COMITE POUR LA SIDERURGIE ANCIENNE de I'Union internationale des sciences prehistoriques et protohistoriques

W. U. Guyan. president R. Plainer, secrctaire

Siege du secretariat : Institut d'archcologie. 11801 Prague I, Letcnsk6. 4·

Communication 26 Edited by R . Pleiner

NEW MEMBERS: Dr. J. Reichstcin, Schleswig·Holstein

CONFERENCES:

EXPERIMENTAL AHCHAEOLOGY. Organized by the Prehistoric Society at the London Museum, March 29th and 30th, 1980. In the hroad spectrum of recent experimental work in Britain and in other countries on behalf of the verification of archaeological results metallurgical

techniques were presented as well. The paper by Dr. Elisabcth A. Slaler (Glasgow) pointed to nOIl·ferrous metallurgy, particulady to experimental copper-smelting; experiments devoted to the bloomery process in Czechoslovak ia had been pr esented by Dr. R. Plciner (Prague).

46. SITZUNG DES GESCHICBTSAUSSCHUSSES DES VEHEINES DER DEUTSCHEN EISENHUTl'ENLEUTE, held at Dortmund, Federal Germany, April llth, 1980. Dipl. [ng. Dr. G. Sped (Leohen) read a paper dealing with new exper iments carried out in 1979 (Steierischer Erzhcrg) with stone-walled shaft furnaces of the Roman design. Ores: sid erite, limonite, quartz fluxes (10 %). Yield: 3-10 kgs of iron frolll 50 kgs of ore charges. A charcoal pile (20 rn' of wood) having r un three \veeks yielded 1500 kgs of charcoal. \Vith regard to the long tradition of trials which had be ell sturted in Au!;triu by Count Wurrnbrandt in 1877~ the paper bears the title .,100 J ahre Schmelzversuche zur fruhen Eisengewillnung"'.

RESEARCH CENTRES:

TEACHING OF ARCHAEOMEl'RY IN THE I NSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, UNIVER­SITY OF LONDON. Prof. R. F. Tylccole, member of the staff (If the Conservation and Materials Science Department has several stud ents investigating problems associated with archaeometal­]urgy. Hc teaches parl of the postgraduate MS/MSc course which has four units comprising Geology/l\fincralogy (Dr. M. P. jones of the HSM). Archacolomctallurgical site location and excavation (Prof. Dr. Beno Rothenberg) , Technologies of Arehacometallurgy (Prof. R. F. Tylecote) and Analysis (Prof. H.-G. Bachmutln). The eourse is supported by the usual metallographical laboratory equipment housed ill the Iustitute. There arc possibilities to use other equipment in the surrounding U niversity of London Colleges. After R. F. Tylecotc, East Hanney

SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY:

Excavations:

CUIlHENT HESEAIlCH IN IHELAND. Hcseareh on early ironworking ill Ireland has concen­trated in fecent years 011 the location of smelt ing sites. Although iron was ill regular use in Ireland from at least the carlier 1st millennium AD. and finds of smelt ing and smithing debris arc common, little is yet known about smelting technology. 11'inds of bowl furnaces were made by O'Kelly at Ballyvollrney, Co. Cork. and until recently, these were the only structures knowll. Excavations at Clogher in Co. Tyrone in 1974. uncovered three small bowl furnaces (20-28 ems in diameter) and

Arehcologick€ rozhlecly XXXII, Pra"a 1980 653

also a structure which may be interpreted as a hearth for reheating the bloom prior to forging. The hillfort at Rathgall, Co. Wicklow, the monastic settlements at Reask, Co. Kerry and Killucan, Co. Westmeath and the re-used megalithic mound at Knowth, Co. Loath have all produced bo'\d furnaces of similar dimensions. At present, wc have no evidence for any more developed type of furnace. B. G. Scott, Belfast

ROMAN ANVILS FROM SAINT-DIE (VOSGES, France). During excavations carried out through years at the fortified settlement called Camp Celtique near Saint-Die there were found two heavy horned iron anvils weighing 11 and 23 kgs (heights 32 and 13 ems). Their approximate date is 250 and 350 AD. The former, apparently worn, bears incised marks or symbols of a yet unknown purpose. The latter seems to have found no use at all. The shape of both anvils is depicted on a blacksmith's tomb stela of 2 m height from the same site (2nd cent. AD).

After G. Tronquarl. Saint-Die

Analyses:

IRON BARS FOUND IN THE GOLFE DU FOS, DEP. BOUCHES-DU-RHONE, FRANCE. In shallow waters of the Golfe du Fos lieutenant-colonel L. jVlonguilan di!;covered a sunken Ro­man boat loaded with about 200- 300 rod-shaped iron bars, rectangular in section, and 3 lead ingots. A Roman port used to be situated between the main Rhone bed and the Etang de Berre. The find is to be dated, according to inscriptions on the lead ingots, relating to Haddan and Antonius Pius, to the period ca. 130-110 AD. Two main sizes of iron bars occur: one is about 55 X 3,10 X 2,20 ems, the other and more frequellt is 62 X 3,20 X 3,50 ems. One of the bars has been analysed in two samples, onc taken from the core, the other fTOm the surface layer (0,03 and 0,089% C; 0,0109 and 0,078% Mn; 0,059 and 0,054% P; 0,014. and 0,011 % As; 0,004 and 0,003 % S; 0,015 and 0,025 % Si; 0,004 and 0,005 % AI; 0,0073 and 0,0078 % Cu; 0,04·1 and 0,047% Ni; 0,014 and 0,012% Co; 0,001 and 0,0065 0/0 Cr). Salt water corrosion having altered much of the surface the original weight cannot be stated. Ferritic and fcrritie-pearlitic structures could be observed. The bars seem to have been surface-carburized up to 4 mm depth.

