demystifying the diagnosis of socio-economic transformation of smartphone users

Demystifying

the diagnosis

of

Socio

Economic

Transformation

of

Smartphone

Users

Fergusson College, Pune

Department of Statistics

Demystifying the Diagnosis of Socio-Economic Transformation of Smartphone Users

An Interdisciplinary approach to the technology of New Media.

Fergusson College, Pune-04

Dhammaratna Jawale

Avijit Das

Karishma Deshpande

Shrey Gupta

Samruddhi Joshi

Prof. Deepa Kulkarni

Project Guide and Batch-in-

charge

Prof. S. S. Shende

Head of the Department of

Statistics

1

Acknowledgement.................................................................................02

Certificate................................................................................................03

Introduction...........................................................................................04

Motivation..............................................................................................06

Abstract...................................................................................................08

Conversion of Problems into Statistical Language...............................09

Tools Used...............................................................................................10

Methodology...........................................................................................11

Analysis :

Exploratory Data

Analysis...........................................................................................12

Statistical Data

Analysis........................................................................................18

Limitation and Scope...............................................................................33

Conclusion...............................................................................................34

Appendix :

Table of socio-Economic

Classes..............................................................................................38

Sample

Questionnaire.................................................................................39

Bibliography............................................. ............................................. ............... 45

Index

2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the students of T.Y.B.Sc.-Statistics, Fergusson college would like to express

our sincere appreciation to all those who provided us with the opportunity to complete this report.

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to our guide and mentor, Prof. Deepa S. Kulkarni

for her patient guidance, valuable and constructive suggestions for this research work .We

appreciate her willingness for assisting in keeping our progress on schedule.

We would also like to extend our special thanks to Head of Department of Statistics,

Prof . Subhash S. Shende and Prof. Charuta Dabir for their enthusiastic encouragement and useful

critique for this project work.

Our very grateful thanks to Head of Department of Sociology Prof. Sunita Gupta for

motivating us and clearing doubts related to the social aspects involved in the project. We would

also like to thank our trusted adviser and resource person Prof. Ajit Gagare, Department of

Communication Studies, University of Pune, for mentoring us throughout this research work.

We would like to thank Mr. Baburao Salve, Mr. Ashok Jawale, Mr. Mayur Girhe

Mr.Vinay Sonawane for invaluable feedback and help in the methodological issues of our project.

Finally we would like to express our gratitude to our family and friends for offering us

with tremendous support, Mr. Nandakishor Joshi for data collection process, Ms. Sachi Somani

for project presentation and all those who contributed to this project during the process of data

collection by filling up the questionnaire with their co-operation and patience.

FERGUSSON COLLEGE, PUNE

Department of Statistics

This is to certify that

Mr./Miss. …………………………………………………,

Roll No. …..., student of Fergusson College, studying in T.Y.B.Sc.-Statistics,

has successfully completed his/her annual research work entitled as

‘Demystifying the diagnosis of Socio-Economic Transformation of

Smartphone Users’

And has satisfactorily reached the goals of the proposed work

as per laid down by the University of Pune.

Date:

Prof. Deepa Kulkarni, Prof. S. S. Shende,

Batch-in-charge and Research guide Head of The Department of Statistics

4

INTRODUCTION

“An invasion of armies can be resisted but not an idea whose time has come.”

- Victor Hugo.

The human wants are unlimited and change from time to time due to constant growth

in technology and this want consequently brings a transformation in the society over time.

The World Bank pronounced the mobile network as the biggest ‘machine’ the world has ever

seen. For the first time, even the underprivileged and people from the lower strata in India

could connect to the wealthiest and most highly placed. Before the Smartphone such

connections were often difficult or impossible. For India, the mobile phone was the most

widely shared item of luxury and indulgence the country had ever seen. It quickly became not

a luxury but a necessity for tens of millions of people-the single largest category of consumer

goods in the country.

These smart phones not only offer some of the same features that a personal

computer would, but they also provide a very high level of entertainment. Even with all the

capabilities that smart phones offer they still require a great level of understanding and

responsibility. Because of its portability, people seem to be more comfortable using smart

phone as a primary communication device than desktop or home phone.

With huge powerful applications, smart phones allow its users to stay in touch

with their work and extend their social connection in many ways. Many of the smart phones

applications available today has a huge impact on groups of people who take advantage of it.

Because of the requirement of the economy, many businessmen prefer to have a smart phone

which allows them to keep connect with their business clients, checking e-mail, texting or

browsing web while they are on the road.

The Android Market currently offers around 100,000 applications and over

two-billion downloads to date1. These applications include many different things from games,

videos, and music. There was a time when smart phones were primarily used to meet

business needs but today people also use them for entertainment purposes as well.

1 Lilly’s Report,2010 (USA)

5

The goal of this survey is to explore this above mentioned social and

economic transformations in the society due to this new idea, this new transformation which

is influenced by the increasing use of smart phones, which gave power of information into the

tiny palms of a person. As shown in the famous BBC TV series ‘SHERLOCK’, the villain

Prof. Moriarty uses his high-featured Smartphone Applications to unlock many confidential

records, codes and draws the whole country to his knees. Although it was purely a piece of

fiction, we have seen in real world, what happens when the power and ability to control

information came to the hands of Mr. Julian Assange, founder of WikiLeaks2.

Considering so many facts like these, we concentrated on the changes and

transformations due to Smartphone taken through our lives and how they are going to results

in something new, say Digital Revolution, which will surely redefine the lifestyles and

livings of upcoming generations.

Why Interdisciplinary?

Interdisciplinary research (IDR) is a mode of research by teams or individuals

that integrates information, data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts, and/or theories

from two or more disciplines or bodies of specialized knowledge to advance fundamental

understanding or to solve problems whose solutions are beyond the scope of a single

discipline or area of research practice. Since social behaviour is something that has a wide

dimension, we decided to club the social and economic parameters. Therefore it was

necessary to use the interdisciplinary approach to arrive at a balanced result for our project.

