design of 60d b gain 0 93 nf at c- band using double stage lna with cascoded lna amplifiers an...

Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 8(1) January 2014, Pages: 148-157

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Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

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Corresponding Author: Pongot K, Bahagian Sumber Manusia, Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) Tingkat 17 & 18 Ibu Pejabat MARA, Jalan Raja Laut , 50609 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Design of 60dB Gain 0.93 NF at C- Band using Double Stage LNA with Cascoded LNA Amplifiers an Optimized Inductive Drain Feedback for WiMAX Application 1,2Pongot K, 2Othman A.R, 2Zakaria Z, 2Suaidi M.K, 2Hamidon A.H

1Bahagian Sumber Manusia, Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) Tingkat 17 & 18 Ibu Pejabat MARA, Jalan Raja Laut , 50609 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Centre of Telecommunication and Innovation (CETRI), Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya 76100, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia.

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received 21 November 2013 Received in revised form 18 January 2014 Accepted 29 January 2014 Available online 25 February 2014 Key words: RF front-end; IEEE 802.16; Cascaded Cascoded LNA inductive drain feedback

This paper presents a design of double stage low noise amplifier with cascoded LNA using inductive drain feedback that is applicable for the IEEE 802.16 standard (WiMAX) which operates at 5.8 GHz. The amplifier uses FHX76LP superHEMT low noise FET. The Ansoft Designer SV was used during the design process. The double stage LNA with cascoded LNA was designed using the inductive drain feedback, inductive generation to the source, and the T-network at the input and output terminal as a matching technique. The double stage LNA and cascoded low noise amplifier (LNA) produced a gain (S21) of 60.36 dB and the noise figure (NF) of 0.93 dB. The input reflection (S11), output reflection (S22) and return loss (S12) are -11.03 dB, -12.30 dB and -73.78 dB respectively. The measured 3dB bandwidth of 1.27 GHz has been achieved. The input sensitivity is -92 dBm exceeded the standards required by the IEEE 802.16.

© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. To Cite This Article: Pongot K, Othman A.R, Zakaria Z, Suaidi M.K, Hamidon A.H., Design of 60dB Gain 0.93 NF at C- Band using Double Stage LNA with Cascoded LNA Amplifiers an Optimized Inductive Drain Feedback for WiMAX Application. Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 8(1): 148-157, 2014

INTRODUCTION

Ranging from 2 ½ centuries ago, personal wireless communication has been in high demand from

consumers. This has helped in the design of continuous technology development in wireless communication industry using advanced technology that has been created. At this point, the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is still dominating in the wireless transfer technology. However, the existence of technological developments such as social media, video streaming and online gaming has resulted in demand for WiMAX technology has more capacity, greater coverage (50 km) at high transfer rates (70Mbps) and high mobility performance which is one of the most promising technologies to consumer (Othman et al., 2010).

The RF front-end receiver that is built based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, where the standard is to use a number of licensed and unlicensed bands (2.3-2.7 GHz, 3.4-3.6 Hz and 5.1-5.9GHz) to transmit data (Ibrahim et al., 2012). In this research, the focus will be on the unlicensed spectrums at 5.8 GHz frequency.

The most important part of the radio frequency receiver is on the front-end this is due to the determination of the gain and minimum noise figure of the system is affected by this section. Perfect design enables the system gets the necessary gain with minimal noise according to the IEEE 802.16 standard, as well as meet the needs of the signal to noise ratio (SNR). A typical RF front-end receiver consists of preselection filter, low noise amplifier (LNA) and mixer as shown in Fig 1. The number of circuits to be added at the front-end receivers depending on the type of receiver designed. If the front-end design built is complex, there will be a trade-off between bandwidth, noise and gain of the system (Pozar, 2001).

Fig. 1: A typical RF front-end receiver

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149 Pongot K et al, 2014 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 8(1) January 2014, Pages: 148-157

Selection of the right technology and the timely on the RF front-end radio receiver are a way to get cost-effective and manageable. In selecting technology, there are several factors to consider such as the selected device capabilities, the number of signals content to be integrated and applications performance requirements. Normally devices are widely used in RF front-end product receiver uses technology HEMT, CMOS and GaAs. Thus, designers must find the technology best suited to the application to be developed to ensure a balance between technology performance that can be obtained. However, this technology remains uncertain due to the difference in terms of specification, architecture and circuit designers themselves (Othman et al., 2012).

