CHAPTER 1: MATTER AND

CHANGE

Chemistry 1-2

Mr. Chumbley

As I take attendance, go through

your notebook. Update the Table

of Contents, and number any of

the unused reference pages with

Roman numerals.

SECTION 1: CHEMISTRY IS A

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

EQ: How is chemistry studied and used?

WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?

For most of human history, the natural sciences

were divided into two broad categories:

Biological Sciences

Physical Sciences

However, those divisions began to break down as

knowledge increased

Chemistry is the study of the composition,

structure, and properties of matter, the processes

that matter undergoes, and the energy changes

that accompany these processes

BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY

As the understanding of matter and its processes

increased, different branches of chemistry arose

to better describe specific types of chemicals and

processes

A chemical is any substance that has a definite

composition

Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry

Physical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry

Biochemistry Theoretical Chemistry

CHEMISTRY APPLICATIONS

Basic chemical research is conducted for the

purpose of expanding knowledge

Applied chemical research is conducted for the

purpose of solving a specific problem

Technological development involves the

production and use of products to improve the

quality of life

HOMEWORK!

Review your notes from today. Use the Cornell

Note-Taking Revision Checklist to go back over

your notes.

On the Left Side respond to the following

question:

What is one situation in which chemistry has been

used to solve a problem (big or small) in my life?

SECTION 2: MATTER AND ITS

PROPERTIES

EQ: How can matter be described?

WHAT IS MATTER?

It is much easier to identify that things are made up of matter than it is to define matter

By looking at the same properties for all matter there are two universal commonalities:

Things made of matter take up space (have volume)

Things made of matter have mass

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter

Using these universal characteristics we can define matter

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space

ATOMS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF

MATTER

While matter exists in many different forms, the most fundamental form is the atom

An atom is the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom

ATOMS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF

MATTER

When atoms of different elements chemically

combine, molecules of a compound are formed

A compound is a substance that can be broken

down into simple stable substances, but is made

from the atoms of two or more elements that are

chemically bonded

The smallest unit of a compound is a molecule

HOMEWORK

Review your notes from today. Use the Cornell

Note-Taking Revision Checklist to go back over

your notes.

As I take attendance, go through

your notebook. Update the Table

of Contents, and number any of

the unused reference pages with

Roman numerals.

SECTION 2: MATTER AND ITS

PROPERTIES

EQ: What characteristic properties of matter can

be identified?

ALL SUBSTANCES HAVE CHARACTERISTIC

PROPERTIES

The specific characteristics of a substance, either

element or compound, are considered its

properties

Properties can be used to identify individual

substances, or an entire group of substances

Properties can be one of two types

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Properties of substances are often used as

identifying characteristics

Physical properties are characteristics that can

be observed or measured without changing the

identity of the substance

Examples:

mass color shape

density volume texture

boiling point melting point conductivity

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

In any situation where a substance could change

its identity, chemical properties can be observed

Chemical properties relate to a substances

ability to undergo changes that transform it into

a different substance

Examples:

reactivitychemical

stabilityflammability

toxicity combustibility radioactivity

PHYSICAL CHANGES

The physical properties of a substance can

change, even if the substance does not

A physical change is a change in a substance

that does not involve a change in the identity of

the substance

Examples:

cutting grinding polishing

boiling melting dissolving

STATES OF MATTER

Matter exists in states of matter that are

physical properties

When a substance undergoes a change of state,

it is a physical change from one state to another

While the substance has some new and different

physical properties, the chemical identity has not

changed

STATES OF MATTER

State of

Matter

Definite

Shape

Definite

Volume

Solid Yes Yes

Liquid No Yes

Gas No No

As a substance changes from solid to liquid to gas, the atoms or molecules become less organized and have increasing ability to move away from each other

A fourth state of matter, plasma, is a high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose most of their electrons

CHEMICAL CHANGES

A chemical change (or chemical reaction) is a

change in which one or more substances are

converted into different substances

The reactants are the substances that react in a

chemical change

The products are the substances that are formed

by the chemical change

SIGNS OF A CHEMICAL CHANGE

Production of an odor

Change in temperature

Change in color

Formation of bubbles (gas)

Formation of a precipitate (solid)

Emission of light

ENERGY AND CHANGES IN MATTER

In both physical and chemical changes, energy is

involved

Many different types of energy can be involved

The law of conservation of energy says that

energy can be absorbed or released, but it is

never created nor destroyed

HOMEWORK

Review your notes from today. Use the Cornell

Note-Taking Revision Checklist to go back over

your notes.

FOLD-IT 4

Create a Fold-It 4 using the following 4 terms:

Physical Property

Chemical Property

Physical Change

Chemical Change

Take out your unfinished Fold-It from Friday.

Complete the last 2 flaps.

SECTION 2: MATTER AND ITS

PROPERTIES

EQ: How can different substances be classified?

MATTER CAN BE A PURE SUBSTANCE OR A

MIXTURE

The variety of forms in which matter can exist is

enormous

Two major classifications of matter are whether

or not it is a pure substance or a mixture

Regardless of whether a sample is a pure

substance or a mixture, it can be described and

classified in terms of its properties

PURE SUBSTANCES

A pure substance is any form of matter that has

a fixed, or definite, composition

Pure substances have two defining

characteristics:

Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly

the same characteristic properties.

Every sample of a pure substance has exactly the

same composition.

MIXTURES

A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of

matter each of which retains its own identity and

properties

Another way of describing a mixture is that the

matter combines physically, but not chemically

Since mixtures do not have a defined

composition, the amount of different substances

within a sample of a mixture must be specified

MIXTURES

Mixtures can be described by the uniformity of

their composition

Homogeneous mixtures (or solutions) are

mixtures that are uniform in composition

Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that are

not uniform in composition

MIXTURES

One of the most important characteristics of a

mixture is that it can be physically separated

Examples of physical separation:

Filtration

Vaporization

Settling

Centrifuge separation

Chromatography

LABORATORY CHEMICALS AND PURITY

Typically, we treat chemicals used in the

laboratory as if they were pure

Chemicals do have impurity, and depending on

the standards and grade desired or used

The level of purity is important to know since the

level of impurities can affect results

HOMEWORK

Review your notes from today. Use the Cornell

Note-Taking Revision Checklist to go back over

your notes.