2 WikiLeaks is an international, online, non-profit, journalistic organisation which publishes secret information,

news leaks, and classified media from anonymous sources.

1

MOTIVATION

India’s Smartphone user population is growing exponentially. The 27 million

Smartphone users in Urban India constitute 9% of the entire mobile user base. With 900

million mobile phone users (according to TRAI) India is considered to be one of the fastest

growing cellular markets and every handset maker is trying to offer the full suite of products

ranging from basic phones to the high end feature loaded smart phones. The mobile phone

industry in India is likely to contribute US$ 400 billion to the country’s gross domestic

product (GDP) and has the potential to generate about 4.1 million additional jobs by 2020.

The smart phones of today have so many features that the owners of them can hardly seem to

put them down just for a second. It has in fact become an addiction. Because of its portability,

people seem to be more comfortable using smart phone as a primary communication device

than desktop or home phone. Furthermore, it is an efficient and discreet way to communicate

with friends and family members.

In assessing the positive impact of smart phones on our society, there are two major areas

which have vastly affected by smart phones, and they are business and socialization. The

purpose of this project is to help others understand the direction of Smartphone technology,

the ways Smartphone technology changes society; understand the impact of change and

manner in which we live our lives.

Power In Your Hand

1) There is now an application which helps fishermen as well. The services provided by the

application include tracking potential fishing zones, ocean state forecast such as length of the

waves in the sea and weather conditions. The hand-held device would also provide market

information, news and government schemes meant for fisher folk.

2) Another application which was developed by the son of a famous Panwala serving in the

streets of Mumbai enables users of the application to place orders for the pan through the

application.

3) An uneducated girl who used to give Mehndi classes, now with the help of her brother is

empowered to give assignments to her students with the help of the famous instant messaging

application ‘Whatsapp’ and has expanded her income to a threefold.

2

The world has now become one small global village. Due to its flexible web access, mobile

applications offer much more convenience in helping anyone achieve their business and

expansion goals. Such has been the impact of Smartphone and so we decided to take up this

topic for our research work. While dealing with our research goals we found so many other

interesting things on which we can work through statistical analysis to analyze the data in

order to explore the social and economical transformation of the early Smartphone user.

In our day to day life we all come across so many situations where we can say that this tiny

palm device has become such an organ like thing of our body. So we thought to explore this

situation and its consequences over human. For instance take a bus-stop, a railway station, a

cinema hall, a garden or any public place we can see how much people got addicted to their

Smartphone.

All this real life situations and scenarios inspired and motivated us to take this topic as our

annual research project. In the process we met so many persons using their Smartphone in

critically different ways and this gives us immense satisfaction for our topic.

8

ABSTRACT

Project Title:

Demystifying the diagnosis of Socio-Economic

Transformation of Smartphone Users.

An Interdisciplinary Approach To The Technology Of New Media.

Since the Smartphone have become the new ‘must haves’, our project was centred

on the changes that these devices have had on its users and the society. Our aim was to check

whether smart phones have played a vital role in influencing the social characteristics to

communicate with the society. And to check, if people, who have opted for buying a

Smartphone to keep up with the technology, are actually making use of applications such as

Mobile banking, Online shopping, etc., which have been created to make life easier. If yes,

then, to substantiate if the Smartphone user is giving enough time to the society and the

world as the Smartphone user does not feel the need to interact or go out for even the smallest

of things as he has the necessary power to do any given task in his own hands. To do so we

collected a sample from 305 people. For analysing the primary data we have used Chi-Square

test of independence of two attributes, Paired t-test for before and after scenarios, tests of

proportion etc. Parallely by dividing the samples into four different Socio-Economic Classes

as ‘A>B>C>D’, we went through a comparative analysis of these classes according to their

usage behaviour.

9

CONVERSION OF PROBLEMS INTO STATISTICAL LANGUAGE

The following statistical methods are used in data analysis:

1) Paired t -test: ( one sample )

Used to test whether SMARTPHONE had an effect on various parameters (namely

time spent on phone call, number of phone calls, use of internet, mobile banking habits,

etc. ).

2) Chi-square test for independence of two attributes:

Used to test independence of various pairs of attributes like relationship status with

quality time given to family, Relationship status with physical presence in social

meetings, Relationship status with time spent on phone calls, Socio economic class with

use of mobile banking and online shopping.

3) Testing Population Proportion:

Used for checking Proportion of people who opted for Smartphone for purpose of

keeping up with the technology are actually making optimal use of it by using

applications such as mobile banking and shopping is less than 0.5.

4) Shapiro-Wilk Test:

This test was used to check the normality of various variables such as age, price

etc. We perform this test on the IBM-SPSS software. The said test was also used to draw

Normal Q-Q plot of these variables.

5) Kruskal Wallis test:

Used to check whether the socio economic class has played an influential role in

the purchasing price range of their Smartphone.

10

TOOLS USED

For the analysis of data in our project we have used the following statistical tools,

MS- excel :

A worksheet where we input the

collected data through the survey. We have used this

worksheet as it is very user friendly. The data which

was input in MS excel was later exported to SPSS, a

more advanced package used for comparative study

between different variables and attributes. We have

also used it for proportion tests.

SPSS software : (Statistical Package for Social Studies)

A widely known and accepted

statistical package to conduct analysis for

testing various claims. We have used this

package for Shapiro Wilk’s test for normality of

our data, to draw frequency tables, to draw and

study normal q-q plots and box plots, etc

R-package :

It is a statistical package introduced to us in this

academic year. We have used it for non parametric tests such as

Kruskal Wallis for testing the equality of several means and Chi

square test for testing the independence of two attributes.

11

METHODOLOGY

After reading a great deal of news articles and books like Cellphone Nation and The

New Digital Age, left us curious to know more about the mystery behind the transformation due

to Smartphones and the reasons that have made them a rage among the people around the world.