In the Wimax receiver configuration, Rf front-end designed with high gain, sensitivity performance, low noise and high dynamic range ensures reliable performance of the receiver. One of the key components in RF front-end is a low noise amplifier (LNA). A low noise amplifier (LNA) is in the first stage dominating the noise, gain and sensitivity performance of the RF front-end receiver. Therefore, to ensure the best performance in the RF front-end, LNA should be designed to the optimize on input or output impedance matching condition, unconditional stability, high gain and low noise in a predetermined band.

Although we know there is a trade-of compensating the gain, noise figure, stability, linearity and input and output matching, but actually they are interdependent and do not always work in each other's favor. In this design, we probe the dependency of the above factors like gain, noise figure, stability, bandwidth on the design parameters so as to come up with the most optimal combination. The methodology adopted for tuning the LNA for optimal behavior can be extended to any other circuit design.

In this paper, we design double stage LNA with cascoded LNA using inductive drain feedback with gain more than 60 dB with low noise figure is proposed for Wimax application. The proposed architecture for RF front-end receiver for WiMAX at 5.8 GHz is shown in Fig 2. The development of LNA at the front-end of the receiver will be focused.

Through this configuration consisting of a double stage LNA using the concept of a common-source amplifier are combined with the use of source degenerated topology, inductive shunt peaking at the drain and the T matching network at the input and output ports. Adding topology generated on a single source has been able to improve the linearity LNA and good at matching input besides that it also helps in increasing the gain. While the addition of a single inductive shunt peaking at LNA has enhanced bandwidth and gain. The use of T-matching on a double stage LNA also has helped reduce the reverse isolation, noise figure and bandwidth.

Fig. 2: RF front-end receiver architecture using a Double stage LNA cascaded with cascoded LNA configuration

Lna Theory:

Low noise amplifier (LNA) of a front-end receiver is the most important part of the receiver because it determines the overall performance of the receiver. Identifying a suitable design and topology for the LNA is important. The LNA is to provide high gain, low noise, wideband and high input-output isolation. Based on research conducted by the previous designer, there are a variety of topologies presented in LNA design such as cascaded amplifier (Ibrahim et al., 2012), cascoded amplifier (Jung et al., 2006), common-gate amplifier (Chen et al., 2007), current-reused amplifiers with shunt resistive feedback (Lin et al., 2007), and distributed amplifiers (Yu and Emery Chen , 2007).

Distributed Topology amplifiers can be used to improve the gain at high frequencies and at the same time may widen the bandwidth, but it needs more inductor causes a lot of power is used. In addition, it also can provide good matching, but more likely to use more dc current caused multistage structure (Yu and Emery Chen, 2007). The used of common-gate amplifier topology is useful in input matching input, but noise figure is higher than other topology, and the gain produced is not flat enough (Chen et al., 2007). Current-reused amplifier topology provides high-gain and low power consumption but problematic in providing a large bandwidth. To overcome this problem, resistive shunt feedback is used for the preparation of the advantages of broadband amplification such as stability, noise figure, gain flatness and matching (Lin et al., 2007). However, the use of feedback needs for a trade-off between gain and bandwidth. The cascoded topology is much popular

Cascoded LNA

Single LNA Single

LNA

BPF Mixer

VCO

Antena


since this technique can introduce higher gain, due to the increase in the output impedance, as well as better isolation between the input and output ports. In addition, a combination of two transistor (FET) in cascode topology will reduce the Miller effect, improving the bandwidth of the amplifier (Jung et al., 2006). While cascaded topology used to increase the gain of the amplifier simultaneously noise figure will be an increase (Ibrahim et al., 2012).

In order to produce low noise amplifiers (LNA) has a high gain, low noise figure, wide bandwidth, unconditional stability and input and output matching circuits that can reduce reflection of unwanted signals, we proposed new configuration by using double stage LNA with cascoded LNA using inductive feedback to drain FET.

The proposed configuration diagram double stage LNA cascaded with cascoded LNA is shown in Fig 3.

