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CBSEClass12History

QuestionPaper2016Delhi(Set3)

Timeallowed:3hoursMaximumMarks:80

GeneralInstructions:

(1)Answerallthequestions.Somequestionshaveinternalchoice.Marksareindicated

againsteachquestion.

(2)Answertoquestionnos.1to3carrying2marksshouldnotexceed30wordseach.

(3)Answertoquestionnos.4to9carrying4marksshouldnotexceed100words.Students

shouldattemptonly5questionsinthissection.

(4)Question10(for4marks)isavaluebasedquestionandcompulsoryquestion.

(5)Answertoquestionnos.11to13carrying8marksshouldnotexceed350words.

(6)Questions14-16aresourcesbasedquestionsandhavenointernalchoice.

(7)Question17isaMapquestionincludes‘identification’and‘significant’testitems.Attach

themapwiththeanswersheet.

PART-A

1.WhowasCunningham?Mentionanyonesourcehecollectedtounderstandthe

Harappaculture.(2)

Ans.Cunninghamwas

i.Anarchaeologist

ii.ThefirstDirectorGeneralofASI

iii.HebeganarchaeologicalexcavationsintheIndusValleyinthemid19thcentury

(anyonepoint)

Onesourcehecollected:

i.Harappanseal

ii.Terracottaobjects

iii.Harappaninscriptions

iv.Harappanartefacts

v.Chinesebuddhistpilgrim’saccounts

(anyone)

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2.PointoutonedifferenceandonesimilaritybetweenBe-shari’aandBa-shari’aSufi

traditions.(2)

Ans.SimilaritybetweenBeShariaandBaShariaSufis–

i.BothwereSufis

ii.Bothprotestedagainstmaterialism

iii.BothrecognizedthepositionofProphetMuhammadandtheQuran

iv.BothrejecteddogmaticinterpretationsofQuran(anyonepoint)

Dissimilarity-

i.Be-shariadidnotfollowtheshariawhileBa-shariafollowedwithit

ii.Be-shariatooktoextremeasceticismandmendicancyunliketheba-sharia

iii.Be-shariaobservedcelibacy

iv.Be-shariaignoredrituals

v.Be-shariawereknownasMadaris,Qalandars,Malangs,Haidaris

vi.Ba-sharialivedinkhanqahwhileBe-shariawerewanderers

vii.Be-shariamaderadicalinterpretationofSufiideals(anyonepoint)

th

century?Explaintworeasons.(2)

Ans.Hillstations:

SomestudentswillwritethatHillstationswerenotexclusiveracialenclavesandmention

how,whichmustbegivencredit

i.Europeansrecreatedsettlementsreminiscentoftheirhomes.

ii.BuildingswerebuiltinEuropeanstyle.

iii.ChurchesandeducationalinstitutionsweresetupbytheBritish

iv.TheywerethesummercapitalforBritishGovernmentlikeSimla,Nainital,Ootyetc

v.RecreationactivitieswereshapedbyBritishculturaltraditionseg:theatre,golfcourse,

picnics,teaparties

vi.CivilLinesandcantonmentareasdeveloped

vii.TeaandcoffeeplantationsbroughtlabourfromdifferentpartsofIndia

viii.Britishtroopswerekepthere.

ix.Maharajas/merchantsbuilttheirhomesthere

x.Sanatoriumsweresetupinhillstations(anytwopoints)

3.HowdidIndianhillstationsbecomeracialenclavesfortheEuropeansinthe19

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PART–B

SECTION–I

5.“ThemidfirstmillenniumBCEisoftenregardedasamajorturningpointinworld

history.”Justify.(4)

Ans.ThemidfirstmillenniumBCEaturningpointinworldhistory

i.EmergenceofvariousthinkerslikeSocrates,Buddhaetcindifferentpartsoftheworld

ii.EmergenceofUpanishadsinIndia

iii.Attempttounderstandmysteryofexistence,UltimateRealityetc

iv.Attempttounderstandlifeafterdeath

v.Tounderstandrelationshipbetweenhumansandcosmicorder

vi.CompilationofRigveda

vii.Sacrificialtraditionexistedandwasquestioned

viii.Philosophicaldebatestounderstandtheworldinkutagrashala

ix.Adventofmaterialism

x.EmergenceofFatalistschoolemergenceofMaterialistschool

xi.EmergenceofBuddhism

xii.EmergenceofJainism

4.WhydoarchaeologistandhistoriansfindHarappanscriptenigmatic?Explain

reasons.(4)

