the likely road accident. Road safety signals or

signposts will be installed at places. Road side plantations of trees will be done in the RoW

to prevent possible encroachment.

Road Safety Measures

195. Appropriate design will be adopted focusing required road safety measures.

Required delegators, safety signs will be used as appropriate along road. Permanent traffic

signposts will be installed along the road corridor. Signposts will be installed at major

markets, schools and settlements to inform about drivers to control the speed of the vehicles

to ward off associated accidents at temple and school areas. Road safety measures will also

be adopted following 3-Es (i.e. Engineering, Enforcement and Education). The road will be

repaired and maintained regularly. The DCC/Rural Municipality will allocate budget for the

regular inspection and the maintenance of road.

Biological Aspects

Encroachment and Depletion of Forest

196. These impacts will be mitigated through awareness raising programmes to educate

local people and providing support to locals for the conservation of forests.


Slope Stability and Drainage Management

197. The following mitigation measures will be adopted:

Bio-engineering works will be carried out to control the slides and retain the slopes.

Rill and gully formations will be regularly monitored and immediately fixed at critical

areas.

Repair and maintenance of the slope protection measures and drainage works.

Minor landslide and mass wasting will be immediately cleared and slope restored with

appropriate technology (bioengineering).

Soil conservation will be promoted in the RoW and vulnerable areas beyond the road

alignment.

CFUGs will be promoted to conserve and manage their CFs property.

Causeways (11), RCC Slab Culverts (1) and Pipe Culverts (67) will be placed to

maintain cross drainage at places and allow passage of runoff. All these activities have

already been considered in BoQ so no extra cost is allocated.


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Impact due to Air, Water and Noise Pollution

Following mitigation measures will be adopted:

Signboards restricting the use of horns will be erected near health posts, schools and

settlements.

Plantation will be done near the settlement around school and health post to act as

dust and noise barrier.

Vehicle washing in natural streams will be discouraged.

7.3. Climate Change Impacts

198. Following climate change adaptation measures will be considered during the

reconstruction and operation of the road:

Likely local effects of climate change will be assessed through observation and regular

monitoring of drainage system, erosion etc.

Adequate and timely maintenance and retention of the slides as soon as they appear.

Awareness raising activities will be conducted about climate change issues and

adaptation and mitigation measures.

No tree or vegetation will be removed unless absolutely necessary to reduce

deforestation and compensatory plantation will be done to cut carbon per capita

emissions.


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8. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE PROJECT

199. GoN has adopted various policies, acts, rules, regulations and guidelines to ensure

the integration of the development and conservation of environment. The policies and

legislative provisions of Nepal that have a direct relevance to proposed project are given in

Table 31. These laws and policies provisions have been duly followed in the IEE process

and proposed mitigation measures.

Table 31: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines

A Constitution

The Constitution of Nepal: It has guaranteed every person the right to live in a clean

environment as a fundamental right. As per the constitution, it is also a matter of State

policy to adopt appropriate measures to abolish or mitigate existing or possible adverse

environmental impacts on the nature, environment or biological diversity.

B Plans and Policies

National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy, 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.): It has

identified restoration and improvement of access to service and improve environmental

resilience as one of its strategic recovery objectives.

Forest Policy, 2071 B.S. (2015 A.D.): Plantation is mandatory for environmental friendly

physical infrastructure development along settlement area, road and irrigation canal.

Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2071 B.S (2014 A.D.):

This policy has been formulated to strengthen socioeconomic conidition of project

affected families with the provision of necessary land acquisition, justifiable

compensation, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation for the public welfare and

implementation of infrastructure development projects.

Three Years Interim Plan, 2070/71-2072/73 B.S. (2013/14-2015/16 A.D.): Identified the

importance of road sector in promoting national unification, socio-economic development

and regional balance contributing to overall development of the country and also in

promoting the access to service and facilities. It aims to achieve sustainable, broad-

based, inclusive economic growth. The plan also addresses climate change adaptation

and mitigation and overall environmental protection.

ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 A.D.: ADB’s Safeguard Policy Framework consists of three operational policies on the Environment, Indigenous people and

Involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in

the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the potential

adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people are informed

and consulted during project preparation and implementation.


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20 Year Road Plan, 2059 –2079 B.S. (2002-2022 A.D.): With main objectives of

development of Strategic Road Networks (SRN), the implementation strategies include

all weather road connection to the District Headquarters (DHQ) and provision of road

linkages from the DHQ to the adjacent road network of the neighboring districts and

countries

Policy Document, Environmental Assessment in the Road Sector of Nepal, 2056

B.S. (2000 A.D.): It proposes to adopt measures to improve the way of life of the

affected people and safeguard natural surroundings. In case damage is inevitable

environmental assessment should find ways of reducing or compensating for such

damage. It suggested five types of environmental assessment activities like Screening,

IEE,EIA and Monitoring.

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2014-2020 FY: It is prepared to

provide guiding framework for the management of Nepal’s biodiversity. It has focused on national needs of biodiversity management and conservation, fulfillment of the

international obligations, sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of

benefits accrued from conservation and utilization of genetic resources. It has a long

term (i.e. 35 years) vision, and includes specific short term (up to 2020) strategies and

priorities for action.

C Act

Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S

(2015 A.D.): This act provides for the creation of the NRA for a period of five years

(which may be extended) and defines its functions, duties and powers. It has mandated

NRA for leading and managing the earthquake recovery and reconstruction in Nepal. It

has delegated the NRA the authority to frame rules (Section 30), may make and enforce

necessary guidelines or procedures in order to conduct its business (Section 31).

Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 B.S. (2011 A.D.): It outlines the duties of local

government to take action to control haphazard waste generation, disposal or collection

and has provisions for various punitive measures against those engaged in activities

detrimental to the intentions of the Act.

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2057 B.S. (2000 A.D.): Engaging

children including those who has not attained the age of 14 in risky activities against

his/her will by any means is prohibited. In case any enterprise has to engage a child in

works, an approval has to be obtained from concerned body.

Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.): Empowers the local bodies for the

conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental

conservation activities

Forest Act, 2049 B.S. (1993 A.D.): Requires decision makers to take account of all

forest values, including environmental services and biodiversity, not just the production

of timber and other commodities.


69

Water Resources Act, 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.): It has legal arrangements for

determining beneficial uses of water resources, preventing environment and other

hazardous effects thereof and also keeping water resources free from pollution. It has

clearly mentioned that no one shall pollute water resource by way of using or putting any

litter, industrial wastes, poison, chemical or toxicant to the effect that the pollution

tolerance limit of the water resource as prescribed.

The Labor Act, 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.): Regulates the working environment, deals with

occupational health and safety.

Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (SWCA), 2039 B.S. (1982 A.D.); It empowers

GoN to declare any area of Nepal as a conserved watershed area, specifying the

borders thereof. The Watershed Conservation Officer (WCO) has the authority to

implement protective infrastructure, vegetation program and regulate agricultural

practices pertinent to soil and watershed conservation. It empowers WCO to prohibit the

commission of any acts that may cause soil-erosion or soil cutting in a land where any of

the acts has been done

Public Roads Act, 2031 B.S. (1974 A.D.): Act mandates requirement of permission

from the DoR to carry out activities within the limits of the road boundaries and also

provision of notifying the DoR by local governmental offices prior to the start of activities

in the limits of the public roads.

National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 B.S. (1972 A.D.): This act

provides protection to 27 species of mammals, 9 species of birds and three species of

reptiles.

D Rules and Regulations

Rule Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S.

(2016 A.D): It provides the basis for prioritization of reconstruction. More importantly, it

defines functions, duties and rights of the Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of NRA

and District Coordination Committee.

Local Self Governance Rules 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D.): It provides procedural guidelines

for implementation of the Local Self Governance Act.

Forest Rules, 2051 B.S. (1995 A.D.): It elaborates legal measures for the conservation

of forests and wildlife and provides procedural guidelines for implementation of the

Forest Act. It stipulates that in case the execution of any project having national priority

in any forest area causes any loss or harm to any local individual or community, the

proponent of the project itself shall bear the amount of compensation to be paid.

E Work Procedures, Guidelines, Standards and others

Local Body Restructuring Notice, MoFALD, GON, 2017 A.D: Declaration of the

name, number, boundary, ward’s boundary of 744 rural municipality and municipality with 481 rural municipalities, 246 municipalities, 13 sub-metropolitan cities, 4


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metropolitan cities and dissolve of VDC/DDC.

Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation

of Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.) and First Amendment,

2073 B.S. (2016 A.D.): These provide procedural guidelines for undertaking

reconstruction and rehabilitation projects. These include a comprehensive suite of

procedures for different activities like environmental impact assessment, land

acquisition, and public procurement for reconstruction projects (2072 B.S.) and

grievance management (2073 B.S.). It determines the format of IEE and EIA.

The first amendment has revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It

prescribes (under Clause 2 of Schedule 1) that upgrading, rehabilitation and

reconstruction and new construction of district, urban and rural road should follow IEE

study and approval.

Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National Priority Projects, 2074

B.S. (2017 A.D.): Following are the main features:

EMP/IEE/EIA study is mandatory for obtaining forestry clearance.

Alternative analysis has to be done during feasibility study for avoiding forest

area or if not having minimal loss of vegetation.

Concerned Ministry has to obtain concurrence from Ministry of Forest and Soil

Conservation before approving IEE/EIA

Provision of compensatory plantation (with protection for five years) at the ratio of

1:25 plants by the project or provide plantation and protection cost to concerned

DFO.

ADB Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF), 2015 A.D. for

EEAP: It elaborates environmental legal requirements and procedures according to the

Government of Nepal and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 of ADB and guides the

preparation of environmental assessments and environmental management plans.

ADB Resettlement Framework (RF), 2015 A.D. for EEAP: It guides the preparation of

resettlement plans by elaborating legal and procedural guidelines according to GoN and

ADP SPS.

Batabaran Parichhyan - Resource Booklet - 2070 B.S. (2013): It provides guidance

for local body to prepare environmental assessment reports of different projects;

construction materials extraction and local roads, on their own.

Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework (EFLG) 2070 B.S (2013 A.D.):

This framework is prepared to promote environmental conservation through local

institutions to materialize environment friendly local development concept. There are

different level of environment friendly indicators like basic, advanced and special

indicators at household, tole/settlement, ward, VDC, Municipality and District level. Main

objectives of this framework are as follows:

Mainstreaming the environment, climate change, disaster management issues in

local development planning process.


71

Making environment friendly local governance mechanism.

Strengthening basic level to make environment friendly sustainable development.

Promoting coordination and cooperation within environment and development.

Strengthening local organization to enhance local ownership for the sustainable

development of environment.

Nepal Rural Road Standard, 2012 A.D.: Sets the classification and geometric design

standards for the Local Road Network to be followed by all those involved in the

development of the network, including Users, User Committees, VDCs, DDCs, DTOs,

DoLIDAR and its development partners.

National Adaptation Program of Action, 2068 B.S. (2010 A.D.): The NAPA has been

instrumental in mainstreaming climate change in development planning. The NAPA has

developed a framework for adaptation programme, and has identified key adaptation

needs, existing adaptation practices and options for developed projects including

infrastructure.

Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road

Development, 2060 B.S (2003 A.D): Suggests stepwise process of addressing

environmental and social issues alongside the technical, financial and other issues.

Batabaraniya Nirdesika (Nepali), 2057 B.S. (2000 A.D.): Focuses in the practical

implementation of small rural infrastructures through the minimization of environmental

impacts and outlines simple methods of environmental management in the different

phases of the project cycle. More emphasis is given to prevention rather than cure.

APPROACH for the Development of Agricultural and Rural Roads, 2055 B.S. (1999

A.D.): Emphasizes labor based technology and environmental friendly, local resource

oriented construction methods to be incorporated actively in rural infrastructure process.

Green Roads in Nepal, Best Practices Report – An Innovative Approach for Rural

Infrastructure Development in the Himalayas and Other Mountainous Regions.

GIZ, 1999 A.D.: It focuses on participatory, labor based and environment friendly

technology with proper alignment selection, mass balancing, proper water management,

bioengineering and phased construction.

Environmental Management Guidelines, Geo Environmental and Social Unit, DoR,

2054 B.S. (1997 A.D.): It consists of environmental mitigation measures to be

incorporated into DoR projects, procedures for public participation, and socio-economic

consideration. The Environmental Mitigation Measures are broken down into 12

categories or activities and a method for implementation is given for each mitigation

measures including implementation strategies. These environmental mitigation

measures should be used in conjunction with good engineering design, construction and

operation practices. It also suggests considering the various socio-economic issues like

land acquisition and compensation, economic impacts and cultural heritage.

Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S.):

Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including

environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlifes nad


72

forest fire

National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.):

Provides guidance to project proponent on integrating environmental mitigation

measures, particularly on the management of quarries, borrow pits and stockpiling of

materials, operation of the work camps, earthworks and slope stabilization, location of

stone crushing plants etc.

F International Conventions

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES), 2053 B.S., amended, 2059 B.S. (1973 A.D., amended 1979 A.D.): It regulates

international trade in endangered wild flora and fauna with the aim of reducing or

eliminating trade in species whose numbers or conditions suggest that further removal

from their natural habitat would lead to their extinction. It urges parties not to allow trade

in specimen of species included in the CITES Appendices I, II and III with some

exception. As the area holds some CITES listed species, this convention is attracted in

case of their trade.

Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 B.S. (1992): It focuses on the conservation

of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable

sharing of the benefits. It urges parties to introduce appropriate procedures requiring EIA

of the proposed projects that are likely to have significant adverse effects on biological

diversity.

Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent

Countries, 2046 B.S. (1989A.D): The convention provides right to the indigenous and

tribal people to decide their own priorities for the process of development. It mandates

participation in formulations of the plan and programs, decision making regarding

national development. It safeguards rights of the indigenous people in territories

traditionally occupied by them.


73

9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

200. The environmental management plan (EMP) is prepared to guide the implementation

of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements. It includes institutions and their roles,

environmental management activities, environmental management organizational structure

and budget for mitigation measures.

9.1. Institutions and their Roles

201. Different institutions involved in the IEEs and EMP implementation and their roles are

described in the Table 32:

Table 32: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities

Institution Roles Responsibility on the Project

National

Reconstruction

Authority (NRA)

It is the legally mandated to lead

and manage earthquake recovery

and reconstruction in Nepal. NRA

provides strategic guidance to

identify and address the priorities

for recovery and reconstruction. It

is authorized to frame rules and

working procedures to implement

recovery and reconstruction

programs.

As Project EA of EEAP, manages

overall project implementation and

monitoring, reviews and approves

ToR and IEE Report and conduct the

environmental monitoring from the

central level.

Ministry of

Federal Affairs

and Local

Development

(MoFALD)

It is the Central Level

Implementation Unit (CL-PIU) for

district/rural road component of

EEAP.

Overall coordination and the

supervision for implementation of

district/rural road component of

EEAP in the central level. It also

supports the DCCs (DL-PIU) to

implement the project activities.

Central

Implementation

Support

Consultant

(CISC)

Supporting consultants at central

level. AF-Iteco Ltd., Switzerland,

on behalf of Swiss Agency for

Development and Cooperation

(SDC)’s technical assistance has been providing technical supports

through the Decentralized Rural

Infrastructure and Livelihoods

Project III (DRILP-III) to NRA for

the implementation of EEAP.

Technical and management support

to NRA/MoFALD on rural/district road

component of EEAP including the

design specifications and necessary

environmental and social safeguard

issues.

Review, comment and forward ToR

for IEE and IEE report to ADB for

concurrence and to NRA for approval

District

Coordination

Committee

(DCC)

DCC is project implementing

agency in district (District Level

Project Implementation Unit/DL-

PIU)

Prepare ToR for IEE and submit for

approval to NRA through CISC.

Conduct IEE study, public

consultation and prepare IEE report

and submit for approval from NRA.

Implement IEE and EMP of sub-

projects and conduct environmental

monitoring and reporting.


74

Institution Roles Responsibility on the Project

District

Technical Office

(DTO)

Project implementation office

working directly under DCC (DL-

PIU)

Responsible for overall activities

related to implementation of the

works at field level.

Safeguard Desk

(Safeguard

expert has been

provisioned in

PAM)

Safeguard desk will be the focus

of all safeguard related issues

Responsible for supervising,

coordinating, networking, monitoring

and reporting environmental

safeguard compliances. The desk will

conduct regular monitoring of EMP

compliance and record them.

Grievance

Redress

Committee

Support in addressing grievances

caused due to road construction

related to environment

Responsible for addressing

grievances due to road construction

which affects their livelihood.

Contractors Road construction work Reconstruction of road and

implementation of contractor’s part of

environmental responsibility.

202. Framework of environmental management for the proposed activity is depicted in the

Figure 7.

Figure 7: Environment Management Organization Structure

National Reconstruction Authority

(NRA)

Earthquake Emergency

Assistance Project (EEAP)

CL-PIU/MoFALD

DL-PIU/DCC/DTO

ADB and SDC

Contractor

DFO/CFUG DISC

Community

Infrastructure Division

Environment Safeguard Unit, CISC


75

9.2. Reporting and Documentation

203. Work Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of

Earthquake Affected Structures, 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.) entitles the monitoring

responsibilities to the NRA. DL-PIU/DISC will prepare and submit monthly monitoring and

implementation reports to the CL-PIU/CISC, who will take follow-up actions if necessary. CL-

PIU/CISC will prepare and submit quarterly and semi-annual monitoring and implementation

reports to the NRA and ADB. Appendix 11 provides a content outline for monitoring reports.

204. Contract document will categorically include provision of the environmental

protection, health and safety, waste management and other environmental mitigation

measures identified during the IEE study. It will spell out clearly the measures that will be

taken in case on non compliance. This will make them comply with the provisions.

205. The monthly reports will be based on recurrent site inspections and will report on the

effectiveness of the mitigation measures;

The Contractor's compliance with the environmental specifications;

Measures recommended in the events of non-compliance and

Recommendations for any other remedial actions, etc

9.3. Implementation of the Mitigation Measures

206. The proponent will be responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures

proposed in Chapter 7. The detail action plan for activities to be carried out to augment

beneficial impacts and reduce/mitigate adverse impact produced from the implementation of

the proposal, and the responsible implementing and supporting agencies are provided in

environmental management plan is presented in Table 33 and Table 34.


76

Table 33: Summary of the Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures

Activity Issues Related beneficial impacts

Type of impact

Sign

ifica

nc

Beneficial augmentation measures Responsible agencies

Impa

ct

Exte

nt

Dur

atio

n

Mag

nitu

de

Executing agencies

Supporting agencies

Construction Phase

Construction of road and opportunities

Employment opportunities

Employment generation of 391,580 persondays and Increase in income level

D L

20

ST

05

H

60

Vs

85

No augmentation.

The contractor will be encouraged to give priority to local and

marginalized people including women in construction works.

Contractor/ DL-PIU

CL-PIU/ DISC/ CISC

Enhancement of technical skill

Increase in income generating activities and employment opportunities

IN L

20

LT

20

M

20

S

60

The workers will be formally and informally oriented about the

specific requirements for climate and disaster resilience.

Contractor/ DL-PIU

CL-PIU/ DISC/ CISC

Increased trade and business opportunities

Increase in income level of non-worker

IN L

20

ST

05

M

20

S

45

Priority to local markets and local products Contractor/ DL-PIU

CL-PIU/ DISC/ CISC

Operation stage

Operation of road

Improved accessibility

Safe travel, Improve accessibility, saving of travel time and cost

D L

20

LT

20

H

60

Vs

100

Regular inspection and maintenance and bioengineering.

Allocation of budget for regular inspection and maintenance of

the road.

Contractor/ DL-PIU

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU

Access over public services and basic utilities

Easier access to educational institutions, health institutions, religious places etc.

D R

60

LT

20

Mo

20

Vs

100

Timely implementation of the project Regular maintenance of the road

Facilitate the fair price transportation of agricultural and other day to day consumables in ZoI

DCC/DTO DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU

Benefit of increased land value

Appreciation of land value and local benefit by improvement of local economy

IN L

20

LT

20

Mo

20

S

60

RoW encroached will be observed along with awareness to local Promotion of land development and land use planning along the road corridor and other local areas

DCC/DTO DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU


77

Activity Issues Related beneficial impacts

Type of impact

Sign

ifica

nc

Beneficial augmentation measures Responsible agencies

Impa

ct

Exte

nt

Dur

atio

n

Mag

nitu

de

Executing agencies

Supporting agencies

Women empowerment

Empowering women in road maintenance and othe farm and of farm activities

IN L

20

LT

20

H

60

Vs

100

Preparation and implementation of GESI Action Plan

Assist to organize women groups, provide training in social

mobilization. A cost of 100,000.00. has been allocated.

DL-PIU/ DISC/ NGOs/ Community

CL-PIU/ CISC

Conservation and environmental awareness

Conservation of overall environment

IN L

20

LT

20

H

60

Vs

100

Environmental awareness programmes. A cost of 250,000.00. has been allocated.

DL-PIU/ DISC/ NGOs

CL-PIU/ CISC


Influx of tourist due to easy access and addition o livelihood option.

IN L

20

LT

20

Mo

20

S

60

Awareness training. Tourism management training like cookery and homestay management. A cost of 150,000.00. has been allocated.

DCC/NGOs CL-PIU/ CISC/ NTB


78

Table 34: Summary of Adverse Impact Prediction and Mitigation Measures

Activity Issues Related adverse Impacts

Type of impacts

Sign

ifica

nce

Mitigation measures Responsible agencies

Impa

ct n

atur

e

Exte

nt

Dur

atio

n

Mag

nitu

de

Executing agencies

Monitoring agencies

Pre- construction

Project Planning and design

Process and reliability of detail survey and design

Inappropriate alignment, quarry sites and burrow pits etc., encroachment of sensitive area

D L

20

ST

5

H

60

Vs

85

The road design will follow the standard methods. All provision proposed in the EMP of IEE document will be properly reflected in the design.

DCC DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU/ NRA

Land and the Property Acquisition

Loss of 2.98 ha of private land

Change of existing land to the permanent structure and difficulties in livelihood

D Ss

10

LT

20

Mo

20

S

50

Appropriate compensation will be provided to the land and property title holder for private land, private structures and private trees. (NRs 2,98,777.28 and 1,440,000.00 for structure) After dismantling the construction camp and other facilities, original land will be rehabilitated.

Contractor/DCC

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU/ NRA

Construction Phase

Socio-economic and Cultural Environmental Impacts

Construction of road

Loss of 2.98 ha of agricultural land and its production

Impact on food security and financial stability of the dependent households

D Ss

10

LT

20

Mo

20

S

50

Appropriate compensation will be provided to the land and property title holder. Compensation for standing corps ( NRs 65,094)

Contractor/DCC

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU/ NRA

Construction of road

Impact on the social services and community

Pressure on social service facilities like water supply, Damage of irrigation canals

D Ss

10

ST

10

H

60

Vs

80

Provision of basic utilities within camp perimeter Building consensus with local people for using community infrastructures and resources

Any damage to existing road in project location like formation of ditches shall be controlled and rehabilitated.

Contractor/DCC

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU/ NRA


79


Type of impacts

Sign

ifica

nce


Impa

ct n

atur

e

Exte

nt

Dur

atio

n

Mag

nitu

de

Executing agencies

Monitoring agencies

infrastructure

Crossings will be provisioned for irrigation canals (34 nos.) and rehabilitation will be done in case of damage.

Construction force and occupational safety

Occupation Health and Safety measures

Exposure of construction workforce to related health risks and hazards due to operation of machines & construction work, improper sanitation etc.

D L

20

ST

05

H

60

Vs

85

Safety arrangements like provision of First Aid Kit Box and standby medicine for workforce during working period and emergency. Provision of PPE like helmet, boots, globe, mask and safety belts etc. Provision of temporary drinking water and toilets in the construction camps. Use of sigposts, barriers and guards to restrict unauthorized entry. Group accidental insurance

Contractor/DCC

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU/ NRA

Construction force and communicable diseases

Communicable diseases

Impact on health of locals and construction workers due to proximity to infected person, Sexual contacts and proliferation of HIV/AIDs and STDs

ID R

60

LT

20

Mo

20

Vs

100

Regular health check-up in the construction camp. Awareness using pamphlets boards and browsers. Encouragement to keep the camp clean and tidy.

Contractor/DCC

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU/ NRA

Operation of construction camp

Conflict between locals and outside workers

Conflict during work due to distinct thought and cultural perception; alcoholism and gambling.

D L

20

ST

05

Lo

10

In

35

Informing worker about general norms and values of local community; instructing them to respect local culture and tradition with humility. Job opportunities to local people will be maximized. Discouraging gambling and alcoholism.

Contractor/DCC

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU/ NRA

Construction Gender Discrimination in D L ST M S Enforcement of non-discriminatory policy Contractor/ DL-PIU/ CL-


80


Type of impacts

Sign

ifica

nce


Impa

ct n

atur

e

Exte

nt

Dur

atio

n

Mag

nitu

de

Executing agencies

Monitoring agencies

activity, wage and female participation

discrimination

wage/salary distribution 20 05 o

20

45 Positive discrimination, empowerment and social mobilization; related trainings/programs

DCC PIU/ NRA

Physical Environmental Impacts

Construction activity


Present land structure will permanently change

D Ss

10

LT

20

H

60

Vs

90

Roadside plantation of trees will be done to increase greenery in the area. During re-vegetation, local species identified during the survey will be used.

Contractor/DCC

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU/ NRA

Quarry of construction aggregates

Sediment load in river water

Impacts on the river and its biota by enhanced soil erosion

D Ss

10

ST

05

Lo

10

In

35

Proper drainage arrangement in stockpile area; Immediate clearance of the river path in case of blockade; Minimal cut and fill approach

Contractor/DCC

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU/ NRA

Excavation and Storage of construction materials

Stock piling, spoil/waste disposal, Transport of construction materials

Impact on the local ecology by cement, soil and excavated materials on water and others resources

D Ss

10

ST

05

Mo

20

In

35

Material will be stockpiled at fallow land and will be covered. Proper drainage will be arranged around the stockpile area. Floodways, natural drainage paths, water bodies, farmlands will be avoided. Sustainable collection of river bed materials whenever required, Excavated materials will be used for filling works.

Contractor/DCC

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU/ NRA

Construction activity, Quarrying & burrow pits during construction phase

Quarrying and extraction of river bed material

Impacts due to quarry site operation, river bank cutting, change in river regime and rising Water pollution due to unfriendly management practices of quarries

D Ss

10

ST

05

H

60

Vs

75

Sediments derived from the excavation will be used for backfilling. Coarse aggregates and sand will be obtained from designated and approved quarries and borrow areas that have already taken environmental clearances (if such sites are available). Unstable sites, erosion prone areas, dense forest areas,

Contractor/DCC

DCC/DL-PIU/ CL-PIU/ NRA


81


Type of impacts

Sign

ifica

nce


Impa

ct n

atur

e

Exte

nt

Dur

atio

n

Mag

nitu

de

Executing agencies

Monitoring agencies

and spoils settlements and fertile farm land will be avoided for quarry operation. Stones and boulders will be collected from the environmentally suitable and legally recognized quarry sites. After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be rehabilitated to suit the local landscape. The materials to be transported will be covered by plastic sheets. Arrangements will be made in trippers to arrest water dripping from the materials.