Circuit GLInput Matching

NetworkSingle LNA Input Matching

NetworkOutput Matching

NetworkOutput Matching

Network

DC Bias DC Bias

To Terminal Source

To Terminal Load

Input Matching Network

Output Matching Network

Cascoded LNA

DC Bias

Single LNA

Fig. 3: Configuration diagram double stage LNA cascaded with cascoded LNA The targeted S-parameter specification for the double stage LNA cascaded with the cascoded LNA

amplifier is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Targeted S-Parameters for a double stage LNA cascaded with cascoded LNA amplifier S- parameter Double stage LNA cascaded with cascoded LNA Input reflection S11 (dB) < -10 dB Return Loss S12 (dB) < -10 dB Forward Transfer S21 (dB) >+ 60 dB Output Reflection loss S22 (dB ) <-10 dB Noise Figure ( dB ) < 3 dB Stability (K) K > 1 Bandwidth (MHz) >1000

Noise Figure:

Noise figure is the criterion that permits to appreciate the quality of a system. It measures how much the signal to noise ratio degrades when the input signal passes through the receiver (Gonzalez, 1996).

)1(log10 10 FNF =

Noise factor (F) is the measure of the SNR degradation that a signal suffers from the input of the receiver to

the output. The effect of the noise figure present in a circuit can be quantified by using the noise factor concept (Gonzalez, 1996). Where F is defined as:

)2(out

in

SNRSNRF =

Or

)3(/

out

rssig

out

in

SNRPP

SNRSNRF ==

Where inSNR and outSNR are the signal-to-noise ratios measured at the input and output and sigP denotes

the input signal power and rsP represents the source resistance noise power, both per unit bandwidth.


For a cascade system of N stages as shown in Fig 4, the overall noise factor can be obtained in terms of the noise factor and gain at each stage. The total noise factor (Ibrahim et al., 2012) can be expressed by the Friis equation:

)4(...

1...11

12121

3

1

21

−

−++

−+

−+=

n

Ntot GGG

FGG

FG

FFF

Where Fm and Gm are the noise factor and the available power gain of the mth stage. According to this

equation, the noise contributed by each stage decreases as the gain of the preceding stage increases. Thus, the first few stages in a cascade are the most critical stages. In practice, the LNA is the first active block in the receiving chain. Therefore, it's NF directly adds to that of the system. An LNA should provide enough gain to overcome the noise contribution of the subsequent stages and add as little noise as possible.

Fig. 4: Cascade Circuit with n Network One of the most critical steps in the LNA design procedure is the noise optimization (Computer Society and

Microwave Theory Technique, 2004). It can only be done using constant gain circles and circles of constant noise figure to select usable trade-off between noise figure and gain. Typically, noise figure of 2-port transistor has a minimum value at the specified admittance given by the equation (5), (Ibrahim et al., 2011) :

)5(|| 2min opts

S

N YYGRFF −+=

For low noise transistors, manufacturers usually provide optN YRF ,,min by frequencies. N defined by

formula for desired noise figure, shows in equation (6):

)6(|1|/4||1

|| 2

0

min2

2

optNS

opts

ZRFFN Γ+

−=

Γ−

Γ−Γ=

After stability of the active device is determined, input and output matching circuits should be designed so

that a reflection coefficient of each port can be correlated with the conjugate complex number as given in equation (7) and equation (8):

)7(1 22

211211

*

L

LsIN S

SSSΓ−Γ

+=Γ=Γ

And

)8(1 11

211222

*

s

sLout S

SSSΓ−Γ

+=Γ=Γ

To get a minimum noise figure using 2-port transistor, the source reflection coefficient should match with Γopt and load reflection coefficient should match with Γ*out with a complex conjugate number as formulated in equation (9) and equation (10):

)9(opts Γ=Γ

)10(

1 11

211222*

Γ−

Γ+=Γ=Γ

s

soutL S

SSS

F1 G1

F2 G2

F3 G3

Fn-1 Gn-1

Fn Gn


Power Gain: Amplifier operation can be explained in more detail through the input/output circuit for two port networks.

As shown in the Fig. 3, power gain of 2 port networks with circuit impedance or load impedance of the power amplifier are represented with scattering coefficient classified into Operating Power Gain, Power Transducer and Available Power Gain (Ibrahim et al., 2011).

