booklet - hellenic nuclear physics society
TRANSCRIPT
08'0
0 - 0
8'30
08'3
0 - 0
8'45
Sess
ion
ICh
air:
Dr. S
otiri
os H
ariss
opul
os08
'45
- 09'
00A.
Bon
aser
aBo
se-E
inst
ein
Cond
ensa
tion,
Fer
mio
nic Q
uenc
hing
and
Efim
ov S
tate
s Fro
m H
eavy
-Ion
Collis
ions
09
'00
- 09'
30D.
Bon
atso
sPa
rticle
-hol
e sy
mm
etry
bre
akin
g du
e to
Pau
li blo
ckin
g 09
'30
- 09'
45I.
Assim
akis
Mag
ic nu
mbe
rs fo
r sha
pe co
exist
ence
09
'45
- 10'
00D.
Pap
oulia
sCo
nstra
inin
g ne
w p
hysic
s fro
m th
e fir
st o
bser
vatio
n of
cohe
rent
ela
stic
neut
rino-
nucle
us sc
atte
ring
10'0
0 - 1
0'15
N. N
icolis
Spal
latio
n of
56Fe
by 1
GeV
pro
tons
Sess
ion
IICh
air:
Dr. D
iony
sios B
onat
sos
2018
, 55
year
s of n
ucle
ar p
hysic
s exp
erim
ents
in G
reec
e an
d 30
year
s of n
ucle
ar a
stro
phys
ics
at th
e Ta
ndem
acc
eler
ator
of D
emok
ritos
11'0
0 - 1
1'30
Yu-G
ang
Ma
Visc
osity
of n
ucle
ar m
atte
r 11
'30
- 11'
45H.
Rah
angd
ale
Bran
chin
g Ra
tio m
easu
rem
ent i
n 23
Ne B
eta
Deca
y 11
'45
- 12'
00P.
Kos
eogl
ouPh
ase
trans
ition
at N
=90:
stru
ctur
al p
rope
rties
of
148
Ce
12'0
0 - 1
2'15
A. K
halie
lNu
clear
mag
netic
mom
ent s
tudi
es o
f sho
rt-liv
ed e
xcite
d st
ates
at t
he e
dge
of th
e isl
and
of in
vers
ion
12'1
5 - 1
2'30
J. Kl
imo
Dire
ct m
easu
rem
ent o
f fiss
ion
barri
er h
eigh
ts o
f uns
tabl
e he
avy n
ucle
i at I
SOL f
acilit
ies
12'3
0 - 1
3'30
Sess
ion
III
Chai
r: As
soc.
Pro
f. St
ylia
nos S
toul
os15
'00
- 15'
15C.
Tsa
baris
An in
-situ
met
hod
for m
appi
ng ra
dioa
ctivi
ty a
t bea
ch sa
nds u
sing
the
mob
ile g
amm
a-ra
y spe
ctro
met
ry
15'1
5 - 1
5'30
A. K
alai
tzis
U-se
ries g
eoch
rono
logy
of f
ossil
bon
es u
sing
γ-sp
ectro
met
ry in
com
paris
on to
14C
datin
g re
sults
15
'30
- 15'
45F.
K. P
appa
Appl
icatio
n of
radi
o-da
ting
met
hods
in m
arin
e ar
eas o
f Gre
ece
15'4
5 - 1
6'00
C. B
etso
uHe
avy m
etal
s and
radi
onuc
lides
conc
entra
tions
in m
osse
s fro
m th
e re
gion
of N
orth
ern
Gree
ce
16'0
0 - 1
6'15
D. P
atiri
sRa
indr
op “a
ge” e
stim
atio
n by
in-s
itu, c
ontin
uous
mon
itorin
g of
atm
osph
eric
rado
n pr
ogen
ies
Sess
ion
IV
16'4
5 - 1
7'00
M. C
onst
antin
ouTh
e pr
oton
spin
puz
zle fr
om La
ttice
QCD
17'0
0 - 1
7'15
A. G
ezer
lisSt
rong
ly in
tera
ctin
g nu
cleon
s: fr
om fe
w to
man
y17
'15
- 17'
30P.
Gan
oti
Light
flav
our h
adro
n an
d in
clusiv
e ch
arge
d pa
rticle
pT
-spe
ctra
mea
sure
d w
ith th
e AL
ICE
expe
rimen
t at C
ERN
17'3
0 - 1
7'45
P. K
yrat
zisSt
udy a
nd D
etec
tion
of R
elat
ivist
ic So
lar N
eutro
ns a
t Gro
und
leve
l with
the
Sphe
rical
Pro
porti
onal
Cou
nter
17
'45
- 18'
00M
. Fra
gopo
ulou
The
sens
itivit
y of p
-MO
SFET
dos
emet
er h
eavy
ions
18
'00
- 18'
15I.
Kaiss
asRe
sults
of e
fficie
ncy,
accu
racy
, spa
tial r
esol
utio
n of
a co
ded
aper
ture
imag
ing
syst
em
18'3
0 - 2
0'30
HNPS
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y - E
lect
ions
Coff
ee B
reak
(30
')
Shor
t B
reak
(15
')
DIN
NER
HN
PS20
18 -
The
27t
h A
nnua
l Sym
posi
um o
f th
e H
elle
nic
Nuc
lear
Phy
sics
Soc
iety
DA
Y 1
- FR
IDA
Y 08
Jun
e 20
18
Coff
ee B
reak
(30
')
13'3
0 - 1
5'00
Chai
r: As
soc.
Pro
f. M
ichae
l Kok
koris
Regi
stra
tion
Wel
com
e Sp
eech
es
POST
ER S
ESSI
ON
- Ch
air:
Asso
c. P
rof.
Xeno
phon
Asla
nogl
ou
Lunc
h B
reak
Pres
enta
tions
by
MIR
ION
repr
esen
tativ
es (C
oord
inat
or: D
r. Ch
risto
s Tsa
baris
)
10'4
5 - 1
1'00
S. H
ariss
opul
os
Sess
ion
VCh
air:
Prof
. Ald
o Bo
nase
ra09
'00
- 09'
15T.
Gai
tano
sIn
-Med
ium
Stra
ngen
ess P
rodu
ctio
n an
d hy
pero
n-po
tent
ials
09'1
5 - 0
9'30
S. K
aram
pagi
a09
'30
- 09'
45A.
Mar
tinou
Shap
e Co
exist
ence
09
'45
- 10'
00P.
Pap
akon
stan
tinou
KIDS
func
tiona
l for
app
licat
ions
in h
omog
eneo
us m
atte
r and
fini
te n
ucle
i 10
'00
- 10'
15A.
Gilh
oNu
clear
Ene
rgy D
ensit
y Fun
ctio
nal K
IDS
and
Mas
s-Ra
dius
Rel
atio
n of
Neu
tron
Star
s
Sess
ion
VI
Chai
r: Pr
of. R
osa
Vlas
tou
10'4
5 - 1
1'00
C. M
oust
akid
isCo
nstra
ints
on
the
inne
r bou
ndar
y of a
neu
tron
star
crus
t with
app
licat
ions
on
slow
rota
ting
neut
ron
star
s 11
'00
- 11'
15S.
Nik
asCo
ntrib
utio
ns o
f hig
h Ye
eje
cta
of n
eutro
n st
ar m
erge
rs in
the
r-pro
cess
nuc
leos
ynth
esis
11'1
5 - 1
1'30
I. M
ades
isIn
vest
igat
ion
of th
e C
3+ K
LL sp
ectru
m o
btai
ned
in co
llisio
ns o
f 6-1
5 M
eV C
4+ (1
s2, 1
s2s
3S)
with
gas
targ
ets
11'4
5 - 1
2'00
A. La
outa
risIn
vest
igat
ion
of 2
s2p
3,1
P ex
citat
ion
lines
in 6
-18
MeV
C4+
(1s2
, 1s2
s 3
S) co
llisio
ns w
ith g
as ta
rget
s 12
'00
- 12'
15A.
Myl
onak
isNe
utro
n no
ise m
odel
ling
for n
ucle
ar re
acto
r dia
gnos
tics
Sess
ion
VII
Chai
r: Dr
. Ion
Sta
mat
elat
os12
'30
- 12'
45T.
Vas
ilopo
ulou
Ove
rvie
w o
f NCS
RD A
ctiva
tion
Expe
rimen
ts a
t JET
12
'45
- 13'
00P.
Tsa
vala
sDi
ffere
ntia
l Cro
ss S
ectio
ns o
f 9
Be(d
,p0
)10Be
, 9Be
(d,p
1)10
Be, 9
Be(d
,a0
)7Li
and
9Be
(d,a
1)7
Li re
actio
ns13
'00
- 13'
15E.
Nte
mou
Mea
sure
men
t of t
he d
iffer
entia
l cro
ss se
ctio
ns o
f 9 Be
(d,d
0) a
t ene
rgie
s and
ang
les s
uita
ble
for E
BS13
'15
- 13'
30A.
Kal
amar
aCr
oss s
ectio
n m
easu
rem
ent o
f th
e 19
1Ir(
n,2n
)190
Ir re
actio
n 13
'30
- 13'
45V.
Mich
alop
oulo
uM
easu
rem
ent o
f the
236
U(n,
f) cr
oss-
sect
ion
betw
een
4 an
d 10
MeV
with
Micr
omeg
as d
etec
tors
13
'45
- 14'
00R.
Vla
stou
Feas
ibilit
y stu
dies
of (
n,xn
) rea
ctio
ns w
ith H
PGe
dete
ctor
s at t
he C
ERN
nTO
F fa
cility
CLO
SIN
G R
EMA
RKS
- EN
D O
F H
NPS
2018
DA
Y 2
- SA
TUR
DA
Y 09
Jun
e 20
18
Coff
ee B
reak
(30
')
Shor
t B
reak
(15
')
#Ti
tleLa
st N
ame
Firs
t Nam
eEm
ail
Affil
liatio
n / A
ddre
ss0
01
Mr.
Ah
nG
ilh
og
ila
hn
@p
hy
s.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
00
2M
s.
Alv
an
ou
Ele
ni
ela
lv9
1@
gm
ail.c
om
NT
UA
00
3M
r.A
nd
rik
op
ou
los
Ch
risto
sch
ris.a
nd
rik
@y
ah
oo
.co
mU
oA
00
4D
r.A
nd
rou
lak
ak
iE
ffro
sy
ni
fro
sso
.an
dro
ula
ka
ki@
hcm
r.g
rN
TU
A
00
5M
s.
Ap
osto
lop
ou
los
Filip
po
sa
po
sto
lop
ou
los.f
lps@
gm
ail.c
om
NT
UA
00
6M
r.A
rap
isJo
hn
ara
pis
joh
n@
gm
ail.c
om
Uo
A
00
7M
sA
ssim
ak
isIo
an
nis
ioa
sim
ak
is@
gm
ail.c
om
NC
SR
"D
"
00
8M
sA
ssim
ak
op
ou
lou
Ag
ge
lik
ia
ng
iea
sim
@ch
em
.uo
a.g
rU
oA
00
9D
r.A
xio
tis
Mic
ha
ila
xio
tis@
inp
.de
mo
kri
tos.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
01
0M
rs.
Ba
lci-
Ye
ge
nS
um
ey
rasb
alc
i@n
csu
.ed
uC
uk
uro
va
Un
ive
rsit
y
01
1M
s.
Be
tso
uC
hry
so
ula
ch
be
tso
u@
ph
ysic
s.a
uth
.gr
AU
Th
01
2M
s.
Blig
ou
raN
ata
lia
ph
na
talia
69
@g
ma
il.c
om
NT
UA
01
3M
r.B
ofo
sS
tav
ros-S
oti
rio
sstb
ofo
s@
gm
ail.c
om
Uo
A
01
4D
r.B
on
ase
raA
ldo
ab
on
ase
ra@
co
mp
.ta
mu
.ed
uT
exa
s A
&M
01
5D
r.B
on
ats
os
De
nn
isb
on
at@
inp
.de
mo
kri
tos.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
01
6M
r.C
ha
sa
po
glo
uS
oti
rio
sso
t-ch
@h
otm
ail.c
om
NT
UA
01
7M
r.C
ha
tzis
tav
rou
Th
eo
do
ros
teo
ph
ysix
@h
otm
ail.g
rU
oA
01
8P
rof.
Co
nsta
nti
no
uM
art
ha
ma
rth
ac@
tem
ple
.ed
uT
em
ple
01
9M
sD
ala
ka
Ek
ate
rin
ie
da
lak
a@
ipta
.de
mo
kri
tos.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
02
0M
r.D
ao
ula
sE
fth
imio
sb
idio
s_
aio
va
@y
ah
oo
.gr
NT
UA
02
1M
r.D
arm
on
Ge
rard
gd
arm
on
@m
irio
n.c
om
MIR
ION
02
2M
r.D
ed
ou
ssis
Dim
itri
sd
de
do
ussis
@a
nti
se
l.g
rA
nti
se
l S
A
02
3P
rof.
Dia
ko
no
sF
oti
sfd
iak
on
o@
ph
ys.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
02
4M
s.
Dim
itri
ad
iC
hri
sti
na
ch
risti
ne
dim
itri
ad
i@g
ma
il.c
om
Up
psa
la U
niv
ers
ity
02
5M
r.D
imit
rop
ou
los
Ioa
nn
isjo
hn
dim
88
8@
gm
ail.c
om
Uo
A
02
6M
r.E
fsta
thio
uC
hri
sto
se
fsta
thio
u9
@h
otm
ail.c
om
Uo
A
02
7D
r.E
left
he
rio
uG
eo
rgio
sg
eo
ele
fth
e@
no
a.g
rN
OA
02
8M
sF
ak
iola
Ch
risti
na
ch
risti
na
fak
iola
@y
ah
oo
.gr
Uo
A
02
9M
s.
Fa
so
ula
Olg
ao
faso
ula
@g
ma
il.c
om
Uo
A
03
0D
r.F
loro
uH
ele
ny
(Ele
ni)
efl
oro
u@
ipta
.de
mo
kri
tos.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
03
1D
r.F
rag
op
ou
lou
Ma
ria
nth
im
fra
gk
op
@in
p.d
em
ok
rito
s.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
03
2P
rof.
Ga
ita
no
sT
he
od
oro
stg
ait
an
o@
au
th.g
rA
UT
h
HN
PS20
18 -
REG
ISTR
ATI
ON
LIS
T
03
3D
r.G
an
oti
Pa
rask
ev
ip
ga
no
ti@
ph
ys.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
03
4M
sG
eo
rva
sili
Ste
fan
iaste
fan
ia_
3@
win
do
wsliv
e.c
om
U.
Ioa
nn
ina
03
5D
r.G
ero
nti
do
uM
ari
am
ge
ron
t@p
hy
s.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
03
6P
rof.
Ge
ze
rlis
Ale
xa
nd
ros
ge
ze
rlis
@u
og
ue
lph
.ca
Un
ive
rsit
y o
f G
ue
lph
03
7M
r.G
rim
an
ellis
Lo
uk
as
lou
ka
sg
ml@
ho
tma
il.g
rU
oA
03
8D
r.H
ari
sso
pu
los
So
tiri
os
sh
ari
so
p@
inp
.de
mo
kri
tos.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
03
9P
rof.
Ioa
nn
ido
uA
lexa
nd
raa
nta
@p
hy
sic
s.a
uth
.gr
AU
Th
04
0D
r.K
ais
sa
sIo
an
nis
ika
isa
s@
gm
ail.c
om
Gre
ek
Ato
mic
En
erg
y C
om
mis
sio
n
04
1M
r.K
ala
itzis
Ap
osto
los
ap
ka
lait
@g
ma
il.c
om
AU
Th
04
2M
s.
Ka
lam
ara
An
tig
on
ia
ka
lam
ara
@ce
ntr
al.
ntu
a.g
rN
TU
A
04
3D
r.K
alf
as
Co
nsta
nti
ne
ka
lfa
s@
inp
.de
mo
kri
tos.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
04
4D
r.K
alo
zo
um
isP
an
ag
ioti
sp
ka
lozo
um
@p
hy
s.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
04
5M
r.K
ara
ka
sis
Ioa
nn
isk
ara
ka
sis
joh
n@
gm
ail.c
om
Uo
A
04
6P
rof.
Ka
ram
pa
gia
So
fia
sk
ara
mp
ag
io@
gm
ail.c
om
Gra
nd
Va
lle
y S
tate
Un
ive
rsit
y
04
7M
r.K
ha
lie
lA
hm
ed
ach
alil@
ph
ys.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
04
8M
s.
Kle
ide
riP
ara
sk
ev
iv
.pu
lsa
rs@
gm
ail.c
om
Uo
A
04
9M
r.K
lim
oJo
ze
fjo
ze
f.k
lim
o@
sa
vb
a.s
kS
lov
ak
Aca
de
my
of
Scie
nce
s
05
0P
rof.
Ko
kk
ori
sM
ich
ae
lk
ok
ko
ris@
ce
ntr
al.
ntu
a.g
rN
TU
A
05
1M
r.K
olo
ko
tro
nis
Ap
osto
los
ap
ost1
99
7@
ho
tma
il.c
om
Uo
A
05
2M
s.
