comparative analysis of solar and ionic disinfection of potable water samples from disparate...

ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 2, 676-682

676

Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

OF ADVANCED RESEARCH

RESEARCH ARTICLE

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR AND IONIC DISINFECTION OF POTABLE

WATER SAMPLES FROM DISPARATE PESHAWAR VENUE, PAKISTAN

Salman Shehzada1*

, Farah Shireen2, Usman Shahzada

3, Hamayun Khattak

4

1.Aga Khan University and Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan 2. Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan

3.Center for Disaster Preparedness and Management, University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan 4. Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, KUST, KPK, Pakistan

Manuscript Info Abstract

Manuscript History:

Received: 12 December 2013

Final Accepted: 19 January 2014 Published Online: February 2014

Key words: Potable water, Peshawar, Solar

Disinfection, Ionic Disinfection

*Corresponding Author

Salman Shehzada

Ten potable water samples were collected from circadian sources of

Peshawar domains. Water samples corroborated higher bacterial counts at

each 0, 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000, 1/10,000 dilution and were charged to be

diabolical bacteriologically. These samples were put through solar and ionic

(silver and gold) disinfection practices. From the result it was authenticated

that solar dynamism was preferable over ionic exuberance providing reduced

plate counts at every dilution. Therefore, solar disinfection contrivance can

render lucrative and secure drinking water to the community.

Copy Right, IJAR, 2013,. All rights reserv

INTRODUCTION Water is crucial and imperative requisite of existence. But due to current catastrophic state of the world quality of

potable water had become a serious issue, as it directly affect aquatic and land entities (Khalid et al., 2011).

Currently the world, more specifically Pakistan is confronting deliberately momentous ascending epidemics of water

borne ailments (Nollet, 2000). In Pakistan, Central Peshawar localities acquire potable ground water via tube wells,

while Northern areas of district generally consume water from springs. Facsimile water pollution as a result of

human exploitations, had limited aquatic resources including fresh drinking water. Provision of potable water is

estimated to be 0.002% of the total planet water supply. Substandard hygiene practices are also accountable for

umpteen diseases including acute respiratory infection, gastro-enteric illnesses, cholera, gastroenteritis, hepatitis A

& E, malaria, typhoid fever, polio, scabies, goiter and tuberculosis. According to World Health Organization (WHO)

documentation, there are estimated 100 million children ranging below the age of five sustain complications of

diarrhea in developing countries each year. Across the Peshawar district, caliber of drinking water is minimized due

to lack of treatment plants and insalubrious facilitation (Zia, 2013). Prehistorically, Romans and Greeks would use

silver coins prior to disinfect and long term storage of water and milk (Andrea, 2011). Along with silver, copper and

gold ions and their colloidal solutions are subjected to water decontamination procedures and authenticated to have

microbicidal potency (Khaydarov et al., 2005). A novel effective water purification method, solar water disinfection

which is also termed as solar ultra-violet water disinfection or SODIS, is recommended by World Health

Organization using solar energy to minimize cases of water borne infections (Clasen, 2010). SODIS is burgeoning

worldwide and awareness is bloomed in numerous progressing countries (Meierhofer and Wegelin, 2002).

The blueprint of our research work was to hound comparative survey of solar and ionic disinfection (silver and gold

ions) of drinking water samples from distinct suburbs of Peshawar, Pakistan.

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677

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SAMPLE COLLECTION

Ten drinking water samples from quotidian sources were collected in 1000ml sterile transparent collector bottles

from distinct regions of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. Sample designation and sources are displayed in (Table 1).