Operating power gain is the ratio of the power dissipated in the load ZL (PL) to the power delivered to the input (Pin) of the two-port network [3]. The Operating Power Gain can be expressed as an equation (11), (Ibrahim et al., 2011) :

( )

( ) )11(11

12

222

2221

Lin

L

in

LP

S

SPPG

Γ−Γ−

Γ−===

Transducer Power Gain is the ratio ofavs

P , maximum power available from source to LP , power delivered to

the load. The maximum power cans be obtained, when the input impedance inΓ of the network is terminated conjugately matched to the source impedance sΓ ., if inΓ = sΓ , Transducer Power Gain can be expressed in equation (12), (Ibrahim et al., 2011) :

)12(|)()1)(1(|

)||1)(||1(||2

21122211

22221

LSLS

LS

in

LT SSSS

SPPG

ΓΓ−Γ−Γ−Γ−Γ−

==

Available Power Gain, AG is the ratio of avsP , power available from the source, to avnP , power available

from 2-port network, that is, avs

avnA P

PG = . The power gain is avnP when inΓ = s*Γ .

Therefore Available Power Gain is given by equation (13), (Ibrahim et al., 2011):

)13(|1|

1|||1|

||12

22

2212

11

2

LS

S

avs

avnA S

SSP

PGΓ−Γ−

Γ−==

Design Of Double Stage Lna Cascaded With Cascoded Lna:

The proposed configuration of the LNA RF front-end of the receiver is shown in Fig 4. Design configuration using a double stage LNA cascaded with cascoded LNA and construction specifications in accordance with the specifications in Table 1. The circuit designed using FHX76LP PHEMT Transistor. S-parameters for PHEMT is shown in Table 2, where the parameters were obtained at VDD = 2V and IDS = 10mA of bias set at PHEMT. Table 2: S-parameter from Transistor PHEMT FHX76LP datasheet

Frequency GHz

S11 S12 S21 S22

5.8 GHz 0.712 0.065 8.994 0.237 Angle -86.54 33.88 178.66 -10.46

Low noise amplifiers overall performance can be determined by calculation or simulation using Ansoft 's

designer SV software at transducer gain, noise figure and also on the input and output standing wave ratios, VSWRIN and VSWRout.. The optimum, Γopt

and ΓL were obtained as Γopt = 18.41 + j50.12 and ΓL = 79.913-

j7.304 for a single LNA. While, Γopt = 21 + j48.02 and ΓL = 79.90-j7.299 for cascoded LNA. Fig 5 shows the complete schematic double stage LNA amplifier with cascoded LNA using inductive

feedback. The proposed double stage LNA design is based on a source degenerated topology (L10 and L20), inductive shunt peaking at the drain (L15 and L25) and T-matching network at the input and output impedance (input impedance matching at L11, L12, C11, L21, L22, C21 and output impedance matching at L18, L19, C12, L28, L29, C22).

In addition, double stage LNA configuration also has added another cascoded LNA configuration. This configuration has been designed with the new technique and topology. In this stage LNA has been designed using inductive feedback (L36) at drain M4, L30 inductive generation source connected to the source of M3. In addition, there L35 inductive RF choke placed between the source M4 and drain on the M3. This topology also used the T-matching network at the input and output impedance (input impedance matching component at L31, L32, C31 and output impedance matching component at L38, L39, C32). By using Ansoft Designer SV, Smith Chart matching technique, the components for the amplifier are as shown in Table 3.


Fig. 5: Complete Double stage LNA cascaded with cascoded LNA using inductive feedback

Table 3: Double-Stage LNA with Cascoded LNA Amplifier parameters Components 1st Stage LNA

L10(nH) L11(nH) L12(nH) L13(nH) L14(nH) L15(nH) L16(nH) L17(nH) L18(nH) L19(nH) C11(pF) C12(pF)

Value 0.078 1.371 1.154 0.775 0.461 1.356 0.336 1.368 1.371 1.346 0.264 0.01

2nd Stage LNA


Value 0.078 1.333 1.053 0.756 0.384 1.356 0.406 1.325 1.302 1.294 0.1 0.45

Cascoded LNA


Value 0.073 1.371 1.154 0.658 0.384 0.103 8.28 1.368 0.555 1.371 0.5 0.75 Some important result can be produced from a double stage LNA with cascoded LNA amplifiers which

have been designed. Where, there is some passive component plays a specific role in each stage in influencing the value of the gain, noise figure, stability and bandwidth. Component values can be measured, referred, and optimized by the designer of the RF front- end receivers to achieve predetermined specifications as in Table 1.

