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234

l'zC . HNgego, The cirulatian at silver cains, nodeb ot the Ronan econany and crisis in the third cen'tury AD; sone nunisnatic evidence, Can Finds and Coin Us€ n the Roman Word. The thiteenthOxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History, 1993, (SFI,jA), I0 Oxford 1996,p.224.

13G. Depeyrot , D. Holard, /oc. c i t . ,p . 1?7.!Ch Howgego, Ancient History from Coins, Londra-New York 1995, p. I27.lsD- HallaKL loc.cit.. D. 207.'R Reere aoin"dp . Rom/n Br ra in. Lonor" 1J37.'' dem, op.cit-, p.-19.rs idem, op. . i r - , p . 118.1,A. Kr.isz, obleg nonetany w Cesorstwie Rzymskin w | ]v wieku cechy charakterystyczne

[Monetary Cncubtian in the Ranan Enpre from the 1 st ta lth century A.D. characteristic fea-tutesl, Prcce i Mat€rialy Muzeum Archeo oglcznego i Etnog raf cznego w Lodzi, Lodz, no. 9, I 990,p. 31; Cathy King, The Circulatian of Cain in the Westen Prcvinces A.D. 26A 295, BAR, LS., 149,1 9 8 1 , p . 1 0 1 .

' : rc . Depeyrot , D. Holard, /oc. cd, (n.6) , p .70.':r K.E.T. Butcher, Coinage and currcncy in Syia and Palestine ta the reign af Gallienus, Coin Fn.ls

and Coin Use inthe Roma. Word. The thirteenth Oxford Symposunr on Coinage and MonetaryHistory, 1993, (SFMA), 10, 1996, p. l lZ .

the coin movernents can be explained by the movements of troops l inked with trade,taxes etc,".

The secession of Gaul was for Gall ienus - by the monetary point of view a dif-f icult point because he loose some sources of metal in the same tirne with theincrease of the money demands for troops. The measures of Gall ienus were toreduce the weight and the contents of coins" . Concernig the payment for troopsit is characterist ic for this period that not the regular pay increased but more thegifts and awards (danativae, annonae).4 . The huge quantity of antoninians sti l lcontinue to grow untl l 280 thanks to the ltal ian mints and the irregular issues".

The monetary situation of Britain is similar with that of Gaul. The possibi l i ty thatthe soldiers could be paid by some usurpers, make Rome to send to Britain hugequantity of coins'6 (f ig. 2). At 270 the coins issued at Rome come to Britain togetherwlth those issued in the Galj ic Empire' ' . For the same purpose were opened the provin-cial mints from Londiniurn, Trier, LugdunLlm to supply with regularity Britain andneighbouring areas'r.

By the analyse ofthe tables of R. Reece can be observed that in northern ltaly, southand east of Gaul and Britain the period 260-275 is one of a r ich coin supply but acoinage of a very low content of silver (fig. 4). In the terrjtories ruled by the usurpersexists a huge quantity of coins issued in some provincial mints which was destined to thepayment of troops. The provincial issues didn't stop the penetration of the centralcoins. N,4oreover, the central monetary authority known now a full process of dissolution,this phenomena can be seen in the comparison between the provincial and centralissuesr'g(f ig. 3). The provincial mints have the tendency to replace the central mints- Inthe same time the rnonetary situation represents the loss of the political control of thisterritories because of the usurpers who use the same coinage to strike their own coinsbut with a better content of silver'zo. As an answer to the missing of control of the west-ern mints, during the reigns of Valerian and Gallienus, the mints from Syria and Palestinastopped their Greek issues and started to strike roman denominations. Thus that in theeastern parts of the Empire we can mention a strong increase of the imperial aLlthorityof coins and the integration of the eastern mints in the Roman monetary system'zr.

