[an {asar Amirka

Tsoma bakin al’umma

Shiga siyasa

Jafa {uri’a da Za~u~~uka

Jiha da {aramar Hukuma

Aikin Sa-kai

Bayar da Agaji

“Mafi

muhimancin

ofishin siyasa

shine na

]an }asa mai zaman kansa.” Daga Louis D. Brandeis

Abinda ya shafi harkokin shari’ar Kotun {olin {asar Amirka

1916 – 1939

Abubuwan dake ciki

5

8

14

18

22

Gabatarwa

ZA|E: DAMA DA

[AWAINIYA

Fitowar Matasa Masu Jefa {uri’a

[ayan |angaren

{uri’a

JIHA DA {ARAMAR HUKUMA

A Jihohi 50

Kusancin Gwamnati ga Jama’a

WAYAYYEN [AN {ASA

Gwamnati ta Yanar-gizo

Ya}in Za~e ta Yanar-gizo

AMFANIN HIDIMA

Sababbin ‘Yan {asa A

Sojan Sa-Kai

Bayar da Agaji

Inda ‘Yan Agaji Ke Taimakawa

A sama: Taimakon Sa-Kai

don sake gina Ga~ar Teku

Kogin Mississippi bayan

mummunan guguwar

Katrina ta shekara 2005.

A gefe:

Shugaba

John

F. Kennedy ke gabatar

Da jawabin rantsar da shi

A shekarar 1961, inda yake kiran Amirkawa da

“Kada su tambaya abinda }asa za ta yi ma su

— sai abinda za su yi wa }asarsu.”

Gabatarwa

A }asar Amirka, gwamnati ce

Ke yi wa ‘yan }asa hidima.

Ita ke kare damar tsarin mulki,

ciki har da ‘yancin fa]ar albarkacin

baki da gudanar da addini,

da ‘yancin daidaita kare kowa,

a }ar}ashin doka. ‘Yan Amirka na

da dama da ‘yancin, da dama,

dake }arfafa masu shiga harkokin

siyasar }asa, tattalin arziki da

al’adun rayuwa, yadda ya kamata.

Sauran }asashe suna bayyana kasancewa ]an }asa — abinda ake nufi, na zama

]an }asar wannan }asar — da farko, ta wa]ansu fannonin da aka saba da su,

kamar haka: kabilanci, tushe, asali, addini, ko tarihi. Amma, a wa]annan

fannonin, akwai wani ]an }aramin al’amari, a tsakanin ‘yan }asar ta Amirka.

Su — ko kakaninsu — sun fito ne daga kowace nahiya da kuma kowace }asa ta

duniya. Abinda ya kawo zamantakewar wa]annan }ungiyoyi, tare, shine irin

yadda suke amince da imanin juna, da kuma walwalarsu, wadda ke da

muhimmanci, game da ‘yantattar gwamnati.

Har ila yau, ‘yar }asar Amirka, sun lura cewa, suna da alhakin al’ummarsu,

muddin suna son jin da]in kariyar damar da suke da ita. Jama’ar Amirka, sun

amince, ta kowane fanni, da su zauna da juna, bisa ga doka, da yanke wa juna

hukunci, a duk lokacin da aka nemi haka, da kuma biyan duk wani kasonsu na

haraji, da yin aiki da damar jefa }uri’ar alhakin dake kansu. Shiga harkokin

{asar Amirka kuma, na nufin mutunta damar kowa, da amincewa da hukumar

da aka za~a, da yin duk wani }o}ari kawar da jahilci, da shiga al’amurra, da

kuma sadaukar da kai ga al’ummarsu da }asarsu.

Shugaba John F. Kennedy (1961-1963), ya bayar da wata ma’ana, ta kasancewa

]an }asa, lokacin da ya ce, a jawabin rantsar da shi.

“Kada ka tambaya abinda }asa za ta

iya yi ma ka — sai abinda za ka iya yi

wa }asarka.”

A lokacin mulkinsa, Kennedy ya tunzura matasan {asar Amirka, da su shiga

harkokin gwamnatin dake ya}ar talauci, a gida da kuma waje. Kodayake an yi

wa Kennedy kisan da ya ta}aita rayuwar, bayan da ya yi kwanaki dubu,

}alubalen da ya yi, a jawabin rantsar da shi, ya shiga zukatan jama’ar Amirka,

na kada ka tambaya — sai dai ka yi — don taimaka wa }asa, da al’umma da

kuma duniyarsu.

Wannan littafin, ya bayyana wa]ansu daga cikin ayyuka da kuma hidimomin da

]an Amirka ke yi, na sanya kai, kafin ya zama ]an }asa, kuma kyakkyawan

ma}wabci, da inganta al’umma da kuma jihohi. Dubban ]aruruwa sun yi bauta

a mu}aman dake }ananan hukumomi da jiha, ko kuma shiga yin gangamin

kururuta wani ]an takara ko kuma wani al’amari. Miliyoyi kuma sun bayar da

lokuttansu, domin yin hidimar }ungiyoyi agaza wa jama’ar dake bayar da

himmar yin wani aiki na gari, ko kuma sadaukar da wata dukiyarsu, don yin

wani al’amari mai amfani. A dubban hanyoyi, jama’ar Amirka sun bayar da

gudunmawa ga al’ummarsu, da kuma }asarsu, da fahimtar kasancewa ]an }asa

ma, wata dama ce, da ake biya akai, akai.

Daga gefe, a sama:

Martin Luther King Jr. ne, a tsakiya, yake jagorancin wani tattaki, a shekarar

1965, a garin Montgomery, dake Alabama, domin nuna rashin amincewa da

rashin samun damar jefa }uri’a ga Ba}ar Fatar {asar Amirka.

A }asa: masu aikin sa-kai ne, ke gina wani filin wasan }ananan yara, a unguwar

masara galihu, dake wurin sha}atawar Highland, dake Michigan.

‘Yan }asar Amirka

— ko kakanninsu — sun zo ne

daga kowace nahiyar da kowace

}asar dake fa]in duniya.

Abinda ya ha]a wa]annan

}ungiyoyin jama’ar, dabam daban,

shine irin yadda suka amince da

‘yancin walwalar juna, wadda ita ce

babbar siffar ‘yantattar gwamnati.

Irin wannan hidimar da ‘yan }asa ke yi, ita ce ke sanya jama’ar ta {asar Amirka

shiga harkokin siyasa, da ayyukan sanya kai, ga al’ummarsu. A sama, idan ka

fara daga }asa: ]aliban kolejin Austin ne, dake Texas, wa]anda ke bayar da

lokuttansu, domin }awata unguwanni, ta hanyar dasa itatuwa; ‘yan }asar sun

jira a cikin layuka, a Birnin San Francisco, na California, domin su jefa }uri’ar

za~en shugaban }asa, a shekarar 2008; masu yi wa }asa hidima, na }ungiyar

AmeriCorps, sun yi wa gidaje fenti, a garin Shreveport, na Louisiana, a shekarar

2003.

Jefa }uri’a

‘Yanci ne da ha}}i

Abraham Lincoln, shugaban {asar Amirka na

16, (1861–1865), mai yiwuwa lokacin da aka fi

nuna mulkin demokra]iyya, lokacin da ya ce

demokra]iyya “gwamnatin jama’a ce, ta jama’a,

don jama’a.” Amma, babu wata gwamnati

“ta jama’a,” sai wadda ‘yan }asa suka za~i

Shugabanninsu, ta hanyar gudanar da za~en

gaskiya.