After J.-R. l\lfarechal , Saint-Himer

LA TENE PERIOD IRON BARS OF THE WERlMONT TYPE, BELGIUM. At Epravc (Wcrimont Forest, province of Namur) a hoard of 5 iron bars came to light in the cave called TrOll de I'Ambre. The bars are 44 cms long, their narrower tip being rolled into a pointed shape (weight ca. 230 g). Metallographic jnvestigation revealed heterogeneously carburized piled wrought iron ,\.".ith sorbitic structure in the carbon containing areas.

Another hoard of 10 smaller bars was found nt Taviers (Namur); these were 37-38 erns long (weight 77-119 g). The salJle type appeared at Marilles (province de Brabant. two bars, badly corroded, of 25 cms max. length). It is to be mentioned that bars of the ~rerimont type occurred also at Bad Nauheim (5 objects, 40-50 cms) and at Zurych-Limmat (17 hars, max. length 52 cms). The type of Werimont which is to be dated to the La Time period (ca. 2nd cent. BC) represents a variant of the '\vell-known I, Schwertbarren" found in 'Vestern Germany.

After J.-R. 1Harechal, Saint-Himer

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1971, 1973, 1974, 1976 (Supplements)

H. HINGST: Ein mittelalterliches Eisenverhiittungsgebiet in Mittelholstein. In German [A me­dieval bloomery centre in Central Holstein]. Offa 28 1971, 137-138. Slag heaps and 6 furnace remains from the 13th century in the Neumiinster·Bad Bramsted·Jevenstedt area.

H. HINGST: Eine kaiserzeitliche Waldschmiede in Siiderschmedeby, Kr. Flcnsburg;. In German [A Romano-Barbarian forest forge at Siiderschmedeby, distr. of Flcnsburg]. Offa 30 1973, 249-

654

-250. A bloomery centre near "Auberg", slag blocks apparently from slag-pit furnaces~ stone anvil bloc. Dating: Late Roman till the Migration period.

H. HINGST: Mittelaltcr1iche Eisenverhiittungsanlagen aus Handewitt, Kr. Schleswig-Flcnsburg. In German [Medieval bloomer), features at I-Iandewitt, distr. of Schleswig-Flensburg]. Offa 31 1974,152-153. A slag heap of 7 m in diameter containing charcoal and furnace wall fragments, roasted bog iron ore heap and charcoal burning pit. In a short distance there were uncovered 4 furnaces of a different type, with heavy slag blocs. Despite their medieval dating suggested by the author, they strongly remind us of Romano-barbarian features .

J. R. MAR1~CHAL: J..'industric clu fer en Belgi(lue. In French llron industry in Belgium]. Pares Nationaux. Bull. trimestriel de l'Association Ardenne et Gaume 29/3 1974, 108-117. Remarks on Late La Ti~me period iron bars from Eprave et Marilles, currency har shape.

TABULA IMPERII ROMANI K 34: NAISSUS, DYRRHACHION, SCUPI-SERDlCA-THES­SALONIKE. Ljubljalla 1976 (J. Sascl ed.). Iron mining and metallurgy traces in the Roman period Balkan area on the map, commented in the text list of sites (with bibliographies). Mainly remains of galleries or slag deposits.

C. F. TEBBUTT: An abandoned medieval industrial sit.e at Parrock, Hartficld. Sussex Archaeo· logical Society, Lewes, 1131976, 146- 151. Scattered iron slags and possible hloomery sites, presumably from the 12th-15th centuries. Water powered blast furnace at Newbridge set up ill ca. 1496.

BIBUOGRAPHY 1977 (continued)

A. Specialized items

D. K. CHAKRABARTI: Distribution of iron ores and the archaeological significance of early iron in India. Journal of the Economical and Social History of the Orient 20/2 1977, 166-184. Geological conditions and archaeological evidence relating to the development of iron working in the Subcontinent. Five production centres (C 14 dates). The author prefers the autochtonous approach when solving the problem of the earliest metallurgy of iron in India.

After H iSlorical Metallurgy

H. M. FRIEDE: Iron Age metal working in the Megaliesberg area. Journal of South Mrican Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 77 (11) 1977, 224--232. A metallographic examination of two iron objects from Broederstoom. After Historical Metallurgy

H. M. FRIEDE - R. H. STEEL: An experimental study of iron-smelting techniques used in the South African Iron Age. Journal of the South __ '\frican Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 77 (ll) 1977, 233-242. _.<\.n experimental furnace was constructed to the pattern of an Iron Age furnace and the major variables were evaluated. In particular the action and efficiency of skin bellows were investigated to gain a better understanding of the air-supply system. Iron ore, slag and metallic iron, both excavated material and the iron produced in the experimental furnace were analyzed and the results are reported and discussed.

After Historical Metallurgy

J. H. MONEY: The Iron Age Hill-fort and Romano-British Iron-working settlement at Garden Hill, Sussex. Interim Report on Excavations, 1968-76. Britannia 8 1977, 339-350. Roasting and smelting furnaces of the 1st century. Garden RiB is supposed to have been the base from which smelting sites were operated in the Ist and 2nd centuries AD. Iron ore, natural and roasted. slags. After Historical Metallurgy

655

V. PIGOTT: The Question of the Presence of Iron in the Iron I period in Western Iran. In: Mountains and Lowlands: Essays in the Archaeology of Greater Mesopotamia (L. D. Levine ~

T. Cuyler Young jr. ed.). UNDENA Publication. Malibu 1977, 209-234. Thc paper bring. in details lists of individual iron artifacts from the period of the beginning of the use of iron. from about 12 sites. As to the 2nd part of thc 2nd millenllium but Tcpc Gyian and Hasanlu may be considered. ,From the period of the 10th-8th cent. BC about 70 iron objects have been enregiste~ red, mainly from graves.