Ko
lov
iS
ofi
ak
olo
vi@
kth
.se
KT
H R
oy
al In
sti
tute
of
Te
ch
no
log
y
05
3M
s.
Ko
nsta
nta
ra-K
yp
ria
no
uA
thin
aa
the
na
ko
n9
6@
ya
ho
o.g
rU
oA
05
4M
r.K
on
tiA
lexa
nd
ros
ale
xk
on
di9
6@
gm
ail.c
om
Uo
A
05
5M
r.K
ose
og
lou
Pa
vlo
sp
ko
se
og
lou
@ik
p.t
u-d
arm
sta
dt.
de
TU
Da
rmsta
dt
05
6D
r.K
ots
ina
Zo
ik
ots
ina
@ip
ta.d
em
ok
rito
s.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
05
7M
sK
ots
ov
olo
uA
na
sta
sia
ko
tso
vo
lou
an
asta
sia
@g
ma
il.c
om
Uo
A
05
8M
r.K
ou
lou
ris
Ste
rgio
sste
rgio
s.k
ou
lou
ris@
gm
ail.c
om
Uo
A
05
9D
r.K
ub
ura
sG
eo
rgio
sg
ku
bu
ras@
ipta
.de
mo
kri
tos.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
06
0M
r.K
yra
tzis
Dim
itri
os
dk
yra
tzi@
ph
ysic
s.a
uth
.gr
AU
Th
06
1D
r.La
go
ya
nn
isA
na
sta
sio
sla
go
ya
@in
p.d
em
ok
rito
s.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
06
2M
r.La
ou
tari
sA
ng
elo
sla
ou
tari
s@
ph
ysic
s.u
oc.g
rU
. C
rete
06
3P
rof.
Dr.
Lim
Esth
er
esth
erl
i@p
co
m.e
du
Ph
ila
de
lph
ia C
olle
ge
of
Oste
op
ath
ic M
ed
icin
e
06
4M
s.
Liv
an
ou
Ka
teri
na
ka
teri
na
_liv
an
ou
@h
otm
ail.c
om
NT
UA
06
5M
r.Ly
tro
sy
ng
ou
nis
Ioa
nn
isily
tro
sy
@p
hy
s.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
06
6P
rof.
Ma
Yu
-Ga
ng
ma
yu
ga
ng
@ca
sh
q.a
c.c
nC
hin
ese
Aca
de
my
of
Scie
nce
06
7M
r.M
ad
esis
Ioa
nn
isim
ad
esis
@p
hy
sic
s.u
oc.g
rU
. C
rete
/ N
CS
R "
D"
06
8M
r.M
am
alo
uk
as
Pa
tro
klo
s-M
ilti
ad
issp
h1
30
01
14
@u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
06
9M
r.M
ara
gk
os
Fo
tis
foti
s.m
ara
gk
os.9
3@
gm
ail.c
om
NT
UA
07
0M
sM
arg
aro
ni
Va
silik
iv
asso
16
1@
ya
ho
o.g
rU
oA
07
1M
r.M
ark
op
ou
los
An
ge
los
an
ge
los@
ipta
.de
mo
kri
tos.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
07
2D
r.M
art
ino
uA
nd
ria
na
am
art
ino
u@
ho
tma
il.c
om
NC
SR
"D
"
07
3M
r.M
av
rik
isD
imit
rio
sd
.ma
vri
kis
@ip
ta.d
em
ok
rito
s.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
07
4M
s.
Ma
vro
ke
falo
uG
eo
rgia
gm
av
rok
efa
lou
@ip
ta.d
em
ok
rito
s.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
07
5P
rof.
Ma
vro
mic
ha
lak
iH
ele
ne
ma
vro
mi@
ph
ys.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
07
6P
rof.
Ma
vro
mm
ati
sE
ire
ne
em
av
rom
@p
hy
s.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
07
7P
rof.
Me
rtzim
ek
isT
he
o J
.tm
ert
zi@
ph
ys.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
07
8M
s.
Mic
ha
lop
ou
lou
Ve
atr
iki
ve
atr
iki.
mic
ha
lop
ou
lou
@ce
rn.c
hN
TU
A
07
9P
rof.
Mir
ofo
raP
ila
ko
uta
mp
ila
k@
pu
as.g
rU
. W
est
Att
ika
08
0M
s.
Mit
si
Ele
ni
elm
it2
@h
otm
ail.c
om
NT
UA
08
1M
r.M
itsio
sIa
so
nia
so
nia
tis@
ya
ho
o.c
om
NT
UA
08
2P
rof.
Mo
usta
kid
isC
ha
rala
mp
os
mo
usta
ki@
au
th.g
rA
UT
h
08
3D
r.M
ylo
na
kis
An
ton
ios
an
tmy
l@ch
alm
ers
.se
Ch
alm
ers
Un
ive
rsit
y o
f T
ech
no
log
y
08
4P
rof.
Nic
olis
Nik
ola
os
nn
ico
lis@
cc.u
oi.
gr
U.
Ioa
nn
ina
08
5M
Sc.
Nik
as
Sty
lia
no
ss.n
ika
s@
gsi.
de
TU
Da
rmsta
dt
/ G
SI
08
6M
sN
talla
Ele
ni
da
lla
@ip
ta.d
em
ok
rito
s.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
08
7M
Sc.
Nte
mo
uE
len
in
tem
ou
@in
p.d
em
ok
rito
s.g
rN
TU
A /
NC
SR
"D
"
08
8M
s.
Pa
ne
taV
ale
nti
na
va
len
tin
a.p
an
eta
@ip
ta.d
em
ok
rito
s.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
08
9M
sP
an
tou
sa
So
fia
sp
an
tou
s@
ph
ysic
s.a
uth
.gr
NT
UA
09
0M
r.P
ap
ad
op
ou
los
Ko
nsta
nti
no
sk
pa
pa
do
2m
ed
ph
ysic
s@
gm
ail.c
om
Uo
A
09
1M
r.P
ap
aio
an
no
uD
imit
ris
dim
itri
sp
olo
co
@g
ma
il.c
om
Uo
A
09
2D
r.P
ap
ak
on
sta
nti
no
uP
an
ag
iota
pp
ap
ak
on
@ib
s.r
e.k
rIB
S/R
ISP
, S
ou
th K
ore
a
09
3M
sP
ap
ak
osta
Va
ne
ssa
va
ne
ssa
.pa
p@
ho
tma
il.c
om
Uo
A
09
4M
sP
ap
iaE
fi M
ari
ae
fma
r96
@h
otm
ail.g
rU
oA
09
5D
r.P
ap
ou
lia
sD
imit
rio
sd
imp
ap
@cc.u
oi.
gr
Uo
A
09
6M
s.
Pa
pp
aF
ilo
the
ifk
pa
pp
a@
hcm
r.g
rH
CM
R
09
7D
r.P
ati
ris
Dio
nis
isd
pa
tiri
s@
hcm
r.g
rH
CM
R
09
8M
s.
Pa
tsa
riE
fth
imia
efi
_m
.m@
ho
tma
il.c
om
Uo
A
09
9M
r.P
ero
ulis
Sp
yri
do
ns.p
ero
ulis@
ya
ho
o.g
rU
oA
10
0M
r.P
rek
ete
s-S
iga
las
Ko
nsta
nti
no
sp
rek
ete
s@
inp
.de
mo
kri
tos.g
rN
TU
A
10
1D
r.R
ah
an
gd
ale
Hit
esh
hit
esh
.vv
r@g
ma
il.c
om
He
bre
w U
niv
ers
ity
of
Jeru
sa
lem
10
2M
r.R
ap
so
ma
nik
isA
risto
telis-N
iko
lao
sa
nra
pso
@p
hy
s.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
10
3M
r.S
alp
ad
imo
sN
iko
lao
sp
hy
58
68
@u
pn
et.
gr
U.
Pa
tra
s
10
4D
r.S
av
ido
uA
na
sta
sia
sa
vid
ou
@ip
ta.d
en
ok
rito
s.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
10
5D
r.S
av
va
Ma
rilia
m.s
av
va
@ip
ta.d
em
ok
rito
s.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
10
6P
rof.
Se
rris
Mic
ha
el
mix
se
rris
@y
ah
oo
.gr
U.
We
st
Att
ika
10
7M
sS
iara
fera
Ta
tia
na
tsia
rafe
@p
hy
sic
s.a
uth
.gr
AU
Th
10
8M
r.S
ide
ris
Ioa
nn
isg
ian
sid
@y
ma
il.c
om
Uo
A
10
9M
r.S
iltz
ov
alis
Ge
org
ios
ge
org
es1
3@
win
do
wsliv
e.c
om
Uo
A
11
0M
r.S
ka
rlis
Va
silis
sk
arl
isv
@y
ah
oo
.co
mU
oA
11
1M
r.S
ora
nid
isIo
an
nis
so
ras7
@h
otm
ail.c
om
Uo
A
11
2M
sS
oti
rop
ou
lou
Ma
ria
m.s
oti
rop
ou
lou
@ce
rn.c
hC
ER
N/H
SE
-RP
-CS
11
3P
rof.
So
ulio
tis
Ge
org
ios
so
ulio
ti@
ch
em
.uo
a.g
rU
oA
11
4P
rof.
Sp
arv
eri
sN
iko
ssp
arv
eri
@te
mp
le.e
du
Te
mp
le U
.
11
5D
r.S
tam
ate
lato
sIo
n E
va
ng
elo
sio
n@
ipta
.de
mo
kri
tos.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
11
6M
r.S
tam
ato
po
ulo
sA
tha
na
sio
sa
tha
na
sio
s.s
tam
ato
po
ulo
s@
ce
rn.c
hN
TU
A
11
7D
r.S
tam
ou
lis
Ko
nsta
nti
no
sk
sta
mo
ul@
uo
i.g
rU
. Io
an
nin
a
11
8P
rof.
Sto
ulo
sS
tylia
no
ssto
ulo
s@
au
th.g
rA
UT
h
11
9P
rof.
Sty
lia
ris
Efs
tath
ios
sti
lia
ris@
ph
ys.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
12
0M
sT
eza
riA
na
sta
sia
an
ate
z@
me
d.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
12
1M
r.T
he
od
oro
uA
nd
rea
sth
eo
da
@ip
ta.d
em
ok
rito
s.g
rU
oA
12
2D
r.T
isch
en
ba
ch
Eri
ce
tisch
en
ba
ch
@m
irio
n.c
om
MIR
ION
12
3M
s.
To
gia
Nik
en
ike
tog
ia@
ya
ho
o.c
om
Uo
A
12
4M
s.
Tri
dim
as
Dim
itri
os
trid
ima
s.d
imit
ris@
gm
ail.c
om
Uo
A
12
5D
r.T
sa
ba
ris
Ch
risto
sts
ab
ari
s@
hcm
r.g
rH
CM
R
12
6M
sT
sa
ko
uD
imit
rad
imit
rats
ak
ou
9@
gm
ail.c
om
Uo
A
12
7M
sT
sa
mp
aK
allio
pi
kts
am
pa
@g
ma
il.c
om
NT
UA
12
8M
Sc.
Tsa
va
las
Pa
vlo
sp
tsa
va
las@
ipta
.de
mo
kri
tos.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
12
9M
r.V
asile
iou
Po
lyti
mo
sti
mo
s2
k1
4@
ya
ho
o.g
rU
oA
13
0D
r.V
asilo
po
ulo
uT
he
od
ora
do
ra@
ipta
.de
mo
kri
tos.g
rN
CS
R "
D"
13
1M
r.V
ate
llis
Va
sile
ios
va
sile
ios.v
ate
llis
.68
71
@stu
de
nt.
uu
.se
Up
psa
la U
niv
ers
ity
13
2D
r.V
ese
lsk
yM
art
inm
art
in.v
ese
lsk
y@
sa
vb
a.s
kS
lov
ak
Aca
de
my
of
Scie
nce
s
13
3P
rof.
Vla
sto
uR
osa
vla
sto
u@
ce
ntr
al.
ntu
a.g
rN
TU
A
13
4M
r.Z
ag
ora
ios
Ge
org
ios
ge
oza
go
r@g
ma
il.c
om
Uo
A
13
5P
rof.
Za
ma
ni-
Va
lassia
do
uM
ari
aza
ma
ni@
ph
ysic
s.a
uth
.gr
AU
Th
13
6M
sZ
iog
aM
ari
am
zio
ga
@p
hy
s.u
oa
.gr
Uo
A
13
7M
sZ
yri
lio
uA
ika
teri
ni
nin
azy
r@w
ind
ow
sliv
e.c
om
Uo
A
HNPS2018 SPONSORS
Κοσμητεία Σχολής Θετικών Επιστημών
The Hellenic Nuclear Physics Society
Bos
e-E
inst
ein
Con
dens
atio
n, F
erm
ioni
c Q
uenc
hing
and
Efim
ov S
tate
s Fr
om H
eavy
-Ion
Col
lisio
ns
A
ldo
Bon
aser
a
Cyc
lotr
on In
stitu
te, T
exas
A&
M U
nive
rsity
, Col
lege
Sta
tion,
TX-
7784
3, U
SA;
Labo
rato
ri N
azio
nali
del S
ud, I
NFN
, via
San
ta S
ofia
, 62,
951
23 C
atan
ia, I
taly
(on
leav
e)
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
abon
aser
a@co
mp.
tam
u.ed
u T
he 6 L
i+6 L
i →
3α r
eact
ion
has
been
mea
sure
d in
a k
inem
atic
ally
com
plet
e ex
perim
ent
at
3.1M
eV o
f be
am e
nerg
y. T
he r
eact
ion
mai
nly
proc
eeds
via
int
erm
edia
te 8 B
e st
ates
. Th
e in
tera
ctio
n be
twee
n an
y tw
o of
the
thre
e α
parti
cles
pro
vide
s ev
ents
with
one
, tw
o or
thre
e 8B
e in
terf
erin
g le
vels
, with
stro
ng e
nhan
cem
ent
in t
he α
–α c
oinc
iden
ce y
ield
. Evi
denc
e of
th
ree
8 Be
leve
ls w
ithin
the
sam
e 3α
eve
nt s
ugge
sts
that
one
α p
artic
le is
exc
hang
ed b
etw
een
the
othe
r tw
o. T
his
is a
con
ditio
n fo
r Ef
imov
sta
tes
to o
ccur
in
nucl
ei,
for
whi
ch n
o ob
serv
atio
n ex
ists
yet
. The
hyp
ersp
heric
al fo
rmal
ism fo
r the
low
-ene
rgy
thre
e-bo
dy p
robl
em
has b
een
appl
ied
to p
oint
out
the
3α p
artic
le c
orre
latio
n.
I al
so d
iscu
ss e
xper
imen
tal
obse
rvat
ions
of
nucl
ear
ferm
ioni
c an
d bo
soni
c co
mpo
nent
s di
spla
ying
diff
eren
t beh
avio
rs in
the
deca
y of
hot
Ca
proj
ectil
e-lik
e so
urce
s pr
oduc
ed in
mid
-pe
riphe
ral
colli
sion
s at
sub
-Fer
mi
ener
gies
. Th
is m
ay s
uppo
rt th
e ex
iste
nce
of a
Bos
e Ei
nste
in c
onde
nsat
ion
phen
omen
a in
hea
vy io
n co
llisi
ons.
By
mea
ns o
f qu
antu
m f
luct
uatio
n an
alys
is t
echn
ique
s, te
mpe
ratu
res
and
mea
n vo
lum
es p
er p
artic
le a
s se
en b
y bo
sons
and
fe
rmio
ns s
epar
atel
y ar
e co
rrel
ated
to th
e ex
cita
tion
ener
gy o
f th
e re
cons
truct
ed s
yste
m. T
he
obta
ined
res
ults
are
con
sist
ent
with
the
pro
duct
ion
of d
ilute
mix
ed (
boso
ns/fe
rmio
ns)
syst
ems,
whe
re b
oson
s exp
erie
nce
a sm
alle
r vol
ume
and
a hi
gher
ene
rgy
dens
ity a
s com
pare
d to
the
sur
roun
ding
fer
mio
nic
gas.
Our
fin
ding
s re
call
phen
omen
a ob
serv
ed i
n th
e st
udy
of
Bos
e co
nden
sate
s and
Fer
mi g
ases
in a
tom
ic tr
aps d
espi
te th
e di
ffer
ent s
cale
s.
Part
icle
-hol
e sy
mm
etry
bre
akin
g du
e to
Pau
li bl
ocki
ng
D
enni
s B
onat
sos
In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
and
Par
ticle
Phy
sics
, N.C
.S.R
. Dem
okri
tos,
Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: bo
nat@
inp.
dem
okri
tos.
gr
Pa
rticl
e-ho
le s
ymm
etry
has
bee
n us
ed o
n se
vera
l oc
casi
ons
in n
ucle
ar s
truct
ure
over
the
ye
ars.
We
prov
e th
at p
artic
le-h
ole
sym
met
ry is
bro
ken
in n
ucle
ar s
hells
pos
sess
ing
the
prox
y-SU
(3) s
ymm
etry
[1,
2]. T
he b
reak
ing
of th
e sy
mm
etry
is ro
oted
in th
e Pa
uli p
rinci
ple
and
the
shor
t-ran
ge n
atur
e of
the
nucl
eon-
nucl
eon
inte
ract
ion.