Ans.ArchaeologistsandhistoriansfindtheHarappanscriptenigmaticbecause

i.Itisundeciphered

ii.Harappansealshavealineofwritingwhichisprobablythenameandtitleoftheowner

iii.Mostinscriptionsareshort

iv.Thelongestinscriptioncontainsabout26signs

v.Itispictographic

vi.Itwasnotalphabetical

vii.Ithastoomanysigns

viii.Itwaswrittenfromrighttoleft

ix.Ithasbeenfoundonvariousobjectslikeseals,coppertools,rimsofjars,copperand

terracottatablets,jewellery,bonerods

x.375-400symbolsfound

(anyfourpoints)

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xiii.Emergenceof64differentschoolsofthoughtinIndia

xiv.Attempttofindpathstosalvation

xv.Developmentofkingdomsandcities

xvi.Changesinsocialandeconomiclife

(anyfourpoints)

7.StatetheinherentproblemsfacedbyAl-BiruniinthetaskofunderstandingIndian

6.HighlightanyfouraspectsobservedbytheAbburRazzakonthefortificationofthe

VijayanagarEmpire.(4)

Ans.FortificationoftheVijayanagaraEmpire

i.AbdurRazzaqwasgreatlyimpressedbythefortifications

ii.Hementionssevenlinesoffortificationsforsecurity

iii.Theyencircledthecity,agriculturalhinterlandandforests

iv.Eachadministrativeandotherimportantbuildingshadafortificationwall

v.Theoutermostwalllinkedthehillssurroundingthecity

vi.Themassivemasonryconstructionwasslightlytapered

vii.Nomortarorcementwasused

viii.Stoneblockswerewedgeshaped

ix.Innerportionofthewallswasofearthpackedwithrubble

x.Squareorrectangularbastionsprojectedoutwards

xi.Itenclosedagriculturaltracts

xii.AbdurRazzaqnotedthatbetweenthefirst,second,andthirdwallswerecultivatedfields,

gardens,andhouses

xiii.Asecondlineoffortificationwentroundtheinnercoreoftheurbancomplex

xiv.Thethirdlinesurroundedtheroyalcentre

xv.Withintheroyalcentrebuildingshadtheirownhighwalls

xvi.Thefortwasenteredthroughwellguardedgatewaysinthefortwalls.

xvii.ThegatewayswereconstructedinatypicalIndo-Islamicstylewithadomeontop

cviii.Thefortificationshelpedsurvivesiege

xix.Waterresourcesfoundwithinwalls

xx.Commonpeoplelivedwithinit

xxi.Anyotherrelevantpoint

(anyfourpoints)

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SocialandBrahamanicalpractices.Mentionanytwosourcesthatprovidedhimthe

support.(4)

Ans.ProblemsfacedbyAl-BiruniinunderstandingIndia:

i.HecouldnotunderstandSanskritlanguage.

ii.HefounditdifficulttotranslateSanskritintoArabicandPersian

iii.Couldnotunderstandthedifferenceinreligiousbeliefsandpractices

iv.SelfabsorptionofBrahmanaslocalpopulation

v.Insularityoflocalpopulation

vi.Al-Birunifounditdifficulttounderstandthecastesystem

(anytwopoints)

HedependedonBrahmanicalworkslike

i.Vedas

ii.Puranas

iii.Bhagvadgita

iv.Manusmriti/Dharmasastras

v.WritingsofPatanjali

vi.Healsomadehisownobservations

(anytwopoints)

8.“Theryotscametoseethemoneylendersasdeviousanddeceitful”.Justifythe

statementinthecontextofryotwarisysteminIndiainlateeighteenthcentury.(4)

Ans.Theryotssawthemoneylendersasdeviousanddeceitful:

i.TheryotofBombayDeccanwasdependentonthemoneylender

ii.UndertheRyorwasiSystem,therevenuewasveryhigh.

iii.Attimesthecropfailedduetofailedrains.

iv.Recurrentfaminesworsenedthesituation.Tolivethroughsuchtimestheryotsdepended

onloansfromthemoneylender

v.Oncealoanwastakenfromthemoneylendertheryotfounditdifficulttopayitback.

vi.Theinterestkeptmountingandthedebtremainedunpaid.

vii.Apartfromthefarmingexpendituretheryotalsoneededloansforhisdaytodayneeds

leadingtodebttrap.

viii.Moneylenderstookadvantageoftheryot’silliteracy.

ix.Highratesofinterestchargedbythemoneylender

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x.TheBritishofficialsencouragedexpansionofcultivation.

xi.Thepeasantsneededtoclearlandandthisrequiredmoneyforbuyingland,implements

cattleandseeds.Theyturnedtothemoneylender.

xii.Collectorscollectedrevenuewithextremeseverityevenintimesoflowproduction.