For example, the first stage LNA available on an input matching network has influenced the overall noise figure of the RF front-end receiver. Passive component major affecting the noise figure is C11. This can be demonstrated by Fig 6. In this case, we have chosen the value of C11 from 0.1pF up 1pF causing noise figure varies from 0.6 dB to 1.52 dB. However, the LNA specifications amplifiers to be built require the S11 be smaller than 10 dB a trade-off needs to be done. A value component C11 between 0.5 to 0.55 pF will be chosen. Where it has, been producing noise figure LNA RF front-end receiver to 0.93 dB.

Fig. 6: Affect changes value the C11 to the overall noise figure


Change the value of C11 also resulted in the devaluation of 1.39 GHz bandwidth at 0.8 GHz. In addition, passive inductive component L15 and L25 also have a significant impact on gain to the overall system. Where changes in the value of microstrip L15 and L25 from 1mm to 11mm has resulted in the gain, changed from 37.64 dB to 60.71 dB and 38.11 dB to 60.8 dB respectively. Then the gain will fall back if the inductive L15 extends beyond 11mm and inductive L25 beyond 10mm. This can be demonstrated by Fig 7. Meanwhile, inductive L15 will decrease the bandwidth from 1.38 GHz to 0.46 GHz, and inductive L25 will increase bandwidth from 0.5 GHz to 1.2 GHz.

Fig. 7: Affect changes value the L15 and L25to the overall gain L10, L20, and L30 are used as an inductive generation for the double stage LNA with cascoded LNA

amplifier while to allow more flexibility and good in matching to terminal 50 ohm at the input and output stage. This can be demonstrated by Fig 8.

Fig. 8: Affect changes value the L10 ,L20 and L30 to the input and output matching. In the third stage, a cascoded LNA amplifier, the inductive L35 is placed between M3 and M4. The variable

value of the inductance L35 will give the cascoded LNA real input impedance and helps in getting the input and output of the optimal matching. When this condition occurs, it enhances the bandwidth and stability as shown in Fig 9.

Fig. 9: Affect changes value the L35 to the bandwidth and stability to the overall system


The cascoded transistor M4 suppresses the Miller capacitance of M3 thereby increases the reverse isolation. The suppression of the parasitic capacitances of the input transistor also improves the high frequency operation of the amplifier (Leon et al., 2010). When inductive drain feedback components for the L36 values raised from the 1nH to 9nH, will cause an increase in the gain change dramatically. It will show at Fig 10.

Fig. 10: Affect changes value the L36 to the overall gain of the system Results:

This section presents the measurement result of a double stage LNA with cascoded LNA with inductive feedback operating at 5.8 GHz for WiMAX application. It is implemented in a SuperHEMT technology. The design based on the topology shown in Fig 5. Table 4 shows the summary of comparison performance for different topologies of the LNA amplifier for researchers at recently reported. It is simulated using Ansoft Designer SV. The recorded result plot of the LNA are shown in Fig 11 (a), 11 (b) and 11 (c). At the Fig 11(a), input reflection S11 is -11.03 dB while output reflection S22 is -12.3 dB. As can be seen, the double stage LNA with cascoded LNA inductive feedback topology has the S11 and S22 below -10 dB, and this proves the effectiveness of the broad matching achieved by the T-matching network. Forward transfer gain S21 is 60.36 dB. The proposed LNA attained a high and flat gain. In Fig. 11(b) overall Noise Figure (NF) is 0.93 dB, which is the best result reported among the published LNAs in SuperHEMT technology. While, the stability K is 2.09 as shown in Fig 11(c). The value of stability obtained is greater than 1 the LNA amplifiers are currently in a state of unconditionally stable and, provides no isolation. From Fig 11 (a), it is observed that, the 3dB bandwidth of around 1.27 GHz was obtained and thus complies with the targeted result of more than 1 GHz. All the result values are within the design specification as stated in Table 1.