The
bre
akin
g of
the
sym
met
ry e
xpla
ins
the
dom
inan
ce o
f pr
olat
e ov
er o
blat
e sh
apes
in
defo
rmed
nuc
lei
[3]
and
dete
rmin
es t
he
regi
ons
of p
rola
te to
obl
ate
shap
e tra
nsiti
ons
in th
e nu
clea
r cha
rt [2
].
Ref
eren
ces
[1] D
. Bon
atso
s et
al.,
Phy
s. R
ev. C
95, 0
6432
5 (2
017)
[2
] D. B
onat
sos
et a
l., P
hys.
Rev
. C95
, 064
326
(201
7)
[3] D
. Bon
atso
s, E
ur. P
hys.
J A
53, 1
48 (2
017)
Mag
ic n
umbe
rs fo
r sh
ape
coex
iste
nce
I.E
. Ass
imak
is
In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
and
Par
ticle
Phy
sics
, N.C
.S.R
. Dem
okri
tos,
Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: io
asim
akis
@gm
ail.c
om
M
agic
num
bers
in a
tom
ic n
ucle
i dic
tate
the
arra
ngem
ent o
f nuc
leon
s in
com
plet
e sh
ells
. The
kn
own
mag
ic n
umbe
rs o
f nu
clea
r ph
ysic
s (2
, 8,
20,
28,
50,
82,
…)
emer
ge f
rom
the
thr
ee
dim
ensi
onal
osc
illat
or p
lus
the
spin
orb
it in
tera
ctio
n. H
owev
er, i
t has
bee
n sh
own
[1]
that
at
defo
rmat
ions
aro
und
𝜀=0.6
the
mag
ic n
umbe
rs o
f the
har
mon
ic o
scill
ator
(2, 8
, 20,
40,
70,
11
2,…
) re
appe
ar.
At
low
er d
efor
mat
ions
(fr
om 𝜀
=0
to 𝜀
=0.6
) th
e tw
o se
ts o
f m
agic
nu
mbe
rs s
eem
to a
ntag
oniz
e, le
adin
g to
sha
pe c
oexi
sten
ce. F
or a
qua
ntita
tive
inve
stig
atio
n of
th
e ab
ove,
Nils
son
calc
ulat
ions
hav
e be
en p
erfo
rmed
usi
ng t
he u
sual
Nils
son
shel
l m
odel
w
ave
func
tions
and
the
rec
ently
int
rodu
ced
prox
y-SU
(3)
sche
me
[2],
resu
lting
in
the
sam
e sh
ell g
aps i
n bo
th c
ases
. R
efer
ence
s [1
] K. S
ugaw
ara-
Tana
be e
t al.,
Phy
s. R
ev. C
51,
180
9 (1
995)
[2
] D. B
onat
sos
et a
l., P
hys.
Rev
. C95
, 064
325
(201
7)
Con
stra
inin
g ne
w p
hysi
cs fr
om th
e fir
st o
bser
vatio
n of
coh
eren
t ela
stic
ne
utri
no-n
ucle
us s
catt
erin
g
D.K
. Pap
oulia
s1 , T.S
. Kos
mas
2
1 Inst
itute
of N
ucle
ar a
nd P
artic
le P
hysi
cs, N
CSR
“D
emok
rito
s”, A
gia
Para
skev
i, 15
310,
Gre
ece
2 Th
eore
tical
Phy
sics
Sec
tion,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ioa
nnin
a, G
R-45
110
Ioan
nina
, Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
dim
pap@
cc.u
oi.g
r
The
proc
ess
of
neut
ral-c
urre
nt
cohe
rent
el
astic
ne
utrin
o-nu
cleu
s sc
atte
ring
(CEν
NS)
, co
nsis
tent
with
the
Stan
dard
Mod
el (S
M) e
xpec
tatio
n [1
], ha
s be
en re
cent
ly m
easu
red
by th
e C
OH
EREN
T ex
perim
ent a
t the
Spa
llatio
n N
eutro
n So
urce
[2].
On
the
basi
s of
the
obse
rved
si
gnal
and
our
nuc
lear
cal
cula
tions
for t
he re
leva
nt C
s and
I is
otop
es, t
he e
xtra
cted
con
stra
ints
on
bot
h co
nven
tiona
l an
d ex
otic
neu
trino
phy
sics
are
upd
ated
[3]
. Th
e pr
esen
t st
udy
conc
entra
tes
on v
ario
us S
M e
xten
sion
s in
volv
ing
vect
or a
nd te
nsor
non
stan
dard
inte
ract
ions
as
wel
l as
neu
trino
ele
ctro
mag
netic
pro
perti
es, w
ith a
n em
phas
is o
n th
e ne
utrin
o m
agne
tic
mom
ent
and
the
neut
rino
char
ge r
adiu
s [4
]. Fu
rther
mor
e, m
odel
s ad
dres
sing
a l
ight
ste
rile
neut
rino
stat
e [5
] and
scen
ario
s with
new
pro
paga
tor f
ield
s, su
ch a
s vec
tor Z
-prim
e an
d sc
alar
bo
sons
[6]
are
exa
min
ed,
and
the
corr
espo
ndin
g re
gion
s ex
clud
ed b
y th
e C
OH
EREN
T ex
perim
ent a
re p
rese
nted
. R
efer
ence
s [1
] D
. Z. F
reed
man
, Phy
s. R
ev. D
9 p.
138
9-13
92 (1
974)
[2
] C
OH
EREN
T C
olla
bora
tion
(D. A
kim
ov e
t. al
), Sc
ienc
e 35
7 p.
112
3-11
26 (2
017)
[3
] D
.K. P
apou
lias a
nd T
.S. K
osm
as, P
hys.
Rev
. D97
no.
3 p.
033
003
(201
8)
[4]
T.S.
Kos
mas
, O. M
irand
a, D
.K. P
apou
lias,
M. T
orto
la, J
.W.F
. Val
le, P
hys.
Lett.
B75
0 p.
459
-465
(2
015)
[5
] T.
S. K
osm
as, D
.K. P
apou
lias,
M. T
orto
la, J
.W.F
. Val
le, P
hys.
Rev
. D96
p. 0
6301
3 (2
017)
[6
] E.
Ber
tuzz
o et
al.,
JHEP
170
4 p.
073
(201
7)
Sp
alla
tion
of 56
Fe b
y 1
GeV
pro
tons
N.G
. Nic
olis
1 , G.A
. Sou
liotis
2 and
A. A
sim
akop
oulo
u2
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, T
he U
nive
rsity
of I
oann
ina,
Ioan
nina
451
10, G
reec
e 2 La
bora
tory
of P
hysi
cal C
hem
istr
y, D
epar
tmen
t of C
hem
istr
y, U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, A
then
s, G
reec
e
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
nnic
olis
@cc
.uoi
.gr
M
ass,
char
ge a
nd i
soto
pic
dist
ribut
ions
obs
erve
d in
pro
ton-
indu
ced
spal
latio
n re
actio
ns o
n 56
Fe a
t 1 G
eV [1
,2] a
re a
naly
sed
in th
e fr
amew
ork
of th
e in
tranu
clea
r cas
cade
cod
e IS
AB
EL
[3,4
] cou
pled
with
the
sequ
entia
l bin
ary
deca
y co
de M
ECO
[5].
The
code
MEC
O p
rovi
des
a de
scrip
tion
of t
he e
quili
brat
ed n
ucle
ar d
ecay
by
the
emis
sion
of
gam
ma-
rays
, lig
ht-m
ass
parti
cles
and
clu
ster
s as
wel
l as
inte
rmed
iate
mas
s fr
agm
ents
em
itted
in th
eir g
roun
d, e
xcite
d bo
und
and
exci
ted
unbo
und
stat
es (
cont
inuu
m)
acco
rdin
g to
a g
ener
aliz
ed W
eiss
kopf
fo
rmal
ism
. A
goo
d ov
eral
l de
scrip
tion
of t
he e
xper
imen
tal
data
is
obta
ined
with
a g
loba
l Fe
rmi g
as le
vel d
ensi
ty p
aram
eter
and
inve
rse
cros
s se
ctio
ns b
ased
on
the
Chr
iste
nsen
and
W
inth
er n
ucle
ar p
oten
tial [
6]. M
ultif
ragm
enta
tion
deca
y ev
ents
are
pro
duce
d w
ith th
e co
de
SMM
[7,8
] and
thei
r inf
luen
ce o
n th
e ab
ove
obse
rvab
les i
s dis
cuss
ed.
R
efer
ence
s [1
] C. V
illag
rasa
-Can
ton
et a
l., P
hys.
Rev
. C 7
5, 0
4460
3 (2
007)
. [2
] P. N
apol
itani
et a
l., P
hys.
Rev
. C 7
0, 0
5460
7 (2
004)
. [3
] Y. Y
ariv
and
Z. F
raen
kel,
Phys
. Rev
. C20
, 222
7 (1
979)
. [4
] Y. Y
ariv
and
Z. F
raen
kel,
Phys
. Rev
. C24
, 488
(198
1).
[5] N
.G. N
icol
is, I
nt. J
. Mod
. Phy
s. E1
7, 1
541-
1556
(200
8).
[6] P
. R. C
hris
tens
en a
nd A
. Win
ther
, Phy
s. Le
tt. B
65,
19
(197
6).
[7] J
.P. B
ondo
rf, A
.S. B
otvi
na, A
.S. I
ljino
v, I.
N. M
ishu
stin
and
K. S
wne
ppen
, Phy
s. R
ep. 2
57, 1
33
(199
5).
[7] G
.S. S
oulio
tis, A
.S. B
otvi
na e
t al.,
Phy
s. R
ev. C
75,
044
603
(200
7).
Vis
cosi
ty o
f nuc
lear
mat
ter
Y
u-G
ang
Ma
Sh
angh
ai In
stitu
te o
f App
lied
Phys
ics,
Chi
nese
Aca
dem
y of
Sci
ence
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: m
ayug
ang@
cash
q.ac
.cn
Sh
ear
visc
osity
is o
ne o
f ba
sic
trans
port
coef
ficie
nts
of m
atte
r. Th
eore
tical
ly, i
t was
cla
imed
th
at th
ere
exis
ts a
low
bou
nd o
f 1/4
pi fo
r the
shea
r vis
cosi
ty o
ver e
ntro
py d
ensi
ty (e
ta/s
) for
all
kind
of
mat
ter.
For
mac
rosc
opic
sys
tem
s, th
e sh
ear
visc
osity
is m
easu
rabl
e in
a d
irect
way
, ho
wev
er, m
uch
diff
icul
t for
mic
rosc
opic
sys
tem
, esp
ecia
lly f
or n
ucle
ar a
nd q
uark
mat
ter.
In
this
talk
, I w
ill g
ive
an e
xam
ple
of e
ta/s
for q
uark
mat
ter r
esul
ts fr
om u
ltra-
rela
tivis
tic h
eavy
-io
n co
llisi
on e
xper
imen
t, an
d th
en tu
rn to
som
e ph
enom
enol
ogic
al c
alcu
latio
ns a
nd in
dire
ct
extra
ct o
f eta
/s fo
r nuc
lear
mat
ter i
n lo
w te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd th
e IN
DR
A d
ata.
Bra
nchi
ng R
atio
mea
sure
men
t in
23N
e B
eta
Dec
ay
H
. Rah
angd
ale1 , Y
. Mis
hnay
ot1,
2, B
. Oha
yon1 , T
. Hirs
h2 , S. V
aint
raub
2 , A. G
lick-
Mag
id1 ,
D. G
azit1 , a
nd G
. Ron
1
1 R
acah
Inst
itute
of P
hysi
cs, H
ebre
w U
nive
rsity
of J
erus
alem
, Jer
usal
em, I
srae
l 2 S
oreq
Nuc
lear
Res
earc
h C
ente
r, Ya
vne,
Isra
el io
n N
o 1,
Add
ress
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: hi
tesh
.vvr
@gm
ail.c
om
Th
e Sta
ndar
d M
odel
(SM
) of p
artic
le p
hysi
cs is
the
rem
arka
bly
succ
essf
ul th
eory
in ex
plai
ning
va
rious
phe
nom
ena
and
is e
xten
sive
ly te
sted
by
man
y ex
perim
ents
thro
ugho
ut y
ears
. By
doin
g th
e pr
ecis
e m
easu
rem
ents
on
the
beta
dec
ay o
f tra
pped
and
coo
led
radi
oiso
tope
s one
can
stud
y th
e w
eak
inte
ract
ion
of S
M a
nd th
ereb
y se
arch
for t
he n
ew p
hysi
cs b
eyon
d st
anda
rd m
odel
[1].
Whi
le in
vest
igat
ing
beta
dec
ay fo
r wea
k in
tera
ctio
n, o
ne o
f the
obs
erva
ble
to lo
ok fo
r is b
eta-
neut
rino
angu
lar
corr
elat
ion
coef
ficie
nt (
α βν),
whi
ch is
sen
sitiv
e to
the
new
sca
lar
or te
nsor
cu
rren
ts. I
n ou
r lab
at S
AR
AF,
we
are
mov
ing
tow
ards
the
trapp
ing
of 23
Ne
and
mea
sure
men
t of
αβν
coe
ffic
ient
[2].
The
expe
rimen
tal m
easu
rem
ent o
f αβν
is d
one
by st
udyi
ng th
e re
coil
ion
spec
trum
of t
he ra
dioi
soto
pe, i
n w
hich
prin
cipa
l con
tribu
tion
to th
e re
coil
ener
gy sp
ectru
m o
f io
n co
mes
from
the
trans
ition
of t
he ra
dioi
soto
pe to
the
grou
nd st
ate.
Now
23N
e de
cays
to 23
Na
by b
eta
emis
sion
with
Q-v
alue
of 4
.376
. The
tran
sitio
n to
the
grou
nd, s
econ
d an
d th
ird e
xcite
d st
ates
are
pur
e G
amow
-Tel
ler(
GT)
, whi
le t
o th
e fir
st e
xcite
d st
ate
it is
alm
ost
GT
(Fer
mi
frac
tion
is <
0.1%
). D
ue to
thes
e va
rious
dec
ay c
hann
els
of 23
Ne,
an
accu
rate
mea
sure
men
t of
bran
chin
g ra
tio is
ver
y cr
ucia
l for
mor
e pr
ecis
e de
term
inat
ion
of α
βν.
For t
he p
rodu
ctio
n of
23N
e, d
eute
rons
of u
p to
10
μA a
re a
ccel
erat
ed to
5 M
eV a
nd m
ade
to h
it on
LiF
tar
get
whi
ch p
rodu
ced
neut
rons
thr
ough
a L
i(d,n
) pr
oces
s, th
e ne
utro
ns t
hus
prod
uced
hit
1.4
kg o
f fin
ely
grou
nd N
aCl t
arge
t tha
t is h
eate
d to
573
K, p
rodu
cing
23N
e at
oms
via
23N
a(n,
p)23
Ne
proc
ess.
The
23N
e at
oms
diff
used
out
the
NaC
l cry
stal
s, ef
fuse
out
of
the
targ
et a
nd tr
avel
to a
mea
sure
men
t cel
l, th
roug
h a
10 m
x 3
" ho
se. T
he d
ecay
pro
duct
s of
the
23N
e at
oms t
hat d
ecay
ed in
the
mea
sure
men
t cel
l wer
e m
easu
red
by a
n H
PGe
and
two
plas
tic
scin
tilla
tors
. The
pla
stic
scin
tilla
tors
, thi
n an
d th
ick
mak
es d
E/E
tele
scop
e to
iden
tify
elec
trons
w
hich
wer
e the
n m
ade t
o us
e trip
le co
-inci
denc
e with
HPG
e det
ecto
r to
scre
en g
amm
as em
itted
af
ter t
he b
eta
deca
y.
The
expe
rimen
tal r
un w
ith th
e ab
ove
met
hod
was
per
form
ed in
Mar
ch 2
018
and
we
have
ob
tain
ed p
rom
isin
g re
sults
: we
coul
d ve
ry w
ell s
ee th
e tri
ple
co-in
cide
nce
even
ts a
nd h
ave
obta
ined
neo
n yi
eld
of a
bout
106 /s
in th
e m
easu
rem
ent c
ell.
I w
ill p
rese
nt f
ew p
relim
inar
y re
sults
of t
he e
xper
imen
t in
the
conf
eren
ce.
R
efer
ence
s [1
] J. B
ehr e
t al.,
J Ph
ys G
Nuc
l Par
t Phy
s 36(
3):0
3310
1, 2
009.
[2
] I M
ordo
r et a
l., a
rxiv
:180
1.06
493,
(201
8)
[3] D
. Alb
urge
r et a
l., P
hys.
Rev
. C, 9
:991
–995
, (19
74)
* Th
is w
ork
is su
ppor
ted
by E
RC
, ISF
, PA
ZY a
nd M
inis
try o
f Sci
ence
and
Tec
hnol
ogy,
Isra
el
Phas
e tr
ansi
tion
at N
=90:
str
uctu
ral p
rope
rtie
s of
148 C
e*
P.