Construction work :Air, Water and Noise pollution

Impacts on air quality due to operation of equipments and vehicles

Introduction of fugitive and combustion emissions, dust (PM10) and smoke, etc. and its impact on workers, local people and vegetation

D Ss

10

ST

05

Mo

20

In

35

Construction equipments and vehicles will be regularly

examined and maintained in proper condition.

Water will be sprinkled at major settlements along the road

at least two times a day during peak construction.

Construction materials will be properly covered during

conveyance.

Contractor/DCC

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU/ NRA

Impact on ground water quality

Mixing of pollutants like turbidity, fecal contamination, oil and grease and other inorganic and organic wastes resulting pollution of water body.

D L

20

ST

05

Mo

20

S

45

Ensuring safe storage and wise use of chemicals to prevent spillage; Avoiding the disposal of excavated materials in or near water bodies; Discouraging open urination and defecation and construction of toilets in camp sites.

Impact of noise from operation of

Health of local people and worker

D L

20

ST

05

Lo

20

S

45

Construction equipments will be maintained in proper

condition by applying grease and lubricants.

Sound producing equipments will be preferred to use only in


82


Type of impacts

Sign

ifica

nce


Impa

ct n

atur

e

Exte

nt

Dur

atio

n

Mag

nitu

de

Executing agencies

Monitoring agencies

equipments and vehicles

day time.

Earplug will be provided to the worker involved in equipment

operations.

Construction work and Solid waste generation

Impact due to solid waste generation

Synthetic materials, construction and domestic wastes reduce land and water quality, aesthetics impacting on human and environmental health

D Ss

10

ST

05

H

60

Vs

75

Segregation of solid waste at source; Composting degradable waste; Separate collection and storage arrangements and that too far from waterway; Selling sellable wastes like metals, bottles, drums, etc.

Contractor/DCC

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU

Contractor camp establishment

Pollution and impact due to location of camp sites

Encroachment of forest, agriculture land, solid waste, and waste water may cause pollution

D Ss

10

ST

05

H

60

Vs

75

Use of local labours will avoid the chance of campsite management. If it is indispensable to establish camps, they will be sited away from productive lands and forest areas. Respectable compensation will be paid for using private farm or lands for storage or camp. The camp and storage sites will be properly cleaned, reinstated and handedover to the respective owner followed by receiving necessary clearance from the owner. Toilet, water and other basic facilities will be provided to workers. Labor camp will have room with proper ventilation and natural light, safe drinkable water, mosquito net, sanitary facility, and solid waste management. Appropriate camp sites have been identified at Ch 4+100, Ch 13+500, Ch 19+900, 26+300 and Ch 36+900.

Contractor/DCC

DL-PIU/ CL-

PIU/ NRA


83


Type of impacts

Sign

ifica

nce


Impa

ct n

atur

e

Exte

nt

Dur

atio

n

Mag

nitu

de

Executing agencies

Monitoring agencies

Biological Environment Impacts

Site clearing for construction activity

Impact on forest and vegetation

Loss of forest and vegetation due to site clearance , exploitation by workforce

ID L

20

ST

05

Mo

20

S

45

Maximization of local employment for the project development. Provision of LPG or kerosene for labor and engineer camp. Workers will be made aware about the importance of conservation and restricted activities. Plantation of trees 2,625 (@1:25) of suitable type for compensatory plantation (NRs. 412,518.75)

Contractor/DCC

DFO/CFUG/ DCC/ DTO

Construction work, vehicle movement on wildlife distribution

Impacts on rare, endangered, threatened and endemic species

Hunting and poaching by workforce; road collision and fatal injury to wildlife and death; disturbance to wildlife due to movement of vehicles

ID

L

20

ST

05

Mo

20

S

45

Prohibiting construction crew from hunting and poaching

Enforcing speed limit and traffic regulation for transport vehicles Maximizing numbers of locals in construction crew

Putting restriction on the use of wildlife meat in the construction camps and treating breaching as punishable offense. A hoarding board will be placed at sensitive sites (Ch 0+080, 16+800, 19+500, 24+100 and 30+050 where the road passes along the forest areas) to aware workers and locals alike on importance of wildlife and conservation.

Contractor /CFUG

DFO/CFUG/DL-PIU

Operation Phase

Socioeconomic and Cultural Environment Impacts

Operation of road

Ribbon settlement along the project alignment

Development of Ribbon settlement and Encroachment of RoW, increased accidents, delay in traffic movement

ID Ss

10

LT

20

H

60

Vs

90

Appropriate planning and enforcement of law; Road side plantations of trees will be done in the RoW to prevent possible encroachment.

DCC/VDC CDO/ DCC


84


Type of impacts

Sign

ifica

nce


Impa

ct n

atur

e

Exte

nt

Dur

atio

n

Mag

nitu

de

Executing agencies

Monitoring agencies

Use of road Road safety issues

Chances of road accidents in the turnings of the Road and Loss of life and property

D Ss

10

LT

20

Mo

20

Vs

50

Awareness by signboards and traffic signs at critical places; Adopting 3Es: Engineering, Enforcement and Education.

Local people and drivers

DCC

Biological Impacts

Operation of road

Encroachment and Forest Depletion

Destruction due to spoil and runoff; Illegal cutting of trees because of access

ID Ss

10

LT

20

Mo

20

Vs

50

Awareness raising programmes to educate local people and providing support to locals for the conservation of forests

Hoarding board for awareness (NRs 200000)

Local people

DFO/CFUG/DCC

Physical Environment Operation of road

Slope stability and Drainage management

Slope instability at Chianages Ch 4+360 to 4+380, Ch 6+600 to 6+660, Ch 36+980 to 37+160, Ch 37+840 to 37+940 and Ch 38+340 to 38+480

D Ss

10

LT

20

Mo

20

S

50

Bio-engineering works to control the slides and retain the slopes. Rill and gully formations will be regularly monitored and immediately fixed at critical areas. Repair and maintenance of the slope protection measures and drainage Minor landslide and mass wasting will be immediately cleared and slope restored with appropriate technology (bioengineering). Soil conservation will be promoted in the RoW and vulnerable areas beyond the road alignment. Causeways (11) RCC Slab Culverts (1) and Pipe Culverts (67) will be placed to maintain cross drainage at places and allow passage of runoff.

DL-PIU/ Contractor

CL-PIU/ DL-

PIU/ DCC

Operation of vehicle

Impact due to Air, Water

Dust, smoke, noise level, due to vehicle

D Ss

10

LT

20

Lo

10

In

40

Signboards restricting the use of horns will be erected near health posts, schools and settlements.

Local people/

DCC


85


Type of impacts

Sign

ifica

nce


Impa

ct n

atur

e

Exte

nt

Dur

atio

n

Mag

nitu

de

Executing agencies

Monitoring agencies

and Noise pollution

movement and Water pollution due to vehicle washing

Plantation will be done near the settlement around school and health post to act as dust and noise barrier. Vehicle washing in natural streams will be discouraged.

RMs

Note: D= Direct; ID = Indirect, S= Site Specific; L = Local, R = Regional; ST= Short Term, NA = Not Applicable of No Impact, MT = Medium Term, LT = Long Term; Lo = Low, Mo = Moderate, H = High, I=Insignificant, S=Significant, Vs=Very Significant, Hs=Highly Significant


86

9.4. Matter to be monitored while implementing the Proposal

207. Monitoring of the implementation of environmental protection measures provides a

basis for logical comparison for the predicted and actual impacts of a proposal.

Environmental monitoring will involve the systematic collection of data to determine the

actual environmental impacts of the sub-project, compliance of the sub-project with

regulatory standards, and the degree of implementation and effectiveness of the

environmental protection. Monitoring will be an integral part of the implementation of the

mitigation measures during project construction, and will generate important information. It

will improve the quality of sub-project implementation.

208. The Work Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of

Earthquake Affected Structures, 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.) requires a monitoring plan and

indicators, schedules and responsibility be identified in the IEE report. The National EIA

Guidelines for the Forestry sector, 1995 has proposed three stages of the monitoring i.e.

baseline monitoring, compliance monitoring and impact monitoring.

9.4.1. Baseline Monitoring

209. Baseline monitoring aims to determine the baseline condition of the environmental

resources. It is carried out if significant time elapse between preparation of the IEE report

and the construction stage or change in the environmental quality is noticeable. This project

will proceed for the immediate construction after the approval of this IEE report and hence

baseline monitoring is not necessary.

9.4.2. Compliance Monitoring

210. Compliance monitoring is essential in order to ensure that environmental protection

measures recommended by this study and other requirements set forth during the approval

of the sub-project are complied with. This monitoring is not concerned with determining the

actual effect of the sub-project activities on the environment.

211. The proponent will ensure compliance of activities such as; inclusion of mitigation

measures in the design and tender documents, budget allocation for mitigation measures

and monitoring, compensation arrangements and other compliances spoil disposal, storage

sites, arrangement of construction activities etc.

9.4.3. Impact Monitoring

212. This monitoring detects environmental changes and estimates inherent variation

within the environment, establishes long term trends in the natural system, and derives

conclusion by making comparison against standard or targets.

213. Impact monitoring is generally carried out to access the effectiveness of the

environmental mitigation measures and provides the actual level of the impact in the field.

Hence, an impact monitoring evaluation study is proposed by the end of project construction

phase or within 2 years of the project implementation. Impact monitoring will focus on the

each predicted impact and effectiveness of environmental protection measures.


87

9.5. Monitoring Indicator

214. These would be based on the level of site-specific information or existing data series

and impacts prediction. Efforts have been made to make the indicators measurable and

diagnostic with low natural variability and broad applicability. In this context, the following

physical, biological and social indicators will be monitored during the construction and

operational stages of the sub-project.

9.5.1. Pre-Construction Phase

215. Pre-construction phase monitoring is aimed at ensuring that the environmental and

social safeguard considerations are adequately incorporated in the Project design and that

the respective clauses to address the identified impacts are sufficiently included in the

specifications and work contracts.


216. In this phase the monitoring focuses on impacts on the environmental and social

setting caused by the ongoing sub-project. This monitoring checks compliance with the

practices, norms, standards and technical solutions prescribed in the design and in the EMP.

The specific monitoring tasks will include the following activities:

Verify and quantify the ongoing slope protection measures, and propose rectifying

measures as needed;

Verify and quantify the ongoing activities in quarry operations and propose rectifying

measures as needed;

Verify and quantify the ongoing/completed tree felling actions;

Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused by the sub-

project activities, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures,

including identification of the responsibilities and costs;

Verify and quantify the effects of disposal of spoil and construction wastes and their

consequences;

Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage network,

and their consequences;

Monitor by utilizing structured checklists and questionnaires, the contractor’s full compliance with the occupational health and safety regulations for the work staff;

Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal

extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife;

Identify and assess the environmental implications on the people’s status of knowledge and awareness in relation to ongoing awareness campaigns;

Verify and quantify losses/damage to private property and community facilities;

Verify and quantify losses/damage to cultural properties;

Explore mechanisms to stipulate strict application of the EMP and identify

consequences to be borne by the contractors in case of non-compliance.

9.5.3. Operation Phase

217. The specific monitoring tasks in this phase will include the followings:


88

Assess changes in land-use patterns, development of cottage industries, services and

demographic composition that may be caused by the road development;

Verify and quantify the occurrence of ribbon development, resulting in encroachment

and hindrance of traffic on the road;

Verify all activities for decommissioning work sites and construction to their former

functional stage, as applicable. This refers also propose rectifying measures as

needed.

Verify and quantify the adequacy of the executed bio-engineering works for slope

protection and erosion control;

Verify and quantify the adequacy of the drainage structures, functionality of these

structures, shortcomings in maintenance, and possible effects on private and

communal lands, as well as on aquatic resources;

Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused by Project

activities, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the

identification of responsibilities and costs;

Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work,

and their consequences;

Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal

extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife.

9.6. Monitoring Indicators

218. Monitoring will be carried out in a transparent and credible manner by using

established indicators. To ensure that the monitored parameters are replicable, i.e. they do

not depend on the person or specific methodology used, the selected indicators are easy to

be verified and controlled by the agencies where the final monitoring and supervision

responsibility remains.

219. Use of standard checklists and formats is sought to be used by the monitoring staff

both for site surveys and in the subsequent reports. Much of the monitoring is related to

quantifying the observed impacts, and to verify the nature and extent of impacts,

photographs, parameter tests, collect local accounts of stakeholders and technical experts.

The monitoring will also include specific cause-effect analyses for the impacts observed.

Following Table 35 specifies the set of verifiable indicators that will be used for monitoring.