We decided to study this in detail and started working accordingly.

The first step involved in our project was framing of the questionnaire. Divided into three

sections, our questionnaire comprised of 36 questions. The first section included personal

information and Smartphone related specifications like model, manufacturer, operating system

etc. As we wanted to compare the daily use by a person before and after buying the Smartphone ,

the second section comprised of all the before and after questions like number of calls, text

message, call time per day through an ordinary phone and the through the Smartphone they use

currently.

The third section included general questions related to Smartphones like motivation to

buy a Smartphone, use of certain applications, and this section also included questions where

people had to give their views and prejudices about influence of Smartphones, like ability to give

quality time to family, improvement of personal, business contacts, decrease in social interaction

etc. The second step was data collection and sampling method. Our sampling was conditional,

i.e. the people who own a Smartphone and have previously used an ordinary phone were our

sample and it was open for the age group above 15.We targeted public places and each group

member obtained an average of 60 samples.

The next step was the analysis of the collected data. In the exploratory analysis we

represented our data and the related information in the form of bar diagrams and pie charts. In

the statistical analysis part we wanted to test certain claims for which we made use of chi-square

test for independence of two attributes, paired t test, test for proportion and kruskal wallis test.

We then quoted the conclusions collectively.

We also prepared a table to estimate the Socio-economic class (see appendix) based

on the occupation and education of the person. These classes were divided into grades A, B, C

and D according to their status.

12

5%

46%

17%

4%2%4%2%

8%

5%7%

MANUFACTURER

NOKIA SAMSUNGMICROMAX BLACKBERRYLG/ GOOGLE APPLEHTC SONYKARBONN OTHERS

Exploratory Data Analysis

Pie charts and bar diagrams

OS Frequency Percent

ANDROID 257 84.3

APPLE 10 3.3

WINDOWS 14 4.6

SYMBIAN 11 3.6

BLACKBERRY 11 3.6

OTHERS 2 .7

Total 305 100.0

MANUFACTURER Frequency Percent

NOKIA 15 4.9

SAMSUNG 141 46.2

MICROMAX 52 17.0

BLACKBERRY 11 3.6

LG/ GOOGLE 5 1.6

APPLE 11 3.6

HTC 7 2.3

SONY 26 8.5

KARBONN 15 4.9

OTHERS 22 7.2

Total 305 100.0

84%

3%4% 4% 4%

1%

OPERATING SYSTEMS

ANDROID APPLE WINDOWS

SYMBIAN BLACKBERRY OTHERS

13

45%

29%

10%

1% 7%

2% 3% 2% 1%

Dream Phone's Manufacturer

APPLE SAMSUNG SONY

MICROMAX NOKIA LG/GOOGLE

HTC BLACKBERRY OTHERS

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

A B C D

SES wise preference to payment mode

CC/DC

NET BANKING

COD

Dream Smartphone’s Manufacturer

Frequency Percent

(missing) 50 16.4

APPLE 116 38.0

SAMSUNG 74 24.3

SONY 25 8.2

MICROMAX 2 .7

NOKIA 17 5.6

LG/GOOGLE 6 2.0

HTC 7 2.3

BLACKBERRY 6 2.0

OTHERS 2 .7

Total 305 100.0

14

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Before After

Number of calls

0 to 5

5 to 10

10 to 15

15 and above

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Before After

Time on calls

less than 5

5 to 15

15 to 30

30 to 60

60 and above

Graphical Comparison of ‘Before’ & ‘After’ Scenarios

1. Comment &

Interpretation :

This bar graph gives us the

information about the time spent

on calls per day (in minutes),

before and after buying a

Smartphone. From the Graph, it

can be concluded that the number

of people who spoke for more than

60min. daily has increased

significantly. On the contrary the

number of people belonging to the

first 3 categories has decreased. In

this case we can say that since the

introduction of Smartphones,

users spend more time on calls

per day.

2. Comment &

Interpretation:


comparison of number of calls made

before and after buying a Smartphone.

Although there is decrease in the

number of people in the first two

categories, the last two categories

seemed to have gained more number

of people. In this situation, we can say

that the Smartphone users still

prefer speaking over the phone with

their closed ones and with business

contacts even though instant

messaging and free calling

applications exists.

15

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Before After

Number of SMS

0 to 5

5 to 15

15 to 50

50 and above

0

50

100

150

200

250

Before After

Use of Internet

Never

Monthly

Weekly

Daily

3. Comment &

Interpretation :

This bar graph gives us information

about the number of text messages


From the graph it can be seen that

there is no change in the number of

people who used to send fewer than 5

texts daily .There is slight decrease in

next two categories whereas the

number of people who sent more than

50 texts daily is on a rise. In this case,

the and fourth categories imply to us

that there are still people who opt

for SMS packs when they can

actually use instant messaging

applications to serve the same

purpose.

4. Comment &

Interpretation:


information about usage of the

internet before and after buying a

Smartphone .From the graph it is

clear that large number of people

who didn’t use internet on their

ordinary phones earlier, have started

using it after buying a Smartphone.

The first category also includes

people who didn’t have internet on

their earlier handsets but now they

are acquainted with it. Out of the

305 samples taken, more than 200

people use internet on daily basis

since the availability of

Smartphones.

16

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Before After

Mobile Banking

Never

Rarely

Frequently

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Before After

Social Network

0 to 10

10 to 20

20 and above

5. Comment &

Interpretation:

The bar graph informs us about

the browsing time on internet (in

minutes) before and after buying a

Smartphone. From the above graph

we conclude that there are more

number of internet users. The

number of people who spend more

than 60 min. browsing is on a rise.

The browsing includes all the

activities and applications through

the internet which the Smartphone

enables to its user. In a nutshell, we

can say that there is a drastic

increasing trend of browsing time

after the introduction of

Smartphone in our lives.