Kos
eogl
ou1,
2 , V. W
erne
r1,3 , N
. Pie
tralla
1 , S. I
lieva
1 , M. T
hüra
uf1 , C
. Ber
nard
s3 , A. B
lanc
4 , A
. M. B
ruce
5 , R. B
. Cak
irli6,
7 , N. C
oope
r3 , L. M
. Fra
ile8 , G
. de
Fran
ce9 , M
. Jen
tsch
el4 ,
J. Jo
lie10
, U. K
oest
er4 , W
. Kor
ten11
, T. K
röll1 , S
. Lal
kovs
ki12
, H. M
ach13
,†, N
. Măr
gine
an14
,
P. M
utti4 , Z
. Pat
el15
, V. P
aziy
9 , Z. P
odol
yák15
, P. H
. Reg
an15
,16 , J
.-M. R
égis
10, O
. J. R
ober
ts5 ,
N. S
aed-
Sam
ii10, G
. S. S
imps
on17
, T. S
oldn
er4 , C
. A. U
r18, W
. Urb
an4 , D
. Wilm
sen9 ,
E.
Wils
on15
1 In
stitu
t für
Ker
nphy
sik,
Tec
hnis
che
Uni
vers
ität D
arm
stad
t, G
erm
any,
2 GSI
Hel
mho
ltzze
ntru
m fü
r Sc
hwer
ione
nfor
schu
ng, G
erm
any,
3 Yal
e U
nive
rsity
, U
SA, 4 IL
L G
reno
ble,
Fra
nce,
5 U
nive
rsity
of B
righ
ton,
Eng
land
, 6 MPI
K H
eide
lber
g, G
erm
any,
7 Uni
vers
ity o
f Ist
anbu
l, Tu
rkey
, 8 U
nive
rsid
ad C
ompl
uten
se, S
pain
, 9 GAN
IL C
aen,
Fra
nce,
10 In
stitu
t für
Ker
nphy
sik,
Uni
vers
ity o
f C
olog
ne,
Ger
man
y, 11
CEA
, IRF
U, U
nive
rsité
Par
is-S
acla
y, F
ranc
e, 12
Uni
vers
ity o
f Sof
ia “
St.
Klim
ent O
hrid
ski”
, Bul
garia
, 13 N
atio
nal C
entr
e fo
r Nuc
lear
Res
earc
h, P
olan
d,
14 H
oria
Hul
ubei
NIP
NE,
Rom
ania
, 15 U
nive
rsity
of S
urre
y, E
ngla
nd, 16
Nat
iona
l Phy
sica
l La
bora
tory
, U
K, 17
LPS
C G
reno
ble,
Fra
nce,
18 IN
FN L
egna
ro, I
taly
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: pk
oseo
glou
@ik
p.tu
-dar
mst
adt.d
e
The
N=9
0 sh
ape
phas
e tra
nsiti
on (
PT)
attra
cted
muc
h in
tere
st t
he l
ast
2 de
cade
s. B
oth
theo
retic
al a
nd e
xper
imen
tal s
tudi
es h
ave
been
don
e on
this
reg
ion.
The
X(5
) sy
mm
etry
[1]
de
scrib
es n
ucle
i at t
he c
ritic
al p
oint
of t
he P
T be
twee
n sp
heric
al v
ibra
tors
and
wel
l-def
orm
ed
rigid
-rot
ors.
Ther
e ar
e al
so a
naly
tic s
olut
ions
of
the
geom
etric
al B
ohr-
Ham
ilton
ian
that
de
scrib
e nu
clei
bef
ore
the
criti
cal
poin
t, lik
e th
e X
(5)-
β2n m
odel
s [2
], an
d af
ter
it, l
ike
the
CB
S ro
tor m
odel
[3],
whe
reas
the
entir
e tra
nsiti
onal
regi
on is
map
ped
by th
e al
gebr
aic
IBA
-1
[4,5
]. Th
ere
are
seve
ral
key
obse
rvab
les
whi
ch c
an b
e ac
cess
ed e
xper
imen
tally
, su
ch a
s en
ergy
and
B(E
2) ra
tios.
From
suc
h in
form
atio
n, th
e N
=90
isot
ones
150 N
d, 15
2 Sm, 15
4 Gd
and
156 D
y ha
ve b
een
iden
tifie
d as
bei
ng c
lose
to th
e cr
itica
l poi
nt. I
n th
is p
rese
ntat
ion
we
will
fo
cus o
n th
e ne
utro
n-ric
h C
e is
otop
es, h
ence
the
low
-Z b
onta
ry o
f the
PT
regi
on. E
nerg
y da
ta
and
lifet
ime
data
on
148 C
e fr
om t
he E
XIL
L&FA
TIM
A c
ampa
ign
will
be
com
pare
d to
the
re
spec
tive
mod
els f
or c
hara
cter
ize
the
stru
ctur
al p
rope
rties
of t
his N
=90
nucl
eus.
Ref
eren
ces
[1] F
. Iac
hello
, Phy
s. R
ev. L
ett.
85 (2
000)
358
0–35
83.
[2] D
. Bon
atso
s et a
l., P
hys.
Rev
. C 6
9 (2
004)
014
302.
[3
] N. P
ietra
lla a
nd O
. M. G
orba
chen
ko, P
hys.
Rev
. C 7
0 (2
004)
011
304.
[4
] N. V
. Zam
fir a
nd R
. F. C
aste
n, P
hysi
cs L
ette
rs B
341
(199
4) 1
– 5
. [5
] F. I
ache
llo a
nd A
. Arim
a, T
he In
tera
ctin
g B
oson
App
roxi
mat
ion
Mod
el (C
ambr
idge
Uni
vers
ity
Pres
s, C
ambr
idge
, 198
7)
* Th
is w
ork
is s
uppo
rted
by H
elm
holtz
Gra
duat
e Sc
hool
for
Had
ron
and
Ion
Res
earc
h "H
GS-
HIR
e fo
r FA
IR",
B
MB
F un
der
Gra
nt
No.
05
P15R
DFN
1 an
d U
.S.
DO
E un
der
Gra
nt
No.
D
E-FG
02-9
1ER
-406
09.
Nuc
lear
mag
netic
mom
ent s
tudi
es o
f sho
rt-li
ved
exci
ted
stat
es
at th
e ed
ge o
f the
isla
nd o
f inv
ersi
on: a
rep
ort o
n th
e IS
628
expe
rim
ent *
A. K
halie
l, D
. Pap
aioa
nnou
, G. Z
agor
aios
, T.J.
Mer
tzim
ekis
for t
he IS
628
colla
bora
tion
D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, Z
ogra
fou
Cam
pus,
GR
-157
84, A
then
s, G
reec
e
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
acha
lil@
phys
.uoa
.gr
N
ucle
ar g
fac
tors
are
hig
hly
sens
itive
to
the
sing
le-p
artic
le a
spec
ts o
f th
e w
ave
func
tion,
re
veal
ing
impo
rtant
inf
orm
atio
n fo
r th
e nu
clea
r st
ruct
ure
alon
g th
e is
otop
ic c
hart.
The
sd
shel
l has
bee
n th
orou
ghly
stu
died
, res
ultin
g in
“un
iver
sal”
she
ll m
odel
Ham
ilton
ians
[1] a
nd
the
deve
lopm
ent
of a
n M
1 op
erat
or [
2].
How
ever
, th
ere
is s
till
shor
tage
of
prec
ise
expe
rimen
tal g
-fac
tor d
ata
of e
xcite
d st
ates
to c
onso
lidat
e th
e nu
clea
r stru
ctur
e in
this
regi
me.
R
ecen
tly, t
he T
ime
Diff
eren
tial R
ecoi
l in
Vac
uum
(TD
RIV
) exp
erim
enta
l tec
hniq
ue w
as
reva
mpe
d to
be
appl
icab
le f
or r
adio
activ
e be
ams.
TD
RIV
has
bee
n te
sted
suc
cess
fully
and
pr
oduc
ed h
igh-
prec
isio
n re
sults
for
the
sta
ble
24M
g nu
cleu
s [3
]. H
owev
er,
the
succ
essf
ul
appl
icat
ion
of th
e te
chni
que
relie
s hea
vily
on
calib
ratio
ns o
f the
de-
orie
ntat
ion
phen
omen
on.
A r
ecen
t exp
erim
ent u
sing
the
MIN
IBA
LL a
rray
at R
EX/IS
OLD
E (IS
628)
has
foc
used
on
the
appl
icat
ion
of th
e m
etho
d w
ith a
radi
oact
ive
28M
g be
am. T
he g
fact
or o
f the
28M
g fir
st
2+ exc
ited
stat
e ca
n ac
t as
an
exce
llent
pro
be o
f th
e N
=16
shel
l ga
p an
d th
e νd
3/2
sing
le-
parti
cle
ener
gy,
as w
ell
as t
he p
ossi
ble
pres
ence
of
spdf
adm
ixtu
res.
The
parti
cula
r m
easu
rem
ent w
ill b
e a
next
ste
p to
war
ds a
g fa
ctor
mea
sure
men
t on
32M
g in
the
cent
er o
f the
“i
slan
d of
inve
rsio
n”, w
here
the
N=2
0 sh
ell c
losu
re b
reak
s dow
n en
hanc
ing
1p-1
h ex
cita
tions
an
d sh
ape-
coex
iste
nce.
In
this
pap
er, t
he a
naly
sis
of th
e sp
ectro
scop
ic d
ata
reco
rded
for a
22N
e be
am, w
hich
was
us
ed f
or c
alib
ratin
g th
e ex
perim
enta
l m
etho
d be
fore
the
act
ual
run
on 28
Mg
is r
epor
ted.
Pr
elim
inar
y da
ta o
n th
e an
gula
r dis
tribu
tions
for t
he 22
Ne
2+ Æ0+ tr
ansi
tion
will
be
pres
ente
d,
an im
porta
nt p
rere
quis
ite b
efor
e a
rem
easu
rem
ent o
f g(22
Ne;
2 1+ ).
Ref
eren
ces
[1]
B. A
. Bro
wn
and
W. A
. Ric
hter
, Phy
s. R
ev. C
74,
034
315
(200
6)
[2]
W. A
. Ric
hter
, S. M
khiz
e an
d B
. A. B
row
n, P
hys.
Rev
. C 7
8 06
4302
(200
8)
[3]
A. K
usog
lu e
t al.,
Phy
s. R
ev. L
ett.
114
0625
01 (2
015)
*
Parti
al f
inan
cial
sup
port
from
EN
SAR
2 is
ack
now
ledg
ed. A
. Kha
liel a
ckno
wle
dges
sup
port
from
EL
IDEK
(“1s
t Cal
l for
Sup
port
of P
hD st
udie
s”).
Dir
ect m
easu
rem
ent o
f fis
sion
barr
ier
heig
hts o
f uns
tabl
e he
avy
nucl
ei
at IS
OL
faci
litie
s
Joze
f Klim
o an
d M
artin
Ves
elský
Sl
ovak
Aca
dem
y of
Sci
ence
s, B
ratis
lava
Fi
ssio
n ba
rrie
r he
ight
is o
ne o
f th
e le
ast k
now
n nu
clea
r pa
ram
eter
s, w
ith e
xper
imen
tal d
ata,
ac
quire
d de
cade
s ag
o, e
xist
ing
only
clo
se to
the
line
of b
eta-
stab
ility
. Ava
ilabi
lity
of h
eavy
ra
dioa
ctiv
e be
ams o
ffer
s pos
sibi
lity
to in
vest
igat
e th
eir t
rans
fer-
indu
ced
fissi
on a
nd th
us p
robe
th
eir
fissi
on b
arrie
rs. T
he p
rese
nt s
tatu
s of
the
topi
c w
ill b
e ex
plai
ned
in th
is p
aper
and
then
w
e w
ill d
iscu
ss th
e po
ssib
ilitie
s to
sta
ge e
xper
imen
tal s
tudi
es o
f fis
sion
bar
rier h
eigh
ts a
t new
ge
nera
tion
of IS
OL
faci
litie
s (E
UR
ISO
LDF)
. As
an e
xam
ple
we
sele
ct th
e ex
perim
ent I
S581
, be
ing
prep
ared
for e
xecu
tion
at th
e H
IE-I
SOLD
E fa
cilit
y (C
ERN
), w
hich
will
take
adv
anta
ge
of th
e st
ate
of th
e ar
t det
ectio
n te
chni
que
such
as t
he a
ctiv
e ta
rget
AC
TAR
TPC
.
An
in-s
itu m
etho
d fo
r m
appi
ng r
adio
activ
ity a
t bea
ch s
ands
us
ing
the
mob
ile g
amm
a-ra
y sp
ectr
omet
ry
C
. Tsa
baris
1 , D.L
. Pat
iris1 , K
. Myt
akid
is2 , E
.G. A
ndro
ulak
aki1 , F.
K. P
appa
1,3 ,
S. A
lexa
kis1 , E.
Kra
sako
poul
ou2
1 In
stitu
te o
f Oce
anog
raph
y, H
elle
nic
Cen
tre
for M
arin
e Re
sear
ch, 1
9013
, Ana
vyss
os, G
reec
e 2 D
epar
tmen
t of M
arin
e Sc
ienc
es, U
nive
rsity
of A
egea
n, M
ytili
ni, L
esvo
s, G
reec
e 3 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysic
s, Na
tiona
l Tec
hnic
al U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, 15
780,
Ath
ens,
Gre
ece.
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: tsa
baris
@hc
mr.g
r In
the
fram
e of
the
IAEA
Coo
rdin
ated
Res
earc
h Pr
ojec
t (G
4200
6), a
new
met
hod
is a
pplie
d fo
r m
appi
ng N
atur
al O
ccur
ring
Rad
ionu
clid
e M
ater
ials
(N
OR
Ms)
at
spec
ific
beac
h sa
nd
area
s. B
each
sa
nd
area
s ar
e se
nsiti
ve
mar
ine
syst
ems
sinc
e th
ey
are
affe
cted
fr
om
anth
ropo
geni
c ac
tiviti
es
(e.g
. co
asta
l in
dust
ry)
and
requ
est
regu
lar
mon
itorin
g an
d ra
diol
ogic
al m
aps d
ue to
the
hum
ans’
inte
ract
ion
(esp
ecia
lly d
urin
g dr
y pe
riods
).
The
prop
osed
met
hod
for
map
ping
rad
ioac
tivity
was
app
lied
at t
he L
esvo
s Is
land
(G
reec
e) s
ince
it
is a
kno
wn
area
with
enh
ance
d N
OR
Ms
com
pare
d to
the
wor
ldw
ide
back
grou
nd v
alue
s. Th
e en
hanc
ed v
alue
s ar
e du
e to
the
min
eral
ogy
of th
e sp
ecifi
c ar
ea a
nd
not f
rom
the
anth
ropo
geni
c ac
tiviti
es. T
he L
esvo
s Is
land
is lo
cate
d in
the
Aeg
ean
mic
ropl
ate,
ne
ar th
e so
uth-
wes
tern
sec
tor o
f the
Nor
th A
nato
lian
faul
t. Th
e pr
esen
ce o
f thi
s fa
ult h
as le
d to
cut
ting
the
isla
nd fr
om A
sia
Min
or, a
nd is
resp
onsi
ble
for s
ever
al d
evas
tatin
g ea
rthqu
akes
, w
hich
occ
urre
d in
the
regi
on. I
t is
a se
mi-e
nclo
sed
coas
tal e
cosy
stem
at t
he N
orth
-Wes
t par
t of
the
isla
nd. A
lso,
the
volc
anic
act
ivity
in th
e is
land
was
a re
sult
of th
e co
llisi
on o
f Eur
asia
n lit
hosp
heric
pla
te in
the
north
, with
the
Afr
ican
lith
osph
eric
pla
te in
the
sout
h. T
he v
olca
nic
activ
ity a
t Les
vos,
caus
ed th
e ex
it of
hug
e qu
antit
ies o
f lav
a, a
sh a
nd o
ther
mat
eria
ls th
at th
ey
cove
red
larg
e ar
eas.
Mor
eove
r, Le
svos
has
sig
nific
ant g
eoth
erm
al p
oten
tial,
as e
vide
nced
by
the
exis
tenc
e of
num
erou
s ho
t sp
rings
and
geo
ther
mal
fie
lds
of l
ow,
med
ium
and
hig
h en
thal
py.
An
in-s
itu m
etho
d fo
r rap
id ra
diol
ogic
al c
hara
cter
izat
ion
and
map
ping
of b
each
sand
s has
be
en d
evel
oped
in
the
fram
e of
G42
006
Coo
rdin
ated
Res
earc
h Pr
ojec
t. N
ew r
esul
ts a
nd
radi
olog
ical
map
s ob
tain
ed i
n tw
o se
lect
ed b
each
es l
ocat
ed in
Les
vos
Isla
nd, A
egea
n Se
a,
Gre
ece.