xiii.Theyseizedthecropsandimposedfines

xiv.Unabletopayrevenuethepeasantsborrowedmoneyfromthemoneylendertopay

revenue

xv.Ryotswereunabletopaybacktheloan

xvi.Debtsmountedandloansremainedunpaid

xvii.Dependenceofryotsonmoneylendersincreased(debttrap)

xviii.Loansweretakentomeettheeverydayneeds

xix.During1860s,therewaseasyflowofcredittomeetthegrowingneedofcottoninthe

InternationalMarket.Withthedeclineincottonexportscreditdriedup.Nofurtherloans

weregiven

xx.Revenuedemandincreasedandsodidthedependenceonmoneylenders

xxi.Moneylender’srefusaltogiveloansenragedtheryots

xxii.Moneylenderswereinsensitivetotheirplight

xxiii.Moneylendersviolatedthecustomarynormsofthecountryside

xxiv.Thatinterestchargedcouldnotbemorethantheprincipal

xxv.Moneylendersmanipulatedandforgedaccounts

xxvi.MoneylendersdefiedtheLimitationLaw

xxvii.Moneylendersforcedthepeasantstoselltheircattle,oxenandploughsandrentthe

sameataprice

xxviii.Moneylendersdidnotgivereceiptswhenloanswererepaid

xxix.Theyenteredfictitiousfiguresinbonds

xxx.Theyacquiredthepeasantsharvestatlowprices

xxxi.Theytookovertheirpropertyandlandonnonpaymentoftaxes

(tobeassessedasawhole)

9.ExaminehowLordDalhousie’spolicyofannexationcreateddissatisfactionamongst

thepeopleofAwadh.(4)

Ans.LordDalhousie’spolicyofannexation

i.ImpositionofSubsidiaryAlliancereducedthepowersoftheNawab

ii.SoonaftertheNawabwasdethronedbytheBritishandexiledonthebasisof

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misgovernment

iii.ManypeoplefollowedtheNawabwhenheleftLucknow

iv.Peoplesangsongsoflament

v.Therewaswidespreadsenseofgriefandloss

vi.PeoplewereagonizedbythemovingoutoftheirrulerastheNawabwasverypopular

vii.Therewerehugemateriallosses

viii.Dissolutionofthecourtanditsculture

ix.Manypeoplelosttheirlivelihood

x.Dispossessionoftaluqdarswhowerefatherfigures

xi.ThepoweroftaluqdarswastakenawaybytheBritish

xii.ThesepoysoftheBritisharmywhocamefromAwadhcarriedovertheirgrievancesto

thesepoylines

xiii.ThenewlandrevenuesystemintroducedbytheBritishimposedhightaxesandwas

unpopular

xiv.Thedissatisfactionresultedinapopularrevolt(anyfourpoints)

10.Everycitizeninafreestateshouldbetreatedinamannerthatsatisfiednotonlyhis

materialwantsbutalsohisspiritualsenseoftheselfrespectandthemajority

communityhasanobligationtotryandunderstandtheproblemsoftheminoritiesand

empathisewiththeiraspiration.

Howcouldacitizenofafreenationexpresshisimbibedvaluesofequalityandsocial

justicewhiledealingwiththemembersoftheminoritycommunity?Explain.(4)

Ans.i.Spiritualsenseofselfrespect

ii.Tryandunderstandtheproblemsofminorities

iii.Empathy

iv.Changingmindset,breakingstereotypes

v.Practicinginclusion

vi.Celebratingdiversity

vii.Acceptance,love,care,toleranceofdifferences

viii.Cooperation

ix.Shareddecisionmaking

SECTION–II

ValueBasedQuestion(Compulsory)

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x.Abolishingsocialdogmas

xi.Respectingrightsoftheminoritycommunity.

xii.Grantingthemprivileges

xiii.Equality

xiv.Socialjustice

xv.Integrationintomainstream

xvi.Createopportunitiesforthem

xvii.Studentsmayexplaintheanswerintheirownwaylikementioningwomenas

minoritieswhichshouldbegivencredit

xviii.TheymayquotefromideasofnationalleaderslikeN.G.Ranga,G.B.Pantetc.which

shouldbeconsidered

xix.Anyotherrelevantpoint

(anyfourpoints)

PART-C

LongAnswerQuestion

Answerallthequestionsgivenbelow:

11.DescribecasteandruralmilieuofMughalIndia.HowdidJati-Panchayatswield

considerablepowerintheruralsocietyduringMughalperiod?Clarify.(8)

Ans.CasteandruralmilieuofMughalIndia

i.Cultivatorswereaheterogenousgroup

ii.Deepinequitiesonthebasisofcasteandcastelikedistinctionsexisted

iii.Alargenumberofpeopleworkedasmenialsoragriculturallabourers(majur)

iv.Despiteabundanceoflandcertaincastegroupswereassignedmenialtasksleadingto

poverty

v.Suchgroupscomprisedalargesectionofthepopulation

vi.CastenotsoprominentintheintermediategroupslikeRajputswhoworkedaspeasants

alongwiththeJatsincertainareas

vii.Alargesectionofpeoplelockedresources.