R. H. STEEL, see H. M. Friede (p. 655)

J. \VANKEL: Praveke tavirny zeleza a kovarny na Moravc (1879). [Early iron smelting sih·s and forges in Moravia]. Sbornik Okresniho muzca v Blansku 8/91976/77,48-79. This is a translation of the W'ell~known paper written in German and entitled " Prahistorische Eisenschmclz~ uod SchmiedestattclI in Mahren". Wien 1879. It deals with the first discoveries of bloomer), sites in the region of Blansko. Moravia . being under research. The use of this historical report i~ highly recommendable. Translation by V. Grolich.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1978 (continued)

A. Specialized items

T. M. AMBROSE, sec D. A. Jackson (p. 65i)

DAS KELTISCHE GHABEHFELD BEL JENISUV UJEZD IN BOHMEN. I. Band: Quellen und Gutachten (J. 'Valdhauser cd.). The Celtic Cem(':te)'), h<;i Jenisuv Ujczd in Bohemia. Volume I. Sources and Expertises. Tcplice 1978. The reconstruction of all available data relating to the largest Celtic cemetery in Bohemia, exca\"ated 70-80 years ago. In addition to descriptions of grave complexes the book contains a set of expertises on "arious materials. R. Pleincr contribu~ ted to same with metallographic examinations of two swords: 110S. 8497 and 9047. Both blades consisted of three welded-togcther layers of metal; whilst thc former was of heterogeneous ferri­tic-pearlitic steel, the latter consisted of a central iron bar and two side steel shells.

D. C. EPI,ER: A Brief History of Chinese Metallurgy. The Metallurgist and Materials Techno­logist 10 1978,303-307. As to iron it did not appear in China until the 7th or 6th cent. BC. The immediate production of cast iron was, in the author's opinion, influenced by the tradition of ceramic technologists by taking over highly effective de~iglls of furnaces and many firing techni­ques (double piston bellows). In the 11 th cent. AD a production figure between 75.000 and 100.000 tons per year had been reached. Mter Historical iVletttllurgy

J. GOMORI: lclentes it Ilyugat-magyarorszagi vasvidck Gyor~SojJl'ol1 Illegyei lelohclyeinck ku­tatasarul I. Summary: Mcldung uber die Forschungcn der Fundorte des west-ungarisehen Eisen­erzgehietes im Komitate Gyor-Sopron I [Report of the investigation on sites of the 'Vcst~Hullga­rian iron bearing region in t.he Gyoe-Sopron districts J]. Arrahona 19- 20 197ij78. 109-158_ Sunken-floored bloomeries of the 7th century AD at Tarjanspuszta-VasasfOld (fllrnaces, tuyeres, tuyere panels), and at Nemeskcr (until the 9th cent., possibly also latcr, furnaces, tuyere panels).

V.HASEK· T. B. HORAK· FH. OBR: Uplatncni pfirodovCdeckych metod pii archcologickcrn vyzkumu hutnickeho strediska v Sudicich. In Czech [Application of science on behalf of the ar­chaeological research at the Sudice bloomery centre]. Sbornik Okresniho muzea v Blansku 10 1978,46-60. Magnetometry. mineralogy of slags, spectral analyses, DTA-anulyses of refractory clays. Results as they already appeared in several Czech journals devoted to metal1urgy ~ geology, and geophysical prospection. Mineralogical remarks ought to be put into conformity with usual mineralogical analyses of silicate slags.

656

T. B. HORAK, sce V. Haiek, (p. 656)

D. A. JACKSON - T. M. AMBROSE et a1.: Excavations at Wakerley, Northants. 1972-75. Britannia 9 1978, 115-242. This report describes one of the biggest excavation!::! of Late Iron Age and Roman iron smelting nnd ancil1ary furnaces to take place in Britain in reccnt times. The site lies on the Northants ore-field and the work was carried out in advance of open-cast orc extraction. Dating is from the 2nd cent. BC to the 3td cent. BC. It embraces trench-type furnaces (channel hearths) containing charcoal used either for roasting ore or for charcoal making. The furnaces feU into 3 types: Type I was a bowl smelting furnace 20- 30 ems deep 60-130 ems diam. - some with furna ce bottoms in situ (1st cent. BC). Type 2 was a sunken shaft furnace in pits 40-75 ems diam. with an arch 35 ems high with its top at ground level. No slag tapping was possible from this type, and the shafts were 30-40 ems diam. with an inward upwards taper

and often relined. These Belgic types may shed some light on the method of inducing slag fall in North Europcan slag~pit types. Type 3 was a surface mounted shaft furnace provided with slag tapping facilities. This is a familiar type found at Holbean".'ood, Ashwicken and Pick worth.

Round ore.roasting hearths similar to tllOse at Bedford Purlieus and Great Casterton were also found. The ores come from nodular beds outcropping on the site containing 77,70/0 Fe20 3 . The usual range of copper~base and iron objccts were found and qualitative analyses are given of the latter. After R . F. Tylecote in Historical Metallurgy

P. KISHA.zI: Megjegyzcsek a nyugat~dunantuli rcgi vuskohaszati leletek vascrc cs sulakrnind.in vegzett rontgen·diffraktometeres vizsagalatok ercdmenyeihez. Summary: Einige Bemerkungen zu den Ergebnissen der Diffraktom.eter~ Untersuehungen von Eisenerz- und Sehlackenmustern der a]ten Htittcnfunde aus West~Ungarn [Some remarks on the results of X-ray diffraction

analysis of iron ore and slags from early bloomeries in West Hungary]. Arrabona ]9/20 1977/78. 169- 175. Ore samples from the Sopron, Tarjanpuszta and Nemesker bloomeries (sec J. Gomori) are of the Burgenland origin; presumahly they used to be pre~roasted before smelting. In slags, in addition to fayalite and , ... ·ustitc phases. also lcucite and hercinite were stated.