The
met
hod
was
dev
elop
ed b
ased
on
mob
ile in
situ
gam
ma-
ray
spec
trosc
opy
and
it w
as f
ocus
on
map
ping
rad
ium
’s 22
6 Ra
prog
eny
(214 B
i). T
he m
etho
d pr
ovid
es m
easu
rem
ents
of
214 B
i con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n B
q/kg
). Fo
r qua
ntifi
catio
n pu
rpos
e, in
ter-
calib
ratio
n w
as o
ccur
red
betw
een
mea
sure
men
ts o
btai
ned
by t
wo
diff
eren
t in
situ
sys
tem
s; K
ATE
RIN
A a
NaI
(Tl)
base
d lo
w t
o m
ediu
m r
esol
utio
n sp
ectro
met
er [
1] a
nd G
eoM
AR
EA [
2] a
CeB
r3 b
ased
m
ediu
m r
esol
utio
n sp
ectro
met
er. T
he f
orm
er w
as u
sed
for
the
map
ping
of
the
beac
hes
and
the
late
r for
mea
sure
men
t of s
edim
ent s
ampl
es (i
n or
der t
o ca
libra
te th
e ga
mm
a-ra
y in
tens
ity
of th
e ph
otop
eak
in a
bsol
ute
units
). A
lthou
gh, t
he m
easu
rem
ent o
f the
sam
ples
took
pla
ce in
th
e la
bora
tory
, for
ope
ratio
nal p
urpo
ses,
the
quan
tific
atio
n pr
oces
s w
ould
be
feas
ible
to b
e pe
rfor
med
in th
e fie
ld in
less
than
24h
(du
ring
the
nigh
t afte
r th
e en
d of
eac
h su
rvey
of
the
expe
rimen
tal w
ork)
. A
ccor
ding
to th
e af
orem
entio
ned
geol
ogic
al s
ettin
g an
d th
e hi
gh to
uris
tic a
ttrac
tion
that
ch
arac
teriz
e th
e no
rther
n pa
rt of
the
Isla
nd, t
wo
beac
hes
wer
e se
lect
ed fo
r the
dem
onst
ratio
n
of th
e de
velo
ped
met
hodo
logy
. The
firs
t one
(Ana
ksos
bea
ch) i
s lo
cate
d at
the
north
ern-
wes
t an
d th
e se
cond
(Ts
onia
bea
ch)
at t
he n
orth
ern-
east
par
t of
the
Isl
and
on b
oth
side
s of
M
olyv
os v
illag
e w
hich
is th
e to
p to
uris
tic d
estin
atio
n of
the
isla
nd.
Ack
now
ledg
men
ts
Dr.
C.
Tsab
aris
wou
ld l
ike
to a
ckno
wle
dge
IAEA
for
sup
porti
ng t
his
wor
k un
der
the
G42
006
Coo
rdin
ated
R
esea
rch
Proj
ect
“In
Situ
M
easu
rem
ents
fo
r R
apid
En
viro
nmen
tal
Map
ping
of
C
onta
min
ated
Site
s”.
The
spec
ific
proj
ect
that
is
impl
emen
ted
from
HC
MR
is e
ntitl
ed “
In-s
itu
met
hod
deve
lopm
ent f
or ra
pid
radi
olog
ical
cha
ract
eriz
atio
n an
d m
appi
ng o
f bea
ch sa
nds”
. R
efer
ence
s [1
] C. T
saba
ris, C
. Bag
atel
as, T
h. D
akla
das,
C.T
. Pap
adop
oulo
s, R
. Vla
stou
, G.T
. Chr
onis
, 200
8, “
An
auto
nom
ous
in s
itu d
etec
tion
syst
em f
or r
adio
activ
ity m
easu
rem
ents
in
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent”
, A
pplie
d R
adia
tion
and
Isot
opes
66,
141
9-14
26.
[2]
C. T
saba
ris, E
. G. A
ndro
ulak
aki,
A. P
rosp
atho
poul
os, S
. Ale
xaki
s, G
. Ele
fther
iou,
D. L
. Pat
iris,
F.K
. Pap
pa, K
. Sar
anta
kos,
M. K
okko
ris, R
. Vla
stou
, 201
8 (U
nder
revi
ew).
U
-ser
ies
geoc
hron
olog
y of
foss
il bo
nes
usin
g γ-
spec
trom
etry
in
com
pari
son
to 14
C d
atin
g re
sults
A. K
alai
tzis
1 , E. S
amar
tzid
ou2 , Y
. Man
iatis
3 , E. T
souk
ala2 a
nd S
. Sto
ulos
1
1 Dep
artm
ent o
f Nuc
lear
and
Ele
men
tary
Par
ticle
s Phy
sics
, Sch
ool o
f Phy
sics
, AU
TH, 5
4124
, Th
essa
loni
ki, G
reec
e 2 D
epar
tmen
t of G
eolo
gy, S
choo
l of G
eolo
gy, A
UTH
, 541
24, T
hess
alon
iki,
Gre
ece
3 La
bora
tory
of A
rcha
eom
etry
, NC
SR D
emok
rito
s, 15
310,
Agh
ia P
aras
kevi
, Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
apka
lait@
gmai
l.com
Th
e 23
8 U, 23
5 U a
nd 23
2 Th s
erie
s ra
dion
uclid
es a
s w
ell a
s 40
K c
onte
nt h
ave
been
mea
sure
d us
ing
γ-sp
ectro
scop
y of
fos
sil b
ones
col
lect
ed f
rom
a l
ate
Plei
stoc
ene
exca
vatio
n si
te. T
he U
-ser
ies
datin
g m
etho
d ha
s be
en a
pplie
d an
d an
age
ran
ges
from
17
± 5
kya
due
235 U
-met
hod
up to
19
±3 a
nd 2
7 ±4
kya
bas
ed o
n th
e 23
8 U-m
etho
d ac
cord
ing
to c
hem
ical
con
stan
t tak
en in
to a
ccou
nt.
Thes
e re
sults
pro
ve t
o be
in
prop
er a
gree
men
t w
ithin
mea
sure
men
ts u
ncer
tain
ty c
ompa
red
to
14C
-met
hod
on th
e bo
ne c
olla
ge g
ivin
g ag
e 23
.8 ±
0.1
4 ky
a. T
he ra
dioc
arbo
n ag
e de
mon
stra
tes
that
a c
hem
ical
con
stan
t 1.
332
(±0.
002)
x10
-3 k
y-1 s
houl
d be
con
side
red
for
the
foss
il bo
nes
stud
ied.
U-s
erie
s da
ting
met
hod
base
d on
γ-s
pect
rom
etry
inst
rum
enta
tion
prov
es to
be
effe
ctiv
e re
gard
ing
to a
ccur
ate
geoc
hron
olog
y of
Qua
tern
ary
foss
il bo
nes
even
from
the
rece
nt p
ast.
App
licat
ion
of r
adio
-dat
ing
met
hods
in m
arin
e ar
eas
of G
reec
e
F.K
. Pap
pa1,
2, C
. Tsa
baris
1 , D.L
. Pat
iris1 , E
.G. A
ndro
ulak
aki1 , G
. Ele
fther
iou1 , M
. Kok
koris
2 , R
. Vla
stou
2
1 In
stitu
te o
f Oce
anog
raph
y, H
elle
nic
Cen
tre
of M
arin
e Re
sear
ch, A
navy
ssos
, Atti
ki, 1
9013
, Gre
ece.
2 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysic
s, Na
tiona
l Tec
hnic
al U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, Zo
graf
ou, A
then
s, 15
780,
Gre
ece.
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: fk
papp
a@hc
mr.g
r
Con
tam
inan
ts te
nd to
be
trapp
ed in
aqu
atic
env
ironm
ents
and
acc
umul
ated
in se
dim
ents
dur
ing
proc
esse
s su
ch a
s ad
sorp
tion
and
prec
ipita
tion.
The
se p
roce
sses
fol
low
ed b
y se
dim
enta
tion,
co
ntrib
ute
to th
e cr
eatio
n of
a h
isto
ry re
posi
tory
rega
rdin
g th
e te
mpo
ral t
rend
of c
onta
min
ant
inpu
t int
o aq
uatic
env
ironm
ents
. In
the
case
whe
re lo
ng-te
rm m
onito
ring
data
are
sca
rce,
the
sedi
men
tary
reco
rds
can
prov
ide
retro
spec
tive
info
rmat
ion
on th
e pa
st e
vent
s oc
curr
ed in
the
aqua
tic a
rea.
Acc
ordi
ng t
o [1
], ne
ar m
arin
e ar
eas
wel
l-est
ablis
hed
datin
g m
etho
ds c
an b
e ap
plie
d, b
ased
on
two
inde
pend
ent
met
hodo
logi
es o
f 21
0 Pb (
natu
ral r
adio
nucl
ide)
and
137 C
s (a
rtific
ial
radi
onuc
lide)
. H
owev
er,
man
y di
ffic
ultie
s ar
ise
near
coa
stal
are
as,
such
as
the
dist
urbe
d oc
ean
floor
due
to p
hysi
cal p
roce
sses
(e.g
. wav
es, t
ides
) or a
nthr
opog
enic
act
iviti
es
(e.g
. aqu
acul
ture
, lan
d us
e ch
ange
s), w
hich
influ
ence
the
210 Pb
pro
files
. Add
ition
ally
, the
low
in
tens
ity si
gnal
of 13
7 Cs i
nput
s hin
ders
the
appl
icat
ion
of 13
7 Cs m
etho
dolo
gy in
man
y ca
ses.
In
the
pres
ent s
tudy
, the
reco
nstru
ctio
n of
pas
t eve
nts
in th
e co
asta
l are
a ne
ar m
etal
lic m
ines
is
atte
mpt
ed, u
sing
the
210 Pb
and
137 C
s met
hodo
logi
es a
nd th
e em
erge
d di
ffic
ultie
s are
dis
cuss
ed.
Ref
eren
ces
[1] A
.C. R
uiz-
Fern
ánde
z an
d C
. Hill
aire
-Mar
cel.,
Mar
Pol
lut B
ull 5
9, 1
34-1
45 (2
009)
Hea
vy m
etal
s and
rad
ionu
clid
es c
once
ntra
tions
in m
osse
s fro
m th
e re
gion
of
Nor
ther
n G
reec
e *
C
h. B
etso
u1 , M. F
ront
asye
va2 , E
. Tsa
kiri3 , J
. Han
sman
4 , N. K
azak
is5 , A
. Vas
ilev2 ,
M. K
rmar
4 , A. I
oann
idou
1
1 Ar
istot
le U
nive
rsity
of T
hess
alon
iki,
Phys
ics D
epar
tmen
t, Nu
clea
r Phy
sics L
abor
ator
y, T
hess
alon
iki
5412
4, G
reec
e 2 Fr
ank
Labo
rato
ry o
f Neu
tron
Phys
ics,
Join
t Ins
titut
e fo
r Nuc
lear
Res
earc
h, D
ubna
, Mos
cow
Reg
ion
1419
80, R
ussia
3 Ar
istot
le U
nive
rsity
of T
hess
alon
iki,
Biol
ogy
Dep
artm
ent,
Div
ision
of B
otan
y, T
hess
alon
iki,
Gre
ece
4 Uni
vers
ity o
f Nov
i Sad
, Phy
sics D
epar
tmen
t, Fa
culty
of S
cien
ce, T
rg D
osite
ja O
brad
ovic
a 4,
Nov
i Sa
d, 2
1000
, Ser
bia
5 Arist
otle
Uni
vers
ity o
f The
ssal
onik
i, G
eolo
gy D
epar
tmen
t, D
ivisi
on o
f Hyd
roge
olog
y, T
hess
alon
iki,
Gre
ece
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: ch
bets
ou@
phys
ics.a
uth.
gr
M
osse
s ca
n be
us
ed
as
biom
onito
rs
for
inve
stig
atin
g th
e at
mos
pher
ic
depo
sitio
n of
ra
dion
uclid
es a
nd h
eavy
met
als.
They
hav
e th
e ab
ility
to re
tain
par
ticle
s fr
om th
e ai
r. M
osse
s re
ceiv
e m
ost o
f the
ir nu
trien
ts d
irect
ly fr
om w
et a
nd d
ry d
epos
ition
. The
y do
not
hav
e ro
ots
and
the u
ptak
e fr
om th
e sub
stra
te is
nor
mal
ly n
ot si
gnifi
cant
[1].
Thes
e pro
perti
es m
ake m
osse
s an
idea
l low
-cos
t met
hod
of m
onito
ring
the
conc
entra
tions
of h
eavy
met
als
and
radi
onuc
lides
de
posi
ted
from
the
air t
o te
rres
trial
sys
tem
s.
N
inet
y-fiv
e (9
5) s
ampl
es o
f Hyp
num
cup
ress
iform
e H
edw
. wer
e co
llect
ed in
Nor
ther
n G
reec
e du
ring
the
end
of s
umm
er 2
016.
All
the
sam
ples
wer
e co
llect
ed a
ccor
ding
to
the
inst
ruct
ions
of
the
Prot
ocol
of
the
Euro
pean
Sur
vey
ICP
Veg
etat
ion.
The
y w
ere
anal
yzed
to
the
cont
ent o
f hea
vy m
etal
s usi
ng IN
AA
. The
con
cent
ratio
ns o
f rad
ionu
clid
es w
ere
dete
rmin
ed
usin
g ga
mm
a sp
ectro
met
ry.
Th
e ac
tivity
con
cent
ratio
ns o
f 137 C
s, 40
K, 7 B
e an
d 21
0 Pb w
ere
dete
rmin
ed. D
iffer
ence
s hav
e be
en o
bser
ved
in th
e ac
tivity
con
cent
ratio
ns b
etw
een
mos
ses
colle
cted
fro
m g
roun
d su
rfac
e,
rock
s, br
anch
es a
nd r
oots
. 7 Be
and
210 Pb
act
ivity
con
cent
ratio
ns a
re h
ighe
r in
mos
s sa
mpl
es
from
the
grou
nd s
urfa
ce a
nd ro
cks.
137 C
s co
ncen
tratio
ns a
re h
ighe
r in
mos
ses
colle
cted
nea
r ro
ots a
nd ro
cks.
H
igh
conc
entra
tions
of A
l and
V w
ere
notic
ed in
are
as w
here
met
al in
dust
ries,
coal
fire
d po
wer
pla
nts
and
ligni
te m
inin
g ex
ist.
Are
as w
ith m
anuf
actu
ring,
ele
ctric
ity a
nd h
eat
prod
uctio
n ac
tiviti
es,
show
ed a
n ad
ditio
nal
incr
ease
in
conc
entra
tions
of
As,
Cr
and
Ni
elem
ents
. Fi
nally
, a
high
sam
plin
g de
nsity
was
ach
ieve
d, p
rovi
ding
inf
orm
atio
n fo
r th
e el
emen
tal
and
radi
onuc
lides
dep
ositi
on f
rom
the
atm
osph
ere
to t
erre
stria
l sy
stem
s ov
er th
e re
gion
of N
orth
ern
Gre
ece.
R
efer
ence
s [1
] H. H
arm
ens
et a
l., IC
P V
eget
atio
n Pr
ogra
mm
e C
oord
inat
ion
Cen
tre, p
p 63
(201
3)
* Th
is w
ork
is su
ppor
ted
by th
e H
elle
nic
Foun
datio
n fo
r Res
earc
h an
d In
nova
tion
Rai
ndro
p “a
ge”
estim
atio
n by
in-s
itu, c
ontin
uous
mon
itori
ng o
f at
mos
pher
ic r
adon
pro
geni
es
D
.L. P
atiri
s1 , K.E
. Liv
anou
2 , C. T
saba
ris1 , S
. Ale
xaki
s1 , E.G
. And
roul
akak
i1
1 Insti
tute
of O
cean
ogra
phy,
Hel
leni
c C
entr
e fo
r Mar
ine
Rese
arch
, 190
13, A
navy
ssos
, Gre
ece
2 Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Nat
iona
l Tec
hnic
al U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, 15
780,
Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
dpat
iris@
hcm
r.gr
Rad
on 22
2 Rn
eman
atio
n an
d de
cay
brin
gs th
e ra
dioi
soto
pes
of p
olon
ium
218 Po
, lea
d 21
4 Pb a
nd
bism
uth
214 B
i in
the
atm
osph
ere.
All
stro
ngly
ten
ds t
o at
tach
ont
o th
e su
rfac
e of
exi
stin
g ae
roso
ls f
orm
ing
radi
oact
ive
aero
sols
. R
adio
activ
e ae
roso
ls p
artic
ipat
e in
atm
osph
eric
pr
oces
ses r
egar
ding
clo
ud fo
rmat
ion,
rain
drop
cre
atio
n an
d pr
ecip
itatio
n. In
the
pres
ent w
ork,
th
e ra
tio o
f th
e ac
tivity
con
certa
tion
of 21
4 Bi/21
4 Pb w
as u
sed
to e
stim
ate
the
“age
” of
ra
indr
ops,
the
elap
sed
time
betw
een
the
star
t of
dro
plet
s fo
rmat
ion
in t
he c
loud
and
the
de
posi
tion
of r
aind
rops
on
the
soil.
To
this
end
, hou
rly a
tmos
pher
ic d
ata
of 21
4 Pb a
nd 21
4 Bi
coun
ting
rate
s w
ere
cont
inuo
usly
obt
aine
d du
ring
the
perio
d fr
om O
ctob
er 2
017
to M
arch
20
18 a
t the
faci
litie
s of
HC
MR
in s
outh
Atti
ca, b
y m
eans
of t
he u
nder
wat
er d
etec
tion
syst
em
Geo
MA
REA
. The
sys
tem
is b
ased
on
a 2"
x2"
CeB
r 3 s
cint
illat
ion
crys
tal p
rovi
ding
med
ium
re
solu
tion
gam
ma-
ray
spec
tra. T
he p
ropo
sed
met
hod
is b
ased
on
the
appl
icat
ion
of B
atem
an
equa
tion
and
the
assu
mpt
ion
of r
adio
activ
e eq
uilib
rium
bet
wee
n 22
2 Rn
and
its p
roge
nies
in
two
dist
inct
cas
es;
in c
loud
bef
ore
the
initi
aliz
atio
n of
dro
plet
s fo
rmat
ion
and
in t
he
prox
imity
of
the
dete
ctio
n sy
stem
dur
ing
calm
, no
win
d an
d no
rai
n co
nditi
ons.