viii.Theywereconstrainedbytheirpositioninthecastehierarchy

ix.Distinctionswerevisibleinothercommunitiestoo.ForexamplehalalkhoraninMuslims,

mallahzadasinBihar

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x.Therewasdirectcorrelationbetweencaste,povertyandsocialstatusatthelowerstrataof

society

(anyfourpoints)

RoleofJatiPanchayats:

i.Alongwiththevillagepanchayateachvillagehaditsownjatipanchayat

ii.InRajasthan,theJatiPanchayatarbitratedcivildisputesbetweenmembersofdifferent

castes

iii.Expulsionfromcommunityforaperiodaspunishment

iv.Asadeterrenttoviolatingcastenorms,therighttopracticetheirprofessionwastaken

away

v.Theymediatedincontestedclaimsonland

vi.Theydecidedwhethermarriageswereperformedaspernormsofcastegroups

vii.Ensuredharmonybetweencastes

viii.Theydeterminedwhohadritualsuperiorityinvillagefunctions

ix.Theirdecisionswererespectedbythestate

x.Punishmentmetedoutfordefyingcasterules

xi.Anyotherrelevantpoint(anyfourpoints)

OR

“RevenuewastheeconomicmainstayoftheMughalEmpire.”Explainthestatementin

thecontextofagricultureandtrade.

Ans.RevenuewastheeconomicmainstayoftheMughalEmpire:

i.Thestateensuredcontroloveragriculturalproduction

ii.Statefixedandcollectedrevenue

iii.ThiswasdonebytheofficeordaftaroftheDiwan

iv.Thediwanwasresponsibleforsupervisingthefiscalsystemoftheempire

v.Revenueofficialsandrecordkeeperswereimportantinshapingagrarianrelations

vi.Thestatesurveyedandcollectedinformationabouttheextentofagriculturallandinthe

empire

vii.Bothcultivatedandcultivablelandsweremeasuredineachprovince

viii.Itassessedwhatwasproducedbeforefixingrevenue

ix.Assessmentwascalledjamaandcollectionwascalledhasil

x.Amil-guzarsorrevenuecollectorswereappointedtocollectrevenue

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xi.Revenuecouldbepaidincashorkind

xii.Whilefixingrevenuestateaimedatmaximizingitsclaims

xiii.Thestatealsoprotectedthewelfareofthepeasants

xiv.Landwasclassifiedaspolaj,parauti,chacharandbanjar

xv.Theselandswerefurtherclassifiedasgood,middlingandbadlands

xvi.Onethirdoftheaverageproducewasfixedasrevenue

xvii.Revenueinkindwascollectedinseveralwayslikekankut,batai,khetbataiandlang

batai

12.ExplainthesystemoflandgrantsandtradefromC.600BCEto600CE.(8)

Ans.SystemofLandGrants:

i.Informationavailablefromstoneinscriptionsandcopperplates

ii.Grantsmadetoreligiousinstitutions

iii.GrantscalledagraharagrantsweremadetoBrahmanas

iv.Samantaswerealsogivenland

v.PrabhavatiGupta-exampleofagraharagrantmadebyawomanisanexception

vi.LandgrantswereastrategytoextendagricultureandBrahmanicalpracticesinnew

regions

Trade:

i.India’soverseastradeexpandedasaresultofvoyagesofdiscoveryandopeningupofthe

newworld

ii.ExpandingtradebroughthugeamountsofsilverbullionintoIndia

iii.ThisincreasedtheamountofsilverfoundinIndia

iv.Thismarkedstabilityintheavailabilityofmetalcurrency,particularlythesilverrupaiya

v.Itfacilitatedmintingofcoinsandcirculationofmoneyintheeconomy

vi.Thisledthestatetocollectrevenueincash

vii.Therewerealotofcashandcommoditytransactionsin17thc.India

viii.Jajmanisystem

ix.Relationshipbetweenthelocalzamindar,peasantandartisaninthevillage

x.AccordingtoBernier,Indiahadprosperoustraderelationswiththerestoftheworld

xi.Berniergivesadescriptionofrichagroproduction,silk,brocade,carpetsexportedfrom

India

(tobeassessedasawhole)

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vii.Italsoindicatesweakeningcentralpowerandtheruler’sattempttowinallies

viii.Rulerswantedtopresentthemselvesassupermenbygrantinglands

(anyfourpoints)