Jefa }uri’a, wata cikakkiyar dama ce da ‘yancin ‘yan }asar Amirka — damar da

za ka bayyana yadda ka ke son a mulke ka, da kuma ha}}in bayyana irin ]an

takara, da kuma al’amarin da suke bukatar da za su za~a.

An kafa {asar Amirka, a wani katafaren wuri, bisa ga sha’awar jama’arta, na

shiga duk wata shawarar yanke hukunci kan gwamnatinsu. Abin mamaki, mai

yiwuwa, shi kansa Tsarin Mulkin {asar Amirka, bai kula da ‘yancin jefa }uri’a

ba, ko wanda ke da ikon jefa ta. Mafi yawan abinda ake duba, a lokacin da aka

wallafa Tsarin Mulkin, a shekarar 1787 shine, fararen fata ne ke da mallakin

kadarori, kuma su suka cancanci su jefa }uri’a, domin su ke da sha’awar da za

su tafiyar da al’ummar da za su kare masu duniya, ko kuma domin su ke da

‘yanci da kuma ilmin da za su yanke shawara kan muhimman al’amurran

siyasa.

Abin takaici, sai lokaci ya canja. Ya zuwa tsakiyar }arni na 19, sai aka soke

bukatun mallakar kadarori, wanda ko wane balagaggen farar fata, yana iya jefa

}uri’a. daga bisani, sai {asar Amirka ta abka cikin ya}in basasa (1861–1865),

game da mallakar jihohin da za su bar a yi cinikin bayi, a tsakanin kan iyaka.

Gyaran Tsarin Mulki, na 13, ya soke cinikin bayi, a shekarar 1865; sai kuma

Gyaran na 14, a shekarar 1868, sai ya tabbatar da dokar “daidaita kariya” ga

kowane ]an }asa, da kuma tabbatar da shekaru 21, don jefa }uri’a; shi kuma

Gyara na 15, na shekarar 1870, ya bayyana cewa, babu wani ]an }asar da za a

hana damar jefa }uri’a “don saboda launinsa, ko kabila, ko kuma irin wancan

yanayin, na bauta.”

Wannan, wani ci gaban ne, amma, rabin yawan jama’ar }asar ta Amirka, ba su

jefa }uri’ar za~en mata ba. Daga nan sai aka fara }orafin irin wahalar da ake yi,

a baki ]aya, a tsakiyar }arni na 19, amma, a wannan loton ne kuma, lokacin da

}asar ta Amirka ta abka cikin Ya}in Duniya, na [aya, a shekarar 1917.

Ta yaya }asar ta Amirka za ta ya}I mulkin demokra]iyya a }asar waje, yayinda

take hana wa rabin jama’arta, a gida? Hakika, ba za ta iya ba, kuma Gyara na

19, ya bai wa mata damar jefa }uri’a, a shekarar 1920.

A tsakiyar }arni na 20, sai ga wata rigimar, daga waje, wadda ta haddasa fa]a]a

duk wani ‘yanci. Dubban matasan }asar Amirka, suka je Ya}in Vietnam, da

damansu matasa ne. Sun isa da su yi wa }asarsu ya}i, amma, wai ba su isa yin

za~e ba. Koken jama’a da dagewar siyasa za su kai mu ga tafarkin da aka

gudanar da Gyaran Tsarin Mulki na 26, wanda ya amince da shekarun jefa

}uri’a, daga 18, da 19, da kuma 20, a shekara 1971.

Duk da yawan fafitikar da aka tabbatar wa dukan ]an }asa, na ‘yancin jefa

}uri’a, da dama, daga cikin jama’ar ta Amirka, dake da wannan damar, sun

bau]e, a lokacin rabin }arni na 20. Babu wani mutum, tilo, da ya bayyana

wannan al’amari. Mai yiwuwa wa]ansu ‘yan }asar na jin }uri’arsu ba za ta yi

wani tasiri ba; wa]ansu kuma don ba su da sha’awar yin gangamin za~en fitar

da gwani, ta hannun kafofin watsa labaru. Sauran kuma, kawai, ba su da lokacin

yin za~en, a duk lokacin da za a yi za~n.

Amirkawa kan yi za~en duk wani mu}amin siyasa, tun daga na wakilan

hukumar makaranta, ya zuwa na jiha, ya zuwa wakilan majalisar }asa, da kuma

shugaban }asar Amirka, kazalika da sauran na jihohi, da }ananan al’amurra.

Wani lokacin, ana ro}on ‘yan }asa da su za~i wani abu, sau da yawa, a cikin

shekara guda. Matsalar ‘yan }asa ita ce, ta sanin ]an takara, da kuma fahimtar

al’amurra, ta yadda za su yi za~en da ya kamata.

Bayan irin canjin da aka samu, na rashin yawan masu jefa }uri’ar da ya ri}a

faruwa, a tsakanin shekarun za~u~~ukan shugaban }asar 2000 da 2004. A

tarihance, mai yiwuwa, za~en shekarar 2000, ya shawo kan masu jefa }uri’ar da

suka za~i abinda ya dace, da kuma yawan }uri’un da suka }aru daga kashi 60,

cikin 100, a shekarar 2000, ya zuwa kashi 64, cikin 100, a shekarun 2004 da

2008.

Wannan }arin na }uri’u, na masu shekaru tsakanin 18 da 29, ya ]aure kai.

{uri’un ayyuka, da na wa]anda ba su siyasa, da na }ungiyoyi masu zaman

kansu, dake aikin taimaka wa wa]anda ake {wara, a wajen za~e, ya kai yawan

wa]anda suka fito yin za~en, a cikin wannan rukunin shekarar 2008, da kuma

kashi 9, cikin 100, daga shekar 2004.

Daga sama: ]aliban koleji ne, ke rajistar yin za~e, a Jami’ar Jihar New Mexico,

a cikin watan Satumbar 2004, lokacin da wani za~e, a harabar jami’ar. A sama:

layin jefa }uri’a ne, a garin Milwaukee, na Wisconsin.

Fitowar Matasan Masu Za~e Daga Sam Barrett

Za~en shugaban }asa, na shekarar 2008, ya nuna irin yadda aka janyo hankulan

matasan da za su iya gabatar da duk wa]ansu harkoki, na mulkin

demokra]iyya, a duk lokacin da wani al’amari ya faru, ko kuma ]an takara ya

}arfafa ma su gwiwa.

A duk fa]in {asar Amirka, matasa sun fito ne, daga jinsuna, dabam daban, na

aikin sa-kai, ba tare da wata gajiya ba, domin [an Takarar Jam’iyyar Democrat,

Barack Obama da kuma na Jam’iyyar Republican, John McCain.

Rungun]umin siyasa na ]aya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka wakana, a

harabar Jami’ar Pennsylvania (Penn), a shekara 2008, da kuma irin }ungiyoyi,

iri-iri, wa]ansu na gasa game da manufa, wa]ansu sun ta}ar}are, ba dare ba

rana, don taimaka wa ]alibai, ‘yan uwansu, cin za~en.

Ha]in gwiwar ya bayar da sakamakon yawan jama’ar da suka fito, a harabobin,

da kamar misalin kashi 90, cikin 100, a cewar wani }iyasin da }ungiyar Penn

Leads ta yi, wanda ya wuce mizanin na }asa, mai kusan kashi 30, cikin 100.

“A tarihin, kwanan nan, akwai alamun a yi watsi da matasan,” in ji Annassa

Corley, shugaban }ungiyar ta Penn Leads the Vote. “A gaskiya, mun bayar da

himmar gyara al’amurra, da kuma nuna cewa, akwai yiwuwar saka matasa cikin

harkar.”

