building resiliency: strengthening preparedness, awareness

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BUILDING RESILIENCY: STRENGTHENING PREPAREDNESS, AWARENESS, AND ENFORCEMENT

Engr. Frederick Francis M. Sison, M.ASEP, M.PICE, M.ACPE

President

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP)

• A non-profit professional organization exists to advance the structural engineering practice in the Philippines

• A proactive voice in the development of codes and standards

• Contributes to nation building by advocating public safety and welfare and sustainability of built structures

• For more than four decades, ASEP has been the sole provider, recognized by DPWH, of the NSCP, a referral code of the National Building Code

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Vulnerability vs. Resilience

Resilience refers to how far a system can be pushed and still bounce back to its equilibrium.

Vulnerability refers to how much impact a given degree of disturbance will have an a system

Seismic resilience can be achieved by reducing its probability of failure during an earthquake, as well as reducing the consequences from such failures and the time of recovery.

Are our Buildings Vulnerable?

During the design and construction, each hazard might (may) have been difficult to assess accurately

Many buildings were (are) barely complying with the codes and standards applicable during their original design and construction

Government codes for new buildings aim(ed) for life safety protection (only?) and not necessarily for property damage prevention

Subjected to wear and tear without corresponding maintenance

Standards were (are) periodically upgraded in view of lessons learned from recent disasters and new research, thereby rendering many pre-existing buildings sub-standard

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Are we prepared?

Preparedness – policy development, awareness, and enforcement

� Policy Development – Building codes are the foundation for resilience (codes are developed based on previous disasters and best practices worldwide)

� Awareness – checklists, guidelines, manuals, etc.

� Enforcement – ordinances, accreditation agencies, national and local government

TIMELINE OF NSCP EDITIONS

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE

PHILIPPINES, 7TH EDITION (NSCP 2015)

• Earthquake Loads are a function of proximity to an active

fault, underlying soil, importance of the structure, etc.

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Occupancy Category

I EssentialFacilities

Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas,Fire and police stations,Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft,Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers,Aviation control towers,Structures and equipment in communication centers and other facilities required for emergency response,Facilities for power-generating equipment for Category I structures,Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting water or other fire-suppression material or equipment required for the protection of Category I, II or III, IV and V structuresPublic school buildings,

Hospitals,

Designated evacuation centers andPower and communication transmission lines.

II HazardousFacilities

Occupancies and structures housing or supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances,Non-building structures storing, supporting or containing quantities of toxic or explosive substances.

III SpecialOccupancyStructures

Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of 1,000 or more,Educational buildings such as museums, libraries, auditorium with a capacity of 300 or more occupants,Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of 500 or more occupants,Institutional buildings with 50 or more incapacitated patients, but not included in Category I,Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prisons and other buildings where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained,Churches, Mosques, and other Religion

Facilities,

All structures with an occupancy of 5,000 or more persons,Structures and equipment in power-generating stations, and other public utility facilities not included in Category I or Category II, and required for continued operation.

IV StandardOccupancyStructures

All structures housing occupancies or having functions not listed in Category I, II or III and Category V.

V MiscellaneousStructures

Private garages, carports, sheds and fences over1.5mhigh.

� A function of the following

� Structure’s proximity to an identified fault system

� Seismic source (fault system) classification

� Subsurface soil profile

� Structural system and natural period

� Structural irregularities

� Use of spectral acceleration based on ASCE/SEI 7-10 is recognized as an alternative procedure for determining earthquake forces

Earthquake Load Provisions

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Fault Map of the Philippines

Bohol EQ

M 7.2 10.15.2013

Negros Oriental EQ

M 6.9 2.6.2012

Surigao EQ

M 6.7 2.15.2017

Earthquake Provisions

• Chapter 4- Concrete

• Section 418 – Earthquake-Resistant Structures

• Section 426 – Construction Documentation and Inspection

• Design information, compliance requirements, and inspection requirements should be specified in the construction documents

• Section 427 – Strength Evaluation of Existing Structures

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Earthquake Recording Instrumentation

• To improve the understanding of the actual dynamic behavior of buildings under earthquake loading and confirm the design according to NSCP

• Data can be used to improve structural code…reducing loss of lives and properties during future damaging earthquakes.

• Used as basis for the government’s earthquake disaster mitigation and rehabilitation strategies

• Used to set off alarms at specified intensity levels

• Trigger automatic switching off utilities

Earthquake Recording Instrumentation Requirements

Type/Height of Buildings Location Requirements

Buildings

Hospitals, schools and other buildings above fifty (50) meters in height

At least three (3) accelerographs located at:1. Ground floor/lowest basement;2. Middle floor; and3. Floor below the roof

ERI in compliance with the IRR

Hospitals with fifty (50) bed capacity or more and schools with twenty (20) classrooms or more but not less than three (3) storeys

Commercial Buildings with occupancy of at least 1,000 persons or gross floor area of at least 10,000 sq.m.

One (1) accelerograph installed at Ground floor/lowest basement

ERI I compliance with the IRR

Provincial/City/Municipal Halls and Buildings

Industrial Buildings with occupancy of at least 1,000 persons and gross floor area of at least 10,000 sq.m.