Systemoftrade:

i.Introductionofpunchmarkedcoinsencouragedtrade

ii.Inlandandoverlandtradeexisted

iii.Variousriverroutesinthesubcontinentwereusedfortrade

iv.OverlandandmaritimetradeexistedwithC.Asia,NorthAfrica,WestAsiaetc

v.Inlandtradeconnectedvariouspartsofthesubcontinent

vi.Peddlerstravelledonfootandmerchantsonbullockcartcaravans

vii.Seafaringtraderswerehighlysuccessful

viii.DifferentrichmerchantcommunitiesarementionedinPaliandTamiltexts

ix.Itemslikesalt,grain,cloth,timber,spicesandmedicinalplantstraded

x.Anyother

(Anyfivepoints)

OR

ExplainanyfoursourcestoreconstructthehistoryofMauryas.Examinethesystemof

Mauryanadministration.

Ans.Sources:

i.Archaeologicalfinds

ii.AccountofMegasthenes.

iii.Kautilya’sArthashastra

iv.Buddhist,JainaandPuranicliterature

v.Sanskritliteraryworks

vi.Asokaninscriptions-pillarinscriptionsandrockedicts

Administration:

i.Therewerefivemajorpoliticalcentres-thecapitalPataliputraandprovincialcentresof

Taxila,Ujjayini,TosaliandSuvarnagiri.

ii.Administrativecontrolwasstrongestinareasaroundthecapitalandtheprovincial

centres.

iii.Provincialcentreswerecarefullychosen:TaxilaandUjjayinisituatedonimportantlong

distancetraderoutes,SuvarnagiriimportantfortappinggoldminesofKarnataka.

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iv.Communicationalongbothlandandriverinerouteswasessentialfortheexistenceofthe

empire

v.Administrationwasnotsameinallregions

vi.Acommitteewassetupwithsixsubcommitteesforcoordinatingmilitaryactivities.

vii.Firstlookedafternavy,secondmanagedtransportandprovisions,thirdforfootsoldiers,

fourthforhorses,fifthforchariotsandsixthforelephants.

viii.Specialofficers,knownastheDhammaMahamattaswereappointedtospreadthe

messageofDhamma.

ix.Asoka’sDhamma-respecttowardselders,generositytowardsBrahmanasandthosewho

renouncedworldlylife,treatingslavesandservantskindly,respectforreligionsand

traditionsotherthanone’sown

x.Administrationwasdecentralized-provinces

13.Analysethedistinctiveaspectsoftheoraltestimoniestounderstandthehistoryof

thepartitionofBritishIndia.(8)

Ans.Howoraltestimonieshelpinunderstandingthehistoryofpartition:

i.Oraltestimonieshelptounderstandthetrialsandtribulationsofordinarypeopleduring

partition.

ii.Officialorgovernmentdocumentsprovideonlypoliticalaspects

iii.Partitionwasviewedasatimeofsuffering,challengeandunexpectedalterationsinthe

livesofpeople.

iv.Oralaccountshelpustograspexperiencesandmemoriesindetail.

v.Theygiveadescriptionoftheexperiencesofwomenandevenchildren

vi.Itenableshistorianstowriterichlytextured,vividaccountsofwhathappenedtopeople

atthetimeofpartition.

vii.Itallowshistorianstobroadentheboundariesoftheirdiscipline.Itshowsthelived

experiencesofthepoorandthepowerless.

viii.Italsosucceedsinexploringtheexperiencesofthosemenandwomenwhoseexistence

tillnowhasbeenignored.

ix.Oraltestimoniesbecomemoreimportantbecauseofficialreportslackpersonal

experiences

x.Studentsmayalsodiscussshortcomingsoforaltestimonies

xi.Studentsmayalsorefertosourcesoforaltestimoniesmentionedinthechapterto

explain.

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(tobeassessedasawhole)

PART–D

(SourceBasedQuestion)

OR

ExaminevariouseventsthatledtothepartitionofBritishIndia.

Ans.EventsthatledtothePartition:

CertainpoliciesoftheBritishencouragedcommunaldivisions

i.SeparateelectoratesforMuslimsgivenbytheBritishin1909

ii.EncouragementtoformationofMuslimLeague.

iii.Govt.ofIndiaAct1919expandedcommunalelectorates.

iv.CommunalDevelopmentsfromthe1920s

v.TablighandShuddhimovementscausedconflicts

vi.Cowprotectionmovement,musicbeforemosque.

vii.In1940,intheLahoresession,theMuslimLeagueplacedtheirdemandforautonomous

provincewithMuslimmajority.

viii.1937elections/resultsofthesubsequentrefusalofCongresstoformacoalition

governmentwithMuslimLeague

ix.Jinnah’stwonationtheory.

x.IndianNationalCongressbegantheQuitIndiaMovementbuttheMuslimLeaguedidnot

supportit

xi.JinnahandMuslimLeagueemergedasrepresentativesofthemuseumcommunity.