The
form
er
conc
erns
the
estim
atio
n of
the
initi
al a
ctiv
ity c
once
ntra
tion
ratio
of
218 Po
, 214 Pb
and
214 B
i in
the
clou
d w
hile
the
latte
r, th
e ca
lcul
atio
n of
the
full
ener
gy p
hoto
-pea
k de
tect
ion
effic
ienc
y ra
tio f
or 3
52 k
eV a
nd 6
09 k
eV p
hoto
-pea
ks c
orre
spon
ding
to 21
4 Pb a
nd 21
4 Bi r
espe
ctiv
ely.
Th
e re
sults
obt
aine
d fr
om d
ata
anal
ysis
of
50 p
reci
pita
tion
even
ts r
evea
l rai
ndro
p “a
ges”
in
the
orde
r of m
agni
tude
of s
ever
al m
inut
es u
p to
alm
ost t
wo
hour
s.
The
pro
ton
spin
puz
zle
from
Lat
tice
QC
D *
C. A
lexa
ndro
u1,2 , M
. Con
stan
tinou
3 , K. H
adjiy
iann
akou
1 , K. J
anse
n,4, C
. Kal
lidon
is1 , G
. K
outs
ou1 , A
. Vaq
uero
5 , C. W
iese
4
1 Com
puta
tion-
base
d Sc
ienc
e an
d Te
chno
logy
Res
earc
h C
ente
r, Th
e Cy
prus
Inst
itute
, 20
Kav
afi S
tr.,
Nic
osia
212
1, C
ypru
s 2 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of C
ypru
s, P.
O. B
ox 2
0537
, 167
8 Ni
cosi
a, C
ypru
s 3 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, T
empl
e U
nive
rsity
, 192
5 N
. 12t
h St
reet
, Phi
lade
lphi
a, P
A 19
122-
1801
, USA
4 N
IC, D
ESY,
Pla
tane
nalle
e 6,
D-1
5738
Zeu
then
, Ger
man
y 5 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs a
nd A
stro
nom
y, U
nive
rsity
of U
tah,
Sal
t Lak
e Ci
ty, U
T 84
112,
USA
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: m
arth
ac@
tem
ple.
edu
Q
uant
um C
hrom
odyn
amic
s (Q
CD
) is
the
theo
ry o
f the
stro
ng in
tera
ctio
ns th
at b
inds
qua
rks
and
gluo
ns to
form
the
nucl
eons
, the
fund
amen
tal c
onst
ituen
ts o
f the
vis
ible
mat
ter.
Und
erst
andi
ng n
ucle
on s
truct
ure
is c
onsi
dere
d a
mile
ston
e of
had
roni
c ph
ysic
s an
d ne
w
faci
litie
s ar
e pl
anne
d de
vote
d to
its
stu
dy. A
fut
ure
Elec
tron-
Ion-
Col
lider
pro
pose
d by
the
sc
ient
ific
com
mun
ity w
ill g
reat
ly d
eepe
n ou
r kno
wle
dge
on th
e fu
ndam
enta
l con
stitu
ents
of
the
visi
ble
wor
ld. T
o ac
hiev
e th
is g
oal,
a sy
nerg
y be
twee
n th
e ex
perim
enta
l and
theo
retic
al
sect
ors
is i
mpe
rativ
e, a
nd L
attic
e Q
CD
is
in a
uni
que
posi
tion
to p
rovi
de i
nput
fro
m f
irst
prin
cipl
e ca
lcul
atio
ns. O
ver t
he la
st y
ears
Lat
tice
QC
D h
as m
ade
sign
ifica
nt p
rogr
ess y
ield
ing
resu
lts th
at c
an b
e co
mpa
red
to e
xper
imen
tal m
easu
rem
ents
with
con
trolle
d sy
stem
atic
s.
In th
is ta
lk w
e w
ill d
iscu
ss re
cent
pro
gres
s in
nuc
leon
stru
ctur
e fr
om L
attic
e Q
CD
usi
ng
stat
e-of
-the-
art s
imul
atio
ns w
ith p
ion
mas
s tun
ed a
t its
phy
sica
l val
ue. E
mph
asis
will
be
give
n on
qua
ntiti
es th
at h
ave
impl
icat
ion
on th
e pr
oton
spin
in o
rder
to a
ddre
ss th
e qu
estio
n: “
Whe
re
does
the
spin
of p
roto
n co
me
from
”? A
long
the
line
of u
nder
stan
ding
this
long
-sta
ndin
g pu
zzle
w
e w
ill a
lso
high
light
dev
elop
men
ts o
n th
e ev
alua
tion
of th
e gl
uon
mom
entu
m f
ract
ion.
A
sum
mar
y of
the
deco
mpo
sitio
n fo
und
in th
is w
ork
is sh
own
in F
ig. 1
.
Fi
gure
1: T
he p
roto
n sp
in d
ecom
posi
tion
* Th
is w
ork
is s
uppo
rted
by t
he U
S N
atio
nal
Scie
nce
Foun
datio
n un
der
Gra
nt N
o. P
HY
-17
1440
7
Stro
ngly
inte
ract
ing
nucl
eons
: fro
m fe
w to
man
y*
M
ateu
sz B
urac
ynsk
i1 , Will
iam
G. D
awki
ns1 , A
lexa
ndro
s Gez
erlis
1 , Naw
ar Is
mai
l1
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of G
uelp
h, G
uelp
h O
N N
1G 2
W1,
Can
ada
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail: [email protected]
W
e w
ill d
iscu
ss n
ucle
i, ne
utro
n st
ars,
and
ultra
cold
ato
mic
gas
es. T
he u
nify
ing
them
e w
ill b
e th
e in
terp
lay
of t
wo-
(or
hig
her-
) bo
dy i
nter
actio
ns,
wav
e fu
nctio
n co
rrel
atio
ns,
and
the
met
hods
em
ploy
ed t
o so
lve
the
quan
tum
man
y-pa
rticl
e pr
oble
m.
Afte
r so
me
peda
gogi
cal
com
men
ts
on
nucl
ear
forc
es
and
man
y-bo
dy
met
hods
, w
e fo
cus
on
som
e of
ou
r gr
oup'
s rec
ent r
esul
ts.
The
prob
lem
s ta
ckle
d in
clud
e qu
asip
artic
le e
xcita
tions
, sy
stem
s of
re
duce
d di
men
sion
ality
, as
wel
l as
the
int
erpl
ay o
f ex
tern
al f
ield
s an
d st
rong
cor
rela
tions
. Th
roug
hout
, w
e w
ill a
ttem
pt t
o m
ake
conn
ectio
ns w
ith c
urre
nt o
r fu
ture
exp
erim
enta
l m
easu
rem
ents
.
*
This
wor
k w
as s
uppo
rted
in p
art
by t
he N
atur
al S
cien
ces
and
Engi
neer
ing
Res
earc
h C
ounc
il (N
SER
C)
of C
anad
a, th
e Ca
nada
Fou
ndat
ion
for
Inno
vatio
n (C
FI),
and
the
Early
Res
earc
her A
war
d (E
RA
) pro
gram
of t
he O
ntar
io M
inis
try o
f Res
earc
h, In
nova
tion
and
Scie
nce.
L
ight
flav
our
hadr
on a
nd in
clus
ive
char
ged
part
icle
pT-s
pect
ra m
easu
red
with
the
AL
ICE
exp
erim
ent a
t CE
RN
P. G
anot
i, fo
r the
ALI
CE
Col
labo
ratio
n
Nat
iona
l and
Kap
odis
tria
n U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
pgan
oti@
phys
.uoa
.gr
Ligh
t fla
vour
had
ron
and
incl
usiv
e ch
arge
d pa
rticl
e sp
ectra
pro
vide
an
inte
rest
ing
prob
e of
the
parti
cle
prod
uctio
n m
echa
nism
s an
d th
e tra
nspo
rt pr
oper
ties
of Q
CD
mat
ter.
In th
is ta
lk w
e pr
esen
t the
cha
rged
par
ticle
and
neu
tral m
eson
incl
usiv
e p T
-diff
eren
tial c
ross
sec
tions
in p
p (2
.76,
5.0
2, 7
and
8 T
eV),
p-Pb
(5.0
2 Te
V),
Pb-P
b (2
.76
and
5.02
TeV
) and
Xe-
Xe
(5.4
4 Te
V)
colli
sion
s m
easu
red
by A
LIC
E.
Th
e sp
ectra
are
stu
died
in d
iffer
ent m
ultip
licity
(for
pp
and
p-Pb
whe
re a
vaila
ble)
and
ce
ntra
lity
clas
ses
(for
AA
). Th
e co
mpa
rison
of
spec
tra a
t sim
ilar〈
dNch
/dn〉
, the
obt
aine
d nu
clea
r mod
ifica
tion
fact
ors,
the
mea
n p T
in A
A c
ollis
ions
and
par
ticle
ratio
s ar
e ob
serv
able
s pr
ovid
ing
impo
rtant
inf
orm
atio
n on
the
med
ium
pro
perti
es o
f th
e sy
stem
for
med
in
the
colli
sion
s. C
ompa
rison
s w
ith m
odel
cal
cula
tions
will
als
o be
dis
cuss
ed.
Stud
y an
d D
etec
tion
of R
elat
ivis
tic S
olar
Neu
tron
s at
Gro
und
leve
l w
ith th
e Sp
heri
cal P
ropo
rtio
nal C
ount
er
D
. Kyr
atzi
s, G
. Sav
vidi
s, an
d I.
Savv
idis
Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Nuc
lear
Phy
sics
Lab
orat
ory,
Ari
stot
le U
nive
rsity
of T
hess
alon
iki,
Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
dkyr
atzi
@ph
ysic
s.au
th.g
r
Stud
ying
the
acce
lera
tion
mec
hani
sm a
nd n
ucle
ar re
actio
ns o
f hig
hly
ener
getic
par
ticle
s th
at
take
pla
ce in
a s
tella
r env
ironm
ent a
re o
f gre
at im
porta
nce
to b
oth
Ast
ropa
rticl
e an
d N
ucle
ar
Phys
ics.
The
parti
cles
of i
nter
est a
re n
eutro
ns, p
rodu
ced
in s
olar
flar
es, w
ithin
the
inte
ract
ion
of h
ighl
y en
erge
tic io
ns w
ith th
e so
lar p
hoto
sphe
re. O
nly
the
mos
t ene
rget
ic S
olar
Neu
trons
re
achi
ng E
arth
(E n
= 5
0 M
eV –
10
GeV
) ar
e ab
le to
pro
paga
te th
roug
h th
e at
mos
pher
e an
d ev
entu
ally
be
mea
sure
d by
gro
und
leve
l det
ecto
rs lo
cate
d in
hig
h al
titud
es [1
].
A n
ovel
met
hod
of h
igh
ener
gy n
eutro
n de
tect
ion
is p
ropo
sed
with
the
Sph
eric
al
Prop
ortio
nal C
ount
er (S
PC) [
2], t
akin
g ad
vant
age
of th
e 20
9 Bi(n
,f) re
actio
n. T
his
reac
tion,
is
cons
ider
ed as
a st
anda
rd fo
r hig
h en
ergy
neu
tron
dete
ctio
n [3
], du
e to
larg
e cro
ss se
ctio
n va
lues
in
the
100
MeV
– 1
GeV
ene
rgy
inte
rval
obt
aine
d in
the
n_TO
F fa
cilit
y at
CER
N [4
]. A
thin
sp
heric
al s
hell
of B
ism
uth
will
be
situ
ated
in
the
larg
e vo
lum
e of
the
SPC
(eq
ual
to t
he
dete
ctor
’s in
ner r
adiu
s), s
ervi
ng a
s ta
rget
for h
igh
ener
gy n
eutro
ns b
omba
rdin
g th
e de
tect
or,
thus
resu
lting
in fi
ssio
n fr
agm
ent e
mis
sion
. A d
etai
led
sim
ulat
ion
of th
e 209 B
i(n,f)
reac
tion
with
th
e IN
CL+
+ [5
] mod
el c
oupl
ed w
ith th
e A
BLA
07 [6
] de–
exci
tatio
n co
de is
per
form
ed (c
ross
se
ctio
n, m
ass
& a
tom
ic n
umbe
r dis
tribu
tion,
kin
etic
ene
rgy
per f
ragm
ent)
in th
e 10
0 M
eV –
10
GeV
ene
rgy
inte
rval
, tog
ethe
r with
SR
IM [7
] for
the
frag
men
ts’ p
roje
cted
rang
e in
209 B
i.
Expe
rimen
tal d
ata
with
a 25
2 Cf s
ourc
e ar
e ob
tain
ed (b
enef
iting
from
the
252 C
f(sf
) rea
ctio
n) a
nd
pres
ente
d, in
ord
er to
val
idat
e th
e SP
C’s
eff
icie
ncy
in fi
ssio
n fr
agm
ent d
etec
tion.
The
resu
lts
are
verif
ied
with
the
sim
ulat
ed 25
2 Cf(
sf) r
eact
ion
from
the
GEF
[8]
mod
el, t
oget
her w
ith th
e fr
agm
ents
’ pr
ojec
ted
rang
e in
var
ious
arg
on g
as p
ress
ures
usi
ng S
RIM
. Cal
cula
tions
for
the
expe
cted
reac
tions
in th
e 20
9 Bi s
hell
have
bee
n pe
rfor
med
in d
iffer
ent a
tmos
pher
ic d
epth
s (70
0 &
100
0 g/
cm3 ),
and
vario
us s
pher
ical
det
ecto
r ra
dii
(r =
0.6
5, 2
.5, 5
, 10
m).
Dat
a fr
om a
ba
ckgr
ound
run
have
als
o be
en a
naly
zed
and
pres
ente
d, c
oncl
udin
g an
inte
grat
ed st
udy.
R
efer
ence
s [1
] Shi
bata
, S.,
Prop
agat
ion
of s
olar
neu
tron
s th
roug
h th
e at
mos
pher
e of
the
Eart
h, J.
Geo
phys
. Res
. (19
94)
[2] I
. Gio
mat
aris
et a
l., A
nov
el la
rge-
volu
me
sphe
rica
l det
ecto
r w
ith p
ropo
rtio
nal a
mpl
ifica
tion
read
-out
, Jo
urna
l of I
nstr
umen
tatio
n 3
(09)
(200
8)
[3] Y
urev
ich,
V.I.
Phy
s. Pa
rt. N
ucle
i (20
12)
[4] D
. Tar
río e
t al.
(n_T
OF
Col
labo
ratio
n), P
hys.
Rev
. C 8
3, 0
4462
0, (2
011)
[5
] S. L
eray
, D. M
ancu
si, P
. Kai
tani
emi,
J.-C
. Dav
id, A
. Bou
dard
, B. B
raun
n an
d J.
Cug
non
J. P
hys.
: Con
f. Se
ries
420
(201
3)
[6] A
. Kel
ic, M
. V. R
icci
ardi
and
K.-H
. Sch
mid
t, Pr
ocee
ding
s of
the
Join
t IC
TP-I
AEA
Adva
nced
Wor
ksho
p on
Mod
el C
odes
for
Spal
latio
n Re
actio
ns, (
2008
) [7
] Jam
es F
. Zie
gler
, M.D
. Zie
gler
, J.P
. Bie
rsac
k, S
RIM
– T
he s
topp
ing
and
rang
e of
ions
in m
atte
r (2
010)
[8
] Kar
l-Hei
nz S
chm
idt,
Bea
triz
Jura
do, C
hris
telle
Sch
mitt
, Gen
eral
des
crip
tion
of fi
ssio
n ob
serv
able
s: T
he
GEF
cod
e, E
PJ W
eb C
onf.