Hatta }ungiyoyin dake da wata manufa, sun bukaci matasan da su amince da

‘yancinsu, da kuma yin tattaki, don jefa }uri’ar, ba tare da sai wanda suke

goyon baya ba. “Ya-Allah ka za~i McCain ko Obama,” in ji Mike Stratton,

]ayan shugaban }ungiyar Obama, a Penn.

“da]in al’amarin dai ka yi za~en — kai ne

ka da kanka, ya nuna kana da ‘yanci, kuma

za ka iya yin amfani da }uri’arka, domin

taimaka wa kawo canji a Amirka.”

An kafa {ungiyar Penn Leads the Vote ne, kafin za~en shugaban }asa, na

shekarar 2004, kuma ]aukacin ]aliban Penn ne, ke gudanar da al’amurranta, da

kuma yin amfani da ]imbin gangami, domin rajistar ]alibai, a harabar jami’ar ta

Philadelphia. Masu gudanar da gangamin ne, ke za}ulo wa]anda ba su rajista

ba, ko suka yi, a wajen jihar, domin nuna ma su yadda za su yi rajistar, a kuma

taimaka ma su gano maza~u — mafi yawa, kusa da su, amma, ba a cikin

makarantar da suke zaune ba — domin ba su da wata hujjar da za su kuskure

yin za~en, a ranar za~e.

“Hakika, kuna taimaka wa jama’a, na ]aukar matakai da kuma jefa }uri’a. ba

mu damu ba, da wa za ka za~a, amma, mun damu, da wanda zai wakilce su,” in

ji Corley. A wajen harabar ta Penn, sauran }ungiyoyi, na }asa, da babu ruwansu

da harkar siyasa, na amfani da kafofin telebijin da sauran kafofi, domin bayar da

sanarwa, da kuma murnar za~en, domin taimaka wa matasa, wajen jefa }uri’a.

Mafi yawa kuma, na amfani da yawansu, wajen janyo hankula, a shafukan

yanar-gizo, irin su Facebook da Twitter, domin zantawa da masu jefa }uri’a.

Sam Barrett, ]alibin shekara ta uku ne, a fannin harkokin siyasar duniya, a Jami’ar ta Pennsylvania.

Akwai wannan }asidar, mai yawa, a yanar-gizo, mai suna: http://www.america.gov/st/usg-

english/2010/February/20100203155700JMgninnaM0.3311731.html

A gefe, idan aka juya, daga saman dama:

Annassa Corley, shugaban }ungiyar Penn Leads the Vote; sai wakilan }ungiyar;

Mike Stratton, da ]ayan shugaban na za~en Obama, a Penn; sai ]alibai, ‘yan

aikin sa-kan rajistar sababbin masu jefa }uri’a, a harabar Jami’ar ta

Pennsylvania.

“A gaskiya, kuna taimaka wa

mutane da su ]auki matakin farko

na yin za~e. ba mu damu da wanda

za su za~a ba, amma, mun damu

da za su iya wakiltar kawunansu,”

in ji Annassa Corley, shugaban

}ungiyar Penn Leads the Vote.

A gefe: mai jefa }uri’a ce,

ke jefa }uri’arta, a za~en

shugaban }asa, na watan

Nuwambar shekarar 2004,

a wata makarantar primary,

dake Battle Creek, dake Michigan.

A dama: masu jefa }uri’a ne, suka

yi layi, a wajen wata maza~a, dake

Charlotte, na North Carolina, a 2008.

Wani Abin Game da Za~e

Za~e, a {asar Amirka, ba domin ]an takara ya nemi wani mu}ami ba ne, ka]ai.

Sau da yawa, masu jefa }uri’a kan tambayi da su yanke shawara game da wata

manufa, domin jihohinsu da kuma al’ummarsu.

Mai yawan tambayoyin da ake yi, kan koma zuwa ga akwatin za~e, ta hanya

]aya, ko biyu: ko dai ta hanyar jefa }uri’a ko kuma raba gardama, a zauren

majalisa. Tafarkin jefa }uri’ar shine, inda al’umma ke gabatar da wani canji,

yayinda raba gardamar majalisa kan faru idan wani za~a~~en wakili, a

majalisar jiha, ko hukumar gwamnati, ke gabatar da wani al’amari.

Jihohi 24, cikin 50 ne, ka]ai, suka amince da tafarkin jefa }uri’a, idan wani

al’amari ya taso, don haka, mafi yawan, raba gardamar majalisa, ya fi yawan

tafarkin jefa }uri’a, a kowane lokacin za~e. Alal misali, a shekarar 2008, an

gabatar da mas’aloli har 153, a fa]in }asa, wa]anda al’umma suka jefa wa

}uri’a: 92 wanda majalisa ta raba gardama ne, sai kuma 61, da aka jefa }uri’a.

Menene ma}asudin irin wa]annan za~u~~ukan? Mafi yawan lokutta, sun fi

damuwa da }wararan al’amurran da al’umma ke tunanin za~a~~u kan magance,

ko wa]anda, wa]ansu masu zaman kansu, kan iya sulhuntawa, a tsakaninsu,

domin kafa wata sabuwar manufa ko doka, suna kuma iya tunanin cewa, masu

jefa }uri’a ya kamaci su yanke hukunci kan al’amarin.

Al’amarin jefa }uri’a kan tabbatar da irin yadda al’amari ke damun jama’ar

}asar ta Amirka. Wa]ansu tsauraran al’amurran da suka dabaibaye maganar

jefa }uri’a, a shekarar 2008, sun ha]a da maganar zubar da juna biyu, da

manufar shige da fice, da auren jinsi. Sauran al’amurran da masu jefa }uri’a

suka damu da su, a jihohi da dama, suna game da tsabtataccen makamashi, da

dokokin aikata miyagun laifuka, da hukuncin aikin laifukan, da manufa game da

miyagun }wayoyi, da dokokin za~e, da kuma albashin wakilan majalisu, da

shekarun da za su yi a majalisa.

Nan, kusa da gida, }ananan hukumomi kan ce a jefa }uri’a kan abinda ya shafi

hannun jari. Akan nemi masu jefa }uri’ar, da su yanke hukuncin ko za a iya

sayar da hannuwan jarinsu, domin samar da wa]ansu ku]a]en da za a gina ko

inganta wani aikin dake da daraja ga al’umma, irin su makarantu, da ]akunan

karatu, da wuraren sha}atawa, da cibiyoyin wasanni da hanyoyi da gadoji.

Jihohi da

{ananan Hukumomi

Amirkawa ba ‘yan }asarsu

ba ne, ka]ai, har ma

jihohinsu da }ananan

hukumomi. Bayan

gwamnatin tarayyar

dake zaune a Birnin

Washington, D.C., akwai

gwamnatoci a kowace

jiha dake da babban birninta

a jihohi 50, da kuma dubban

garuruwa, da birane, da

yankuna, a dukan fa]in }asa.

Kowace }aramar hukuma na da ha}}in wata bukatar al’ummarta. Gwamnatin

tarayya kuma, kodayake, ita ke da ha}}in tsaron }asa, haka tabbatar da ganin

ana adalci ga duk wani ]an }asar Amirka. A rukunin jiha kuma, jami’ai ne ke

kula da duk wata matsala, ta musamman, ga tarin yawan jama’arsu: al’amurran

da suka shafi masana’antun dake cikin jiha, da hanyoyin sufuri, da albarkatun

}asa, da ma sauran bukatun kyautata jin da]in rayuwa. Asali dai, jami’an

}ananan hukumomi ne, ke gudanar da harkokin yau da kullum, irin su kula da

makarantun gwamnati, da ]akunan karatu, da kashe gobara, da kariyar ‘yan

sanda, da kuma tabbatar da ingantuwar bayar da ruwan sha da sauran

kayayyakin alatu.