Table 4: Comparison performance summary of the different topology of the LNA amplifier

References Topology Technology Input Reflection S11 dB

Output Reflection S22 dB

Forward Transfer S21 dB

Return Loss S12 dB

NF dB

BW GHz

Stability (K)

(Ibrahim et al., 2012)

Cascaded LNA + RFA

SuperPHEMT

-11.4 -12.4 52.4 -39.1 1.3 1.125 -

(Jung et al., 2006)

2 stages Cascoded LNA with shunt Feedback

0.18-μm CMOS

<-7.8 <-10 11.9 <-39 4.1-4.6

2-6.5 -

(Yu and Emery Chen , 2007)

Distributed LNA 0.18-μm CMOS

<-10 <-10 10 - 3.8-6.9

2.7-9.1 -

(Garuda and Ismail, 2006)

Current-reused with shunt resistive feedback LNA

0.18-μm CMOS

<-7.5 <-11 13.1 <-34 3.9 3-10 -

(Lin et al., 2007)

Current-reused LNA

0.18-μm CMOS

<-8 - 15 -40 3.1-6 3.1-10.6

-

(Ibrahim et al., 2011)

Cascoded and Cascaded LNA

SuperPHEMT

<-24.3 <-23.86 53.4 -62.6 1.2 1.2 1.59

[This Work]

Cascaded LNA + Cascoded LNA using inductive feedback

SuperPHEMT

-11.03 -12.3 60.36 -73.78 0.93 1.27 2.09

Note: (-) - not stated


Fig. 11: (a). S-parameter for Double Stages LNA Cascaded with Cascoded LNA

Fig. 11: (b). Noise Figure for Double Stages LNA Cascaded with Cascoded LNA

Fig. 11: (c). Stability for Double Stages LNA Cascaded with Cascoded LNA

Conclusions: This paper presents a double stage LNA with cascoded LNA using inductive feedback topology applied for

WiMAX applications with the SuperHEMT technology at frequency 5.8 GHz. The feasibility of a newly proposed inductive feedback technique, inductive source generation, T-matching and inductive RF choke at double stage LNA with cascoded LNA topology for improving noise performance, achieving good input matching, maintain the bandwidth and high power gain have been demonstrated in this paper. Observations made from the results of S-parameters in the double stage LNA with the cascoded LNA amplifier is better than the predetermined specifications. Recorded result for double stage LNA cascaded with cascoded LNA amplifier observed provide the gain S21 was 60.36 dB at the frequency of 5.8 GHz. While the input reflection loss S11


was – 11.03 dB and, the output reflection loss S22 was -12.3 dB. The S12 return loss was -73.78 dB. The stability (K) and noise figure (NF) were 2.09 and 0.93 dB respectively. In conclusion, it has been shown that by using a double stage LNA cascaded with cascoded LNA amplifier, a minimum noise figure, higher gain, and wider the bandwidth which is the best measurement reported among the published WiMAX LNAs in SuperHEMT and 0.18-μm CMOS technology.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The work described in this paper was fully supported by Centre For Research And Innovation Management

(CRIM), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). Melaka, Malaysia, under research grant PJP/2013/FKEKK(11C)/S01182.

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Abu Bakar Ibrahim, Abdul Rani Othman, Mohd Nor Husain, Mohammad Syahrir Johal, J. Sam Hamidon, 2012. The Cascode LNA with RF Amplifier at 5.8GHz Using T-Matching Network for WiMAX Applications. Journal of Telecommunication and Computer Engineering.

Garuda, C., M. Ismail, 2006. "A multiband CMOS RF front-end for 4G WiMAX and WLAN applications. Circuits and Systems, ISCAS, Proceedings IEEE International Symposium, pp: 4.

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Leon, Michael Angelo G. Lorenzo and Maria Theresa G. De, 2010. Comparison of LNA Topology for Wimax Application in a Standard 90-nm CMOS Process. 12th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation., pp: 642-647.

Othman, A.R., A.B. Ibrahim, M.N. Husain, A.H. Hamidon, and Jsam Hamidon, 2012. Low Noise Figure of Cascaded LNA at 5.8 GHz Using T-Matching Network for WiMAX Applications. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 3: 6.

Othman, A.R., A.H. Hamidon, C. Abdul Wasli, J.T.H. Ting, M.F. Mustaffa, A.B. Ibrahim, 2010. Low Noise, High Gain RF Front End Receiver at 5.8GHz for WiMAX Application. Journal of Telecommunication and Computer Engineering.

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