6. Comment &

Interpretation:

This bar diagram informs us about

the usage of mobile banking before

and after buying a Smartphone. Due to

the unavailability of the internet on a

few ordinary phones, people couldn’t

use this application .Now when they

are capable of using it; people are not

in the favour of this application due to

reasons like unreliability, poor internet

connectivity etc. At the same time,

mobile banking application is a

boon for the people who want to

keep up with technology and save

their time. However there is less

number of people who frequent this

application.

0

50

100

150

200

250

Before After

Browsing Time

0 to 15

15 to 30

30 to 60

More than 60

17

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Before After

News Portal

never

daily

weekly

7. Comment & Interpretation:

This Bar graph compares the

number of statuses and images

uploaded on social networking sites

(via Phone) before and after buying

a Smartphone. From the graph it

can be seen that the number of

people who weekly updated their

images and statuses in the second

and third category have increased.

However, more than half of the

sample population still doesn’t

make any uploads at all or lesser

than 10 per week.

8. Comment &

Interpretation:

This Bar diagram compares the

usage of the News portal application


There is a significant increase in the

number of people who check online

news daily and weekly .It can be

concluded that there are many people

who want to stay up-to-date through

these applications in Smartphones.

As the first category also includes the

people who didn’t have this application

on their earlier phones are now making

optimum use of it.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Before After

Social Network

0 to 10

10 to 20

20 and above

18

Statistical Data Analysis: Paired t-test (one sample)

Let Xi: Time spent on phone calls per day using basic phone.

Yi: Time spent on phone calls per day using Smartphone.

µd: Average time difference between basic phone and Smartphone.

To test:

H0: µd =0 (i.e. average time difference is zero) Vs

H1: µd < 0 (i.e. average time difference has decreased)

Test statistic:

𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 =𝑑

𝑠 𝑛 Follows t- distribution with (n-1) degrees of freedom

𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 = −3.690045666

𝑡304;0.05=1.649881428

Decision rule:

Reject H0 at 100𝛼 % level of significance if 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 < −𝑡𝑛−1;𝛼 ; otherwise we may accept H0.

Decision:

As 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 < −𝑡304;0.05 ;

We reject H0 at 5 % level of significance.

Conclusion:

The average time spent on phone calls per day has decreased after the introduction of

Smartphone. Therefore, we have deduced that because of applications such as instant

messaging like Whatsapp and free calling like Viber and Line there has been a reduction in

the time spent on phone calls.

• Average time spent on phone calls per day has decreased after the introduction of Smartphone.Claim 1

19

Let Xi : Number of phone calls per day using basic phone

Yi : Number of phone calls per day using Smartphone.

µd : Average number of call difference between basic phone and Smartphone.

To Test:

H0: µd =0(i.e. average number of call difference is zero) Vs

H1: µd < 0 (i.e. average number of calls has decreased)

Test statistic:



𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 5.340764909

𝑡304;0.05=1.649881428

Decision rule:

Reject H0 at 100𝛼 % level of significance if 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 < −𝑡𝑛−1;𝛼 ; Otherwise we may accept H1.

Decision:

As 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 > −𝑡304;0.05;

We accept H0 at 5 % level of significance.

Conclusion:

The average number of phone calls is same in both, before and after scenarios. Thus we

conclude that though there are a few interesting applications in Smartphone, the calls related to

business and emergencies are usually done through the conservative phone calls. Considering

the previous test with this one we can positively say that these applications are preferred for

making longer conversation to cut down the rate of costs, which is a definite incentive to

youngsters and for friends and families living overseas.

• Average number of phone calls per day has decreased after the introduction of Smartphone.Claim 2

20

Let Xi: Use of internet on the basic phone .

Yi: Use of internet on the Smartphone.

µd: Average difference between basic phone and Smartphone internet usage.

To Test:

H0: µd =0 (i.e. average difference between usage of internet is zero) Vs

H1: µd> 0 (i.e. average difference in usage of internet has increased)

Test statistic:


𝑠 𝑛 Follows t- distribution with (n-1) degrees of freedom.

𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 =20.27225637

𝑡304;0.05=1.649881428

Decision rule:

Reject H0 at 100𝛼 % level of significance if 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 > 𝑡𝑛−1;𝛼 ; otherwise we may accept H0.

Decision:

As 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 > 𝑡304;0.05


Conclusions:

The use of internet after the introduction of Smartphone has increased tremendously. It was an

expected outcome as in the basic phones internet facility wasn’t very user friendly unlike the

Smartphones. Smartphone has certainly given its users an edge and have changed the whole

perception of mobile phones. They have done the work of a catalyst, thereby helping the

mobile industry reach great heights.

• Average Internet use has increased after the introduction of Smartphone.Claim 3

21

Let Xi: Time spent on browsing on basic phone per day.

Yi: Time spent on browsing on Smartphone per day.

µd: Average time difference of browsing between basic phone and Smartphone.

To Test:

H0: µd =0 (i.e. average time difference on browsing is zero) Vs

H1: µd> 0 (i.e. average time difference has increased)

Test statistic:



𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 19.47134335

𝑡304;0.05=1.649881428

Decision rule:


Decision:

As 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 > 𝑡304;0.05


Conclusion:

The average time spent on internet per day has increased. Just like the previous case, because of

its user friendly interface Smartphone has enabled the user for making optimal use of the

internet. With various new applications to attract the young and the old alike, Smartphones

have made the use of internet not a want but a need.

• Average time spent on browsing per day has increased after the introduction of Smartphone.Claim 4

22

Let Xi: Use of mobile banking on the basic phone.

Yi: Use of mobile banking on the Smartphone.

µd: Average difference between basic phone and Smartphone mobile banking usage.