xii.TheproposalofthecabinetMissionwasfirstacceptedbytheMuslimLeagueandthe

CongressbutsoontheMuslimLeaguerejecteditandrefusedtotakepartintheInterimGovt.

xiii.MuslimpopulationofMuslimmajorityregionsofNorthWestandEasternIndia

supportedpartition.

xiv.TheMuslimLeagueorganizedthe‘DirectActionDay’.

xv.Communalviolencein1946.

xvi.MountbattenplanendorsedaseparatenationforMuslimsandpartitionedIndia.

xvii.HinduMuslimriotscontinuedpartitionofIndia

xviii.Anyotherrelevantpoint.

(tobeassessedasawholebasedontheabovepoints)

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(14.1)WhywassaltmonopolyintroducedbytheBritishconsideredasacursebythe

Indians?(2)

Ans.Saltmonopolywasconsideredacursebecause:

i.Saltmonopolywasafourfoldcurse

ii.TheBritishhadintroducedawickedlydesignedsalttax

iii.Thesalttaxattimes14timesitsvalue

iv.Governmentdestroyedthesaltwhichitcouldnotsellprofitably

v.ThepublicwasnotallowedtomanufacturesaltwhichwasaBritishmonopoly

vi.IfIndianspossessednaturallyavailablesaltforwhichtheyhadnotpaidtaxitwouldbe

confiscatedanddestroyedbytheBritish

14.Readthefollowingexcerptcarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:(7)

WhytheSaltSatyagraha?

Whywassaltthesymbolofprotest?ThisiswhatMahatmaGandhiwrote:Thevolumeof

informationbeinggaineddailyshowshowwickedlythesalttaxhasbeendesigned.Inorder

topreventtheuseofsaltthathasnotpaidthetaxwhichisattimesevenfourteentimesits

value,theGovernmentdestroysthesaltitcannotsellprofitably.Thusittaxesthenation’s

vitalnecessity;itpreventsthepublicfrommanufacturingitanddestroyswhatnature

manufactureswithouteffort.Noadjectiveisstrongenoughforcharacterisingthiswicked

dog-in-the-mangerpolicy.FromvarioussourcesIheartalesofsuchwantondestructionof

thenation’spropertyinallpartsofIndia.Maundsifnottonsofsaltaresaidtobedestroyed

ontheKonkancoast.ThesametalecomesfromDandi.Whereverthereislikelihoodof

naturalsaltbeingtakenawaybythepeoplelivingintheneighbourhoodofsuchareasfor

theirpersonaluse,saltofficersarepostedforthesolepurposeofcarryingondestruction.

Thusvaluablenationalpropertyisdestroyedatnationalexpenseandsalttakenoutofthe

mouthsofthepeople.

Thesaltmonopolyisthusafourfoldcurse.Itdeprivesthepeopleofavaluableeasyvillage

industry,involveswantondestructionofpropertythatnatureproducesinabundance,the

destructionitselfmeansmorenationalexpenditure,andfourthlytocrownthisfolly,an

unheard-oftaxofmorethan1,000percentisexactedfromastarvingpeople.

Thistaxhasremainedsolongbecauseoftheapathyofthegeneralpublic.Nowthatitis

sufficientlyroused,thetaxhastogo.Howsoonitwillbeabolisheddependsuponthe

strengthofthepeople.

TheCollectedWorksofMahatmaGandhi(CWMG),Vol.49

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vii.Thus,Britishweredestroyingthenation’svaluableproperty

viii.Itdeprivedthepeopleofaneasyvillageindustry

ix.Thetaxwasmorethan1000%

x.Herelatedtheprotesttoincreasingtaxesandeconomicdistressexistingatthattime

(Anytwopoints)

(14.3)ExplainthesignificanceofGandhiji’schallengeofsaltprotest.(3)

Ans.SignificanceofGandhiji’schallengeofsaltprotest:

i.ItwasanindispensableitemoftheIndianhousehold

ii.Itdeprivedthepeopleofavaluablevillageindustry

iii.Acommodityproducedfreeofcostbynatureandavailableinabundancewastaxed.

iv.Itbroughthimtoworldattention

v.Theeventwascoveredbyinternationalpress

vi.Womenparticipatedinlargenumbers

vii.Peoplealloverthecountrybrokethesaltlaw

viii.BritishrealizedtheycouldnotstayforlonginIndia

ix.KamalaDeviChattopadhyaycourtedarrest.

x.Hebrokethesalt-lawandtheBritishmadehimacriminal

xi.Itoutragedthepeople.