One (1) accelerograph installed at the Ground floor/Lowest Basement

ERI in compliance with the IRR

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Checklists and Guides derived from Structural Codes

� Rapid Visual Screening Form (FEMA 154) adapted by PICE and ASEP under the Earthquake Quick Response Program (EQRP)

� DILG Infrastructure Audit Form developed under World Bank and DILG in support of DRRM Program

� Checklist of Minimum Structural Design Documents prepared by ASEP for use of the Building Officials

� Residential Design and Construction Guidelines by Build Change

� How Safe is my House? By DOST, Phivolcs, and ASEP

EQRP Rapid Visual Screening

The main purpose of this form/exercise is to aid in the identification of buildings that are potentially seismically hazardous

Once identified as potentially hazardous, such buildings should be further evaluated by a design professional experienced in seismic design to determine whether they are actually seismically hazardous

The RVS is intended as the preliminary screening phase of a multi-phase procedure for identifying potentially hazardous buildings

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LGU Infrastructure Audit Form

LGU Infrastructure Audit Form

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Checklist of Minimum Structural Design Documents

Residential Design and Construction Guidelines

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Residential Design and Construction Guidelines

How Safe is my House?

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How Safe is my House?

General Observations on Recent Earthquakes

2009 2010 2011 201520142012 2013

Moro Gulf EQ (M7.3)July 2010

Ilocos Region EQ (M6.4)March 2011

Valencia City, Bukidnon EQ (M5.2)November 2011

Negros Oriental EQ (M6.9)

February 2012

Samar Coast EQ (M7.8)August 2012

Surigao EQ (M5.9)March 2012

Bukidnon EQ (M5.6)Sultan Kudarat EQ (M5.9)

September2012

Coast of Mindanao EQ (M6.2)February 2013

Cotabato EQ (M5.3)June 2013

Bohol EQ (M7.2)

October 2013

M5.0

M6.5

M8.0

M5.5

M6.0

M7.0

M7.5

Batangas EQ (M5.7)June 2014

Misamis Oriental EQ (M4.6)December 2014

Zambales EQ (M5.9)December 2014Surigao Del Norte EQ (M6.1)

July 2015

2016 2017

Zamboanga Del Norte EQ (M6.0)April 2016

Davao Oriental EQ (M6.3)September 2016

Sulu Coast EQ (M7.3)January 2017

Surigao EQ (M6.7)

February 2017

Batangas EQ (M6.0)

April 2017

Lanao Del Sur EQ (M5.8)

April 2017

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Negros Oriental EQ (M6.9) 2012

Negros Oriental EQ (M6.9) 2012

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Bohol EQ (M7.2) 2013


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Surigao EQ (M6.7) 2017

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Tainan EQ (M6.9) 2016

Tainan EQ (M6.9) 2016

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Summary

� Strengthening Building Resiliency through Policy Development, Awareness, and Enforcement

� The National Structural Code of the Philippines has been in place since 1972 as a referral code of the National Building Code

� There are several developed checklists for structural audit and construction best practices

� Structural deficiencies observed due to non-compliance with the code in the design and construction

Perceived Gaps

� No complete and comprehensive structural inventory of public and private buildings

� Lacks enforcement on both the structural designand construction implementation

� No comprehensive guidelines for Building retrofitting/strengthening

� No extensive researches for code development

� All Civil Engineers can design any structure

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Action Points

� Short Term

� Initiate building inventory and structural audit of key buildings in a major metropolitan area

� Initiate an earthquake risk reduction program to a specific set of essential structures in a major metropolitan area. Possibly hospitals, power generation and distribution systems

� Review and update existing building codes and their enforcement, specifically for earthquakes

� Initiate development of guidelines for structural retrofitting/strengthening

Action Plan

� Medium Term� Complete the earthquake risk reduction program to a

specific set of essential structures

� Strengthen Building Official’s Office to better supervision and enforcement including inspection of construction practices and materials

� Conduct training for engineers and non-engineers in earthquake risk identification and reduction.

� Mandate recognition of Structural Engineers by an accredited organization

� Initiate programs and funding for research works for code development particularly in earthquake engineering

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Action Plan

� Long Term

� Initiate long-term earthquake risk reduction programs to impact all key public sectors

� Support/initiate long-term earthquake risk reduction programs for the highest risk private structures

� Pass legislation to require strengthening of private sector structures and infrastructure with or without public financing but with incentives, such as…

� Reduction of tax, exemption of specific building codes to encourage retrofitting, etc.

Best Practices

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INDONESIA SAFE SCHOOL PROGRAM

Presentation of Dr. Fauzan, MSc. Eng., WB 2013

INDONESIA SAFE SCHOOL PROGRAM

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• Method of retrofitting introduced can be easily followed by local workers

• Use of local material, if possible• Material used are available at low cost (chicken

wire mesh, etc.)

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Istanbul Seismic Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Program (ISMEP)

Presentation of Engr. Peter I. Yanev, WB 2011

Istanbul Seismic Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Program (ISMEP)

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BUILDING RESILIENCY: STRENGTHENING PREPAREDNESS, AWARENESS, AND ENFORCEMENT

Engr. Frederick Francis M. Sison, M.ASEP, M.PICE, M.ACPE

President