To Test:

H0: µd =0 (i.e. average difference between usage of mobile banking is zero) Vs

H1: µd>0 (i.e. average difference in usage of mobile banking has increased)

Test statistic:



𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 10.16735948

𝑡304;0.05=1.649881428

Decision rule:


Decision:

As 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 > 𝑡304;0.05


Conclusion:

The use of mobile banking after the introduction of Smartphones has increased. It has

provided a simple and fast interface to help its users. Before Smartphones mobile banking

was done with the help of SMS also; which was chargeable and slow. But now various

established banks have taken the effort to develop their own applications which has given the

term mobile banking a whole new dimension.

• Use of Mobile Banking has increased after the introduction of Smartphone.Claim 5

23

Let Xi: Number of images and status uploaded on social network before using Smartphone.

Yi: Number of images and status uploaded on social network using Smartphone.

µd: Average difference between uploads before using Smartphone and while using Smartphone.

To Test:

H0: µd =0 (i.e. average difference is zero) Vs

H1: µd> 0 (i.e. average difference has increased)

Test statistic:


𝑠 𝑛 Follow t- distribution with (n-1) degrees of freedom

𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 12.39277712

𝑡304;0.05=1.649881428

Decision rule:


Decision:

As 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 > 𝑡304;0.05

We reject H0 at 5 % level of significance as 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 > 𝑡304;0.05

Conclusions:

The number of images and status uploads has increased on the Smartphone. Social

networking sites have seen the potential of the Smartphones and have therefore created their

own applications so as to foster rapid growth in the ever increasing competition. The number

of pictures and status uploads have increased because of the convenience that Smartphones

provides its users. People have become more extrovert and feel the need to share everything

about themselves with the help of these applications created by the social networking sites.

• Number of image+status uploads on Social-Networking sites has increased on Smartphone.Claim 6

24

Let Xi: Checking online news portals using basic phone.

Yi: Checking online news portals using Smartphone.

µd: Average difference between news portals checked using basic phone and Smartphone.

To Test:

H0: µd =0 (i.e. average difference is zero) Vs

H1: µd < 0 (i.e. average difference has decreased)

Test statistic:



𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 15.4615815

𝑡304;0.05=1.649881428

Decision rule:


Decision:

As 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 > 𝑡304;0.05,


Conclusions:

The checking of online news portals has increased after the introduction of Smartphones.

Online news portals have in a way become a replacement for the conventional newspapers.

Users do not have to go through many pages; they can check the story of their interest and

choose editorials according to their preference.

• Use of Online News Portals has increased on Smartphone.Claim 7

25

Chi-Square(Χ2) Test For Independence Of Two Attributes

Distribution of person according to relational status and time spent on phone calls per day:

Status

Time on

Phone calls(in min.)

Single Committed Married

Less than 5 29 4 10

5 to 15 34 8 15

15 to 30 44 5 20

30 to 60 26 2 27

60 and above 42 10 29

Let H0: Relationship status and time spent on phone calls per day are independent.

H1: Relationship status and time spent on phone calls per day are not independent

Result table : ( imported from R-package)

From this table 𝜒𝑐𝑎𝑙2 = 13.822, p-value= 0.087 & 𝛼=0.05

Decision rule :

Reject H0 at 100𝛼 % level of significance if p-value <𝛼; otherwise we may accept H0.

Decision:

As p-value>𝛼, We accept H0 at 5 % level of significance.

Conclusion: Relationship status and time spent on phone calls are independent.

• Relationship status Vs Time spent on phone calls.Test 1

Large Sample

Test Statistic DF p-value | Effect Size est. Lower (%) Upper (%)

Chi Squared 13.822 8 0.087 | Cramer's V 0.151 0 (2.5) 0.196

(97.5)

26

Distribution of person according to relational status and their physical presence in social meetings.

Status

Physical

Presence


Most of the times 36 8 14

Sometimes 96 14 44

Never 43 7 43

Let H0: Relationship status and physical presence in social meetings are independent.

H1: Relationship status and physical presence in social meetings are not independent.

Result Table: (imported from R-package)

From this table we have 𝜒𝑐𝑎𝑙2 = 11.634, p-value= 0.02 & 𝛼=0.05

Decision rule :

We reject H0 at 100𝛼 % level of significance if p-value <𝛼; otherwise we may accept H0.

Decision:

As p-value <𝛼,


Conclusion:

Relationship status and physical presence in social meetings are dependent.

• Relationship status Vs Physical presence in social meetings.Test 2

Large Sample


Chi Squared 11.634 4 0.02 | Cramer's V 0.138 0.017 (2.5) 0.203

(97.5)

27

Distribution of person according to relational status and quality time to their family.

Status

Quality

Time to family (in min.)


Yes 71 15 49

No 51 5 24

Partially 53 12 28

Let H0: Relationship status and quality time given to their family are independent.

H1: Relationship status and quality time given to their family are not independent.



Decision rule:

We reject H0 at 100𝛼 % level of significance if p-value <𝛼; otherwise we may accept H0.

Decision:

As p-value >𝛼, We accept H0 at 5 % level of significance.

Conclusion:

Relationship status and quality time given to their family are independent.

• Relationship status Vs Quality time to family.Test 3

Large Sample



(97.5)

28

Distribution of Smartphone users according to their socio-economic status and their use with mobile

banking(*) and/or online shopping (**).

Socio-economic Status

Use with

MB* and/or OS

**

A B C D

Yes 67 27 27 3

No 89 56 31 11

Let H0: Socio-economic status and Use of Mobile Banking and/or online Shopping are independent.

H1: Socio-economic status and Use of Mobile Banking and/or online Shopping are not independent.



Decision rule : Reject H0 at 100𝛼 % level of significance if p-value <𝛼; otherwise we may accept H0.

Decision:

As p-value > 𝛼,

We accept H0 at 5 % level of significance.

Conclusion:

Socio-economic status and Use of Mobile Banking and/or online Shopping are independent.

• Socio-Economic status Vs Use with MB* and/or OS**Test 4

Large Sample



(97.5)

29

TEST OF PROPORTION

Let P: Proportion of people using mobile banking and shopping on their Smartphone in population.

n: Number of people who bought the Smartphone for purpose of keeping up with the technology.