Table 35: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE

Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring

Soils, Landslides, Erosion, Waste

management Sites

Number, location and extent of slope failures

Cause analysis for slope failure natural/man-made

Area (ha.) of land, forest and properties affected

Number and extent of gully erosions and pavement

failures

Suitability of corrective/bio-engineering measures

Sites and suitability for safe disposal of wastes and

garbage

Bio-engineering Number and plant species selected for bio-

engineering, disaggregated by protective function


89

Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring

Water Pollution, Water

Resources and their uses

Blockage of waterways - extent and secondary

impacts

Water pollution incidents due to unsafe disposal of

waste and spoil

Damage to farm lands

Air and Noise Level in relation to

traffic volume

Assessment of noise level in site by direct

observation and interview with stakeholders

Visual assessment of dust development at selected

sites/sensitive spots and interview with local

stakeholders

Traffic volume measurements

Road Safety Number and type of road accidents recorded in the

Traffic Police and in local health service centers

Suitability of local road signs

Wildlife/ Habitat Disturbance &

Impacts on Forest Resources

Nos and extent of road accidents inflicting wildlife

DFO records of illegal timber extraction and wildlife

trade

Observations and handling of invasive species.

Socio-economic Development

near Road

Number and extent of new settlements /types and

ethnic groups

Number and extent of new businesses

Number and extent of new services and utilities

Resettled Households and

livelihood restoration

Number of HHs resettled

Income situation and opportunities for the resettlers

Verification of compensation and assistance to

resettlers

Community awareness

programmes relating to

environment protection and

avoidance of social conflicts

Number /schedule of campaigns and number of

beneficiaries

Revision of training agenda & information material

Number of beneficiaries having received awareness

training

220. The following Table 36 identifies the specific compliance monitoring activities.

Phase-wise/chronological details are provided for the methods, schedules, responsible

implementing agency and the responsible monitoring agency. The compliance monitoring

refers primarily to the pre-construction and construction stage of the project. Table 37 details

the impact and effect monitoring activities envisaged for this sub-project.


90

Table 36: Compliance Monitoring of Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project

Parameters/Provisions for Compliance

Implementation Responsibility

Verifiable Indicator Verification Methods

Frequency

/Time

Responsible Monitoring authority

Final site selection as per IEE/EMP recommendation

Consultant Incorporation of the IEE/EMP recommendations to the designing document

Review of revised design document and field verification.

Initial stage of surveying

DISC/DCC/DTO/ MoFALD/NRA

Site selection and preparation of construction logistics

Contractors Project arrangement for the materials storage and the construction activities

Review of the design and construction planning documents

Once during construction period

DCC/MoFALD/CDO

Land and property acquisition and compensation

DL-PIU Cadastral records, land and properties acquisition procedures; verification report

Review and verification of reports, photos; geo-

referencing

Initial stage pre-

construction phase

DTO/DCC

Use of the local labours/ particularly vulnerable groups and women

Contractors Specification which obligate the contractors to observe certain quotas for employing local labour, especially vulnerable groups , and women, use of child-labour

Review of contract specifications; records of workers, attendance; payments made to workers followed by interview.

Trimester during construction period

DTO/DCC

Awareness and job training on the road construction to the technicians and the locally employed laborers

Contractors Training programmes for the skill development, OHS and environmental protection associated with the road construction work

Review of records of training programmes, reports, and documents with feedback from the participant; Review

Once before construction

DTO/DCC


91




Frequency

/Time


of attendance records

Compliance to occupational health safety measures

Contractors Health and safety regulations, first aid and medical arrangement, contingency plan, number and type of the safety equipment, mask, helmet. glove and safety belt

Spot checklist at the work sites, photo, accident record, interviews


DTO/DCC

Compliance to environmental protection measures, including pollution prevention, water and spoil management, slope stabilization, landfill, waste management

Contractors Arrangement specified in the code of the practice and manuals relating to the environmental protection, records and the observation pollution, waste management, spoil deposit

Review of related logs and codes along with site inspection, discussion with the project management, consultants and the local people. Review of air quality and noise level measurement and water quality test reports.


DTO/DCC

Measures to protect environment from air and noise pollution

Contractors Dust level and noise level at work sites, major settlements and sensitive spots like health centers and private spots

Review of noise measurement records, Observation of good construction


DTO/DCC/DFO


92




Frequency

/Time


practices and discussion with residents and workers

Measure to protect water body from pollution

Contractors Dust level and the noise level at the work site, major settlements and the sensitive spot like health centre and schools

Review of water quality check records. Observation of the good construction practices and discussion with residents and workers


DTO/DCC/DFO

Grievance Redress Mechanism

Contractor/DLPIU/ DISU/ CLPIU/CISC

Project arrangements for the affected people's concerns and grievances about the projects environmental and social performance

No of complaints and grievances record

During construction

DCC/DTO

Measures to avoid pressure on forest and wildlife

DLPIU/DTO/DISC Use of firewood or fossil fuel by construction crew, events of hunting and poaching of wildlife

Inspection, interview with local people

Once a month during construction

DTO/DCC/DFO/CFUGs

Restoration, rehabilitation, reconstruction of all the infrastructure, service

Contractors Continued service by the facilities and functional public life

Site observation, RM/DCC records public consultation meeting, photos

Once at the end of construction

DTO/DCC


93




Frequency

/Time


disrupted or damaged by the proposal activities

Adequate technical and the environmental supervision

CL-PIU/DCC/ DTO/CISC/

Adequate number of technicians regularly at site

Review of records of number and type of technician available at site, Skill of work carried out.


DTO/DCC

Clean up and reinstatement of the construction sites (camps, quarries, burrow pits)

Contractors Decommissioned site indicate no adverse/residual environmental impacts and are rehabilated to the satisfication of supervisor and land owner

Review of clearance from the owners; Site observation, Comparing Photos, Consulting to owner or local community

Once at the end of construction

DTO/DCC


94

Table 37: Impact Monitoring of Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project

Parameters

/Indicator

Verifiable Indicators Verification

Methods

Location Schedule Responsible

Implementation and

Monitoring Agency

Slope stability

and

erosion

Inclination, slope failures,

causes; drainage facilities such

as catch drain, side drains and

functionality of cross drainage

structures; fresh gullies and

erosion; success/failure of bio-

engineering solutions

Site observation,

photos

discussion with

people and

technicians

Near steep slopes

and at landslide

areas and sites

Continuously

during

construction and

operation

DL-PIU/NRA during

construction;

DCC/DSCO during

operation

Quarrying of

aggregates

Changes in the river regimes,

Bank cutting and loss of

agricultural land

Site observation,

photos, discussion

with the local people

Quarry sites areas Trimester during

construction

DISC/DCC/DTO

Bio-engineering

of disturbed

slopes

Re-vegetation through bio-

engineering application on

disturbed slope; establishment of

nursery

Site observation;

inspection of nursery

and its production

rate,

photos,

measurements

Cut slope area,

where vegetation is

cleared;

nursery sites

During and at

the end of Sub-

project

construction

DISC/DCC/DTO

Disposal of

spoils and

construction

wastes

Affected aesthetic value, affected

forest and agriculture land,

initiated land erosion by local

blocked drainage, hazard to

downhill slope residents and

agricultural lands

Site observation and

interviews, photos,

geo-referencing sites

At specific locations

where such sites

occur

During

construction

DISC/DCC/DTO

Loss or

degradation of

farmland,

houses and

Status of road side land;

production/yield;

status of road side houses; status

of standing crop along alignment

Observation, data

collection and

analysis and

interview with

Road side land and

houses

During

construction

DISC/DCC/DTO


95

Parameters

/Indicator


Methods


Implementation and

Monitoring Agency

properties stakeholders

Water quality Observation of open defecation

and waste disposal around water

sources near construction sites

Visual observation Local streams During

construction;

upon demand

for testing with

field kit

DISC/DCC/DTO

Air quality Dust level in ambient air Visual inspection At construction sites

and at sensitive

spots

During

construction

DISC/DCC/DTO

Forest and

vegetation

Numbers of trees, presence of

ground vegetation, signs of illicit

logging and extraction of NTFPs

Observations,

DFO/CFUGs

records, photos

In and around the

construction sites,

markets

During

construction and

Operation

DFO/DCC/DTO/

DISC/CFUGs

Wildlife Wildlife hunting and poaching by

workforce, trade of wildlife, road

accidents inflicting wildlife

Interview with local

people/CFUGs/DFO

and

observations

Forest areas at

roadside

Twice a year

during

construction and

routine during

operation

DFO/DCC/DTO/

DISC/CFUGs

Change in

economy

Numbers of people employed by

the project during construction,

numbers of women in work

forces

Records kept by the

project management,

discussion with

stakeholders

Sub-project area Trimester during

construction

phase

DISC/DCC/DTO

Trade and

commerce

Numbers of shops increased or

decreased, rental of houses and

land spaces

Records, interviews,

observations, photos

Throughout sub-

project area

Once in a year DISC/DCC/DTO/RM

Occupational

safety and

hazard

Type and number of accident

occurred during construction;

adequacy of occupational safety

Observations,

photos, spotchecks,

contractors and

Throughout sub-

project area

During

construction

DCC/DTO/DISC


96

Parameters

/Indicator


Methods


Implementation and

Monitoring Agency

measured provided;

compensation provided in case of

fatal accidents

health centre records

interview with

workers

Change in

socio-economic

structure

Number and extent of new

settlements/types and ethnic

groups; nos. and extent of new

businesses; nos and extent of

new services and utilities, social

conflicts

Observations,

interview with local

people, DCC, Police

and RM records

Throughout sub-

project area

During operation DCC/RM

Acess to social

services

Increase in number of people

receiving social service facilities

(Schools, health post)

Records, interviews Project area During operation DCC/RM

Enhancement of

transportation

services

Change in transportation cost

and time

Records, interviews Project area During operation DCC/RM

Change in

livelihood

pattern

Change in number of porters and

their livelihoods, change in

occupational status

Interviews with local

people, observation

and FGDs with local

community

Project area During operation DCC/RM

Ribbon

settlement

Congestions to road users and

nos. of accidents, RoW

encroachment

Records,

observations

Throughout sub

project area

During operation DCC/Local

administration


97

9.7. Cost of Mitigation and Enhancement

221. Various activities of mitigation measures such as slope stabilization, quarry site

management, spoil disposal, supply of the masks, helmets, ear mufflers, accidental

insurances, slope retention and toe wall protection, spoil disposal, relocation of utilities, etc.

have been incorporated in the design and cost estimates. Therefore, most of the mitigation

measure suggested would be a part of the road design and construction without additional

cost. The estimate of the environmental cost of the sub-project has been itemized in Table

38. All proposed mitigation measures will be an integral part of the project design during

reconstruction and operation phases. The cost for environmental mitigation measures and

benefit augmentation is NRs. 13,520,898.18 where NRs. 12,058,379.43 is allocated within

civil work cost and 1,462,518.75 will be in addition to civil work cost.

Table 38: Estimate of Environmental Cost of the Sub-Project

SN Particulars Amount

(NRs.)

1 Environmental Management Cost

1.1 Environmental/conservation awareness program 250,000.00

1.2 Tourism promotion awareness (A three days homestay management

training to 15 people from project area)

150,000.00

1.3 Hoarding boards at road site (4 places) for awareness about

important wildlife and their conservation.

200,000.00

1.4 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF 412518.75

1.5 Roadside plantation 200,000.00

1.6 Solidwaste collection bins 50,000.00

1.7 Environmental monitoring cost 200,000.00

Sub-total (I) 1,462,518.75

2 Other environmental cost (included in civil works cost also)

2.1 Contractor's workmen and employees and third party insurance

against damage to other persons and property (Ref Appendix 9, item

1.1)

900,000.00

2.2 Relocation of Utilities (water supply and telephone poles) (Ref

Appendix 9, item 1.4)

300,000.00

2.3 Maintenance of existing road, providing and maintaining traffic

safety, control measures and temporary diversions during

construction including water spraying thrice a week to avoid dust

pollution. (Ref Appendix 9, item 1.5)

38,000.00

2.4 Labour camp maintenance (Ref Appendix 9, item 1.7) 20,000.00

2.5 Environmental Mitigation Works (Ref Appendix 9, item 1.9) 300,000.00

2.6 Social Compliance and Safeguard (Ref Appendix 9, item 1.10) 150,000.00

2.7 Spoil Disposal 4,810,498.03

2.8 Bioengineering and landslide retention (Ref Appendix 9, item 7) 5,188,738.62

2.9 Installation of traffic signals (Ref Appendix 9, item 6.4) 351,142.78

Sub-total II 12,058,379.43

Total EMP Cost 13,520,898.18


98

9.8. Costs of Environmental Monitoring

222. Monitoring is an integral part of the project in finding the unlikely impacts and

implement corrective measures for them. The proponent will develop in-built monitoring

mechanism to show its additional commitment for environmental improvement and mitigate

undesirable changes, if any during construction and operation stage. District Level

Implementation Team in district and Environmental specialist for EEAP will conduct

environmental monitoring with the support of DCC/DTO.

223. According to the Work Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment for

Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.), the NRA is

responsible for the monitoring and evaluation of identified impacts during implementation of

the project. CL-PIU(MoFALD) and DL-PIU (DCC/DTO) will make arrangements for the

project level monitoring. Beside this, it is recommended that an external team hired by NRA

will take the responsibility for the monitoring. In addition, regular supervision and guidance

will be also provided by the CISC. At least one monitoring in each construction season is

necessary. The reporting requirement has been discussed in the preceeding section. Total

cost of environmental monitoring (professional fees, transportation and visit and report

preparation) is estimated NRs. 200,000 and is presented in Table 39.