Table 1: Sources and venue of drinking water sample cumulated for analysis

Sample Number

Source

Venue

1 Tap water Hayatabad (Residential Area)

2 Tap water Hayatabad (Slum Area)

3 Tap water Hayatabad (Industrial State)

4 Tap water University Road (University Department)

5 Tap water University Road (Restaurant)

6 Tap water University Road (Mosque)

7 Tap water Canal Town (Agricultural Area)

8 Tap water Kohat Road (Residential Area)

9 Tap water Saddar (Resturant)

10 Tap water Ring Road (Agricultural Area)

pH AND TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS

Water samples were held in sterile sample collector bottle having sodium thio-sulphide to neutralize pH and

maintain bacterial count. pH was analyzed using commonly available comparator indicator strip concluding pH

range of 7.0 - 8.5 for the test water samples. All the water samples were stored at room temperature before analysis.

TOTAL BACTERIAL COUNT

Bacterial counts were manifested following documented pour plate strategy (Csuros et al., 1999). 10ml water sample

were placed from the collector bottle in sterile test tube. Further by 1ml sample transfer, 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 and

1/10,000 serial dilutions were made utilizing autoclaved test tubes containing 9ml sterile water. From all test

samples 1ml were poured and spread in sterile petri-plates. Spread the poured sample evenly with aid of sterilized

spreader. Then prepared sterile nutrient agar medium were poured on the test samples in laminar flow hood. Plates

were allowed to rest undisturbed at room temperature to solidify. Then inverted plates were incubated using

incubator at 37oC for 24 hours. After 24 hours of incubation, number of colonies was computed utilizing colony

counter.

SOLAR WATER DISINFECTION

Solar disinfection of drinking water samples were conducted as per reported method (Meierhofer et al., 2002).

250ml drinking water samples from each sample collectors were transferred to other sterile collector bottle and were

subjected to direct solar energy during summers. Incessant exposure occurred for 6 hours at recorded ≥40oC. After 6

hours of exposure, similar pour plate strategy was preceded establishing serial dilutions for all the test samples as

discussed earlier (Csuros et al., 1999). Bacterial counts were then calculated utilizing colony counter.

IONIC WATER DISINFECTION (SILVER AND GOLD IONS)

A classical method for disinfection of water entails silver and gold ions. For ionic disinfection, 24K gold coin and

pure silver coin were sanitized using 100% commercial grade ethanol. These coins were then placed in collector

bottle consisting 250ml water samples. Allow it to stand in shade for 6 hours at room temperature. Now for bacterial

count analysis, repeat the same pour plate strategy involving serial dilution stride (Csuros et al., 1999).


678

RESULTS TOTAL BACTERIAL COUNT

From the estimated result of pour plate method, it was concluded that drinking water samples from miscellaneous

localities of Peshawar district at inconsistent dilutions i.e. 0, 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000, 1/10,000 have higher bacterial

count limit as documented by World Health Organization, and therefore evinced that the samples are not

bacteriologically satisfactory. Bacterial counts for each sample dilution are displayed in Graph (1-10). The samples

might contain many water borne pathogens including E.coli, Enterococci, Faecal Streptococci etc. which are

responsible for many gastro-enteric illnesses.

SOLAR WATER DISINFECTION

The bacteriologically abysmal test samples at vacillating dilutions i.e. 0, 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000, 1/10,000 were

subjected to solar disinfection procedure, and from the results it was manifested that solar energy had pre-eminent

bactericidal potency due to melding robustness of bactericidal ultra-violet and infrared beams. At all dilutions in

each sample descending bacterial counts indicate that solar rays have the capacity to disinfect water in inexpensive

and eco-friendly way. Results are summarized in (Graph 1-10).

IONIC WATER DISINFECTION (SILVER AND GOLD IONS)

From the result it was scrutinized that in comparison to gold ions, silver ions have better capacity to disinfect

drinking water samples. At different dilutions i.e. 0, 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000, 1/10,000, a constant graphical drop as

shown in (Graph 1-10) revealed that silver ions and gold can aid to limit water borne infections and provide safe

potable water as possessing bacteriostatic and bactericidal potency.