X: Number of people using mobile banking and shopping on their Smartphone.

p = X

n : Proportion of people using mobile banking and shopping on their Smartphone in our sample.

P0 = 0.5 (Specified value of P)

To Test:

H0: P = 0.5 (i.e. Proportion of people using mobile banking and shopping on their

Smartphone in population is 0.5)

H1: P < 0.5 (i.e. Proportion of people using mobile banking and shopping on their

Smartphone in population is less than 0.5)

Test statistics:

Zcal =p−P0

P0Q0

n

Under H0, Z follows standard Normal (i.e. N (0, 1))

As n = 187 , p = 0.422459 , P0 = 0.5 , and Q0 = 1− P0 = 0.5

Zcal = −2.120689 ; Z0.05 = 1.64

Decision rule: Reject H0 at 100𝛼 % level of significance if Zcal < − Z0.05, otherwise we may accept

H1.

Decision: As Zcal < − Z0.05, We reject H0 at 5 % level of significance

Conclusion: Proportion of people using mobile banking and shopping on their Smartphone in

population is less than 0.5.

•Proportion of people who opted for Smartphone for purpose of keeping up with the technology are actually making optimal use of it by using applications such as mobile banking and shopping is less than 0.5.

Claim 1

30

Let P: Population proportion of committed people who are most of the time present physically in social

meetings .

n: Number of committed people in the sample .

X: Number of committed people who are present mostly physically in social meetings.

p = X

n : Sample proportion of committed people who are present mostly physically in social meetings .

. P0 = 0.5 (Specified value of P)

To Test:

H0: P = 0.5 (i.e. Proportion of committed people using Smartphone who are present mostly

physically is 0.5) Vs

H1: P > 0.5 (i.e. Proportion of committed people using Smartphone who are present mostly

physically is greater than 0.5)

Test statistics :

Zcal =p−P0

P0Q0

n

Under H0, Z follows standard Normal (i.e. N (0, 1))

As n = 187 , p = 0.275862 , P0 = 0.5 , and Q0 = 1− P0 = 0.5

Zcal = −2.414040 ; Z0.05 = 1.64

Decision rule:

Reject H0 at 100𝛼 % level of significance if Zcal > Z0.05, otherwise we may accept H0.

Decision:

As Zcal < Z0.05, We accept H0 at 5 % level of significance.

Conclusion: Proportion of committed people using Smartphone are most of the time present

physically in social meetings in population is 0.5.

• Proportion of committed people who are most of the time present physically in social meeting is greater than 0.5Claim 2

31

BOX PLOT OF PRICE VARIABLE: ( source- SPSS )

As we can see from the box plot, the first and third quartile( i.e. Q1, Q3 resp.) are not equidistant from

second quartile i.e. Q2.

Hence the price variable is not following Normal Distribution.

Confirmatory test to check the normality of price variable.

Shapiro-Wilk test using SPSS. (Table Source-SPSS)

From the table we can see that ( in Shapiro-Wilk column)

As sig. value < 0.05,

We can conclude that the price variable is not following Normal Distribution.

Thus we used Non-parametric test i.e. Kruskal Wallis test.

• The socio-economic class has played an influential role in the purchasing price range of their smartphone ( i.e. Average of purchasing price corresponding to different socio-economic status differ significantly.)

Claim

Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Price .153 305 .000 .848 305 .000

32

KRUSKAL WALLIS TEST

To Test:

H0: A = B = C = D (i.e. Average of purchasing price corresponding to different socio-economic

status are same.) Vs

H1: Not all are same.

Result Table: ( imported from R-package )

From the table we have Hcal = 6.083, pvalue = 0.108 and = 0.05

Decision rule :

Reject H0 if pvalue < , otherwise we may accept H0.

Decision:

As pvalue >,

We accept H0 at 5% level of significance.

Conclusion:

The socio-economic class of a person has not played an influential role in the purchasing price

range of their Smartphone.

Large Sample

Test Statistic DF p-value

Kruskal-W (nominal rows) 97.164 102 0.617

Kruskal-W (nominal cols) 6.083 3 0.108

33

LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE

There were two conditions to take the sample-

The subjects should be using a Smartphone currently.

The subjects should have used a basic phone previously.

Therefore, it was a bit tedious to find such samples.

We were unable to cover all the social parameters such as caste and religion due to

some restrictions and its complexity.

Due to personal reasons certain subjects hesitated to give true information on a few

topics such as relationship status, annual family income, etc.

We have made the effort to project which manufacturers are going to take lead in the

Indian market considering the recent trends according to IDC.

The actual number of samples taken by us in the survey conducted was 320, but due

to insufficient and incomplete data, we had to forego few samples.

34

Conclusions and Discussion

Given below is the general data that has been analyzed by us with the help of the

survey conducted:

Conclusions Based on Tests

[A] Paired t-test for testing the changes after being introduction

of Smartphone:

The average time spent on phone calls per day has decreased after the introduction of

Smartphone. Therefore, we have deduced that because of applications such as instant

messaging like Whatsapp and free calling like Viber and Line there has been a reduction

in the time spent on phone calls.

The average number of phone calls is same in both, before and after scenarios. Thus we

conclude that though there are a few interesting applications in Smartphone, the calls

related to business and emergencies are usually done through the normal phone calls.

Considering the previous test with this one we can positively say that these applications

are preferred for making longer conversation to cut down the rate of costs, which is a

definite incentive to youngsters and for friends and families living overseas.

The use of internet after the introduction of Smartphone has increased tremendously. It

was an expected outcome as in the basic phones internet facility wasn’t very user friendly

unlike the Smartphones. Smartphone has certainly given its users an edge and have

changed the whole perception of mobile phones. They have done the work of a catalyst,

thereby helping the mobile industry reach great heights.