K. LUDIKOVSKY - V. SOUCHopovA (Mrs): Extemivnihutnickecentrum v Sudidch na Male Ham!. In Czech [An extensive bloomery centre at Sudice, Mala Ham! region, .l\foravia]. Sborm'k Okrcsniho muzea v Blallsku 101978.23-46. After sevcral preliminary reports this article repre­sents a more complex survey of cxcavations of Latc Romano-barbarian period bloomeries with field s of slag-pit furnace remains at Sudice.

I. MARTENS (Mrs): Some Reflections OIl the Classification of Prehistoric and Medieval Iron­-smelting Furnaces. Norweg ian Archaeological Review 11/1 1978, 27- 47. New discoverjes of bloornery installation remains call for classification systems which, however, are subject to specific problems. Irmelin Martens classifies the known smelting furnaces according to different

points of view (shape; function; slag manipulatioll; air-supply; building). Bowl, shaft and domed types are held for the main represcntatiYes.

To the discussion has contributed R. Plciner (Prngue), pp. 37-39, underlining the difference ])etween the bowl and shaft principles and alluding to possible rather often difficulties when distinguishing them during the field work. I. Serning (Mrs. Grangesbcrg) presented her own variant of classification of hloomery furnHees according to Swedish sources.

E. W. MacKIE, see The Origins (p. 658)

H. MADDIN, see K. H. lIfaxwcll-Hyslop (p. 65B)

K. R. MAXWELL-HYSLOP (Mrs) - T. S. WHEELER (Mrs) - R. MADDIN· J. D. MUHLY: An iron dagger from tomb 240 at Tell Fara South. Levant 10 197B (Jerusalem), 112-115. In the corroded dagger point (dating presumably from about the 1st half of the 10th cent. BC) there was observed an iron core showing pearlitic~ferritic structure with ca 0,4% C. Since the corrosion

657

layer contained also remains of cementite, the authors presume the surface of the blade to have been originally highly carburized.

J. D. MUHLY, see K. R. Maxwcll·Hyslop (p. 657)

THE ORIGINS OF METALLURGY IN ATLANTIC EUROPE. Proceedings of the Fifth Atlantic Colloquium, Dublin, March 30th to April 4th, 1978 (M. Ryan ed.). Dublin 1979. From the contents : B. G. Scott: The introduction of non-ferrous and ferrous metal technologies to Ire­Jand: motives and mechanism, 189-204. The author suggests some intrusio ns of iron objects to Ireland as early as the late 6th cent. BC but even in subse<luent periods the use of iron develo­ped very slo \-\'ly . E. W. lWacKie: The origin of iron-working in Scotland, 295-302. A survey of the earliest find s of iron objects (larlshof, Balmashanner, isolated finds from the 1st miJIennium BC), West Brandon bowl furnace (prior to the 3rd cent. BC). During the 1st cent. BC the use of iron increased owing to the influence from the south. E. 'l'holander: A study of the technology behind nickel-alloyed prehistoric steel having a laminated structure, 319-334. Another version of the publication presenting the results of a detailed metallographical study carried out on the Eskiltuna axe (ca. 4th cent. AD), see Historical Metallurgy 13/2 1979,69-94.

Fr. OBR, see V. Hasek (p. 656)

R. PLEINER: Rozbor vzorkil zeleza z doby hradistni z hutl u Olomucan. Summary: MetaI1o­graphische Untersuchung der Eisenluppen aU5 den burgwanzeitlichen Hennhutten be; OJomu­cany, Mahren [Metallographic investigation of iron bloom fragments from SIavic bloomeries near Olomucany, Moravia]. Shornik Okresnmo muzea v Blansku 10 ]978, 16~22. Two fragments from different bloomery sites of the 10th- 11th cent. AD; onc of them represents a sintered conglomerate of ferrite cristallites in the slaggy matrix, the other is of high carbon steeL

R. PLEINER, see Das keltische Griiberfeld (p. 656)

R. PLEINER, see 1. Martens (p. 657)

B. G. SCOTT: Iron "slave-collars" from Lagore Crannog, Co. Meath. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, C, 78/8 1978, 213- 230. Manufacture reconstruction of two (three?) collars and cllnins from the lowest levels of the Lagore Crannong in Northern Ireland (about 650 AD). Welding and twisting techniques, locking systems.

B. G. SCOTT, see The Origins (above)

1. SERNING, see 1. Martens (p. 657)

M. SDNNECKEN: DeT rnittelalterliche Eisenhuttenbczirk .. In der Mark" bei Radevormwald, Oberbergischer Kreis. Zeitschrift fur Archaologie des Mittelalters 6 1978. 161-172. More than 200 smelting sites in the above forested area in Western Germany. At Hengstenbecke there was excavated a slag heap with furnace remains and a slag bay, crushing stone, etc. Dating: 13th cent. AD. List of sites, map.

V. SOUCHopovA (Mrs): Velkomoravska hutnicka dUna v poles. Olomucany (0. Blansko). In Czech [A Great Moravian bJoomery in the forest of Olomucany, Blansko district]. Sbornik Okresniho muzea v Blansku 10 1978, 10- 16. Bloomeries on an artificially adapted terrace, dating from the 9th ccnt. AD. Built·in furnaces with tuyerc panels; two semi-split iron blooms weighing 2-2,5 kgs.

V. SOUCHopovA, see K. Ludikovsky (p. 657)

E. THOLANDER, see The Origins (above)

J. TOTH (Mrs): Tarjanpusztai vaskoho archeomagneses vizsgalata. Summary: Research of the iron furnace in Tarjanpuszta by archaeomagnetic method. Arrabona 18/ 20 1977/78, 163- 167.