Table 39: Estimated Cost for Environmental Monitoring

Manpower requirement Duration (days) Rate

(NRs)

Amount

(NRs)

Team Leader/Environmental Specialist 5 4,000 20,000

Engineer 3 3,000 9,000

Forestry expert 3 3,000 9,000

Socio-economist 3 3,000 9,000

Support staff 3 1000 3,000

Transportation cost LS 25,000

Report preparation LS 25,000

Central level monitoring LS 100,000

Total 200,000

9.9. Grievance Redress Mechanism

224. Four levels of grievance redress mechanism (GRM) have been sought in order to

resolve complaints related to sub-projects in timely and satisfactory manner and preferably

at the local level through a process of conciliation; and, if that is not possible, to provide clear

and transparent procedures for appeal. All affected persons will be informed about their

rights, and the detailed grievance redress procedures will be publicized through an effective

public information campaign.

9.9.1. First level of GRM

225. The contractors, and design and supervision consultants on site are the most

immediate and accessible and thus responsible party to hear and address the grievances.


99

Prior to construction works, the CL-PIU and DL-PIU will ensure local community meetings

are held to notify local residents of the sub-project activities and their possible implications. If

any complaints arise, the contractors, consultants, and DL-PIU will immediately resolve the

complaint on site if it falls within their scope or jurisdiction. The CL-PIU can also be involved

in grievance redress at this stage. The CL-PIU and DL-PIU office phone number will be

posted in public areas within the sub-project areas and construction sites. Any person with a

grievance related to the sub-project can contact the project to file a complaint. The DL-PIU

offices will have a safeguards focal person to resolve complaints. The safeguards focal

person will document the complaint, and immediately address and resolve the issue with the

contractor within 1-2 days, if the complaint remains unresolved at the field level. The DL-PIU

may seek assistance of the consultant safeguards specialists (the environmental specialist

or social safeguards specialist) to resolve the issue. The DL-PIU safeguards focal person will

notify the CL-PIU safeguards focal person about the receipt of the complaint, and whether it

was resolved. The DL-PIU safeguards focal person will document the following information:

(i) name of the person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location,

and (v) how the complaint was resolved.

9.9.2. Second level of GRM

226. If the grievance remains unresolved, the DL-PIU will forward the complaint to the CL-

PIU safeguards focal person notifying the person filing the grievance. The CL-PIU will

address the grievance through continuous interactions with affected persons. Corrective

measures will be undertaken at the field level by the CL-PIU safeguards focal person within

7 days. He/she will document the following information: (i) name of the person; (ii) date

complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location and (v) how the complaint was

resolved.

9.9.3. Third level of GRM

227. Third level of GRM involves a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) to address the

complaints that could not be resolved by the CL-PIU. It is constituted by the EA and will,

based on review of the grievances, address them in consultation with the NRA, CL-PIU, DL-

PIU, and affected persons. The GRC will consist of at least five members including NRA

leadership, affected persons, and stakeholder representative and others nominated to

provide impartial, balanced views on any issues. A hearing will be called at the GRC, if

necessary, where the affected person can present his/her concern and issues. The process

will promote conflict resolution through mediation. The GRC will meet as necessary when

there are grievances to be addressed. The GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field

level and assign clear responsibilities for implementing its decision within 15 days. The

functions of the GRC are: (i) to provide support to affected persons on problems arising from

environmental or social disruption, asset acquisition (where required), and eligibility for

entitlements, compensation, and assistance; (ii) to record grievances of affected persons,

categorize and prioritize them, and provide solutions within 15 days; and (iii) to report to the

aggrieved parties developments regarding their grievances and decisions of the GRC. The

safeguards focal person will be responsible for processing and placing all papers before the

GRC, recording decisions, issuing minutes of the meetings, and taking follow-up action to

see that formal orders are issued and the decisions carried out.


100

9.9.4. Fourth level of GRM

228. If the grievance is not addressed by all the above mechanisms, the affected person

can seek legal redress in the formal legal court system. The GRM however does not prevent

affected persons from seeking legal redress at any time. The grievance redress mechanism

and procedure is depicted in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Grievance Redress Mechanism as Per EARF of EEAP

9.9.5. Procedure for Grievances Handling as Per National Law

229. The Work Procedure for Management of Grievance related to Reconstruction and

Rehabilitation, 2016 framed under the Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures Act,

2015 has defined four mechanisms for grievance management which are listed below in

order of ascending hierarchy:

Local (Rural Municipality/Municipality Ward) Level Grievance Redress Committee

coordinated by the head of the adminsistrative unit.

District Level (District Administration Office (DAO)/DCC) Level Grievance Redress

Committee headed or coordinated by Chief District Officer (CDO).

Sub-regional Office of NRA

NRA coordinated by the committee member deployed by Executive Committee.

230. Complaints or greivances are received at the local level grievance redress committee

which will record and categorize them according to their subject. The grievances that cannot

be redressed by the local level committee are passed on to district level committee within 15

Not Redressed

15 days

Not Redressed

3rd

Level Grievances

4th

Level Grievances Higher Authority/Court of Law

GRC Grievances

Redressed

7days

1-2 days

Not Redressed

1st Level Grievances

2nd

Level Grievances

Contractor,

DL-PIU

Grievances

Redressed

CL-PIU Grievances

Redressed


101

days of receipt and so on. The sub-regional office is also mandated to coordinate and

facilitate in redress of grievance at local and district level. The work procedure provides

detailed guideline for receiving and addressing grievances related to construction of private

residence only. Although it mentions about other grievances related to rehabilitation and

reconstruction of other infrastructures and economic and social recovery, it is silent about

the detail procedure of handling such grievances. Nonetheless, these mechanisms can be

used to redress grievances related with reconstruction and rehabilation activites.

231. The Work Procedure related to land acquisition for Earthquake Affected Structures,

2016 has provisions related receiving and addressing complaints related to land acquired for

rehabilitation and reconstruction of infrastructures. The details about the land allowed for

acquisition shall be published in a national or local daily newspaper to solicit grievance from

the respective owner. The affected party can lodge a complaint with reasons at the executive

committee within 15 days. The executive committee will conduct necessary investigations

and address the complaint within 10 days of receipt of the complaint and notify the affected

party and program head. As per the procedure, complaints can be lodged regarding

dissatisfaction on the compensation fixed for the land to be acquired. The complaint will to

be addressed by the executive committee within 7 days of receipt.

Figure 9: Grievance Redress Mechanism in National Law

Local Level

GRC

Not Redressed

1st Level Grievances Grievances

Redressed

Grievances

Redressed

Not Redressed

3rd

Level Grievances

4th

Level Grievances NRA/Central Office

Sub-Regional

NRA Office

Grievances

Redressed

Not Redressed

2nd

Level Grievances District Level

GRC


102

10. CONCLUSION

232. The condition due to poor geometry of the Haldebesi – Dhobi – Dhandebesi Road

was further aggravated by the landslides triggered after the April 25 and May 12 earthquake.

The proposed road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project is essential to realize the full

potential of the existing infrastructure and for providing safe and easy access to people living

in the region. It will have long-term impact on the development of local areas. Besides these,

implementation of this sub-project is expected to bring several immediate short term benefits

like employment generation, increase in the local economy and enhancement of the

technical skills, especially during construction phase.

233. Moreover, the project has been expected to have minimal detrimental effect on the

physical, biological, socioeconomic and cultural environment of area. Most of the adverse

impacts (identified and predicted) are short and medium term in nature as well as reversible

in nature. Similarly, identified environmental adverse impacts are locally confined and limited

mainly to the period of construction. The sub-project needs acquisition of private land, but

that will not bring any resettlement. Few stands of trees have to be felled and few community

structures to be relocated. With set of the proposed mitigation measures, most of impacts

can be minimized or even set off. Bioengineering measures have been proposed in the

Design to stabilize slopes and control further slides. In addition, proposed road does not

exceed any of the thresholds prescribed by Work Procedure Related with Environmental

Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2072 (2016) and

other relevant acts and rule. For this time, IEE is sufficient for implementation of project.

234. The sub-project can be undertaken with minimal harm to the physical, biological and

social environment of the area by adopting the safeguard measures described in this IEE

report.

235. The proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-poject is recommended for

implementation with incorporation of the mitigation measures and environmental monitoring

plan. Key consideration should be given to settle down all the social and environmental

issues related to sub-project before implementation of sub-project works.


103

REFERENCES:

ADB. (2009). Safeguard Policy Statement, June 2009. Asian Development Bank, Manila.

ADB. (2015). Environmental Assessment and Review Framework: Earthquake Emergency

Assistance Project, June 2015.

ADB. (2015). Project Administration Manual: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project,

June 2015.

ADB. (2015). Resettlement Framework: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project, June

2015.

An Act Made To Provide for Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures, 2015,

Nepal Gazette Section 65) Kathmandu 20 December 2015 (5 Poush 2072) (Extraordinary

Issue)

Baral, H.S and Shah K.B, (2064). Wild Mammals of Nepal. Himalayan Nature, Kathmandu.

Constitution of Nepal 2072, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books

Management Board, Kathmandu

DDC Ramechhap. (2061). District profile of Dolakha, 2061, District Development

Committee, Ramechhap.

Dhital M.R. (2015). Geology of the Nepal Himalaya, Regional Geology Reviews, Springer

International Publishing Switzerland 2015, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02496-7_30

DoR. (2003). Reference manual for the Environmental and Social aspects of the Integrated

Road Development. Ministry of the Physical Planning and works Department of the Road,

Kathmandu.

DoR. (2007). Environmental and Social Management Framework, a guideline to the

environmental and social issues associated with new road construction and upgrading.

Ministry of the Physical Planning and Works, Department of Road, Kathmandu.

Earthquake Affected Structures Reconstruction Rules, 2016, Nepal Gazette Section 65)

Kathmandu 20 December 2015 (5 Poush 2072) (Extraordinary Issue)

Earthquake Affected Structures Reconstruction Work Procedures, 2016, Nepal Gazette

Volume 5, Section 65) Number 49 (2072/12/01) (Notices 1, 2 and 3), Kathmandu

Fleming, R Sr. and Jr. and Bangdel, L.S. (1976). Birds of Nepal. R.C. Fleming (Sr. and Jr.)

Kathmandu, Nepal.

GoN. (1995). Topographical Sheet No. 2786 01, 2786 05A and 2786 05B, Department of

Survey.

GoN. (1999). Approach for development of Agricultural and Rural roads

Grievance Management Procedure for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures,

2016, National Reconstruction Authority, Kathmandu

Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. (1985). A guide to birds of Nepal. Croom Helm, London,

England.


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IUCN. (2014). IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2012.2, www.iucnredlist.org

Jnwali, S.R., Baral, H.S., Lee, S., Acharaya, K.P., Upadhyay, G.P., Pandey, M., Shrestha, R.,

Joshi, D., Laminchhane, B.R., Griffiths, J., Khatiwada, A.P., Subedi, N., and Amin, R.

(2011). The Status of Nepal Mammals: The National Red List Series, Department of National

Parks and Wildlife Conservation Kathmandu Nepal

Labor Act, 1991, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books


Local Self-Governance Act, 1999, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law

Books Management Board, Kathmandu

Local Self-Governance Regulations, 2000, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary

Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu

Martin, G.J. (1995). Ethnobotany: A People and Plant Conservation Manual. Chapman and

Hall, London.

MoE/NAPA. (2010). Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal.

National Population and Housing Census, 2011, Central Bureau of Statistics.

National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1993, Nepal Gazette Volume, 45

Number 19 Kathmandu

Polunin, O. and Stainton, A. (1984): Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press.

Press, J.R., Shrestha K. K. and Stainton, J. D.A. (2000): Annotated Checklist of the

Flowering Plants of Nepal, The Natural History Museum, London and Central Department

of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

Shrestha, K. (1985). A Field Guide to Nepali Names for Plants. Natural History Museum,

Institute of Science and Technology, T.U., Kathmandu, Nepal.

Singh, A.P. (2001). Flowering Plants of Nepal (Phanerogams). Bulletin of Department of

Plant Resources No. 18. HMG/N, MoFSC, Dept. of Plant Resources, National Herbarium and

Plant Laboratories, Godavary, Lalitpur, Nepal.

Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act 2011, Ministry of Law, Justice and

Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu

Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Regulation 2012, Ministry of Law,

Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu

Uprety, B.K. (2003). Safeguarding the resources Environmental Impact Assessment process

and Practice. Utara Uprety, Kathmandu.

Water Resources Act 1992, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books


Water Resources Regulation 1993, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law

Books Management Board, Kathmandu


105

Appendix


106

Appendix 1: Terms of Reference approval letter &

Approved ToR


107


108


109


110


111


112


113


114


115


116


117

Appendix 2: Environmental Assessment Checklists

2a: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist Instructions:

(i) The PMU completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a

project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted

to ADB.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social

dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on

involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook;

(c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Subroject Title:

IA:

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

A. Project sitting

Is the project area adjacent to or within any

of the following environmentally sensitive

areas?

Cultural heritage site

Protected area

Wetland

Mangrove

Estuarine

Buffer Zone of Protected Area

Special area for protecting

biodiversity

B. Potential environmental impacts

Will the project cause…

Haldebesi-Dhobi-Dhandebesi Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Sub-Project

MoFALD and DCC/DTO


118


Encroachment on historical/cultural

areas; disfiguration of landscape by

road embankments, cuts, fills, and

quarries?

There are no historic or cultural

areas along the road alignment.

Disfiguration of landscape will

occur due to cut and fill, however,

cut and fill volume will be

balanced.

Encroachment on precious ecology

(e.g. Sensitive or protected areas)?

Alteration of surface water hydrology

of waterways crossed by roads,

resulting in increased sediment in

streams affected by increased soil

erosion at construction site?

Deterioration of surface water quality

due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes

from worker-based camps and

chemicals used in construction?

There will be no significant

impact.

Increased local air pollution due to

rock crushing, cutting and filling

works, and chemicals from asphalt

processing?