The average time spent on internet per day has increased. Just like the previous case,

because of its user friendly interface smartphone has enabled the user for making optimal

use of the internet. With various new applications to attract the young and the old alike,

smartphones have made the use of internet not just a want but a need.

35

The use of mobile banking after the introduction of Smartphones has increased. It has

provided a simple and fast interface to help its users. Before Smartphones mobile banking

was done with the help of SMS also; which was chargeable and slow. But now various

established banks have taken the effort to develop their own applications which has given

the term mobile banking a whole new dimension.

The number of images and status uploads has increased on the Smartphone. Social

networking sites have seen the potential of the Smartphones and have therefore created

their own applications so as to foster rapid growth in the ever increasing competition. The

number of pictures and status uploads have increased because of the convenience that

Smartphones provides its users. People have become more extrovert and feel the need to

share everything about themselves with the help of these applications created by the

social networking sites.

The checking of online news portals has increased after the introduction of Smartphones.

Online news portals have in a way become a replacement for the conventional

newspapers. Users do not have to go through many pages; they can check the story of

their interest and choose editorials according to their preference.

[B] Chi-square test for independence of two attributes:

Relationship status and time spent on phone calls are independent. We expected the result

to be dependant in case of people who are married and committed. But in our test, the

result was not according to our expectations.

Relationship status and physical presence in social meetings is dependant. We expected

the people who are committed and married to have only physical presence in social

meetings and our claim was proven right.

Relationship status and quality time given to their family are independent. Our claim was

that married and committed people do not give enough time to their family but through

36

our samples we came to the conclusion that they are independent in terms of relationship

status.

Socio-economic status and use of mobile banking and/or online shopping

are independent. We expected the people from the higher socio-economic status to use

the facilities of mobile banking and online shopping more than those in the lower socio-

economic status, but according to our survey it does not testify our claim.

[C] Test of proportion:

Proportion of people who opted for Smartphone for purpose of keeping up with the

technology are actually making optimal use of it by using applications such as mobile

banking and shopping is less than 0.5.According to our survey people chose to buy

smartphones for keeping up with technology, we noticed that most of them do not use

applications like mobile banking and online shopping and then we decided to check this

with the test of proportions and we found that it was true, with more than half of the

sample not using such applications.

Proportion of committed people using Smartphone are present mostly physically in

social meetings is 0.5. We expected that we would get a higher percentage of committed

people to be present physically but our test doesn’t testify to our claim.

[D] Kruskal Wallis Test:

The socio-economic class has not played an influential role in the purchasing price range

of their smartphone. Our claim was that it would play an influential role with the average

of purchasing price corresponding to different socio-economic status significantly. But

our survey proved otherwise.

37

General conclusions:

About 70% of sample claim that they do not trust the information given on the internet,

but while installing an application people in general do not feel it is necessary to read the

terms and conditions.

About 45% of the users feel that they are obliged to be in contact with a few far off

friends and relatives due to applications such as Whats’app which updates all the contacts

in the application. It does not give a sense of privacy to its users.

About 37% of the Smartphone users in our sample use their phone for online ticket

booking purposes. It is easier and convenient than waiting in queues.

Because of the Smartphone revolution only 41% of our samples prefer to meet personally

with their closed ones to stay in touch. Thus we deduce that Smartphones has made

people not a social being who would like to interact and go about meeting new people.

More than 75% of our sample believes that mobile TV application isn’t a suitable

replacement for the actual TV set. This proves that not all conventional things can be

replaced.

Around 70% of our sample feels that Smartphones have reduced meeting people in

person. Smartphones sure do bring people who are far closer, but at the same time it

creates a distance between people who are in the same place.

About 57% of the sample feels that due to Smartphones quality time spent with the

family is somehow lost. Some mostly agree and others partially agree to this. Instead of

giving time to family people, both children and adults spend their time engrossed in their

phones.

In our survey there was question pertaining to the purpose of buying a Smartphone, the

people who chose it for business purposes were then given a question whether

Smartphones have helped them to increase their contacts, the result was an extremely

positive one: where all i.e100% of the people agreed that their contacts had indeed been

increased with the help of Smartphones.

Around 61% of the samples were motivated to buy their Smartphone for the purpose of

keeping up with technology. Out of which 72% use applications like navigation; this is an

indicator of the vast amount of technology of the New Media.

38

APPENDIX

Socio-economic status table:

We have referred MACRO project and developed our own Socio-economic status table

based on the occupation and education of our sample. These two parameters are likely to

produce best result for socio-economic class of the sample.

Level of significance ( ) is taken as 0.05 for all the calculations purpose.

Sample Questionnaire:

For our data collection purpose we have used number of well framed questionnaires and

filled them by the samples. The questionnaire consists of 3 sections; first section for basic

information, second section is for the information about before Smartphone and after

Smartphone usage by sample and the last one is for general questions. One sample

questionnaire is given below in the next and last part of appendix.

FERGUSSON COLLEGE, PUNE

DDDeeepppaaarrrtttmmmeeennnttt ooofff SSStttaaatttiiissstttiiicccsss

Appeal:

We, the students of T.Y.B.Sc. (Statistics) are conducting this

research survey as a part of our practical project-work. Please co-

operate with us by filling the following questionnaire.

Basic Information:

Gender : Male Female

Age : ______

Status :

Single

Committed

Married

Annual family Income: (in lacs.)

Up to 2

2 to 5

5 to 10

10 and above

Number of Family members: ______

Are you currently a student?

Yes No

Are you financially dependent?

Yes No

If YES, then please answer the following about your Chief Wage Earner.

If NO, then please answer the following about yourself.

2 | P a g e

Occupation: (please tick the appropriate box)

Unskilled worker/ Petty trader/Farmer -

Self employed/Clerical/Salesman -

Shop owners/Small Scale Business

/Supervisory levels/Teachers (up to 10th STD) -

Jr.Officers/Jr. Executives/Professor/Doctors/Journalist -

Sr. Officers/Sr. Executives/Large Scale Business -

Education:

Schooling up to 9th -

10th to 12th -

Under graduate -

Graduate/Post graduate -

Above Post graduate/Research -

Device Information Table: (Please give the following details about your Smartphone.)