146
0400
1 (2
017)
The
sens
itivi
ty o
f p-M
OSF
ET
dos
emet
er h
eavy
ions
M. F
rago
poul
ou1,
2 , M. Z
aman
i1 , E. B
ento
n3 , Y. U
chih
ori4 , S
. Sis
kos5 , T
. Lao
poul
os5 ,
V. K
onst
anta
kos5 a
nd G
. Sar
raba
yrou
se6
1 S
choo
l of P
hysi
cs, N
ucle
ar a
nd E
lem
enta
ry P
artic
le S
ectio
n Ar
isto
tle U
nive
rsity
of T
hess
alon
iki,
541
24, G
reec
e 2 N
atio
nal C
entr
e fo
r sci
entif
ic re
sear
ch D
emok
ritos
, 153
41,
Agi
a Pa
rask
evi,
Athe
ns, G
reec
e 3 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, O
klah
oma
Stat
e U
nive
rsity
, Stil
lwat
er, O
K 7
4078
-307
2 4 N
atio
nal I
nstit
ute
of R
adio
logi
cal S
cien
ces,
Radi
atio
n M
easu
rem
ent R
esea
rch
Sect
ion,
Chi
ba 2
63-
8555
, JAP
AN
5 Scho
ol o
f Phy
sics
, Ele
ctro
nics
and
Com
pute
rs S
ectio
n Ar
isto
tle U
nive
rsity
of T
hess
alon
iki,
541
24, G
reec
e 6 C
NRS
; LAA
S; 7
ave
nue
du c
olon
el R
oche
, F-3
1077
Tou
lous
e, F
ranc
e
The
p-M
OSF
ET d
osim
eter
stu
died
in
this
wor
k ha
s be
en m
anuf
actu
red
at L
AA
S-C
NR
S La
bora
tory
in
Toul
ouse
Fra
nce,
for
app
licat
ions
in
pers
onal
and
spa
ce d
osim
etry
. Th
ey a
re
prop
osed
for
pro
ton,
neu
trons
, he
avy
ions
and
ele
ctro
n an
d ph
oton
dos
e m
easu
rem
ents
. Th
e cu
rren
t stu
dy in
vest
igat
es th
e se
nsiti
vity
of
the
p-M
OSF
ET e
lect
roni
c do
sim
eter
to h
eavy
ions
re
gard
ing
to b
e us
ed i
n sp
ace
appl
icat
ions
. Irr
adia
tions
to
heav
y io
ns h
ave
been
per
form
ed a
t H
IMA
C a
ccel
erat
or. T
wo
type
s of
p-M
OSF
ETs,
with
LiF
and
with
out L
iF c
onve
rter h
ave
been
st
udie
d. T
he i
rrad
iatio
ns w
ere
perf
orm
ed i
n tw
o do
ses,
10 m
Gy
and
25 m
Gy
and
ener
gies
ra
ngin
g fr
om 1
50 M
eV/n
to 5
00 M
eV/n
.
Res
ults
of e
ffic
ienc
y, a
ccur
acy,
spa
tial r
esol
utio
n of
a c
oded
ape
rtur
e im
agin
g sy
stem
*
Kai
ssas
, I.1,
2 , Pap
adim
itrop
oulo
s, C
.2 , Pot
iriad
is, C
.2 , Kar
afas
oulis
, K.2 , L
ouka
s, D
.3 , La
mbr
opou
los,
C. P
.4 , Clo
uvas
, A.1
1 A
rist
otle
Uni
vers
ity o
f The
ssal
onik
i – S
choo
l of E
lect
rica
l & C
ompu
ter E
ngin
eeri
ng
2 G
reek
Ato
mic
Ene
rgy
Com
mis
sion
– E
nvir
onm
enta
l Rad
ioac
tivity
Mon
itori
ng D
epar
tmen
t 3 N
CSR
“D
emok
rito
s” –
Inst
itute
for N
ucle
ar a
nd P
artic
le P
hysi
cs
4 Tech
nolo
gica
l Edu
catio
nal I
nstit
ute
of S
tere
a El
lada
– A
ircr
aft E
ngin
eeri
ng D
epar
tmen
t Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: ik
aisa
s@gm
ail.c
om
Th
e de
tect
ion
of p
oint
and
ext
ende
d γ
radi
oact
ive
sour
ces
in t
he t
hree
-dim
ensi
onal
(3D
) sp
ace
is im
porta
nt in
the
dom
ain
of n
ucle
ar s
ecur
ity a
nd n
ucle
ar m
edic
ine
appl
icat
ions
. In
this
stud
y, c
oded
ape
rture
imag
ing
of tw
o γ-
cam
eras
com
bine
s with
a tr
iang
ulat
ion
met
hod
in
orde
r to
ach
ieve
the
3D
loc
aliz
atio
n an
d re
solu
tion
of r
adio
activ
e ho
t-spo
ts p
lace
d in
the
Fu
lly C
oded
Fie
ld o
f Vie
w (F
CFO
VS)
of t
he d
evic
e [1
]. Fo
ur w
afer
s of
1m
m th
ick
CdT
e, in
pl
anar
set
-up,
with
tota
l sur
face
4.4
x4.4
cm2 fo
rm a
pix
elat
ed, s
pect
rosc
opic
CM
OS
dete
ctor
[2
]. Th
e de
tect
or p
ixel
pitc
h is
350
μm
and
the
dete
ctab
le p
hoto
n en
ergy
rang
es fr
om 1
5 ke
V
up to
240
keV
with
an
ener
gy re
solu
tion
of 3
-4 k
eV F
ull W
idth
at H
alf M
axim
um (F
WH
M).
Each
γ-c
amer
a co
nsis
ts o
f th
e C
MO
S de
tect
or a
nd a
n in
vert
type
of
the
No-
Two-
Hol
es-
Touc
hing
(N
THT)
, Mod
ified
Uni
form
ly R
edun
dant
Arr
ay (
MU
RA
) [3
] co
ded
aper
ture
or
mas
k. F
our d
iffer
ent m
asks
wer
e us
ed, e
ach
one
for a
diff
eren
t ran
ge o
f sou
rce
– γ-
cam
era
Mon
te-C
arlo
sim
ulat
ion
code
dev
elop
ed w
ith e
mph
asis
on
its f
ast r
espo
nse,
in o
rder
to
dist
ingu
ish
the
optim
al d
esig
n pa
ram
eter
s of
the
cod
ed a
pertu
res
and
thei
r ge
omet
rical
co
mbi
natio
n w
ith t
he p
ixel
ated
det
ecto
rs. E
xper
imen
tal
loca
lizat
ion
of p
oint
and
ext
ende
d ra
dioa
ctiv
e so
urce
s of
241 A
m, 99
mTc
, 57C
o, 13
7 Cs,
wer
e co
nduc
ted
in o
rder
to c
hara
cter
ize
the
expe
rimen
tal d
evic
e in
term
s of i
ts e
ffic
ienc
y, lo
caliz
atio
n ac
cura
cy a
nd sp
atia
l res
olut
ion.
Figu
re 1
: The
exp
erim
enta
l set
-up
for
the
loca
lizat
ion
of tw
o 99
mTc
hot
-spo
ts
(via
ls o
n to
p) a
nd th
e co
ded
aper
ture
im
agin
g sy
stem
con
sist
ed b
y tw
o γ-
cam
eras
with
MU
RA
rank
19
mas
ks.
The
resu
lts i
ndic
ate
that
the
dev
ice
coul
d be
use
ful i
n th
e de
com
mis
sion
ing
of n
ucle
ar
faci
litie
s, th
e nu
clea
r se
curit
y im
agin
g ap
plic
atio
ns a
nd th
e in
traop
erat
ive
nucl
ear
med
icin
e im
agin
g w
ith p
orta
ble
γ-ca
mer
as. S
peci
fical
ly, t
he lo
caliz
atio
n ac
cura
cy is
bet
ter t
han
1% fo
r po
int s
ourc
es a
nd 3
% f
or e
xten
ded
hot-s
pots
, con
side
ring
γ-em
itter
s w
ith p
hoto
-pea
k in
the
rang
e of
15
to 2
40 k
eV. T
he s
patia
l res
olut
ion
rang
es fr
om 2
.5 c
m to
4 c
m, d
epen
ding
on
the
sour
ce –
γ-c
amer
a di
stan
ce. T
he s
ensi
tivity
of
the
devi
ce i
s su
ch,
that
30
MB
q ho
t-spo
ts,
plac
ed a
bout
20
cm fr
om th
e de
vice
, can
be
accu
rate
ly lo
caliz
ed w
ith c
ount
ing
time
less
than
3
seco
nds.
Ref
eren
ces
[1]
I. K
aiss
as, C
. Pap
adim
itrop
oulo
s, C
. Pot
iriad
is, K
. Kar
afas
oulis
, D. L
ouka
s, an
d C.
P.
Lam
brop
oulo
s, “I
mag
ing
of sp
atia
lly e
xten
ded
hot s
pots
with
cod
ed a
pertu
res f
or in
tra-o
pera
tive
nucl
ear m
edic
ine
appl
icat
ions
,” J
. Ins
trum
., vo
l. 12
, no.
1, 2
017.
[2
] K
. Spa
rtiot
is e
t al.,
“X
-and
Gam
ma
Ray
Imag
ing
Syst
ems b
ased
on
CdT
e-C
MO
S D
etec
tor
Tech
nolo
gy,”
200
8.
[3]
E. E
. Fen
imor
e an
d T.
M. C
anno
n, “
Uni
form
ly re
dund
ant a
rray
s: d
igita
l rec
onst
ruct
ion
met
hods
.,” A
ppl.
Opt
., vo
l. 20
, no.
10,
pp.
185
8–64
, 198
1.
* Th
is re
sear
ch h
as b
een
fund
ed b
y N
ATO
(SfP
-984
705)
SEN
ERA
pro
ject
and
by
the
FP7-
SEC
-21
8000
CO
CA
E pr
ojec
t.
In-M
ediu
m S
tran
gene
ss P
rodu
ctio
n an
d hy
pero
n-po
tent
ials
*
T.
Gai
tano
s1 , A. V
iola
ris1 , L
. Fab
biet
ti, M
. Ste
ffen
, J. W
irth
(HA
DES
Col
labo
ratio
n)2
1 A
rist
otle
Uni
vers
ity o
f The
ssal
onik
i, Ph
ysic
s D
epar
tmen
t 2 T
echn
isch
e U
nive
rsita
et M
uenc
hen,
Phy
sik-
Dep
artm
ent
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
tgai
tano
@au
th.g
r
A h
ot t
opic
of
curr
ent
rese
arch
con
cern
s th
e Eq
uatio
n of
Sta
te (
EoS)
of
nucl
eons
and
, in
pa
rticu
lar,
of h
yper
ons i
n de
nse
nucl
eoni
c m
edia
. The
stud
y of
the
EoS
at n
ucle
on d
ensi
ties f
ar
beyo
nd sa
tura
tion
has b
een
initi
ated
seve
ral d
ecad
es a
go, h
owev
er, t
he b
ehav
ior o
f the
EoS
for
stra
ngen
ess
parti
cles
is s
till a
n op
en is
sue.
The
stra
ngen
ess
part
of th
e Eo
S is
ver
y im
porta
nt
not o
nly
for t
he p
hysi
cs o
f exo
tic (h
yper
)nuc
lei,
but a
lso
cruc
ial f
or n
ucle
ar a
stro
phys
ics,
e.g.
, ne
utro
n st
ar p
hysi
cs.
Her
e w
e pr
esen
t our
rece
nt in
vest
igat
ions
rela
ted
to th
e th
eore
tical
trea
tmen
t of i
n-m
ediu
m
hype
ron-
inte
ract
ions
as
wel
l as
firs
t pr
elim
inar
y ex
perim
enta
l re
sults
fro
m p
ion-
indu
ced
reac
tions
. The
theo
retic
al st
udy
is b
ased
on
the
wel
l-est
ablis
hed
Non
-Lin
ear D
eriv
ativ
e (N
LD)
mod
el, w
hich
is e
xten
ded
to th
e st
rang
enes
s sec
tor v
ia S
U(6
) sym
met
ry a
rgum
ents
. It t
urns
out
th
at t
he N
LD-p
redi
ctio
ns a
re c
onsi
sten
t w
ith m
icro
scop
ic m
odel
s ba
sed
on t
he c
hira
l-EFT
th
eory
. On
the
othe
r han
d, re
cent
exp
erim
enta
l HA
DES
-dat
a on
hyp
eron
and
kao
n pr
oduc
tion
from
pio
n-in
duce
d re
actio
ns i
ndic
ate
sens
itivi
ties
on t
he u
nder
lyin
g in
-med
ium
hyp
eron
po
tent
ials
. We
thus
con
clud
e th
at, t
he re
cent
exp
erim
enta
l dat
a fr
om p
ion-
indu
ced
reac
tions
w
ill d
efin
itely
set
stri
ngen
t co
nstra
ints
on
the
still
les
s un
ders
tood
hyp
eron
-pot
entia
ls i
n nu
cleo
nic
mat
ter.
*
This
wor
k is
sup
porte
d pa
rtial
ly b
y C
OST
(TH
OR
, CA
1521
3), C
OST
(PH
AR
OS,
CA
1621
4) a
nd
DA
AD
(gra
nt 5
7340
132)
.
Nuc
lear
She
ll M
odel
and
Qua
ntum
Pha
se T
rans
ition
s
Sofia
Kar
ampa
gia1,
2 , V
ladi
mir
Zele
vins
ky2
1
Gra
nd V
alle
y St
ate
Uni
vers
ity, A
llend
ale,
MI 4
9401
, USA
2
Nat
iona
l Sup
erco
nduc
ting
Cyc
lotr
on L
abor
ator
y, M
ichi
gan
Stat
e U
nive
rsity
, Ea
st L
ansi
ng, M
I 488
24, U
SA
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
kara
mpa
g@ns
cl.m
su.e
du
The
usua
l nuc
lear
she
ll m
odel
def
ines
nuc
lear
pro
perti
es th
roug
h an
eff
ectiv
e m
ean-
field
plu
s a
two-
body
int
erac
tion
Ham
ilton
ian
in a
fin
ite o
rbita
l sp
ace.
In
this
stu
dy w
e try
to
unde
rsta
nd t
he
corr
elat
ion
betw
een
the
vario
us p
arts
of t
he s
hell
mod
el H
amilt
onia
n an
d th
e nu
clea
r obs
erva
bles
, the
co
llect
ivity
in n
ucle
i and
the
nucl
ear l
evel
den
sity
. By
vary
ing
spec
ific
grou
ps o
f mat
rix e
lem
ents
we
find
sign
s of
a p
hase
tran
sitio
n in
nuc
lei b
etw
een
a no
n-co
llect
ive
and
a co
llect
ive
phas
e. In
all
case
s st
udie
d th
e co
llect
ive
phas
e is
atta
ined
whe
n th
e si
ngle
- pa
rticl
e tra
nsfe
r m
atrix
ele
men
ts a
re
dom
inan
t in
the
she
ll m
odel
Ham
ilton
ian,
giv
ing
colle
ctiv
e ch
arac
teris
tics
and
enha
nced
lev
el
dens
ities
to n
ucle
i.
Shap
e C
oexi
sten
ce
A
ndria
na M
artin
ou
In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
and
Par
ticle
Phy
sics
, Nat
iona
l Cen
tre
for
Scie
ntifi
c Re
sear
ch
“Dem
okri
tos”
, GR-
1531
0 Ag
hia
Para
skev
i, At
tiki,
Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
amar
tinou
@ho
tmai
l.com
Sh
ape
coex
iste
nce
refe
rs t
o a
phen
omen
on, w
here
the
nuc
leus
exh
ibits
tw
o 0+
ban
ds w
ith
diff
eren
t de
form
atio
ns.
Usu
ally
the
gro
und
stat
e ba
nd h
as o
blat
e sh
ape,
whi
le t
he s
light
ly
exci
ted
is p
rola
te. T
he p
heno
men
on h
as b
een
seen
exp
erim
enta
lly in
dis
tinct
isla
nds
of th
e N
-Z
nucl
ear
map
[1]
. Alth
ough
a m
echa
nism
has
bee
n pr
opos
ed f
or th
e ap
pear
ance
of
certa
in
isla
nds
[2],
othe
r st
ill r
emai
n a
mys
tery
. By
attri
butin
g th
e ph
enom
enon
to
diff
eren
t mag
ic
num
bers
, th
e re
st i
slan
ds c
an b
e pr
edic
ted.
The
def
orm
atio
n an
d th
e ba
nd h
eads
can
be
calc
ulat
ed w
ithou
t any
par
amet
er.
Ref
eren
ces
[1
] K. H
eyde
and
John
L. W
ood,
Rev
. Mod
. Phy
s. 8
3 (2
011)
146
7.
[2] K
. Hey
de, P
. Van
Isac
ker,
R.F
. Cas
ten
and
J.L.W
ood,
Phy
s. Le
tt. B
, 155
(198
5) 3
03.
KID
S fu
nctio
nal f
or a
pplic
atio
ns in
hom
ogen
eous
mat
ter
and
finite
nuc
lei *
Pana
giot
a Pa
pako
nsta
ntin
ou1 , H
ana
Gil2 , C
hang
Ho
Hyu
n3 , Yon
gseo
k O
h2
1 R
are
Isot
ope
Scie
nce
Proj
ect,
Inst
itute
for
Basi
c Sc
ienc
e, D
aeje
on 3
4047
, Kor
ea
2 Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Kyu
ngpo
ok N
atio
nal U
nive
rsity
, Dae
gu 4
1566
, Kor
ea
3 Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
Edu
catio
n, D
aegu
Uni
vers
ity, G
yeon
gsan
, Gye
ongb
uk 3
8453
, Kor
ea
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
ppap
akon
@ib
s.re
.kr
W
e ha
ve d
evel
oped
a m
etho
d fo
r ex
tract
ing
a ge
nera
lized
Sky
rme-
type
ene
rgy
dens
ity
func
tiona
l (ED
F) fo
r nuc
lei f
rom
a g
iven
, im
mut
able
equ
atio
n of
stat
e (E
oS) o
f hom
ogen
eous
nu
clea
r mat
ter.