658

The trial indicates the date of the Tarjallpuszta bloomer), (see J. Gomori) as 650 ± 60 AD.

G. VASTAGH: Adatok a kcso avar kori vaskoluiszat ismcretchcz. Summary: Beitdige zur Kennt­nis der spiit-avarischen Eisenmctallurgie [Contribution t.o the knowledge of the Latc-Avar period metallurgy of iron]. Arrabona 19/20 1977/78, 159- 162. Chemical analyses of ores of bloo­mery slags from the Tarjanpuszta smelting sites (see J. Grimori). It seems that ore samples. poor in iron, are merely selected waste (editoriul note).

T. S. WHEELER, see K. R. Maxwell-Hyslop (p. fi57)

A. R. WILLIAMS; Seven swords of the renaissance from an analytical point of view. Glaudius 141978.97-127. Detailed metallographical analyses of seven sword hlades from different museum collections, dating from the 15th- 17th cent. Increasing influence of steel, various schemes of welding together or even piling steel and wrought iron parts; heat treatment in four cases.

B. History of iron. as mentioned in other publications (1978)

S. R_ B. COOKE, sec Excavations (below)

EXCAVATIONS AT NICHORIA IN SOUTHWEST GREECE (G. Rapp jr. - S. E. Aschen­brenner cd.). The University of Minnesota Press. MinllcapoJis 1978. Chapter 11 deals with metal found at Nichoria. It is written by C. Rapp, R. E. Jones, S. R. B. Cooke and E. L . Henrickson: Analyses of the Metal Artifacts. A scarce occurrence of iron dates into the LH III B2 and A periods. MetaJlurgical activities are attested from the 10th-9th cent. BC (irou slags ill area 11) and from the Byzantine period. Calculations as to iron content in relation to ores and bloomery slags.

J. GIESLER: Die friihgescruchtlichen Siedlungen von Vennikel und Stratum. Die Heimat. Zeitschrift fur niederrheinische Kultur- und Heimatpflegung (Krefelcl) 50 1979, 13- 34. The article devoted to excavation results of eatIy medieval sites of Vennikeu and Stratum (Lower Rhincland, 8th-11th cent.) contains a chapter dealing wit.h iron making. Iron slags arc inter­preted as bloomery waste despite the possibility of interpreting them as smithing cinders.

E. L. HENRICKSON, see Excavations (ahove)

R. E. JONES, see Excavations (above)

G. RAPP. see Excav;]tions (above)

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1979 (as in June 1980)

A. Specialized items

B. E. ALFSEN, sce O. H. Cristie (1" 660)

J. W. ALLAN: Persian Metal Technology 700-1300 AD. Oxford 1979. Chapter 3 of this book is devoted to the metallurgy of iron and contains sections on iron and steel (pp. 66- 76), damasce­ning (pp. 76-82), swords (pp. 82- 91) and on other kinds of Persian arms and armour (pp. 91 -- 100).

M. BENCARD ct al.: Wikingerzeitliches Handwerk in RiLe. In German l Viking period handicrafts at RiLe]. Acta Archaeologica Kobenhavn 491978 (1979), 113-138. Excavations at Ribc revealed many traces of handicraft activity. The blacksmith's work is discussed in a chapter on pp. 121--122. Smithing slags, fragments of slagged hearth lining, bellows protecting clay panels. Two concentration areas, 8th-9th cent. AD.

J. L. BRUNAUX - P. MARQUIS - P. MENIEL: Les recherches a Gournay-sur-Aronde: hilan et perspectives. In French [Excavation at Gournay-sur-Aronde: balance nod perspectives] . Revue archeologique de POise No 13 1978, 27-28. An account on the huge deposit of weapons, arms and implements in the moat of a Celtie sanctuary from the 3rd-2nd cent. BC.

659

N. CAUDRON - M. JAUSSAUD - A. REPIN - L. URAN: La restauration des armes gauloises provenant du depot de Gournay-sur-Aronde. In French [The reconstitution of Gallic arms from the hoard of Gournay-sur-Arondc]. Revue archcologique de l'Oise No 13 1978, 29-32. Radio­graphy, chemical baths, ultra.sound, polyesther, parafinc. Sec J. L. Brunaux et a1. (above).

O. H. CHJSTIE - B. E. ALFSEN - A. M. ROSENQVJST: Opprinnelsen til nagler og spiker fca vikingstidsbatcr funnet i Sor-Norge. In Norwegian [Provenance of nails and ri vets from south Norwegian boat finds of the Viking period]. In: Univcrsitetcts Oldsaksamiing ISO aT, lubileums­sarbok 1919. Oslo 1979, 173- 180. Vector and cluster analyses of chemical compositions of 4·9 nails indicate three types of iron, concentrated in find provinces as Vestfold +- Akershus, Buskerud,

and Olden + Myklebost + Aurland.

J. E. CURTIS - T. S. WHEELER (Mr» - J. D. MUHLY - R. MADDlN: Neo-Assyrian Iro,,­working Technology. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 123/ 6 1979, 369- 390. Following the survey on the Assyriall Iron Age by R. Pleiner and 1. K. Bjorkman there appears a paper discussing metalIographicaI analyses of 12 iron bars and implements from thc collections of the Oriental Institute at Chicago and of the British Museum (Khorsubad, Nimrud), further of one arrowhead from the Urartian Toprak Kale (also BM). In the ligh.t of a detailed examination it could be stated that the carburization process became slowly known among neo-Assyrian smiths of the 8th-6th cent. BC, though they still were facing serious practical problems. Bars or ingots used to be more carburized than working implements. At least the Khorsabad bars evidently were no tools.