Dubban jama’ar Amirka ke aiki a wa]annan gwamnatocin, ciki har da

hukumomin makarantu, da hukumomin garuruwa da birane, da hukumomin

ayyukan jama’a, da tsara hukumomin, da kuma hukumomin za~e. a wajen

gwamnati kuma, akwai tsarin da miliyoyin jama’a ke ciki, irin na bauta wa

}asa, a ma}wabta.

Daga sama: A Jihar Massachusetts, kakakin majalisar wakilai ta }asa ne, ke

gabatar da jawabin shekara, ga al’umma.

A sama: wa]ansu ‘yan majalisar dattijai ne, ke rantsuwar kama aikin a farkon

sabon zaman majalisa.

A lokacin da Majalisar {asar Amirka ta yi taro, a Birnin Washington, D.C.

A jihohi 50, wakilan majalisar kowace jiha, kan tattaru a babban birninsu,

domin tantauna al’amurran jiha, da kuma kafa dokokin da za a yi amfani da

al’ummar za su yi amfani da su, a yankunansu. Kamar kuma a majalisar ta }asa,

jihohi 49 na da wakilai bibbiyu, wa]anda mafi yawansu wakilai ne, na manyan

jam’iyyun siyasun nan, biyu, watau Republican and Democrat. Jihar Nebraska

ce, ka]ai ke da majalisa guda, wanda dukan wakilanta, masu zaman kansu ne,

da ba su da ala}a da wata jam’iyyar siyasa.

Akwai wakilan majalisun jihohi har dubu bakwai da 382, da Amirkawa suka

za~a, na tsawon lokuttan da tsarin mulkin jihohin ya tanada. A cewar Babban

Taron Majalisun Jihohi, na {asa, (NCSL), mafi }arancin shekarun ]an

majalisar jiha 56 ne, inda kashi 61, cikin 100, ke da shekaru 30, zuwa 60; a inda

kashi 22.6, cikin 100, na yawansu, a }asa, mata ne.

Ya zuwa shekarun 1960s, majalisun jihohi kan zauna, a kowace shekara, na

yawan kwanakin da aka ]eba ma su. Wa]ansu wakilan majalisun ba su da

albashi mai tsoka, ko kuma wa]ansu ma’aikatan dake taimaka ma su. Amma, a

yau, majalisun jihohi 45, na zaman majalisa, a kowace shekara, kuma, da dama,

sun }ara yawan albashinsu, da }wararrun ma’aikatan dake taimaka ma su. Har

yanzu, yawan lokacin da wakilan majalisun ke bukata, domin cika alkawurran

da suka ]auka, ko gudanar da ayyukansu, ya danganta, daga jiha zuwa jiha.

Atata, jihohin dake da masana’antu, irin su California, da Michigan, da New

York, da kuma Pennsylvania, alal misali, suna cikakken zaman majalisa ne, ba

na wucin-gadi ba. Amma, a }anana, da jihohin da ba su da yawan jama’a, irin

su Montana, da New Hampshire, da North Dakota, da South Dakota, da Utah,

da kuma Wyoming, wakilin majalisa kan yi amfani da kashi 50, cikin 100 ne, na

lokacin da yake da shi. Sauran jihohin 40, suna aiki, kadaran-kadahan.

Albashin wakilan majalisar ya danganci irin aikin da suke yi. A duk inda ake

gudanar da gagarumin aikin, to, ana biyan wakilan majalisa sosai, don ka da su

ri}a kallon wani wurin da za su sami abin masarufi. A ]ayan ~angaren kuma,

wakilan majalisa kan samu }an}anen albashi, kuma sukan ci gaba da yin

wa]ansu ayyukan, na irin }warewar da suke da ita, domin samun abin

masarufin rayuwa. Taron NCSL, ya bayar da rahoton cewa, akwai “tarin

wakilan majalisun dake aiki, a jihohin dake biyan cikakken albashi ga

wakilansu. Wakilan majalisun dake aikin wucin-gadi kuma, da wa]anda ke da

}an}anen albashi, sun fi yawan masu rangwamen shekaru da wa]anda suka yi

ritaya.”

Komai girman majalisar jiha, ko kuma albashin da take biyan wakilanta, ba za a

iya iyakance irin muhimmin aikin da suke yi ba. Da yake jawabi ga wakilan

majalisun jihohi, a wani taro, na Birnin Washington, a shekarar 2009, Kakakin

Majalisar Wakilai ta {asa, Nancy Pelosi ta ce, “Jihohi kamar ]akunan gwaje-

gwaje ne, na tunani da dama. Wa]ansu daga cikin abubuwan da muke

(majalisa) bugun }irgi da shi, na tsayawa za~e, suna faruwa a rukunin jihohi.”

Gwamnatocin Dake Kusa da Jama’a

Kowace jiha, cikin jihohi 50, na {asar Amirka, an kasa ta cikin yankuna,

wa]anda suka }unshi unguwanni, da garuruwa da birane. Unguwa na iya

}unsar al’umma da dama, dake da sunaye dabam daban, yayinda garuruwa da

birane kan }unshi suna guda. Harkokin mulkin gwamnati, sun bambanta daga

unguwa uwa unguwa, da kuma gari zuwa birni, amma, manufar }aramar

hukumar duk ]aya ce: ta wadata abinda ya dace, da gudanar da ayyukan yau da

kullum, dake tabbatar da kyautata rayuwar al’umma.

Idan ana son sanin bambancin duk wani tunani, na }ananan hukumomi, to, sai a

lura da wa]annan hujjojin, game da majalisar unguwa: Akwai unguwanni dubu

uku da 66, a {asar Amirka, tun daga masu murabba’in da ya taso daga

Arlington County, a Virginia, dake da murabba’in kilomita 67, (murabba’in mil

25.9 ke nan), ya zuwa North Slope Borough, a Alaska, dake da murabba’in

kilomita dubu 228, da 439, (murabba’in mil dubu 87, da 861). Haka yawan

jama’a, ya bambanta, tun daga Loving County, a Texas, dake da jama’a 140,

zuwa Los Angeles County, a California, dake da miliyan tara da dubu 200.

Gaba ]aya, }ananan hukumomi na gudanar da ayyukan da gwamnatocin jihohi

ke rarraba ma su. Hukumomin unguwannin ne ke da alhakin kula da duk wata

harka ta za~e. Su ke rajistar masu jefa }uri’a, su aike da bayanan za~e, ga masu

jefa }uri’a, da za~ar na’urorin za~e, da kafa rumfunan za~e, da ]aukar

ma’aikatan za~e, da }idaya da kuma tabbatar da sakamako, a ranar za~e. Har ila

yau, }ananan hukumomi na gudanar da wa]ansu ayyukan da aka saba yi, irin su

tantance darajar dukiya, saboda biya masu haraji, da ajiyar bayanan duk wata

harkar da aka yi, da kuma tanadin duk wata }ididdigar haihuwa, da aure da

kuma mutuwa.

Mai yiwuwa, mafi muhimmanci shine, }ananan hukumomi na wadata ayyukan

da suka shafi al’umma, a kullum. Hukumomin na kuma tabbatar da wadata

ruwan sha, mai tsabta, a kowane gida, ga kwasar shara, daga kowace unguwa,

da kuma sanin dukan yaran dake makarantun gwamnati, da ma cikon duk wani

gefen hanya.

A duk kuma lokacin da wani al’amarin da ba a saba da shi ba, ya taso, to,

}ananan hukumomi ma na nan, tare da jami’an ‘yan sanda, da masu kashe

gobara, da ‘yan kwana-kwana, domin karewa da kuma agaza wa al’umma. A

fili, }ananan hukumomin na gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi rayuwar

al’umma, a kullum.