Manufacturer Model name/no.

Operating System

Multiple SIM user

Purchasing year & month

Price (In Rs.)

Android Apple Windows Symbian Blackberry Other

Yes No

*******

3 | P a g e

Section – 1

(* Before: responses using non-Smartphone (basic phone) &

* After: responses using Smartphone. )

Characteristics Choices Before After

1. Average time spent on phone calls per day (in min).

Less than 5 5 to 15 15 to 30 30 to 60 60 and above

2. Average numbers of phone calls per day. 0 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 15 15 and above

3. Average numbers of phone messages (SMS) per

day.

0 to 5 5 to 15 15 to 50 50 and above

4. Use of Internet service on your mobile phone. Never Daily Weekly Monthly

5. Average time spent on browsing on your phone

per day.(in min)

0 to 15 15 to 30 30 to 60 More than 60

6. Use of mobile banking on your phone. Never Rarely Frequently

7. Number of images+status uploaded on social network per week.

0 to 10 10 to 20 20 and above

8. How frequently you check online news portals using your phone.

Never Daily Weekly

4 | P a g e

Section – 2

1) Motivation to purchase Smartphone: (Multiple ticks allowed)

Peer group influence -

Status symbol -

Business purpose -

Gifted/passed on to me -

To keep up with the technology -

User friendly -

2) When did you buy your first Smartphone? ……………….(Year)

3) How many numbers of SMARTPHONES have you owned till date? ..........................

4) Are you using mobile banking on your phone?

Yes No

If No, why?

No trust -

Unreliable internet connectivity -

Complicated procedure -

Other (please specify)……………………………..

5) Do you use Smartphone for shopping purposes

Yes No

If Yes,

A. Which online shopping platform do you prefer the most?

Flipkart

Myntra

Snapdeal

Jabong

E-bay

Other (please specify)……………………………………….

B. Which mode of payment do you use for online shopping?

Cash on delivery

Net banking

Credit card/Debit card

5 | P a g e

6) For finding unknown location do you prefer navigation system on your Smartphone?

Yes No

If No, Why?

Not trustworthy

Not aware

Other (Please specify)…………………………

7) Are you forced to be in contact with a few unwanted friends/ relatives due to

introduction of certain application on your Smartphone? (eg. Whatsapp)

Yes No

8) Do you use your Smartphone for online ticket booking purposes?

Yes No

If YES, which online ticket booking service do you use on your Smartphone?

Transportation

Movies or events

Other (Please specify).....................................

9) How do you prefer staying in touch with your closed ones?

Meeting personally

Speaking over the phone

Instant messaging / messaging/E-mail

10) Do you think that mobile TV application is a suitable replacement for TV?

Yes No

11) Has use of Smartphone made your presence only physical in the social meetings?

Most of the times

Sometimes

Never

12) Do you think that Smartphone has reduced meeting people in person?

Yes No

6 | P a g e

13) Do you agree that you are not able to give quality time to your family after being

introduced to the new virtual world (Smartphone application)?

Yes No partially

14) Has Smartphone improved your

PERSONAL RELATIONS

BUSINESS CONTACTS

SOCIAL INTERACTIONS

YES

NO

YES

NO

YES

NO

15) Do you take a moment to read all the terms and conditions before installing an

application?

Yes No Sometimes

16) Your frequent USE OF SMARTPHONE is for :

Entertainment -

Constructive purpose -

Both -

17) Do you trust the information given on the internet?

Yes No Partially

18) Which is your dream-Smartphone, if budget doesn’t matter?

(Please specify the name of model of Smartphone.)

………………………………………………

Any comments about the questionnaire.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Thank you for your valuable time!

45

BIBLIOGRAPHY Books :

1) The New Digital Age

- Authors: Eric Schmidt (Exec. Chairman of Google) &

Jared Cohen (Director, Google Ideas)

- Publication Company: John Murray

2) Cellphone Nation

- Authors: Robin Jeffrey &

Assa Doron

- Publication Company: Hachette

3) Fundamentals of Applied Statistics

- Authors: S. C. Gupta &

V. K. Kapoor

- Publication Company: Sulatanchand and Sons

4) Media in our Everyday Life.

- Publication Company-Pearson

E-BOOK:

1) A Handbook of Statistical Analysis using SPSS by Sabine Landau and Brian S. Everitt

Publication: Chapman and hall/crc

2) Lilly’s Report, 2010 (USA).

AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS:

1) Video tutorials SPSS Statistics Essential Training by www.lynda.com

2) A presentation on Introduction to Statistics and Quantitative Research Methods by

Fraser Health.

46

3) A presentation on Measuring Socio-Economic Status by Behavioral and Social

Sciences Research.

WEBSITES:

1) https://statistics.laerd.com/ ( The ultimate IBM® SPSS® guides. Perfect

for statistics courses, dissertations, theses and research projects.)

2) http://www.in.idc.asia/ (IDC-International Data Corporation )

3) http://gadgets.ndtv.com/

4) http://www.wikipedia.org/

5) http://www.youtube.com/

6) http://www.flipkart.com/

NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES ARTICLES:

1) Articles related to Manufacturer and OS of Smartphone market shares in Times of

India, Indian Express, The Economist, The Hindu, Sakaal, Lokmat etc.

2) Articles in ‘EYE’ magazine.

3) Articles in ‘DIGIT’ magazine.

4) Articles in ‘OXYGEN’ weekly supplement.

‘Science direct’

The world's leading source for scientific,

technical, and medical full text resource to

accelerate the research by exploring more than 2500 peer-reviewed journals and almost

20,000 books.

https://statistics.laerd.com/

demystifying the diagnosis of socio-economic transformation of smartphone users

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