J. EMMERLING: Zur Technologie zweier Sch"werter und eillcr Lanzenspitze aus ''Volko ... \'. In German [On the technology of two swords and one lance head from Wolkow]. Alt-Thiiringen 16 1979, 120-136. Examination of two early medieval sword blades kept in the Staatliche Museen at Berlin. One blade is pattern-welded with carburized and hardened edges, the other is only carburized in edge lines. The lance head reflect!; a piled and heated bundle.

J. F. HEALY: Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World. London 1978, 316 pp. The book covers in rough outlines the period between the Greek Bronze Age to the end of the Roman period in Britain using literary, epigraphic. archaeological and mine-site evidcnce.As to iron , rather gcncral remarks are incorporated.

R. E. M. HEDGES - C. J. SALTER: Source determination of iron currency bars from three separate hoards were analysed as to the distribution of 17 elements in their slag inclusions. Therc is a clear statistical discrimination b etween the three groups which can he attributed to differ­ent ore sources in southern England. After Historical Jlfetallurgy

M. JAUSSAUD. see N. Caudron (above)

L. S. KHOMUTOVA, see G. A. Voznesenskaja (p. 662)

D. J. KILLICK, see N. J. van der Merwe (p. 661)

V. D. LEI\'KOV: K charakteristike cugunnych izdeli y czurc'::zen'skich remeslennikov XII­-XIII vv. In Russian [The characteri!lolics of cast iron artifacts of the Czurczen' artisans of the 12th- 13th cent. AD] In: Drevniye kul'tury Sibiri i Tichookeanskogo basseyna. Novosibirsk 1979. 182-191. During the years 11lS-1234, AD the Al'cun' realm in the l'ar Eastern Pacific regions of Hussia developed , ... here a se t of trade and production centres acted. Onc of them was the hillfort Saygin whcre excavations produced an amount of cast iron artifacts illYolving anvils, kettles, wheel naves, plough~shares. etc. Metal10graphic examination indicates whitc or greyish cnst iron containing 4-<~,5% C with extremely low sulphur and phosphorus contents; it is COIl­

sidered to be different if compared with Karakorum, Chirchir or Vc1ikiye Bolgary cast irons of the relevant periods. The Czurczen' cast iron was smelted apparently from limonite and skarn magnetite ores (fluorites having been added as fluxes). A workshop was excavated in the Saygin

660

hillfort (crucibles, cast iron scrap for remelting). Two-piece moulds must have been used according to the traces visible on ready made castings. A deposit of special clay was discovered, too. First evidence of using cast iron comcs from the Mochcs pcriod, 6th- 7th cent. AD.

R. MADDlN, see J. E. Curtis (p. 660)

P. MARQUIS, sec J. L. Brullaux (I'. 659)

I. MARTENS (Mrs): Blastcrjcn og fcllujcrn . Nocn syns)lUnkten pa en lite paaktet funngruppe. Summary: Blastcrjern and Fcllujern. Some reflections on a rather neglected group of finds. In: Ullivcrsitetets OIdsaksamljug ISO aT. JuLilcumsarbok 1979. Oslo 1979, 190-197. The terms mean raw and semi-forged blooms which, according to medieval reports, used to he charged with somewhat higher prices. In both cases the blooms were semi·split. They are known from 16 sites in Norway comprising 24 blooms weighing 3-14 kgs. Two bUI5terjern and two fcIlujern blooms were examined showing heterogeneous carbon steel. In the fir~t case rather fuyalitic slag is involved; in the latter higher carbon content could be obseryed.

P. MENIEL, see J. L. Brunaux (p. 659)

N. J. van der MER'VE - D. J. KILLICK: Square: An Iron Smelting Site near Phalaborwa. In: Iron Age Studies in Southern Africa (N. J. van der Mcrwe - T. N. Huffman cds.). South African Archaeological Society, Goodwin Series 3 (1979)~ 86- 93. An uhandoncd 19th century bloomery site with 7 still visible shaft remains. Analyses of sIngs, iron halance.

J. D. MUHLY, sce J. E. Curtis (p. 660)

J. NOTHDURFER: Die Eisenfunde yon Sanxeno im Nonsherg. In German [Iron objects from Sanzeno in NOllsberg). Mninz 1979. A catalo gue of iron artifacts found in the area of an important Iron Age hill settlement (later an oppidum) in the Italian Alps (HC- LD, some Roman finds). There arc about 135 kinds of iron weapons, implements and fittings enregistered and iHustratcd, involving blacksmith's tools as anvils, hammers, tongs. hearth-spoons. The hcayy point of the settlemcnt was in the La Tenc B- C periods (ca. 5th-2nd ccnt. BC).

J. G. O'HARA - A. R . WILLIAMS: The technology of a 16th century staff weapon. The Journal of the Arms and Armour Society 9, No 5, 1979, 198-200. Metallographic examination of a bill madc of onc piece of heterogeneous carbon steel. It represents a cheap equipment of a rmed forccs.

A. REPIN, see N. Caudron (p. 660)

A. M. ROSENQVIST (Mrs): Undcrsokelse av sammenstning of struktul' av nagler og spiker fra batgraver fra Vikingtida i Sor-Norge. Summary: Provenance of nails and rivets from boats dating from the 9th-10th century lsie] found in South Non .. :ay. In: Universitetets Oldsaksamling 150 ar Jubileumsarbok 1979. Oslo 1979, 181- 189. Investigation of rivets and nails from south Norwe­gian burial boats: in the light of chemical analyses heterogeneous carbon steel and wrought iron could be divided into two main groups having their origin in different regions (Oslo, Western provinces).

A. M. ROSENQVIST, sec O. H. Cristie (p. 660)

C. J. SALTER, see R. E. M. Hedges (p. 660)

D. B. SELOV: Zelezodclate1'noye proizvodstvo v severnom Pricernomor'c v ranneanticnoye vrcmya. Kratkie soobscenyia 159 1979,2-9. Not ores but ready smelted iron might have been imported for the use of the Greek colonies at the Black Sea coast. A limited loeal production is not out of the question (Bel'ezaii, Yahorlik Bay, Pantikappaion). Until now not a single bloomery furnace has been found.