Graph 1: Total bacterial count of sample 1 at variable dilutions hitherto and antecedent to solar and ionic

(Ag+, Au

+) disinfection


s(Ag+, Au

+) disinfection

>5700 >5700 5640

3955

1410924 709 511 271 24

20751005

974 883128

52004013

2975

1047265

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

TOTA

L B

AC

TER

IAL

CO

UN

T

DILUTIONS

Total bacterial count

Solar Disinfection (6 hrs)

Ionic Disinfection (Ag+)

Ionic Disinfection (Au+)

SAMPLE 2

2320

1209907

472

56

820 672

25482 9

1005 974

383124

12

1112

1013 750

30568

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

TOTA

L B

AC

TER

IAL

CO

UN

T

DILUTIONS





SAMPLE 1


679


(Ag+, Au

+) disinfection


(Ag+, Au

+) disinfection


(Ag+, Au

+) disinfection

>5700

3215

1045 934 751709418 271 71 18

1009 878530 145 39

2063 1802

654

16356

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

TOTA

L B

AC

TER

IAL

CO

UN

T

DILUTIONS





SAMPLE 3

5400

3421

1064712

424541 295 102 91 36

1987

845 681342 105

2018

996

538 303 174

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

TOTA

L B

AC

TER

IAL

CO

UN

T

DILUTIONS





SAMPLE 4

>57005001

3490

22841820

1095 805 564262 43

2088

991605

336 201

3210

2084

1095 838327

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001TOTA

L B

AC

TER

IAL

CO

UN

T

DILUTIONS





SAMPLE 5


680


(Ag+, Au

+) disinfection


(Ag+, Au

+) disinfection


(Ag+, Au

+) disinfection

4301

3010

1887

1011653

350 212 16570 12

992 613469 210

47

20431431 846

248109

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001TOTA

L B

AC

TER

IAL

CO

UN

T

DILUTIONS





SAMPLE 6

>5700 5692

3410

19721531

1082 709413 180 67

22211409

804 574187

2760

2011

1050 843342

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

TOTA

L B

AC

TER

IAL

CO

UN

T

DILUTIONS





SAMPLE 7

2098

1731

1011 892661

533312

123 75 10

949

591210

103 31

987682

475 24737

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001TOTA

L B

AC

TER

IAL

CO

UN

T

DILUTIONS





SAMPLE 8


681


(Ag+, Au

+) disinfection


(Ag+, Au

+) disinfection

DISCUSSION Formerly in Switzerland solar disinfection protocol was conducted to treat potable water at house hold level to avoid

many gastro-enteric illnesses caused by Rotavirus, Picarnovirus, E.coli and Enterococci etc. (Wegelin et al., 1994).

This method had been executed and familiarized in many developing countries for the provision of cost effective

and safe drinking water (Sommer et al., 1997). In North-East Brazil, contaminated water samples were treated

utilizing bactericidal effects of solar radiations, hence providing 80-100% efficiency. Early studies evaluated that

silver (Ag+) and gold (Au

+) also possessed bacteriostatic and bactericidal prospects and therefore were implemented

in water treatment plants to prevent bloom of water borne ailments (Khaydarov et al., 2005). Previously in 2011,

microbicidal efficacy of silver and gold ions were scrutinized to prevent nosocomial Legionnaires disease, and thus

prove to halt breakout of infection up to some extent (Lin et al., 2011).

CONCLUSION From the research study it was concluded that solar disinfection signifies remarkable results than ionic (silver and

gold) disinfection method. And thus this method should be implanted in all developing countries to access

innocuous potable water via environment-friendly and economical route.

4809

3216

1295885 4601043 705 461 211 86

20761604

757347 135

3002

1765889 399

154

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

TOTA

L B

AC

TER

IAL

CO

UN

T

DILUTIONS





SAMPLE 9

3704

19941214

880336

613 441 374

199 22

987 743251 163 68

1870

993513 287 107

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001TOTA

L B

AC

TER

IAL

CO

UN

T

DILUTIONS





SAMPLE 10


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682

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