There will be no significant air

pollution as is reconstruction of

existing gravel road

Risks and vulnerabilities related to

occupational health and safety due to

physical, chemical, biological, and

radiological hazards during project

construction and operation during

project construction and operation?

Noise and vibration due to blasting

and other civil works

Dislocation or involuntary

resettlement of people

Resettlement Plan will be

prepared to address involuntary

resettlement of the affected

people.

Dislocation and compulsory

resettlement of people living in right-

of-way?

Private structures like house and

shop will be dislocated within the

formation width of the road and

they will be provided with

compensation based on

Resettlement Plan.


119


Disproportionate impacts on the poor,

women and children, Indigenous

Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

Other social concerns relating to

inconveniences in living conditions in

the project areas that may trigger

cases of upper respiratory problems

and stress?

Not envisaged.

Hazardous driving conditions where

construction interferes with pre-

existing roads?

Poor sanitation and solid waste

disposal in construction camps and

work sites, and possible transmission

of communicable diseases from

workers to local populations?

The road will be constructed by

the local people who will come

from their home for work and

campsite management will be

done for workers outside the

project area.

Creation of temporary breeding

habitats for mosquito vectors of

disease?

Road construction is in hilly

region. So, there will be no

breeding habitats for

mosquitoes.

Accident risks associated with

increased vehicular traffic, leading to

accidental spills of toxic materials and

loss of life?

Traffic volume is negligible.

Increased noise and air pollution

resulting from traffic volume?

Traffic volume will be minimal

and traffic speed will be very

slow (<20km/hour) due to

earthen raod.

Increased risk of water pollution from

oil, grease and fuel spills, and other

materials from vehicles using the

road?

Social conflicts if workers from other

regions or countries are hired?

Large population influx during project

construction and operation that

causes increased burden on social

infrastructure and services (such as

water supply and sanitation

systems)?


120


Risks to community health and safety

due to the transport, storage, and use

and/or disposal of materials such as

explosives, fuel and other chemicals

during construction and operation?

Community safety risks due to both

accidental and natural causes,

especially where the structural

elements or components of the

project are accessible to members of

the affected community or where their

failure could result in injury to the

community throughout project

construction, operation and

decommissioning.


121

2b: Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening Country/Project Title: Nepal, Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)

Sector : Emergency Assistance

Sub-sector: Road

Division/Department: District/Rural Road(MoFALD/DCC)

Screening Questions Score Remarks

Location and

Design of

project

Is sitting and/or routing of the project (or its components) likely

to be affected by climate conditions including extreme weather

related events such as floods, droughts, storms, landslides?

1 Landslide

Would the project design (e.g. the clearance for bridges) need

to consider any hydro-meteorological parameters (e.g., sea-

level, peak river flow, reliable water level, peak wind speed

etc.)?

0

Materials

and

Maintenance

Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions

(e.g. prevailing humidity level, temperature contrast between

hot summer days and cold winter days, exposure to wind and

humidity hydro-meteorological parameters likely affect the

selection of project inputs over the life of project outputs (e.g.

construction material)?

1

Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions,

and related extreme events likely affect the maintenance

(scheduling and cost) of project output(s)?

1

Performance

of project

outputs

Would weather/climate conditions and related extreme events

likely affect the performance (e.g. annual power production) of

project output(s) (e.g. hydro-power generation facilities)

throughout their design life time?

2 Gravel

Road

Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below:

Response Score

Not Likely 0

Likely 1

Very Likely 2

Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all

responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the

project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing a

score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response will be categorized as high risk project.

Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): 5 (High)

Other Comments: For it is a hill road, the road and its performance is very likely to be affected by

impacts of climate change and climate induced extreme events, especially heavy rainfall.

Prepared by:


122

Appendix 3: Checklists for Baseline Information Collection

A. Physical Environment

Parameter Description

Topography

Geology (Rock and Soil Types)

Erosion and Sedimentation

Quarry Sites

Sites for Labour Camp

Site for Storage and Stockpiling

Access and Diversion if necessary

River Training Works

Land Use

Air Quality

Water Quality

Noise Level

Spoil disposal sites

Drainage Network and Ground

Water

Status of Channel Shifting


123

B. Vegetation and Wildlife

Vegetation in the project area

SN Local

Name

Botanical

Name

Location Vegetation

Type

Local

Status

Local

Use

Protection Status

GoN IUCN CITES

Mammals in the project area

SN Common

Name

Scientific

Name

Habitat Local

Status

Crop/Livestock

Raider

Local

Use

Protection Status

GoN IUCN CITES

Birds Sighted in the project area

SN Common

Name

Scientific

Name

Type Habitat Local

Status

Protection Status

IUCN CITES GoN

Herpeto-fauna in the Project Area

S.N. Local Name Scientific Name

Habitat Local Status

Status Code Local Use CITIES IUCN GoN

Fish in the Project Area

S.N. Local Name Scientific Name Status of Occurrence

Migratory Status/Season

Observed Location


124

C. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment along road alignment

Parameter Description (Chainagewise Detail)

Demography

a) Population (Male, Female)

b) Caste Ethnicity

c) Language

d) Religion and Culture

e) Literacy

Occupation

Migration Patten

Public Health and Sanitation

Drinking Water Supply

Education Facilities

Communication

Fuel and Energy

Road and Transportation

Land Holding

Food Sufficiency

Irrigation

Health Care System

Market

Business and Industries

Religious and Cultural Sites

Non governmental activities

Development Potential

Detail of Project Affected Structures


125

D. Landslides and Erosion Prone Areas along Road Alignment

SN Chainages Locations or

(Left/Right)

Size of

Failure Cause of Failure

Protection

Structure From To

E. Settlements and Population of the along the Road Corridor

SN Settlement VDC & Ward HH Population

Caste/Ethnicity Male Female Total


126

Appendix 4: Public Notice


127

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development

Office of District Development Committee

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

District Level Project Implementation Unit

Ramechhap

Public notice for comments and suggestion on the Initial Environmental Examination

(Date of first publication: 2072/12/22)

Through the Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) being implemented by loan

and grant assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical and grant assistance

from Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), counterpart funding from

Government of Nepal (GoN), District Development Committee (DDC) Ramechhap has

proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction of the following roads. In the course, this notice

has been published for the implementation of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

report as per the provision of the Rule 7 (2) of the Environment Protection Rules 1997

(amended 1999 AD).

SN Proposed Road Affected VDCs Description of Project

1 Devitar-

Phulasipokhari

Phulasipokhari VDC Proposed road starts at Devitar of Phulasi

VDC and ends at Pokharidada of the same

Phulasi VDC. This road will be 16 km long

and 6.25 m wide with side drain.

2 Haldebesi-Dhobi-

Dhandbesi

Tilpung, Nagdaha,

Bijurikot, Saipu

VDCs

Proposed road starts at Haldebesi of Tilpung

VDC and ends at Dhandbesi of Saipu VDC.

This road will be 36 km long and 6.25 m

wide with side drain

It is requested to provide comments and suggestions about the impacts on the environment

through the implementation of sub-project, from the relevant VDCs, school, health post,

forest user group, concerned stakeholders, organization and local people within 15 days from

the first date of its publication in the following address. The comments and suggestions can

be sent to Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads,

Pulchwok and Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development, Singhadurbar.

Address to send comments and suggestions:

District Development

Committee, Ramechhap

Telephone no: 048-540114

Fax No: 048-540029

District Technical Office,

Ramechhap, District

Implementation Unit


Fax No.: 048-540491

Earthquake Emergency Assistance

Project, Central Project

Implementation Unit


Fax No: [email protected]


128

Appendix 5: Deeds of Inquiries


129


130


131


132


133


134


135


136


137


138


139


140

Appendix 6: Recommendation Letters


141


142


143


144


145


146

Appendix 7: Minutes of Public Consultations


147


148


149


150


151


152

Appendix 8: Tree Loss and Compensatory Plantation

8a) Trees to be Felled from Community Forest and Compensatory Plantation Requirement

Chainages Name of Forest Name of Species

to be Felled

Scientific Name Number of Trees

to be Felled

Compensatory

Plantation (1:25)

24+100 to

24+250

Jhateswari CF Chilaune Schima wallichii 6 150

Uttis Alnus nepalensis 2 50

Sub-Total 8 200

Cost of Plantation @NRs 157.15/plant (NRs) 31,430.00

26+000 to

26+200

Brhingeshwar CF Chilaune Schima wallichii 5 125

Sub-Total 5 125


30+010 to

31+100

Poku Salgharni CF

(Saipu CF)

Chilaune Schima wallichii 9 220

Uttis Alnus nepalensis 5 125

Maledo Macaranga denticulata 1 25

Sub-Total 15 375


36+010 to

36+090

Taruke Salleri CF Chilaune Schima wallichii 20 500

Sal Shorea robusta 5 125

Bhot Dhangera Lagerstroemia parviflora 5 125

Sub-Total 30 750


37+000 to

37+150

Sipu Pakha CF Chilaune Schima wallichii 30 750

Pauwa 12 300

Uttish Alnus nepalensis 5 125

Sub-Total 47 1175


Total 105 2625

Total Cost of Plantation in all CFs (NRs) 412,518.75


153

8b) Cost Calculation for Compensatory Plantation in CF

SN Description Unit Total quantity

Rate (NRs.)

Amount (NRs.)

Remarks

Seedling cost No 1760 20 35,200.00 20 Plantation per ha 20(1) Site selection and survey Persondays 3 535 1,605.00 20.2(b) Site clearance Persondays 10 535 5,350.00 25% shrubs and

grasses 20.3 Fixing of pit distance (1600 pits) Persondays 3 535 1,605.00 20.5(a)i Pitting of 45X30X30 cm pit Persondays 32 535 17,120.00 50% slope 20.6(a)iii Seedling transportation Persondays 6 535 3,210.00 1 km distance 20.6(b)iii Seedling transportation (within) Persondays 3 535 1,605.00 20.7(a) Plantation Persondays 20 535 10,700.00 Up to 50% slope 32.1(b) Weeding Persondays 18 535 9,630.00 32.3 Replacement plantation (10%) Persondays 9 535 4,815.00 33.1(b) Prunning Persondays 25 535 13,375.00 Up to 50% slope Sub-total 104,215.00 35 Fencing per 200 running meter 35.2(a)ii Preparation of 100 poles of 30-40cm girth and

1.8m height Persondays 8 535 4,280.00

35.4 Five line barbed wire fencing (100 running meter) 35.4(a) Barbed wire (14 gauge) Kg 143 125 71,500.00 Wooden pole (10cmx10cmx1.8m) No 88 No cost Unail Kg 4.2 125 2,100.00 35.3(b) Pitting for poles Persondays 14 535 29,960.00 35.4(c) Stretching and tightening of barbed wire Persondays 24 535 51,360.00 Sub-total 159,200.00 Total 263,415.00 Contingency (5%) 13,170.75 Grand Total 276,585.75 Per plant cost 157.15 1600+10% plants

with 2.5m x 2.5m spacing


154

8c) Sample Compensatory Plantation Agreement

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f(Compensatory Plantation)

k[i7e"dL e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;x'nLotk"0f{ C0f ;xof]u, :jL; ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]u tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nufgLdf z'? ePsf] xf] o; cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo @)&@ a}zfv !@ ut]sf] e"sDk kl5 e"sDkLo If]qdf k"glg{df0f / k"g{:yfkgf sfo{df ;xof]u ug{' xf] . o; cfof]hgfn] ljBfno, ;8s, ;/sf/L ejg k"glg{df0f ul/ ;Defljt k|sf]kaf6 ;dfg's"ng ug{' /x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{s|d k"glg{df0f / k"g{:yfkgf sfo{k2tLdf cfwfl/t /xg] 5 . o;n] ;8s If]qsf e"sDk k|efljt hgtfnfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{5 . sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf cjl:yt k|:tfljt xNb]a];L—wf]aL—9fF8]a];L u|fld0f ;8s pk–cfof]hgf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t

;+rfng ug{ nfuLPsf] Ps pkcfof]hgf xf] . xNb]a];L—wf]aL—9fF8]a];L ;8s pk–cfof]hgf /fd]5fk lhNnfsf] lnv' ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f &, %, $, # / @ -;fljs ltKn'ª, gfubx, lah'lnsf]6 uf=lj=;=_ af6 k|j]z ub{5 . of] ;8ssf] rf}8fO{ ^=@% dL= / hDdf nDafO{ #*=*(( ls=dL= kb{5 . ;fGb{lestf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L ?vx? x6fpg] ;DaGwL dfkb08 @)&! cg';f/ b]lj6f/—km'n;Lkf]v/L ;8s pk–cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf hlt ?v sfl6G5g To;sf] !M@% cg'kftdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f / % aif{ ;Dd ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . jgdf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof / Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut pk/f]Qm cg';f/ xNb]a];L—wf]aL—9fF8]a];L ;8s pk–cfof]hgf ;fd'bflos eP/ hfg] / sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof, Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut ;d]t 6]a'n !df lbO{Psf] 5 . 6]a'n != ;fd'bflos jgdf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof, Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut l;g+

jgsf] gfd sfl6g] ?v ;+Vof

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f ?v ;+Vof -!M@%_

la?jf, a[Iff/f]k0f / 3]/jf/ nfut klxnf] ls:tf -g]=?=_

uf]8d]n, k'g/f]k0f nfut bf]>f] ls:tf -g]=?=_

hDdf nfut -g]=?=_

! em6]Zj/L ;f= j= * @)) @*,!!)=)) #,#@)=)) #!,$#)=))

@ >L e[Ë]Zj/ ;f= j= % !@% !&,%^*=&% @,)%)=)) !(,^$#=&%

# kf]s' ;fn3f/L -;}k'_ ;f= j=

!% #&% %@,&)^=@% ^,@@%=)) %*,(#!=@%


155

l;g+

jgsf] gfd sfl6g] ?v ;+Vof

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f ?v ;+Vof -!M@%_

la?jf, a[Iff/f]k0f / 3]/jf/ nfut klxnf] ls:tf -g]=?=_

uf]8d]n, k'g/f]k0f nfut bf]>f] ls:tf -g]=?=_

hDdf nfut -g]=?=_

$ tf?s] ;Nn]gL ;f=j=

#) &%) !)%,$!@=%) !@,$%)=)) !!^,*^@=%)

% ;}k' kfvf ;f=j= $& !,!&% !^%,!$^=@% !(,%)%=)) !*$,^%!=@%

hDdf #^*,($#=&% $#,%&%=)) $!@,%!*=&%


156

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no /

lhNnf jg sfof{no /

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_ sfof{Gjog ug { ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_ kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt ÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, /fd]5fk != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg]

. #= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, /fd]5fk != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] . @= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ . #= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt ÷lhNnf k|fljlws

sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] . ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, >L e[Ë]Zj/ ;f= j= != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x 'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .


157

%= lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO ÷lhNnf :t/Lo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO, /fd]5fk

!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ . @= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . $= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno /

cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] % ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - !@% ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !(,^$#=&% lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 . !—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !&,%^*=&% ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= @,)&%=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6

lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] tkm{ af6

x:tfIf/M gfdM kbM ldltM 5fkM




158


lhNnf jg sfof{no /



sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] . ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, em6]Zj/L ;f= j= != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x 'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .


159



cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] 8 ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - @)) ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= #!,$#)=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 . !—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? @*,!!)=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= #,#@)=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6







160


lhNnf jg sfof{no /



sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] . ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, kf]s' ;fn3f/L -;}k'_ ;f= j= != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x 'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .


161



cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] !% ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - #&% ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= %*,(#!=@% lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 . !—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? %@,&)^=@% ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= ^,@@%=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6







162


lhNnf jg sfof{no /



sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] . ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, tf?s] ;Nn]gL ;f=j= != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x 'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .


163



cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] #) ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - &%) ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !!^,*^@=%) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 . !—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !)%,$!@=%) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= !@,$%)=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6







164


lhNnf jg sfof{no /



sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] . ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, ;}k' kfvf ;f=j= != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x 'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .


165



cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] $& ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - !,!&% ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !*$,^%!=@% lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 . !—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !^%,!$^=@% ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= !(,%)%=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6







166

8d) Plantation Plan in District A. Compensatory plantation

Requirements for plantation activities 1) Coordination with DFO - Meeting will be held with DFO and CFUGs to discuss about the

plantation management

2) Agreement with DFO/CFUGs/DCC - Agreement will be done with DFO and DCC/DTO

for the compensatory plantation

3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation

From DFO/CFUG nursery

From private nursery owner from districts

Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts.

4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by DFO

and survey will be done.

5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned DFO/CFUG.

6) Pitting - Pits of 45cmx30cm x 30cm size will be dug.

7) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites

8) Planting - It will be done by the DFO/CFUGs in the starting of monsoon

9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by

weeds.

10) Survival count - Before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty

replacement before next monsoon.

Plan of Action for Plantation in CF Activities March

18 April 18

May 18 June 18

July 18 Aug 18 Sep 18 Oct 18

Agreement with DFO/CFUG/ DCC

Managing planting stock

Survey of plantation area

Fencing Pitting Transportation of seedlings

Planting Weeding Survival count


167

B. Roadside plantation

1) Coordination with local communities, RM and DFO - Meeting will be held with concerned

local communities, RM and DFO to discuss about the plantation management

2) Agreement with concerned stakeholders - Agreement will be done with concerned local

communities, RM and DFO for the road side plantation

3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation

From DFO nursery

From private nursery owner from districts

Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts.

4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by

concerned local communities, RM, and DFO and survey will be done.

5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned local communities, RM and DFO.

6) Pitting - Pits of appropriate size will be dug depending on species

7) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites

8) Planting - It will be done in the starting of monsoon

9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by

weeds.

10) Survival count - before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty

replacement before next monsoon.

Plan of Action for Roadside Plantation Activities March

18 April 18

May 18 June 18

July 18 Aug 18 Sep 18 Oct 18

Agreement with DFO/CFUG/ DCC

Managing planting stock

Survey of plantation area

Fencing Pitting Transportation of seedlings

Planting Weeding Survival count


168

Appendix 9: Abstract of Costs

9a: Civil Cost

Pay Item

No.

Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) Amount (NRs.)

1 General 1.1 Insurance of works, plants, materials, loss and damage to equipments,

Contractor's workmen and employees and third party insurance against damage to other persons and property as per GCC clause 19.

L.S. 1.00

900,000.00

900,000.00

1.2 Provide site office at the mid-section of the road at location acceptable to the project manager within the contract package with accommodation facilities as specified in special provision

month

18.00

35,000.00

630,000.00

1.3 Carry out additional tests for material and works as required and instructed by the Engineer.(GCC Clause No. 33.1)

PS 1.00

200,000.00

200,000.00

1.4 Relocation of the utilities (water supply, telephone, etc,) and services as instructed by the Engineer as per DoLIDAR-Technical Specifications for Labour Based Construction Work of Agricultural & Rural Roads (Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. G-10.

PS 1.00

300,000.00

300,000.00

1.5 Carry out maintenance of the existing road to keep the road serviceable throughout the contract period. Also provide and maintain traffic safety, control measures and temporary diversions during construction including water spraying thrice a week to avoid dust pollution as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. G-12.

month

18.00

38,000.00

684,000.00

1.6 Provide and installation of project information board of size 1.80 mx1.2 m along with iron posts including excavation, concreting, backfilling etc all complete as per DoR Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works (SSRBW) July 2001,Section-108

No. 2.00

10,000.00

20,000.00

1.7 Provision and maintenance of labour camps payable monthly in equal instalments as per DoR Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works (SSRBW) July 2001,Section-109 (3)

month

18.00

20,000.00

360,000.00

1.8 Establish, maintain and operate labaratory at the site with equipments furnishing required for testing specified quality of the materials as per DoR-

month

18.00

20,000.00

360,000.00


169

Pay Item

No.


SSRBW, Section-511

1.9 Environmental Mitigation Works as per EMP and as Instructed by the Engineer(DOR Section 109)

P.S. 1.00

300,000.00

300,000.00

1.10 Social Compiliance and safegaurds as per Resettlement Action Plan and GESI and as instructed by the Engineer(DOR Section 109)

P.S. 1.00

150,000.00

150,000.00

Sub-Total 3,904,000.00 2 Site Clearance

2.1 Clearing and Grubbing including cutting of all types of plants as per DoLIDAR-Technical Specifcations for Labour Based Construction of Agricultural and Rural Raods (Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR) Clause No.: 1-1.5(a), 1-1.5(b) & 1-1.6

m2 56,907.57

26.76

1,522,846.57

2.2 Dismantling of Culverts, bridges, pavements and other structures, including excavation, backfilling, stacking, disposing, handling and haulage up to a lead of 100 m along the lead route as per DoLIDAR-Technical Specifcations for Labour Based Construction of Agricultural and Rural Raods (Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR) Clause No.: 1-2(a)

m3 118.80

1,338.48

159,011.42

2.3 Dismantling gabion works and cobble pavements including stockpiling the reusable materials materials within 50m lead and disposal of nonusable material as per DoR-SSRBW, Section 202

m3 5,598.00

756.30

4,233,767.40

Sub-Total 5,915,625.40 3 Earthworks

3.1 Excavation in roadway and drain in all types of soil and rock materials including removal and satisfactory disposal of all materials at approved environmentally safe tipping area as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 2-1

m3

172,158.66

84.85

14,607,662.13

3.2 Excavation in foundation in structure in all types of soil materials including removal and satisfactory disposal of all materials at approved environmentally safe tipping area as per DoLIdar-Tech. Spec, for LBCWARR Clause No. 2-5

m3

6,708.21

137.02

919,158.93


170

Pay Item

No.


3.3 Construction of embankments, shoulders and other miscellaneous filling and backfilling in structure with approved materials as per design and drawing as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No.2-5

m3

20,341.14

100.64

2,047,132.53

3.4 Transportation of material beyond the initial lead within 1 km distance with safe disposal sites as instructed by the engineer.

m3 102,198.81

47.07

4,810,498.03

Sub-Total 22,384,451.63 4 Structural/ Side Drain/Cross Drainage Works Stone Masonry

4.1 Supply & place un-coursed random rubble stone masonry works in MM 5 cement sand mortar in the line & level all complete stone masonry work including full compensation for all labour, materials and other incidentals required to complete the work as per the specifications and drawings. It includes full compensation for using specially dressed stones on the face of wall with batter and provisions for weep hole as necessary as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 8

m3 11,322.13

6,941.26

78,589,875.85

Sub-Total 78,589,875.85 Gabion Works

4.2 Supply machine made fabrication of gabion boxes of different sizes with hexagonal mesh size of 100 mm x 120 mm including rolling, cutting and weaving (mesh wire 3.0 mm, selvedge wire 3.9 mm, binding wire 2.4 mm, all heavy zinc coated wires),assembling, placing in position, packing and filling of gabion create with rubble stone and tying by 2.4 mm binding wires all complete as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 17-1.4, 17-5 & 17-6

m3 7,506.50

4,384.85

32,914,876.53

4.3 Provide and place Geo-textile all complete as per drawing and specifications as per (DOR-SSRBW Section No.: 2404,3110)

m2 5,844.80

166.29

971,931.79

Sub-Total 33,886,808.32 Cross Drainage, Side Drainage and Protection Plain and Reinforced Cement Concrete


171

Pay Item

No.


4.4 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 10/20 as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 11

m3 227.92

8,349.77

1,903,096.28

4.6 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 20/20 as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 11

m3 1,196.32

12,762.72

15,268,297.19

4.7 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 25/20 as per DOR-SSRBW,July 2001,Section 2000

m3 139.10

16,065.59

2,234,643.24

4.8 Supply and place formwork for concrete works with all complete as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 9

m2 765.75

718.74

550,375.16

4.9 Supply & place TMT high tensile strength steel reinforcement of specified grade ( Fe 500) for RCC works including bending, centring & binding in position as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 10

T 16.73

101,226.84

1,693,018.97

4.10 Supply, Laying, fitting and fixing of hume pipe class NP3. It includes all operations required to complete the work and the jointing of pipes with 1:2 cement sand mortar as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 15-5 and 15-6

a 300 mm diameter pipe for irrigation purpose rm 112.50 4,599.91 517,489.88

b 600 mm diameter pipe as per DOLIDAR Item no 47-15-5,15-6-b

rm 165.00

8,113.43

1,338,715.95

c 900 mm diameter pipe as per DOLIDAR Item no 47-15-5,15-6-b

rm 52.50

14,938.65

784,279.13

4.11 Supply & place100 mm Dia. HDPE Pipe (6 kg/cm2) for weep hole as per Nepal Standard & directed by Engineer

rm 523.00

545.84

285,474.32

4.12 Backfilling works with approved soil materials with compaction as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No-2.5.4

m3 1,140.96

240.69

274,615.82

4.13 Supply and Place graded filter in backfilling in structures and cross drainage works as per (DOR-SSRBW Section No.: 2404,3110)

m3 155.83

2,080.16

324,140.79

Sub-Total 25,174,146.71 5 Pavement Works

5.1 Preparation of subgrade for rehabilitation works as per DoR-SSRBW (Standard Specification for Road & Bridge Works, 2001) SECTION No. 1003

m2 109,298.78

17.85

1,950,983.28


172

Pay Item

No.


5.2 Providing, laying, spreading, watering, leveling and compaction of natural sand gravel sub base grading as specified and according to the designed camber all complete as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1201

m3 11,625.90

1,284.10

14,928,815.62

5.3 Providing, laying, spreading, watering, leveling and compaction of capping layer of approved materials according to the designed camber all complete asper DoR-SSRBW, Section 1004

m3 241.62

1,075.28

259,807.00

5.4 Supplying and preparing 20 cm thick stone pitching work on the prepared granular bedding with stone available at site

m3 796.80

2,760.84

2,199,834.55

5.5 Providing, laying, spreading, watering, leveling and compaction of 12 cm thick natural sand gravel sub base grading for cobble pavement as specified and according to the designed camber all complete as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1201

m3 5,152.82

1,284.10

6,616,738.73

5.6 Supplying and preparation of 5 cm thick granular material and sand with mixing red soil and spreading in layer, watering, compacting and all complete.

m2 51,290.19

69.88

3,584,158.48

5.7 Supplying and construction of 8 cm thick coble pavement ( Breaked Coble ) on the prepared granular material bedding with spreading the spall/ Granular material and compacting with Steel Roller with all complete

m3 10,115.22

956.08

9,670,954.76

5.8 Breaking and supplying of rock for cobble manually and chiesel dressing it in the 8 cm sizes with all complete

m3 6,107.22

852.72

5,207,744.37

5.9 Providing, laying, spreading, watering, levelling and compaction of natural sand gravel wearing course class -1/class -2 lead upto 10m as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1205.

m3 472.00

1,427.72

673,880.98

Sub-Total 45,092,917.78 6 Road Furniture/Traffic Sign Boards

6.1 Supplying and placing standard RCC kilometer post (place at each km) all complete including painting, and writing etc. all complete as per specification and drawings (DOR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1501)

Nos. 32.00

2,677.65

85,684.80


173

Pay Item

No.