Mulkin gwamnati ya bambanta, daga wannan unguwa zuwa

waccan, ko daga gari zuwa gari, amma, manufar }ananan

hukumomin duk ]aya ce: ta wadata al’amurran rayuwa, na yau da

kullum, da kuma tabbatar da lafiyar al’ummarsu.

Ha}}in }ananan hukumomi ya ha]a har da gudanar da harkokin mulkin

makarantun gamnati, da wadata duk wani agaji, da kula da harkokin za~e.

A sama, daga }asan hagu: [alibai ne, a Texas, suke tunkarar motar makarantar

da za ta kai su gidajensu, bayan sun tashi daga makaranta; sai wani ma’aikacin

kamfanin Kashe Gobara na Fairview, yana artabu da wata wutar daji, a

Pennsylvania; da kuma wata babbar alamar dake nuna rumfar za~e, a Little

Rock, dake Arkansas.

[an {asar Da Ya Waye

Gyaran Rukunin Farko na Tsarin Mulkin

Amirka, ya tabbatar da ‘yancin kafofin watsa

labaru. Al’umma, masu zaman kansu, da

}ungiyoyi da kamfanoni da kuma hukumomin

gwamnati, ke gudanar da harkokin kafofin watsa

labaru — amma, ba gwamnatoci ba.

Jama’ar Amirka sun dogara da walwala da kuma ‘yancin kafofin watsa labaru,

domin samun bayanan kowane irin abinda ya faru, sukan kuma za~i bayanansu,

daga kafofi da dama, wa]anda ke bayyana abubuwa ta fannoni iri-iri. A manyan

garuruwan dake tsakiyar yammacin Birnin Chicago, na Illinois, alal misali,

mazauna yankin na samun, a}alla, jaridu 15, a kullum, da kuma a }arshen

mako, akwai gidajen telebijin 12, da gidajen rediyo, hu]u, da wata mujalla, duk

da ake da su, a yankin. A cewar mujallar Mondo Times, ta wa]ansu bayanan

kafofin watsa labaru, mawallafan dake zaune a Birnin Chicago, na wallafa }arin

jaridu har 16, da mujalloli 19, da jama’ar yankin ke karantawa, dangane da

abubuwan da suka shafi nisha]i, da wasanni, da harkokin kasuwanci da kuma

kimiyya. Ta fannin mujallolin dake kewaya }asa, da kafofin telebijin, da

rediyoyin dake amfani da tauraruwar ]an adam, da kuma shafukan yanar-gizo,

mazaunan yankin Chicago — kamar ]aukacin jama’ar Amirka — sun samun

kafofin labarai, da babu iyaka, a cikin }asa, da kuma duniya.

A sama: wani mai ]auko wa gidan telebijin na CNN/YouTube hotuna ne, a

wajen muhawarar share-fagen ‘yan takarar shugabancin }asa, a garin St.

Petersburg, na Florida, a shekarar 2008. Daga ]ayan gefen: wata mai jefa }uri’a

ce, daga yankin Texas, ta fito, a cikin akwatin telebijin, lokacin da take

tambayar wani ]an takara, a lokacin muhawarar.

Mafi yawan jama’ar Amirka, na samun, a}alla, wa]ansu labarun daga telebijin.

Kafin shekarar 1980, akwai manyan gidajen telebijin, uku, da ake da su, irin su

American Broadcasting Company (ABC), National Broadcasting Company

(NBC), and Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), a {asar Amirka.

Mafi yawan kafofin sun fi nisha]antawa, sai kuma watsa sauran shirye-shirye.

A shekarar 1980, gidan telebijin na Cable News Network (CNN), ya sake

fasalin al’amarin watsa labaru, inda yake nuna labaru har tsawon awowi 24, a

kullum, a dukan kwanaki bakwai, na mako, inda ya shiga ko’ina, a duniya.

Nasarar da kamfanin na CNN ya samu, ya yi jagorancin abin koyin kakkafa

wa]ansu kafofin watsa labarun, da suka bi sahun aikin awowi 24, a cikin

kwanaki bakwai. Jaridun cikin gari, a kuma labarun yammaci, a gidajen rediyon

dake watsawa, sau ]aya, sun mamaye duk wata kafa ta watsa labaru, amma,

gidajen telebijin, yanzu, sun }wace wannan damar ta masu jin labaru. Mai

yiwuwa, ]aya da ga cikin dalilan shine, wa]ansu kafofin na telebijin, yanzu,

suna watsa labaru ne, da sharhin gabatar da wata hujjar dake janyo hankulan

jama’ar dake saurare. Wata }ididdigar da aka Cibiyar Bincike da Pew ta

gudanar, na mutane da kuma kafofin watsa labaru, ya bayyana cewa, kashi 74,

cikin 100, na masu kallo, “sun fi }aunar,” shirye-shiryen manyan kafofin watsa

labarun uku, yayinda kashi 48, cikin 100, “babu ruwansa da abinda ya samu,”

game da shirye-shiryen da kafofin uku, ke watsawa.

A sama: Wani zauren aikewa da sa}onnin yanar-gizo ne, dake garin San

Francisco, na California, wanda ke bayar da layin yanar-gizo, kyauta.

Harkokin Gwamnati A Yanar-gizo

Dukan ]an }asar Amirka, na da damar da zai duba harkokin gwamnatinsa, a

kodayaushe, a cikin kwanaki bakwai. Ta kuma layin shafin yanar-gizon

gwamnatin ne. Jama’ar {asar Amirka, dake mafi yawan lunguna, na iya shiga

yanar-gizo, domin gano abinda jami’an al’ummarsa ke yi, game da kwasar

shara, da gyaran ramukan hanyoyi, da dai sauran ayyuka. Har ila yau, suna iya

zantawa da hukumomin gwamnati, domin sake lasisin tu}in mota, ko kuma

rajistar abin hawa.

Hukumomin gwamnati, da dama, na kuma barin ‘yan }asa, da su gabatar da

}orafinsu, game da duk wani canjin da za a yi, na manufa, ta hanyar yanar-gizo.

Bugu da }ari, }arin jami’an gwamnati, na bu]e shafukan zumuntar yanar-gizo,

ga maza~unsu, wa]ansu kuma har na Twitter suke bu]ewa. Wakilin Jihar Utah,

a majalisar }asa, Stephen Urquhart, ya fa]a wa wata mujallar majalisa, mai

suna State Legislatures cewa, “Shafin na sada zumunta, wata hanyar ce, ta

saduwa da mutanen maza~u. Akwai wahala, wajen shawo kan al’umma, da su

fahimce ka, game da mafi yawan al’amurra,” in ji shi. “Jama’a na ta hidima ne,

fiye da su zauna domin kula wani tsarin da ka yi. Amma, a shafin sada

zumuntar, zan iya fahimtar mutane, da dama, a kullum, game da al’amurra, iri-

iri.” Bugu da }ari, bincike ya nuna cewa, mutanen dake amfani da yanar-gizo,

sun fi fahimar al’amurra, fiye da wa]anda ba su yi. “Jama’a kan tunkare ni don

tantauna al’amurran da suka karanta, game da shafin sada zumuntana,” in ji

Urquhart. “Shafin sada zumuntar wata hanyar ce, ta ha]e kawunan mutane.”