(anythreepoints)

15.Readthefollowingexcerptcarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:(7)

TheAccessibleEmperor

(14.2)HowdidGandhijiillustratehistacticalwisdomwithregardtosaltmonopoly?(2)

Ans.Gandhijiillustratedistacticalwisdomby:

i.Choosingsaltasamediumofprotest

ii.Saltaffectedtherichandthepooralike

iii.ItwasanindispensableitemoftheIndianhousehold

iv.Thesaltmonopolydeprivedthepeopleofavaluablevillageindustry

v.Acommodityproducedfreeofcostbynatureandavailableinabundancewastaxed.

vi.Mobilizedallsectionstowardsmassmovement

vii.CreatedsolidarityagainstBritishRule

viii.DestructionofnationalpropertyhighlightedbyGandhiJi.

(anytwopoints)

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Intheaccountofhisexperiences,Monserrate,whowasamemberofthefirstJesuitmission,

says:Itishardtoexaggeratehowaccessiblehe(Akbar)makeshimselftoallwhowish

audienceofhim.Forhecreatesanopportunityalmosteverydayforanyofthecommon

peopleorofthenoblestoseehimandtoconversewithhim;andheendeavourstoshow

himselfpleasant-spokenandaffableratherthanseveretowardsallwhocometospeakwith

him.Itisveryremarkablehowgreataneffectthiscourtesyandaffabilityhasinattaching

himtothemindsofhissubjects.

(15.1)WhowereJesuits?HowdidtheyestablishtheirnetworkinIndia?(2)

Ans.i.JesuitswereChristianmissionaries

ii.TheybelongedtotheSocietyofJesus

iii.TheaimofJesuitswastospreadChristianity

(anyonepoint-1mark)

iv.TheycamewiththePortuguesetraderstothecoastalcitiesofIndia(Goa)

v.Akbarinvitedthemforreligiousdebates

(anyonepoint-1mark)

(15.3)HowhadAkbar’scourtesybroughtaffabilityforhissubjects?Explain.(3)

Ans.Akbar’scourtesybroughtaffabilityinthefollowingways:

i.Akbarwasrespectedbyhissubjects

ii.Akbarrespectedallreligions

iii.Heestablishedpeaceandharmony

iv.Heencouragedbuildingofplacesofworshipforallreligions

v.Heoccupiedhimselfininterfaithdebatesatibadatkhanaandwasopentonewreligious

(15.2)HowdidMonserrateaccordhisexperienceabouttheAkbar?(2)

Ans.MonserrateexplainshisexperienceaboutAkbarinthefollowingways

i.Heisaccessibletoallwhowishtomeethim

ii.DescribesAkbarasawelllikedruler

iii.Hegivesopportunitytocommonpeopleandnoblestoseehimandtalktohim

iv.Heispleasantandaffabletowardsall

v.Heiscourteous

vi.Heisheldasaffableinthemindsofpeople

vii.HefeltAkbarwantedtoadoptChristianity

(anytwopoints)

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ideas

vi.Hegavefreedomtovariousschoolsofthought

vii.Hegaveimportantpositionstopeopleofdifferentculturesandethnicity

viii.HeproposedDin-i-ilahi

ix.Headvocatedsulh-i-kulpolicy

x.Heabolishedjiziyaandpilgrimagetax

xi.Hewasaccessibletoallwhowishedtomeethim

xii.Hegaveopportunitytocommonpeopleandnoblestoseehimandtalktohim

xiii.Hewaspleasantandaffabletowardsall

xiv.Hewascourteous

xv.Hewasheldasaffableinthemindsofpeople(Anythreepoints)

16.Readthefollowingexcerptcarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:(7)

ATiger-LikeHusband

ThisisasummaryofastoryfromtheAdiParvanoftheMahabharata:

ThePandavashadfledintotheforest.Theyweretiredandfellasleep;onlyBhima,the

secondPandava,renownedforhisprowess,waskeepingwatch.Aman-eatingRakshasa

caughtthescentofthePandavasandsenthissisterHidimbatocapturethem.

ShefellinlovewithBhima,transformedherselfintoalovelymaidenandproposedtohim.

Herefused.Meanwhile,theRakshasaarrivedandchallengedBhimatoawrestlingmatch.

Bhimaacceptedthechallengeandkilledhim.Theotherswokeuphearingthenoise.

Hidimbaintroducedherself,anddeclaredherloveforBhima.ShetoldKunti;“Ihave

forsakenmyfriends,mydharmaandmykin;andgoodlady,chosenyourtiger-likesonfor

myman...whetheryouthinkmeafool,oryourdevotedservant,letmejoinyou,greatlady,

withyoursonasmyhusband.”