6.2 Supplying and placing standard RCC kilometer post (place at 5km interval ) all complete including painting, and writing etc. all complete as per specification and drawings (DOR-SSRBW SECTIONNo. 1501)

Nos. 7.00

6,018.46

42,129.22

6.3 Supplying and fixing in place R.C.C.delineater and guard post including excavation,paintng,and erectionetc. all complete as final drawing (DOR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1504)

Nos. 3,112.00

1,200.56

3,736,142.72

6.4 Supplying and erecting traffic sign in place including 50 mm dia steel tube, 2mm thick steel plate, cement concrete, painting, writing and supporting steel angle nut and bolt etc complete as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1501)

a 60 cm dia circular, 60 cm equilateral triangle and 60 x 45 cm rectangular shaped sign (Single post)

Nos. 180.00

1,697.45

305,541.00

b 1.2m x 0.75 m size bigger traffic sign with back support and two or more post

Nos. 14.00

3,257.27

45,601.78

Sub-Total 4,215,099.52 7 Bio-engineering Work

7.1 Slope trimming work DoLIDAR : 4 Spec.Clause No.: 2-1.3.2,2-1.8 and 2-1.95

m2 6,100.00

77.97

475,617.00

7.2 Construction of Rip-rap drain with the stone pitching work of 20 cm thick and 1.2 m wide as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 8

rm 450.00

576.73

259,528.50

7.3 Dry stone check/toe walls for segmentation and support of slopes DoLIDAR Tech. Spec. clause No. 8

m3 722.20

3,030.02

2,188,280.44

7.4 Brush layering work: including preparation of terraces of 30 - 40 cm wide and laying live cuttings of selected Species along the terrace @ 5 cm c/c with 2/3 of cuttings in to terrace and leaving one bud and up to 1/3 of the cuttings sticking beyond the terrace edge (Cutting can be of assuro,simali etc of 45 - 60 m length) DoLIDAR Spec.Clause no.70-6.7 b

rm 6,100.00

124.04

756,644.00


174

Pay Item

No.


7.5 Planting rooted grass slips on slopes < 45˚ including preparation of slips on site. Operation includes digging planting holes to a maximum of 5 cm depth with metal or hardwood peg, depending on nature of soil. The planting drills should be spaced 10 cm apart as per Bio engineering information of DOR

m2 6,100.00

243.17

1,483,337.00

7.6 Planting containerised tree and shrub seedlings, including pitting, transplanting, composting and placing tree guards, on toe of embankment slopes in plain areas, not less than 8 m from the road centre line. Pit size 30 cm diameter×30 cm depth. Compost volume ⅟₄ of the volume of pit, mixed with original soil as per Bio engineering information of DOR

Nos. 407.00

62.24

25,331.68

Sub-Total 5,188,738.62 8 Day works

8.1 Supply of labour as required as per preamble and as instructed by the Engineer.

b) Skilled labour day 150 735.00

110,250.00

c) Unskilled labour day 400 565.00

226,000.00

8.2 Supply of excavator for maintenance of road as required and instructed by engineer

hr 180 1,000.00

180,000.00

8.3 Provide Built up Drawings as completed

L.S. 75,000.00

Sub-Total 591,250.00 Base Cost (A) 224,942,913.83 13% VAT (B) 29,242,578.80 Total Cost including Base Cost and VAT (C) 254,185,492.62 Cost Per Kilometer of construction works including Base Cost and

VAT (D) 6,534,499.41

Work Charge Staff & Miscellaneous Expenses @ 3% (E) 6,748,287.41 Physical Contingency @ 10% (F) 22,494,291.38 Grand Total (G) 283,428,071.42


175

9b: Project Cost including Socio-Environmental Cost

SN Particulars Amount (NRs.)

1 Environmental Management Cost

1.1 Environmental/conservation awareness program 250,000.00

1.2 Tourism promotion awareness (A three days homestay management training to 15 people from project

area)

150,000.00

1.3 Hoarding boards at road site (4 places) for awareness about important wildlife and their conservation. 200,000.00

1.4 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF 110005.00

1.5 Roadside plantation 200,000.00

1.6 Solidwaste collection bins 50,000.00

1.7 Environmental monitoring cost 200,000.00

Sub-total (I) 1,462,518.75

2 Other environmental cost (included in civil works cost also)

2.1 Contractor's workmen and employees and third party insurance against damage to other persons and

property (Ref Appendix 9, item 1.1)

900,000.00

2.2 Relocation of Utilities (water supply and telephone poles) (Ref Appendix 9, item 1.4) 300,000.00

2.3 Maintenance of existing road, providing and maintaining traffic safety, control measures and temporary

diversions during construction including water spraying thrice a week to avoid dust pollution. (Ref

Appendix 9, item 1.5)

38,000.00

2.4 Labour camp maintenance (Ref Appendix 9, item 1.7) 20,000.00

2.5 Environmental Mitigation Works (Ref Appendix 9, item 1.9) 300,000.00

2.6 Social Compliance and Safeguard (Ref Appendix 9, item 1.10) 150,000.00

2.7 Spoil Disposal 4,810,498.03

2.8 Bioengineering and landslide retention (Ref Appendix 9, item 7) 5,188,738.62

2.9 Installation of traffic signals (Ref Appendix 9, item 6.4) 351,142.78

Subtotal II 12,058,379.43


176

SN Particulars Amount (NRs.)

3 Civil Work Cost

3.1 Total Civil Cost (Including VAT and Contingencies) 283,428,071.42

3.2 Other environmental cost included in civil works cost as given in SN 2 12,058,379.43

3.3 Civil excluding other environmental cost (Subtotal III) 271,369,691.99

4 Resettlement Plan Cost (This plan is under preparation, hence the cost is not included here)

4.1 Compensation cost (land, relocation cost for private and community structures within RoW) 1,803,871.28

4.2 Deed transfer assistance and fees 17,100.00

4.3 Income generation and livelihood improvement training 800,000.00

4.4 Contingency (20%) 364,194.26

Subtotal IV 2,985,165.54

5 Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Plan Cost

5.1 WASH Awareness Training 25,000.00

5.2 Psycho-social Counseling 25,000.00

5.3 Livelihood Improvement Training 50,000.00

Subtotal V 100,000.00

Total Project Cost (I+II+III+IV+V) 287,975,755.71


177

Appendix 10: List of Affected Structure

SN Picture Detail

1 Chainage 21+900

Name of Owner Govinda Shrestha

Address Likhu -4

Structure Type house

Built Year 2072

Present Status Good

Family Member (no.) 5

Food Sufficiency (Month) 6 Months

Total Agricultural Income

(NRs.)

30000

Total Non-agricultural

Income (NRs.)

50,000

Total Affected Area (sqm)

Total cost (NRs.)

2

Chainage 21+900

Name of Owner Maila Mahara

Address Likhu -4

Structure Type house

Built Year 2072

Present Status Good

Family Member (no.) 6

Food Sufficiency (Month) 3 Months

Total Agricultural Income

(NRs.)

Total Non-agricultural

Income (NRs.)

Total Affected Area (sqm)

Total cost (NRs.)

3

Chainage 22+400

Structure Type House/Cottage

Name of owner Sher Bdr Tamang

Address Likhu Rural Muni. -3

Built Year 2030

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status House is fare but cottage

is half damage

Total cost (NRs.)


178

4

Chainage 22+500

Structure Type Cottage

Name of owner Dolkumari Shrestha

Address Likhu Rural Muni. -3

Built Year 2068

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status weak

Total cost (NRs.)

5

Chainage 2300

Structure Type House/Cottage

Name of Owner Dal Bdr. Shrestha

Address Likhu Mun.-3

Built Year 2058

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status House is fare but cottage

is half damage

Total cost (NRs.)

6

Chainage 0+2500

Structure Type Balkuni

Name of owner Chun Naryan Shrestha


Built Year 2040

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status Good

Total cost (NRs.)


179

7

Chainage 0+2500

Structure Type Balkuni of house

Name of Owner Indra Narayan. Shrestha


Built Year 2058

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status Good

Total cost (NRs.)

8

Chainage 25+ 200


Name of owner Tilak Timilsina


Built Year 2073

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status good

Total cost (NRs.)

9

Chainage 25+600


Name of Owner Kewal Timilsina


Built Year 2058

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status Good

Total cost (NRs.)

10

Chainage 26+300


Name of owner Chakra Bdr. Tamang


Built Year 2055

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status Some are good and some

are worth

Total cost (NRs.)


180

11

Chainage 26+300


Name of owner Dhudhi Tamang


Built Year 2055

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status Some are good and some

are worth

Total cost (NRs.)

12

Chainage 26+400

Structure Type Balkuni of house

Name of Owner Suntali Tamang


Built Year 2058

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status weak

Total cost (NRs.)

13

Chainage 26+450

Structure Type Top corner of the hose

and cottage

Name of owner Yam Bdr. Tamang


Built Year 2040

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status good

Total cost (NRs.)

14

Chainage 27+300

Structure Type Half part of house

Name of Owner Tilak Tamang


Built Year 2043

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status Good

Total cost (NRs.)


181

15

Chainage 28+100


Name of Owner Gumba Tamang


Built Year 2038

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status good

Total cost (NRs.)

16

Chainage 28+200

Structure Type House and Cottage

Name of Owner Jit Bdr. Tamang


Built Year 2040

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status weak

Total cost (NRs.)

17

Chainage 28+400

Structure Type House

Name of owner Gole Tamang


Built Year 2072

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status good

Total cost (NRs.)

18

Chainage 29+200

Structure Type Cottage with fence

Name of Owner Bhoj Bdr. Magara


Built Year 2070

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status Good

Total cost (NRs.)


182

19

Chainage 29+300


Name of owner Gope Tamang


Built Year 2072

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status good

Total cost (NRs.)

20

Chainage 32+800

Structure Type Balkuni of house and

Cottage

Name of Owner Jit Bdr. Tamang

Address Likhu Rural Muni. 2

Built Year 2058

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status Good

Total cost (NRs.)

21

Chainage 33+000

Structure Type cottage

Name of owner Lok Bdr. Raut

Address Likhu Rural Muni.

Built Year 2072

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status good

Total cost (NRs.)

22

Chainage 33+050


Name of Owner Chet Bdr. Thapa


Built Year 2030

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status Good

Total cost (NRs.)


183

23

Chainage 33+050


Name of Owner Dhan Raj Raut


Built Year 2040

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status good

Total cost (NRs.)

24

Chainage 33+100


Name of Owner Gopal Basnet


Built Year 2030

Use & Beneficiary

Present Status good

Total cost (NRs.)


184

Appendix 11: Grievance Redress Mechanism

Sample Grievance Intake Form Name of Project

Project ____________ welcomes complaints, suggestions, comments and queries

regarding the project implementation and its stakeholders. We encourage persons with

grievance to provide their name and contact information to enable us to get in touch with

you for clarification and feedback.

Should you choose to include your personal details but want that information to remain

confidential, please inform us by writing/typing "(CONFIDENTIAL)" above your name.

Thank you.

Contact Information

Name Gender Male

Female

Home Address Age

Phone No

City/District

Complaint/Suggestion/Comment/Question Please provide the details(who ,what

where and how) of your grievance below:

How do you want us to reach you for feedback or update on your comment/grievance?

Portion to be filled in by the staff:

Date received:

Received through:

Name of Staff who

receive

comment/complaint

Position of staff:

Type of Grievance;

Remarks

Signature of Staff

Update on the case:

Date: Update


185

Appendix 12: Environmental and Social Monitoring Report

Outline

The level of detail and comprehensiveness of a monitoring report is commensurate with the

complexity and significance of social and environmental impacts. A safeguard monitoring

report may include the following elements:

(a) Background/context of the monitoring report (adequate information on the project,

including physical progress of project activities, scope of monitoring report, reporting period,

and the monitoring requirements including frequency of submission as agreed upon);

(b) Changes in project scope and adjusted safeguard measures, if applicable;

(c) Qualitative and quantitative monitoring data;

(d) Monitoring parameters/indicators and methods based on the monitoring plan/program

previously agreed upon with ADB;

(e) Monitoring results compared against previously established benchmarks and compliance

status (e.g., national environmental emission and ambient standards and/or standards set out

in the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines guidelines;

timeliness and adequacy of environmental mitigation measures; involuntary resettlement

compensation rates and timeliness of payments, adequacy and timeliness of involuntary

resettlement rehabilitation measures including serviced housing sites, house reconstruction,

livelihood support measures, and training; budget for implementing environment

management plan (EMP), resettlement plan,, timeliness and adequacy of capacity building,

etc.);

(f) Monitoring results compared against the objectives of safeguards or desired outcomes

documented (e.g. involuntary resettlement impacts avoided or minimized; livelihood restored

or enhanced; environmental impacts avoided or minimized, etc.);

(g) If noncompliance or any major gaps identified, include a corrective action plan;

(h) Records on disclosure of monitoring information to affected communities;

(i) Identification of key issues, or complaints from affected people, or recommendations for

improvement;

(j) Monitoring adjustment measures recommended based on monitoring experience/trends

and stakeholders response;

(k) Information about actual institutional arrangement for implementing the monitoring

program/plan provided or adjusted, as may be required;

(l) Proposed items of focus for the next report and due date.


186

Appendix 13: Pictorial Highlights

Participants of Public Consultation



187


Existing Road Alignment


188

Vegetation near Road Alignment


earthquake emergency assistance project

Documents