Ya}in Neman Za~e Ta Yanar-gizo

Kamar yadda shafukan yanar-gizo ke bun}asa, haka kafofin watsa labaru, na

yanar ta gizo ke ta }ara mamaye manyan al’amurra, a harkokin gangamin ya}in

neman za~e, a duniya. Da farko ana amfani da shi, a matsayin sabuwar hanyar

samun masu taimakon agajin sa-kai, da kuma neman gudunmawar ya}in neman

za~e, yanzu, shafukan yanar-gizo sun zama wata gagarumar hanyar sadarwa,

tsakanin ofishin ‘yan takara da masu jefa }uri’a, a {asar Amirka, a za~u~~ukan

shekarun 2000.

A cewar wani Binciken Rayuwar Jama’ar Amirka, da Shafin Yanar-gizon

Cibiyar Pew ta gudanar, kashi 55, cikin 100, na yawan matasan Amirka, na

shiga yanar-gizo, domin shige da fice, ko kuma samun labaru da bayanai game

da ya}in neman za~en shugaban }asa, na shekarar 2008. Binciken, mai suna

The Internet’s Role in Campaign 2008, da aka gabatar a cikin watan Afrilun

2009, ya kuma gano cewa, masu za¬e na amfani da shafukan sada zumunta na

yanar-gizo, da hanyoyin yin hul]a da juna, domin bin diddi}in, sabon salon duk

wani al’amari na siyasa. Binciken ya nuna cewa, ]aya daga cikin masu yin

amfani da shafukan yanar-gizo, kan aike wa da abokan da iyalai, wa]ansu

abubuwa na siyasa; ]aya kuma cikin biyar na masu yin amfani da shafukan

sha}atawa, ko shafukan sada zumunta, na bayyan irin tunanin da suke da shi, a

wajen ya}in neman za~e.

A kan shafukan na yanar-gizo, irin su MySpace, da Facebook, ‘yan takarar

shugaban }asar Amirka, sun baje kolinsu, a wajen takarar shekarar 2008. Tom

Anderson, wanda ya kafa shafin na MySpace, ya bayyana cewa, wannan shafin

ya kai wa ga mutanen da ba su bin labarun siyasa, ta kafofin da aka saba jin su.

“Amma, shafin na MySpace kan tsima su, ta hanyoyin da ake amfani da su,” in

ji shi. “Haka kuma, suna fahimtar al’amurra game da abokansu, su kuma

fahimci wani al’amari game da ]an takara.”

Wannan nazari na cibiyar Pew, ya kuma gano cewa, kashi 45, cikin 100, na

masu amfani da yanar-gizo, kan shiga domin kallon faya-fayen bidiyon da suka

danganci harkokin ya}in neman za~e, a shekarar 2008. Shafin yanar-gizon

YouTube, da wanda ake nuna fina-finai, sun bar abin tarihi, a ya}in neman

za~en shugaban }asa, inda suke gabatar da ]aukacin duk wata hanyar da masu

jefa }uri’a za su bi, na shiga takara. Shafin yanar-gizon na YouTube, ya ha]a

hannu da gidan telebijin na CNN, domin gudanar da muhawara a tsakanin ‘yan

takara, domin jam’iyyun siyasarsu, wajen fitar da gwani, a shekarar 2008.

Hanyar da aka saba bi, ita ce ta tsara kwamitin ‘yan jaridu, don su yi tambayoyi

ga ‘yan takara, wanda, a wani lokacin, wanda ke cikin ]akin shirye-shiryen ne,

kan iya yin tambaya ga ‘yan takarar. A shekarar 2008, duk wanda ke da ala}a

da yanar-gizo, da kuma na’urar ]aukar fina-finai, na da wata dama a wurin ‘yan

siyasa. Wa]ansu masu za~en kan wurgo tambaya ga ‘yan takara, ta hanyar fim

da ake sanyawa a shafin na YouTube. ‘Yan takarar kan jeru, domin wannan

hirar ta telebijin, a wani wuri, don amsa tambayoyi, ta hanyar bidiyo.

Ana wannan shirin ne, musamman domin ‘yan takarar jam’iyyun siyasar

Democrat da Republican, abinda ake nuna wa a gidan telebijin na CNN.

A sama: Mai wani shafin sada zumunta ne, yake bayar da labara, daga Babban

Taron Jam’iyyar Democrat, na shekarar 2008, da ake yi, a garin Denver, na

Colorado.

A sama: wani shiri gidan rediyo ne, da ake watsawa, kai-tsaye, daga tauraruwar

]an adam, daga Zauren Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, na garin Cleveland, dake

Ohio.

Kyautar Aikin Sa-Kai

Hidima ga al’umma, wani ~angare ne, na abinda

ake nufi da zama ]an {asar Amirka. Fiye

mutane miliyan 60 — kashi ]aya cikin hu]u, na

yawan jama’ar {asar Amirka, sun wuce

shekaru16 da haihuwa — wa]anda kan sadaukar

da lokuttansu, domin bayar da harkokin agaji,

kyauta, ko sadaka ga }ungiyoyi.

Akwai matasan dake taimakawa, wajen yaye }azantar cikin kogi, da mahaifin

dake koya wa ‘yarsa wasan }wallon Kwando, da ma tsohon ma’aikacin dake

karanta wa masara lafiya, a asibitoci — dukansu, suna yin wani ~angare ne, na

irin ayyukan sa-kan da za su kyauta wurarensu.

A ta}aice, masu yin ayyukan agajin, kan sadaukar da awowi har 52, a kowace

shekara, kamar yadda rahoton Ofishin {ididdigar Ayyukan {wadago ta Amirka

ya bayyana. Matan dake yin ayyukan agajin, sun fi maza yawa: kusan kashi 30,

cikin 100 ne, mata, sai kuma kashi 23, cikin 100, na maza. Har ila yau, sukan

bambanta irin ayyukan agajin da suke yi. Mata, sun fi gudanar da tara ku]a]e;

da koyarwa; ko Tarawa, da tsarawa, da rarrabawa, da kuma bayar da abinci.

Maza sun fi sha’awar yin ayyukan }arfi; irinsu koyar da wasanni, da al}alancin

wasa, ko kula da }ungiyoyin wasanni; ko bayar da wa]ansu shawarwari, ko

taimakon gudanar da harkoki.

A sama: Uwargidan shugaban }asa, Michelle Obama ce, ke aiki, tare da ‘yan

agaji, wajen gina wani filin wasa, a makarantar firamaren dake Birnin San

Francisco, a shekarar 2009.

A gefe:

Wa]ansu wakilan }ungiyar AmeriCorps ce, tare da ‘yan agaji, na al’ada, suke

tayar da wata katangar gini, a Bakin Ga~ar Kogin Mississippi, a shekarar 2006.

Bayan wa]anda ke sadaukar da lokuttansu, domin ayyukan agaji, a bayan

sauran ayyukan da suke yi, tare da iyalansu, miliyoyi na sadaukar da shekara,

ko fiye da haka, na rayuwarsu, ga aikin bauta wa }asa, ta hanyar shiga aikin

soja, na dogarai, ko na }ungiyar AmeriCorps, wani shiri na bauta wa gida.

Gwamnatin {asar Amirka, na }arfafa bayar da }warin gwiwar ayyukan sa-kai,

da gudanar da ayyuka, a jiha da }ungiyoyin karkara, domin tallafa wa tsare-

tsaren da za su amfanar da jama’ar Amirka.

A ranar 21, ga watan Afrilun 2009, Shugaba Barack Obama ya sanya hannu kan

wata dokar da ta fa]a]a bayar da duk wata dama, ga jama’ar Amirka, game da

yi wa al’umma hidima, ya-Allah a }ungiyance ne, kamar su AmeriCorps, ko

kuma na al’ummar da ake ma}wabtaka da su. Dokar, wadda aka sanya wa

sunan Dan Majalisar Dattijai, daga yankin Massachusetts, Edward M. Kennedy,

za ta gabatar da wata “sabon zamanin ayyukan hidimar,” in ji shugaban }asar.