Ya. I. SUNCUG-ASEV: Drevnyaya metallurgiya Chakasii. Epocha zeleza. In Russian [Ancient metallurgy of the Khakasian region. Iron Age). Novosibirsk 1979, 191 pp., 46 figs., 32 pIs. The

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hook presents new discoveries of numerous bloomery sites in the Upper Yenisey river area, in the environs of Minusinsk. Ore deposits are discussed (magnetites), the beginning of the use of iron in the Tagarsk culture is i11ustrated on hand of some early iron dagger finds, dating from about the 4th cent. BC. A more important impact foHowed during the 2nd and 1st cent. BC. The subsequent Tastyk period witnessed a considerable development of metallurgy of iron, attested by numerous finds of bloomeries. They used to be equipped ·with peculiar dug-in furnaces (Malyy Topanov, Kiil'hiistig, Sagit, Yefrcmkino, Polovinka). This "\\'35 in the period of the 1st half of the Ist millennium AD. Organization of production and its volume are commented. The Khakasinn realm of the Minusinsk Kirgizinns developed in the 9th-11th cent. AD. The heavy point of metallurgical production moved to the Minusinsk region, where many bloomeries and slag heaps were excavated (Tagarskiy, GoJovino, Znamenka . rectangular stone-walled furnaces in edges of workshop pits). Blacksmith's tools, iron artifacts of the medieval inventorYi ethno­graphical reports concerning the late 18th cent. home-smelting on the Yenisey river.

S. TEODOR (Mrs): Depot d'outils en fer d'epoque La Time de Lozna, dep. de Botojani. In French [A hoard of iron implements of the La Tenc period from Lozna, distr. of Boto~ani]. Inventaria Archaeologica, Roumanic 11. Bucure~ti 1979. Publication of the hoard, mentioned in our Comm. no. 23 in AR 21 1979, 318. Plates, analogies, bibliographies. Among other tools represented maiuly through sickles, there are blacksmith's anvils, hammers and hearth spoons.

L. URAN, see N. Caudron (p. 660)

G. A. VOZNESENSKA Y A - L. S. KHOMUTOV A: Technika i teehnologiya kuznecnogo proizvod­stva na gorodisce Marica. Summary: The technology of blacksmith's production at the fortified settlement Maritsa. Sovetskaya archeologiya 4/1979, 180- 188. From the hiIIfort in the region of Kursk (6th-5th cent. BC) 38 iron artifacts were investigated. Mainly piled mild steels or even iron-to-steel weldings, no hardening stated.

A. R. WILLIAMS: On the Manufacture of Armor in Fifteenth-Century Italy, Illustrated by Six Helmets in the ~Ietropolitan Muse'lm of Art. Metropolitan Museum Journal 13 1979, 131-142. Armets, harhutes and a kettle-hat examined hy metallography. Different kinds of carbon steels, mainly heated at 6000 C.

A. R. WILLIAMS: A Technical Note on the Armour of King Henry VIII and his Contemporaries. Archaeologia 106 1979, 157- 165. Metallography showed that Henry VIII possessed armour of differing quality both of Continental and British origin.

A. R. WILLIAMS, see J. G. O'Hara (p. 661)

B. History of iron as mentioned in other publications (1979)

D. BIALEKOvA (Mrs): Orne a zatevne naradie zo slovanskeho hradiska v Pobedime. Summary: Pflug- und Erntegerate aus der slawischen Burgstatte in Pobedim. [Ploughing and harvesting implements from a Slavic fortified settlement at Pobedim~ Slovakia]. Agrikultura (Nitra) 16 1979, 5-25. From a set of unpublished metallographical analyses made by R. Pleiner there is presented a piled coulter (pp. 7-10). Hoard no. II, containing axe-shaped iron hars is depicted (Fig. 4). A small field anvil (stake, Fig. 9). The bulk of finds of the 9th cent. AD date.

N. N. DIKOV: Drevnyye kurtury Scvero-Vostocnoy Azii. Summary: Ancient cultures of North­eastern Asia. Moskva 1979. Slight penetration of iron could be ohserved already at the beginning of our era hut in the light of the long surviving neolithic ecosystems the role of the new metal remained limited.

R. PIRLING (Mrs): Das romisch·frankische Grtiberfeld von Krefeld·Gellep 1964-1965 (2 volu­mes). In German [A Romano-Frankish cemetery at Krefcld-GellepJ. Berlin 1979. Three pattern· -welded sword blades originating from graves 2588 , 2616 and 2468, X-rayed. In grave 2589 there

'· ... ere found several fragments of an iron scale armour. Volume 2: plates 41-43,96-97.

662

J. ROSEN-PRZEWORSKA (Mrs): Spadek po Celtach. In Polish [Celtic Tradition]. Warszawa­-Wroclaw-Krak6w-Gdansk 1979. Discoveries of bloomery sites at Wyciqzc near Krak6w. in the Holy-Cross-Mountaills region as well as in the recently discovered iron smelting area near Warsaw have heen taken into account when estimating the heritage or influences excrted through Celtic culture in the territory of today's Poland (pp. 44, Ill, 127-131).