In the provinces from the neighbourhood of Dacia the monetary circulation followsthe graphic of the coin production. Thus, in both Pannonia, the monetary index has

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Fig. 1 The index of the centml mints' productlon(after G. Depeyrot, D. Hollatd, Penutie d argent-m'tal et crise nanEtane au lle siecle apris J.C.,

Histo i re et mesure, vo l . lF1, Par is I987) .

Fig. 2 - Percentage oi colns finds from Britishs tes by per od (after R. Reece, Coinage n

Roman Br i ta in, Londra 1987). l - u . t i l4 l A.D. il l a 4 1 5 4 ; l l b 5 4 6 9 ; l l l - 6 9 - 9 6 ; l V - 9 6 I 1 7 ;V I 1 7 ; V l 1 3 8 l 6 l ; V l l 2 - l 6 l - 1 8 0 ; V l l bl80 192iVl l l l93 224 Xa - 222-23A, Xb

23A 26Oi X' 260'27 5; X - U 5 2961 Xll2 9 6 3 1 7 ; X l l l a 3 1 7 - 3 3 0 ; X l l l b - 3 3 0 3 4 8 ;XIV 348 364; XVa - 364-378; XVb 378

388; xvt - 388-402.

Fig.3 'The percentage ofthe centraland provincla coin's issues in Bdtanniaand Gallia(after Cathy King,The Cnculation ol Cain in the Westem Provinces A.D. 260 295,

BAR, t .S. , 109, I981) .

B tain (260-29s)(34 sites) = 17438 coinsOfficial mints 3906Mints of GaLle 6196Mlrts of Britair 2635Barbarian(coples) 47Q1

13532

Cent€l-East Gaule (260-29s)(12 s i tes) = 3 l64 coinsofficia mints 2026 = 64,o3YnMints of Caue 1042 = 32,93YaMints of Brtain 9 = O,ZA%Barbarran (copies) 87 = 2,7444rotal: 1138 - 35,96%

South Gaule (260-29s)(26 sit6) = 2811 coinsof f ic ia lmnts 1973 = 74,14%Mnts of Gaule 736 : Z6,1AohMnts of Britalr 7 = 0,24%Barbarian (copies) 95 = 3,37%Tatal: 838 - 29,41%

1 5 , 1 1 %

77,60%

14,46%1 5 , 9 1 %a,1OVa

65,51%

Nonh Gaule (260-295)(20 sites) - 4933 coinsOfficlal riints 9l lMints of Gaule 785Mints of Brrain 5Barbaran (copies) 3?32Tot.l: 1022

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234

Fig. 5 - Graph showing the comparative intensityof the coin finds between Carnuntum, Vindobona

and Brlgeto (after lhe Moretary Cnculation in thesautheasten Alpine Region ca. 3AA B.C.- A.D.

1AAA, Si ru la, 24 (19A4 1985) 1986).

, ] J i ! ! " 1 , P e r ] o d

Fig. 6 - Gfaph showing the compamtiveintensity of the cojn fnds betw€en

Poetovio, Emona, Ceeia and Neviodunum(after P. Kos, /oc.clt).

t

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.

ca0

dpTpiprFlg. 8 - Graph showing the cornparative

monetary indexes from provinces of Dacla,Uppef and Lower Pannonia. 1 - Dacla; 2 Upper

Pannoniai 3 - Lower Pannonia (C. Gazdac,loc.cit.).

6 ' 8 , { E m p € r o r s

Fg. 7 - Graph showing the valle ofthe monetary ckculaton fronr Dacia (afterC.GAzdac, The Monetary Citculation in the ltlalnSettlements fram Roman Dacia- 244-332,

Carnuntum Jahrbuch, 1 998 (forthcomins)).1 - Philipi 2 -Trajan D€cjus; 3 Trebonlanus

GaLLusi 4 - Valerjanusi 5 Gallienusi6 - Claudius zndi 7 -Aurelanus;8 -years

275-284; 9 - Diocet lani10 - years 305 332.