Ita wannan dokar, za ta sake bayar da iko, ta kuma fa]a]a duk wani shiri na

ayyukan bauta wa }asar da Hukumar Ayyukan Al’umma da {asa, da kuma

hukumar tarayya, da aka }ir}iro, a shekarar 1993, ke gudanarwa. Hukumar na

taimakawa, wajen janyo hankulan jama’ar Amirka, har miliyan hu]u, ga

gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri, a kowace shekara, ciki har da na wakilan }ungiyar

AmeriCorps, da ta Manyan ‘Yan Ayyukan Agaji, da ]aliban dake koyo da

kuma yi wa Amirka hidima, da ma }arin masu yi wa al’umma hidimar, ta

hanyar yin aiki da tsare-tsaren hukumar. Dokar, mai sunan Kennedy, ta bayar da

umurnin }ara yawan wakilan }ungiyar agaji ta AmeriCorps, daga dubu 75,

zuwa dubu 250, alal misali.

Bayan da aka sanya hannu, a kan dokar, sai Shugaba Obama ya yi jawabi ga

]aukacin jama’ar Amirka:

“Muna da bukatar aikinku, a halin yanzu, a wannan zamanin na tarihi. Ba zan

bayyana ma ku irin rawar da za ku taka ba; wannan ta ku ce, ku bincika. Amma,

ina ro}onku, da ku yi abinda za ku iya....

“Kuma, idan kun yi, na sha ma ku alwashin rayuwarku za ta arzurta, kuma

}asarmu za }ara }arfi, a wata rana kuma, ko nan da wa]ansu shekaru, mai

yiwuwa ku tuna da wannan al’amarin, idan aka zo ga rubuta labaran rayuwarku,

da kuma labarin da ya ha]a jama’ar Amirka, a wuri guda, da ma yadda muka yi

arangama da matsalolin sababbin }arnin da muka shiga.”

Masu aikin sa-kai daga {ungiyar AmeriCorps, tare da takwarorinsu, dake cikin

al’umma, na shuka ]aya daga cikin dubban itatuwan da aka bayar gudunmawa,

ga garin Miami, na Florida.

Sababbin ‘Yan {asa A Aikin Sa-Kai na Soja

Mai yiwuwa burin masu gudanar da ayyukan sa-kai, da suka yi rajista, a

ayyukan aikin soja, da son ransu, inda suka sadaukar da shekaru, na rayuwarsu,

domin su kare }asarsu da kuma sauran jama’ar }asa.

Ayyukan suna da yawa, amma, albashin ba shi da yawa, amma, wannan bai

sanya sojan sa-kai sun gaza ba. Tun lokacin da aka daina ]aukar soja, a }arshen

shekarar 1973, {asar Amirka ta dogara da masu aikin soja na sa-kai, wanda

yawansu, ya zarce miliyan ]aya da dubu 400.

Dubban ba}i, na daga cikin sojojin na {asar Amirka. ya zuwa watan Satumbar

shekarar 2009, akwai sojoji, ba}i, fiye da dubu 50, da suka zama ‘yan }asa, tun

watan Satumbar shekarar 2001, sai kuma }aruwa suke yi.

A wani bikin tabbatar ma su da zama ‘yan }asa da ake yi a Sansanin Maya}an

Jiragen Sama na Pope Air Force Base, dake North Carolina, a cikin watan

Oktobar shekarar 2008, Sakataren Harkokin Tsaro, Robert M. Gates, ya yi

marhabin da maza a mata, 42, da suka zama ‘yan }asar. Wa]annan sojojin, na

}asa, da na ruwa da kuma na sama, da na musamman, sun fito ne daga }asashe

26, kuma, da damansu, sun yi ya}i a }asashen Iraq da Afghanistan. “Wannan

}asar, da ta yi ma ku kyakkyawar marhabin, da alfahari da ku, na girmama ku,

matu}a, domin kun nuna }auna ga wannan }asar, fiye da yadda ake tsammani,”

in ji Gates.

Wata }aramar hafsar soja, 2nd Lt. Memorina Edwin Barnes, ta fito ne daga

Micronesia, ta kuma zama ]an }asar Amirka, tare da wa]ansu sojojin su 250, a

ranar 4 ga watan Maris, na shekarar 2009, a {asar Iraq. Da ta kar~i tutar }asar

ta Amirka, da kuma takardar shaidar zama ‘yar }asa, Barnes ta ce, “Na yi

murna, matu}a, na kuma yi alfahari da haka.” Yau ina da shekaru 15, da shiga

aikin soja, in ji Barnes.

“Dukan sojan da ya zama ]an }asa, a yau, ya ]auki matakin yin hakan, tun

kafin ya zama ]an }asar, kuma duk mun yi wa }asar mu hidima, kafin mu kira

ta gidanmu.”

Da ‘yan }asar da wa]anda suka samu takardar shaidar zaman dindindin, duk

suna da ‘yancin da za su shiga aikin sojan Amirka. A lokacin zaman lafiya,

wa]anda ba ‘yan }asa ba na iya shiga aikin soja, kuma suna iya samun shaidar

kasancewa ‘yan }asa, a cikin shekaru uku, ba kamar shekaru biyar ba, na farar

hula. A kuma lokacin ya}e-ya}e, ma, shugaban }asar ta Amirka, na iya barin

wanda ba ]an }asa ba, ya zama ]an }asa, nan da nan.

A watan Yulin 2002, Shugaba George W. Bush, ya bayar da wani umurnin na a

hanzarta bai wa ba}i, maza da matan da suka yiwo }aura, suka shiga aikin sojan

Amirka, mu}amin ‘yan }asa, tun ranar 11, ga watan Satumbar 2001.

Gwamnatocin da suka gabata, sun yi irin haka, sun bayar da mu}amin ‘yan }asa

ga sojojin da suka yi Ya}in Duniya na I da II, su dubu 143, da kuma wa]anda

suka yi ya}in Korea, su dubu 31, da ma tsofaffin sojoji fiye da dubu 100, da

suka yi ya}e-ya}en Vietnam da na Ga~ar Kogin Persia.

Wata sojar ruwa ce, da aka haifa a wata }asa, ke sarawa, lokacin bikin bayar da

mu}amin zama ‘yan }asa, a kan jirgin ruwan nan mai suna USS Ronald

Reagan, da ya zo ga~ar Coronado, dake California, a shekarar 2006.

Bayar da Sadaka

Wata hanyar da jama’ar Amirka ke bayar da gudunmawa ga al’umma, da kuma

duniya baki ]aya, ita ce, ta bayar da wani ~angare na albashi, domin sadaka. A

cewar wata }ididdigar da Asusun Agaji na {asar, (NPT), ya tattara, kwanan

nan, kashi 89, cikin 100, na magidantan }asar Amirka, na bayar da sadaka, da

kuma kusan dolar Amirka dubu ]aya da 250, kowannensu, a shekara. Rahoton

na asusun NPT, ya bayar da rahoton cewa, jama’ar Amirka na bayar da

gudunmawar fiye da dolar Amirka miliyan dubu 250, a wajen sadaka, a kowace

shekara.

Tausayin jama’ar Amirka ya kai wani gagarumin manzalin da aka tara dolar

Amirka miliyan dubu 295, a shekarar 2006, bayan da mahaukaciyar guguwar

nan, ta Katrina, ta buga, a kudancin Amirka, da kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta

Tsunami, a Asia, amma, sadakar ta ragu, a shekarar 2008, saboda da talaucin da

ya abka wa duniya. Har yanzu, bisa ga al’ada, jama’ar Amirka, na da karimci,

tun fil azal.