G. TRONQUART: Camp "celtiqueH de la Bure. Bulletin de la Societe Philomatique Vosgienne. Sect. Archeol. Saint-Die (Vosgcs) B2 1979.27- 44. There arc slag deposits in the area of a Late La Tene fortified settlement known as "Celtic camp". Until now no furnnces have been found. Blacksmith's tongs with flat jaws. The settlement continued in the subsequent Roman period as wel1.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1980 (1st part, as in June 1980)

A. Specialized items

J. GIBSON-HILL: Cylindrical shaft furnaces of the early Wealden Iron Industry: circa 100 BC to AD 300. Historical Metallurgy 14/1 1980,21- 27. Five main types of clay shaft furnaces with slag tapping bays (or single and twin bellows beds?, cd.) recognized on hand of excavations at Broadfield, Sussex (58 discovered units, radiocarbon datings). The significance of the described type!; is due to the differing construction and mainly to size, which imply changes in techniques, manning aHd yield.

IUSTORICAL METALLURGY 14/ 1 1980, see J. Gibson-Hill (above)

M. F. HUnlN (GURIN), see L. 0_ Pobo!' (bis), helow

E. MAN OVA (Mrs): Dber die Eisenhearheitung im mittelalterlichen Nikopol. In German [On iron"lOrking in the medieval Nikopol]. In: Rapports du HIe Congres d'Archeologie Slave 1 (B. Cluopovsk)- ed.). Bratislava 1980, 523-533. Numerous iron objects excavated at the fortified position of Kalato, Nikopol, discussed (mainly 12th-14th cent. AD). Among tools and fittings there are also armour scales and parts of iron blooms, locks, nails. No analyses were made.

O. NOBAUER, see G. Spcrl (p_ 664)

K. PESCI-IEL (Mrs): Der Hortfund VOll Leipzig-Wahren. III German: [The hoard from Leipzig­-'\Vahren]. Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur Siichsischcll Bodendenkmalptlege 23 19 80~

35-5'2. The recent study dealing with the well-known HaBstatt period iron hoard revealed that between the part of a pointed iron bar and iron rings (6 + a necklace) there is an amorphous iron mass representing an unforged bloom of iron. The authoress concludes that the conglomerate, dating: from the 6th cent. BC (H D pedod). originated in the fire of a smithy. It was found in a secondary position, in glacial sedimcnt!i in a depth of 2 ffi. Another isolated hi-pointed iron bar found at Oberhof (distr_ of SuhJ) is mentioned.

R. PLEINER: Zur Teclmik der S,ibel aUS den slawisch-awarischen Graberfeldern der Siidwest­slowakei. In German [The technology of sabres from Slavic-Avuric cemeteries of south Slovakia]. In: Rapports du Ill' Congrcs d'Archeologic Slave 1 (B. Cluopovsky ed.). Bratislava 1980,625--627. A short comment on four mctallographic analyses carried out on sabres from HoliaTe and Zelovce cemeteries. Welding together of carburized strips to blades. High quality weapons meet with inferior specimens.

L. D. POBOL' - M. F. GURIN: i'iletallograficeskie issledovaniya zeleznych izdeliy iz Taymanova Bychovskogo rayona Belorusskoy SSR. In Russian [Metallographic investigations of iron objects from Taymanovo, distr. of Bychovo, Belorussian SSR]. Rapports du IIle Congres International d'ArchCologie Slave 2 (B. Chropovsky ed.). Br.tislava 1980, 340-358. 100 iron objects were examined from the above geographical area. Individual objects do not falling into the frame of

663

the 2ud·- -9th cent. AD, no eviden(:e of the development of various techniques can be obtained. A discussion on faggoting or piling which \\'as notoriously used, particularly in the manufacture of axes.

L. D. POBOL' - M. F. HURIN: :Mctl.llohraficni doslidzennya zaliznych vyrobiv u VerclUl~omu Podniprov'i. In Ukrainian [lletal1ographical investigations of iron artifu<:t:s from t.he Upper Dniepr region]. Archeolohyya (Kyiv) 31 1979, 96-102. This being another version of the artjcle announced in this issue under the names of L. D. Pobol' and N. F. Guriu (see p. 663). No details on the dating of individualllnalyzed finds are given.

U. QUARTFORT: Forhistorisk jarnhantering yid Kolsjon, Kopparberg.On,hro Iiin. ResuJtat av geologisk-arkeologisk undcrvattensinventering. Summary: Prehistoric iroll smelting near Kijlsjon, Kopparherg, County of Orebro. Results of a geological-archaeological investigation. Jcrnkolltorets Forskning H 19 1980. The investigation indicates a submcrgrd prehistoric iron smelting sitt~ in the Lake J(olsjon. possibly of the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD (roughly contemporary , ... ith the excavated Dalarna sites). Slag samples with fayalite. vmstite and anorthite phases and a relatively low fusibility (1150- 1200 CC). S1ag analyses.

C. REIMANN, sce G. Sperl (below)

G. SPERL: Uber die Typologic urzeitlichcr, friihgeschichtlicher und mittclahcrlicher Eisen­hiittcnschlacken. In German lOn the typology of ancient, early and medieval bloomery slags]. Studien zur Industric-Archiiologic VII. WicH 1980. Systematical survey of four main types of iron slags met with in early bloom.ery sites and confronted with their rnincralogical structure and chemical composition resulted in proposing inner typology of bloomcry waste products which represent ::m important source. Practical results from Rets of analyses made with. different series of slags (in cooperation with D. JVobauer, C. Reiman,n). It is to be hoped that this successful trial will be of great help when commenting and describing slags from archaeological excavations.

J_ STANK US: Tcchnologiya zdeznyeh izdeliy baltov vo II- XIII vckach. SummaTY: The manu­

facture of ironmongery in the territory of the Baits ill the 2nd- 13th centuries. In: Rapports du IIIe Congres Intcrnationald',Archcologie Slave 2 (B. Cluopovsky cd.). Brat.islawl.1980. 4·37- 432. A survey hased on 431 examined iron artifacts from Ba1tic areas. Piled and sandwich blades substituted ~iadually by welded-on steel edges. in the course of the 6th- 13th eent.