Ultimately,Yudhisthiraagreedtothemarriageonconditionthattheywouldspendtheday

togetherbutthatBhimawouldreturneverynight.Thecoupleroamedallovertheworld

duringtheday.InduecourseHidimbagavebirthtoaRakshasaboynamedGhatotkacha.

ThenthemotherandsonleftthePandavas.GhatotkachapromisedtoreturntothePandavas

whenevertheyneededhim.

Somehistorianssuggestthatthetermrakshasaisusedtodescribepeoplewhosepractices

differedfromthoselaiddowninBrahmanicaltexts.

(16.1)HowdidthestoryfromAdiParvanplayanimportantroleinshapingthevalues

andethosofthesociety?(2)

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Ans.Thestoryhelpedinshapingvaluesandethosofthesocietyinthefollowingways:

i.StoriescontainedintheRamayanaandMahabharataoftenreinforcedthenorms

prescribedbytheBrahmanas

ii.Thosewhoheardorreadthesestorieswouldfollowthepracticesmentionedthereinandit

wouldspreadBrahmanicalbeliefs

iii.Thestoryshowsintegrationofthecommunitiesbeyondthevarnasintothevarnaorder

iv.ForestdwellerswhodidnotfollowBrahmanicalnormsweretermedasrakshasa

v.Itisanexampleofexogamy

vi.Itshowsalternativepractice

vii.ItshowsBrahmanicalnormswerenotfolloweduniversally,therewerealsoexceptions

viii.Thestoryalsoindicatedacceptanceandintegrationofpeoplebeyondthevarnaorder

ix.Hidimbachallengedpatrilinybygoingagainstherbrother

x.Hidimbaheldlovetobeaboveacceptablesocialnorms

xi.Byexpressingherloveshebreakstheacceptedroleofwomen

xii.Givinglegitimacytomarriagebetweenakshatriyaandaforestdweller

xiii.TheidealsonBhimseekspermissionfromfamily(anytwopoints)

(16.2)Howwasthisstoryauniqueexampleofexogamy?(2)

Ans.Thestoryisauniqueexampleofexogamy:

i.Exogamywasthepracticeofmarryingthegirlsoutofthefamilysothattheydidnothavea

claimoverthefamilyresources

ii.EventhoughHidimba’scommunitydidnotfallintheBrahmanicalorder,hermarriage

outsideherfamilycanbeconsideredauniqueexampleofexogamy

(Anyonepoint)

(16.3)HowdidHidimbaandYudhisthirainterpretdharmaintheircontext?(3)

Ans.HidimbaandYudhishthirainterpretedDharmathus,

i.Hidimbachallengedpatrilinybygoingagainstherbrother

ii.Hidimbaheldlovetobeaboveacceptablesocialnorms

iii.ShesacrificedherbrothertomarryBhim

iv.Sheremainedadevoteddaughter-in-lawandwife

v.Hidimba’sideaofmarriagewasinaccordancewiththeeightformsofmarriageprescribed

bytheManusmriti

vi.GhatotkachaasagoodsoncomestothePandavaswhenneeded

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vii.YudhishthirawasknownasDharmaraja,theupholderofDharma

viii.Yudhishthiraupheldthepatriarchalnormsofsociety

ix.HegavesanctiontotheuniquemarriagewithintheBrahmanicalframework

x.HeuphelddignityofHidimba,marriageandloveabovetheacceptedsocialnorms

xi.Anyotherrelevantpoint

PART–E

MapQuestion

17.(5)

(17.1)OnthegivenpoliticaloutlinemapofIndia,locateandlabelthefollowingwith

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appropriatesymbols:(2)

(a)Rakhigarhi

(b)Agra,theimperialcapitalofMughal

(17.2)OnthesameoutlinemapofIndiathreecentresrelatedtotheIndianNational

MovementhavebeenmarkedasA,BandC.Identifythemandwritetheircorrect

namesonthelinesdrawnnearthem.(3)

Ans.

Note:ThefollowingquestionsareforvisuallyimpairedcandidatesonlyinlieuofQ.No.

17.(5)

(17.1)NameanyonematureHarappaSite.

(17.2)NameanyonecapitalcityofMughalEmpire.

(17.3)NameanythreeimportantcentresrelatedwithIndianNationalMovement.

Ans.(17.1)Harappa,Mohenjodaro,Kot-diji,Dholavira,Balakot,Amri,Rangpur,Nageshwar,

Lothal,Chanhudaro,Sutkagendor,Kalibangan,Rakhigarhi,Banawali,Ganweriwala,Mitathal

(anyone)

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(17.2)Agra,Lahore,FatehpurSikri,ShahjahanabadorDelhi(anyone)

(17.3)ChauriChaura,Bombay,Madras,Calcutta,Nagpur,Lahore,Poona,Bardoli,Dandi,

Amritsar,Champaran,Lucknow(anyother)