Alal misali, ka dubi Nick Anderson da Ana Slavin. Lokacin da suke ]aliban

makarantar sakandare, a Massachusetts, Anderson and Slavin, sun fahimci irin

kisan kiyashin da ake yi a yankin Darfur. “Jama’ar zamaninmu, sun san za su

gaji duniya cike da miyagun matsaloli,” in ji Slavin. “Don haka, ba za mu jira,

kawai, wa]ansu su canja ma na duniya ba. Dole mu fara yanzu.”

Dukan wa]annan samarin sun yi amfani da shafukan yanar-gizo, domin ji~intar

abokansu, sun kuma lura cewa, irin wa]annan shafukan, na ha]a kawunan

]aliban duniya, don yin wani al’amari na }warai. Sun kafa }ungiyar Dola Don

Darfur, suka kuma }iyasta samun dolar Amirka dubu 200, a lokuttan karatun

shekarun 2006, zuwa 2007; maimakon wannan, sai ga shi sun tara dolar Amirka

dubu 306, daga ]alibai, a makarantu dubu biyu a 500, a fa]in }asa. Yanzu

kuma suna gudanar da harkokin wata }ungiyoyi, masu suna Save Darfur

Coalition, da Dollars for Darfur, wa]anda suka sama wa fiye da dolar Amirka

dubu 500. Za a yi amfani da rabin ku]a]en, wajen bayar da kayayyakin agaji ga

yankunan Darfur da Chad; sai kuma rabin zai tafi ga }o}arin kula da irin nauyin

siyasar da zai tabbatar da zaman lafiya a yankin Darfur.

Da kusan }ungiyoyi da gidauniyoyin agaji, miliyan ]aya da dubu 200, a {asar

Amirka, ka]ai, jama’ar Amirka, na da ‘yancin da za su bayar da gudunmawa,

ga kowane asusu — koda kuwa na sadaka ne — dake sa su aiwatarwa. Da dama

kan za~i ajiyar ku]a]ensu, kusa da gida, da gudanar da aiki, ta hannun

ma}wabtansu, da cibiyoyin addinai, da bankunan tara kayayyakin abinci, da

gidajen marasa galihu. Bugu da }ari, jama’ar Amirka, na sanya hannuwa cikin

aljihonsu, domin tallafa wa }ungiyoyin dake hidima, irin su binciken harkokin

kiwon lafiya, da harkokin da suka shafi tsofaffin sojoji, ko kuma }ananan yara.

Jama’ar Amirka kuma, manyan masu taimaka wa }ungiyoyin agaji ne, na

duniya, da nuna cewa, su ‘yan }asar Amirka, sun ]auka ‘yan }asashen duniya

ne, kazalika da }asarsu.

“Jama’ar zamaninmu, sun san za su gaji duniya cike da miyagun

matsaloli,” in ji Slavin. “Don haka, ba za mu jira, kawai, wa]ansu

su canja ma na duniya ba. Dole mu fara yanzu.” Ko yin aikin agajin al’umma, ko kuma bayar da gudunmawar sadaka, jama’ar

Amirka na da kirki.

A sama, idan aka juya, daga }asa, daga ~arayin hagu: wata alama ce, ta

gangamin tara ku]a]en asusun }ungiyar Dollars for Darfur; sai masu yi wa

}asa hidima, dake sharer titi, a cikin garin New Orleans, dake Louisiana, a

lokacin wani aikin taimakon kai-da-kai, na al’umma, makonni kafin

mummunan guguwar Katrina ta ~arko, a shekarar 2005; sai kuma wata

}ungiyar masu hidimar, dake amfani da wata doguwar igiya, domin janye

tsofaffin tayoyi, daga cikin Kogin garin Kansas, a kusa da garin Linwood, na

jihar ta Kansas.

Ina ‘Yan Agajin Ke Taimaka wa?

Me ‘Yan Agajin Ke Yi?

Al’umma, ‘Yan Siyasa, {wararru, kashi 5.5, cikin 100 ko Duniya {ungiyoyin Ilmi ko Hidimar Matasa, kashi 26, cikin 100

Kula da Yanayi ko Dabbobi, kashi 2.0, cikin 100 Asibiti ko Sauran Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya, kashi 8.2, cikin 100 Ceton Rayuka, kashi 1.3, cikin 100 Cibiyoyin Addinai, kashi 35.1, cikin 100 Al’umma da Jin Da]i, kashi 13.5, cikin 100 Wasanni, Nisha]i, Al’adu, ko {ungiyoyin Sana’o’i, kashi 3.3, cikin 100 Sauran da ba ambata ba, kashi 5.1, cikin 100

Wa Yake Agazawa

Shekaru Yawan ‘Yan Agaji Kaso cikin 100

16 to 24 8,239,000 21.9

25 to 34 9,154,000 22.8

35 to 44 13,016,000 31.3

45 to 54 13,189,000 29.9

55 to 64 9,456,000 28.1

65, zuwa sama 8,749,000 23.5

Jimla 61,803,000 26.4 An samo ne daga: Ofishin {ididdigar {wadago, na {asar Amirka, na shekarar 2008. GPS Printed by Global Publishing Solutions (A/GIS/GPS) © (10-2170-E-1.0)

Babban Edita: michael jay friedman

Editan Gudanarwa: Rosalie targonski

Mataimakan Edita: Charlene porter, nadia shairzay

Darektar Zane-zane: diane Woolverton

Binciken Hoto: Maggie johnson sliker

Bureau of International Information Programs

U.S. Department of State

www.america.gov

http://www.america.gov/publications/books-content/american-citizenship.html

Photo Credits

Photos from left to right separated by semicolons; top to bottom by dashes.

Front Cover: Kimberley

White/Getty Images; Bob Daemmrich/The Image

Works; Jim West/The Image Works—Robert F.

Bukaty/AP Images; George Armstrong/FEMA;

Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images. Page 1: Prints

and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.

P2: AP Images. P3: George Armstrong/FEMA.

P4: Steve Schapiro/CORBIS—Jim West/The Image

Works. P7: David Paul Morris/Getty Images;

Shane Bevel/The Shreveport Times/AP Images—

Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works. P8: Norm

Dettlaff/Las Cruces Sun-News/AP Images. P9:

David Hauck/Getty Images. P11: Courtesy Fox

Leadership; Mustafa Al-ammar—Mustafa

Al-ammar—Manuel Balce Ceneta/AP Images;

Bob Krist/CORBIS. P12: Kevin Hare/The Enquirer/

AP Images. P13: Davis Turner/Getty Images.

P14: Michael Dwyer/AP Images. P15: Lawrence

Jackson/AP Images. P17: Dave Scherbenco/AP Images; Danny Johnson/AP

Images—Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works. P18: Stan Honda/AFP/Getty

Images. P19: © Matt Campbell/epa/CORBIS. P20: Justin Sullivan/Getty

Images. P21: Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images—Amy Sanchetta/AP Images.

P22: George Armstrong/FEMA. P23: Kimberley White/Getty Images. P24:

David Adame/EcoMedia/AP Images. P25: Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images. P27:

Robert F. Bukaty/AP Images; Mike Yoder/Lawrence Journal-World/AP

Images—Courtesy Save Darfur Coalition. Back Cover: Bob Krist/CORBIS;

Mike Yoder/Lawrence Journal-World/AP Images; Shane Bevel/The Shreveport

Times/AP Images—Manuel Balce Ceneta/AP Images; David

Adame/EcoMedia/AP Images; © Matt Campbell/zepa/CORBIS.