The s
chem
e util
izes
a na
tura
l and
ver
satil
e EoS
Ans
atz
for s
ymm
etric
and
pure
-ne
utro
n m
atte
r [1]
. The
Ans
atz
and
subs
eque
nt sc
hem
e ar
e du
bbed
KID
S (K
orea
: IB
S-D
aegu
-SK
KU
) for
the
loca
le o
r ins
titut
e of
the
orig
inal
dev
elop
ers.
W
e ap
ply
the
sche
me
to c
lose
d-(s
ub)s
hell
nucl
ei to
show
that
a g
ood-
qual
ity S
kyrm
e fo
rce
mod
el c
an e
asily
be
reve
rse-
engi
neer
ed f
rom
a g
ood-
qual
ity E
oS w
ithou
t re
finem
ent
or
exte
nsiv
e fit
ting
[2].
Then
the
bulk
and
sta
tic n
ucle
ar p
rope
rties
are
fou
nd p
ract
ical
ly to
be
inde
pend
ent o
f the
ass
umed
val
ue fo
r the
eff
ectiv
e m
ass,
whi
ch is
a u
niqu
e re
sult
in b
ridgi
ng
nucl
ear E
DF
theo
ry fo
r fin
ite a
nd h
omog
eneo
us s
yste
ms.
Fu
ture
app
licat
ions
abo
und:
Our
met
hodo
logy
will
allo
w u
s to
stu
dy th
e ef
fect
s of
the
EoS
para
met
ers
and
of th
e ef
fect
ive
mas
s on
nuc
lear
obs
erva
bles
whi
le r
etai
ning
the
free
dom
to
vary
maj
or E
oS p
aram
eter
s and
the e
ffec
tive m
ass i
ndep
ende
ntly
. An
expl
orat
ion
of sy
mm
etry
-en
ergy
par
amet
ers
is u
nder
way
[3]
. Fin
ally
, it r
emai
ns f
easi
ble
to c
onst
rain
the
mom
entu
m
depe
nden
ce b
ased
on
mic
rosc
opic
cal
cula
tions
of t
he e
ffec
tive
mas
s or
pol
ariz
ed m
atte
r and
th
e sp
in-o
rbit
coup
ling
from
, e.g
., re
lativ
istic
app
roac
hes.
In
this
talk
I w
ill p
rese
nt b
riefly
the
basi
c id
eas b
ehin
d th
e K
IDS
func
tiona
l and
our
resu
lts
on fi
nite
nuc
lei.
R
efer
ence
s [1
] P. P
apak
onst
antin
ou, T
.-S.P
ark,
Y.L
im, C
.H.H
yun,
Phy
s.Rev
.C97
(201
8)01
4312
. [2
] H. G
il, P
. Pap
akon
stan
tinou
, C.H
.Hyu
n, Y
.Oh,
arX
iv: 1
805.
1132
1.
[3] S
ee, e
.g.,
talk
by
G. A
hn.
* Th
is w
ork
was
supp
orte
d by
the
Rar
e Is
otop
e Sc
ienc
e Pr
ojec
t of t
he In
stitu
te fo
r Bas
ic S
cien
ce fu
nded
by
Min
istry
of S
cien
ce, I
CT
and
Futu
re P
lann
ing
and
the
Nat
iona
l Res
earc
h Fo
unda
tion
(NR
F) o
f Kor
ea
(201
3M7A
1A10
7576
4); a
nd b
y th
e N
atio
nal R
esea
rch
Foun
datio
n of
Kor
ea u
nder
Gra
nt N
os. N
RF-
2015
R1D
1A1A
0105
9603
and
NR
F201
7R1D
1A1B
0302
9020
Nuc
lear
Ene
rgy
Den
sity
Fun
ctio
nal K
IDS
and
Mas
s-R
adiu
s R
elat
ion
of
Neu
tron
Sta
rs
Pa
nagi
ota
Papa
kons
tant
inou
1 , Gilh
o A
hn2
1 R
are
Isot
ope
Scie
nce
Proj
ect,
Inst
itute
for
Basi
c Sc
ienc
e, D
aeje
on 3
4047
, Sou
th K
orea
2 N
atio
nal a
nd K
apod
istr
ian
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, N
ucle
ar a
nd P
artic
le P
hysi
cs S
ectio
n, G
R 15
771,
Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
gila
hn@
phys
.uoa
.gr
Th
e ef
forts
to
unde
rsta
nd n
eutro
n st
ars
cont
inue
with
int
ense
int
eres
t, as
it
has
been
co
nfirm
ed th
at it
is d
urin
g th
e m
ergi
ng o
f tw
o ne
utro
n st
ars
that
r-p
roce
ss ta
kes
plac
e. M
any
effo
rts a
re m
ade
to d
eter
min
e th
e nu
clea
r eq
uatio
n of
sta
te w
hich
gov
erns
the
prop
ertie
s an
d ev
olut
ion
of n
eutro
n st
ars.
Esp
ecia
lly im
porta
nt is
to c
onst
rain
the
para
met
ers
of th
e nu
clea
r sy
mm
etry
ene
rgy.
In
thos
e ef
forts
, N
ucle
ar E
nerg
y D
ensi
ty F
unct
iona
l Th
eory
(D
FT)
has
been
a v
ery
usef
ul to
ol, a
s it
enco
des
effic
ient
ly c
orre
latio
ns a
nd th
e th
ree-
body
for
ce a
nd it
pr
ovid
es a
uni
fied
fram
ewor
k fo
r th
e de
scrip
tion
both
of
nucl
ei,
whi
ch c
an b
e st
udie
d on
Ea
rth, a
nd o
f in
finite
mat
ter
and
its n
ucle
ar e
quat
ion
of s
tate
, whi
ch is
a n
eces
sary
inpu
t in
orde
r to
find
the
Mas
s-R
adiu
s re
latio
n of
neu
tron
star
s.
In t
he p
rese
nt s
tudy
, a
new
nuc
lear
ene
rgy
dens
ity f
unct
iona
l, th
e K
IDS
func
tiona
l, is
ex
plor
ed w
ith a
foc
us o
n th
e nu
clea
r sy
mm
etry
ene
rgy.
In
parti
cula
r, th
e fo
rm o
f th
e fu
nctio
nal a
llow
s us
to e
xam
ine
how
the
max
imum
pos
sibl
e m
ass
of a
neu
tron
star
is a
ffec
ted
by t
he c
hoic
e of
hig
h-or
der
deriv
ativ
es o
f th
e sy
mm
etry
ene
rgy,
whi
ch a
re n
ot w
ell
cons
train
ed f
rom
nuc
lear
dat
a. S
ome
first
con
stra
ints
on
the
skew
ness
are
pre
sent
ed, w
hich
w
ill h
elp
guid
e fu
rther
refin
emen
ts.
Ref
eren
ces
[1] P
. Pap
akon
stan
tinou
et a
l., P
hys.
Rev
C 9
7, 0
1431
2 (2
018)
[2
] Η. G
il et
al.,
arX
iv: 1
805.
1132
1 *
This
wor
k is
sup
porte
d by
the
Rar
e Is
otop
e Sc
ienc
e Pr
ojec
t of t
he In
stitu
te fo
r Bas
ic S
cien
ce fu
nded
by
Min
istry
of S
cien
ce, I
CT
and
Futu
re P
lann
ing
and
the
Nat
iona
l Res
earc
h Fo
unda
tion
(NR
F) o
f K
orea
(201
3M7A
1A10
7576
4)
Con
stra
ints
on
the
inne
r bo
unda
ry o
f a n
eutr
on s
tar
crus
t with
ap
plic
atio
ns o
n sl
ow
rota
ting
neut
ron
star
s*
L.T
salo
ukid
is1 , C
h. M
arga
ritis
1 , Ch.
C. M
oust
akid
is1,
2
1 D
epar
tmen
t of T
heor
etic
al P
hysi
cs, A
rist
otle
Uni
vers
ity o
f The
ssal
onik
i, 54
124
Thes
salo
niki
, Gre
ece
2 The
oret
ical
Ast
roph
ysic
s, E
berh
ard
Kar
ls U
nive
rsity
of T
uebi
ngen
, Tue
bing
en 7
2076
, Ger
man
y
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
mou
stak
i@au
th.g
r
We s
yste
mat
ical
ly st
udy
the s
ymm
etry
ener
gy ef
fect
s of t
he tr
ansi
tion
dens
ity an
d th
e tra
nsiti
on
pres
sure
aro
und
the
crus
t-cor
e in
terf
ace
of a
neu
tron
star
in th
e fr
amew
ork
of th
e dy
nam
ical
an
d th
e th
erm
odyn
amic
al
met
hod
resp
ectiv
ely
[1,2
]. W
e em
ploy
bo
th
the
para
bolic
ap
prox
imat
ion
and
the
full
expa
nsio
n, fo
r the
def
initi
on o
f the
sym
met
ry e
nerg
y [3
,4].
We
use
vario
us th
eore
tical
nuc
lear
mod
els,
whi
ch a
re s
uita
ble
for r
epro
duci
ng th
e bu
lk p
rope
rties
of
nucl
ear
mat
ter
at l
ow d
ensi
ties,
clos
e to
sat
urat
ion
dens
ity a
s w
ell
as t
he m
axim
um
obse
rvat
iona
l ne
utro
n st
ar m
ass.
Firs
tly,
we
deriv
e an
d pr
esen
t an
app
roxi
mat
ion
for
the
trans
ition
pre
ssur
e an
d cr
usta
l mas
s. Se
cond
ly, w
e ex
plor
e th
e ef
fect
s of t
he E
quat
ion
of S
tate
(E
oS) o
n a f
ew as
troph
ysic
al ap
plic
atio
ns w
hich
are s
ensi
tive t
o th
e val
ues o
f tra
nsiti
on d
ensi
ty
and
trans
ition
pre
ssur
e in
clud
ing
neut
ron
star
osc
illat
ion
freq
uenc
ies,
ther
mal
rela
xatio
n of
the
crus
t, cr
usta
l fra
ctio
n of
the
mom
ent o
f ine
rtia
and
the
r-m
ode
inst
abili
ty w
indo
w o
f a ro
tatin
g ne
utro
n st
ar.
We
foun
d th
at t
he a
bove
qua
ntiti
es a
re s
ensi
tive
mai
nly
on t
he a
pplie
d ap
prox
imat
ion
for
the
sym
met
ry e
nerg
y (c
onfir
min
g pr
evio
us r
esul
ts).
Furth
erm
ore,
an
addi
tiona
l se
nsiti
vity
al
so
exis
ts,
depe
ndin
g on
th
e us
ed
met
hod
(dyn
amic
al
or
ther
mod
ynam
ical
). Th
e ab
ove
findi
ngs l
ead
us to
cla
im th
at th
e de
term
inat
ion
of th
e tra
nsiti
on
dens
ity a
nd tr
ansi
tion
pres
sure
mus
t be
relia
ble
and
accu
rate
bef
ore
they
are
use
d to
con
stra
in
rele
vant
neu
tron
star
pro
perti
es.
Ref
eren
ces
[1] T
opic
al Is
sue
on N
ucle
ar S
ymm
etry
Ene
rgy,
Eds
: B.A
. Li,
A. R
amos
, G. V
erde
and
I. V
idan
a,
Eur.
Phys
. Jou
rn. A
50
(2) (
2014
). [2
] J.M
. Lat
timer
and
M. P
raka
sh, P
hys.
Rep
. 442
, 109
(200
7).
[3] C
h. C
. Mou
stak
idis
, T. N
iksi
c, G
. A. L
alaz
issi
s, D
. Vre
tena
r, an
d P.
Rin
g, P
hys.
Rev
. C 8
1,
0658
03 (2
010)
[4
] Ch.
C. M
oust
akid
is, P
hys.
Rev
. C 8
6, 0
1580
1 (2
012)
.
*
This
wor
k w
as p
artia
lly su
ppor
ted
by th
e C
OST
act
ion
PHA
RO
S (C
A16
214)
(The
mul
ti-m
esse
nger
ph
ysic
s and
ast
roph
ysic
s of n
eutro
n st
ars)
and
the
DA
AD
Ger
man
y-G
reec
e gr
ant I
D 5
7340
132.
Con
trib
utio
ns o
f hig
h Y
e ej
ecta
of n
eutr
on s
tar
mer
gers
in
the
r-pr
oces
s nu
cleo
synt
hesi
s
Styl
iano
s N
ikas
1,2 , A
ndré
Sie
verd
ing1,
2 , Gab
riel M
artin
ez P
ined
o1,2
1 T
echn
isch
e U
nive
rsitä
t Dar
mst
adt,
Kar
olin
enpl
. 5, 6
4289
Dar
mst
adt,
Ger
man
y 2 G
SI, P
lanc
kstr
asse
1, 6
4291
Dar
mst
adt,
Ger
man
y Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: s.
nika
s@gs
i.de
Th
e r-
proc
ess
is r
espo
nsib
le fo
r the
pro
duct
ion
of a
bout
hal
f of
the
heav
y el
emen
ts o
bser
ved
in th
e so
lar a
bund
ance
s. T
he s
ite o
f the
r-pr
oces
s w
as u
nkno
wn
until
rece
nt o
bser
vatio
ns. T
he
grav
itatio
nal w
ave
even
t GW
1708
17, w
hich
was
iden
tifie
d as
a b
inar
y N
eutro
n St
ar M
erge
r (N
SM),
was
follo
wed
by
the
dete
ctio
n of
an
elec
trom
agne
tic c
ount
erpa
rt (E
M17
0817
) tha
t is
cons
iste
nt
with
pr
edic
tions
fo
r a
kilo
nova
/mac
rono
va
asso
ciat
ed
with
r-
proc
ess
nucl
eosy
nthe
sis
[1,2
]. In
par
ticul
ar th
e ob
serv
atio
n of
a b
right
, fas
t fad
ing
UV
com
pone
nt.
Sinc
e th
e co
mpl
icat
ed a
tom
ic s
truct
ure
of l
anth
anid
es i
mpl
ies
high
opa
city
eje
cta,
thi
s in
dica
tes
the
pres
ence
of
mat
eria
l w
ith r
elat
ivel
y hi
gh e
lect
ron
frac
tions
and
con
sequ
ently
lo
w la
ntha
nide
pro
duct
ion
[3,4
,5].
We
pres
ent t
he s
tudy
of n
ucle
osyn
thes
is fo
r the
con
ditio
ns
of h
igh
Ye
outfl
ows
from
NSM
s an
d in
vest
igat
e if
this
cou
ld b
e th
e si
te fo
r the
pro
duct
ion
of
the
elem
ents
of t
he r-
proc
ess
abun
danc
e pa
ttern
for A
<10
0.
Figu
re 1
: Abu
ndan
ce v
s M
ass
num
ber f
or a
rang
e of
hig
h Y
e ej
ecta
R
efer
ence
s [1
] Met
zger
, B. D
., et
al.
Mon
thly
Not
ices
of t
he R
oyal
Ast
rono
m. S
ocie
ty 4
06.4
(201
0): 2
650-
2662
[2
] Kas
liwal
, M. M
., et
al.
Scie
nce
358.
6370
(201
7): 1
559-
1565
[3
] Eva
ns, P
. A.,
et a
l. Sc
ienc
e 35
8.63
70 (2
017)
: 156
5-15
70
[4] M
etzg
er, B
rian
D.,
and
Edo
Ber
ger.
the
Ast
roph
ysic
al J
ourn
al 7
46.1
(201
2): 4
8 [5
] Joe
l de
Jesú
s M
endo
za-T
emis
, Joe
l, et
al.
Phys
ical
Rev
iew
C 9
2.5
(201
5): 0
5580
5 *
This
wor
k is
sup
porte
d by
BM
BF-
Ver
bund
fors
chun
gspr
ojek
tnum
ber 0
5P15
RD
FN1.
Inve
stig
atio
n of
the
C3+
KL
L s
pect
rum
obt
aine
d in
col
lisio
ns
of 6
-15
MeV
C4+
(1s2 , 1
s2s
3 S) w
ith g
as ta
rget
s*
I.
Mad
esis
1,2 , A
. Lao
utar
is1,
2 , E.P
. Ben
is3 , a
nd T
. J. M
. Zou
ros1,
2
1 Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Uni
vers
ity o
f Cre
te, P
.O. B
ox 2
208,
GR
7100
3 H
erak
lion,
Gre
ece
2 Tan
dem
Acc
eler
ator
Lab
orat
ory,
INPP
, NCS
R D
emok
ritos
, GR
1531
0 Ag
. Par
aske
vi, G
reec
e 3 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of I
oann
ina,
GR
4511
0 Io
anni
na, G
reec
e Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: im
ades
is@ph
ysic
s.uoc
.gr
W
e ha
ve in
itiat
ed s
yste
mat
ic s
tudi
es o
n th
e si
ngle
ele
ctro
n ca
ptur
e to
the
1s2s
3 S lo
ng-li
ved
com
pone
nt o
f a
mix
ed-s
tate
(1s
2 , 1s
2s 3 S)
He-
like
ion
beam
pro
duce
d by
the
Tan
dem
ac
cele
rato
r. A
ze
ro-d
egre
e A
uger
pr
ojec
tile
spec
trosc
opy
(ZA
PS)
setu
p,
rece
ntly
im
plem
ente
d at
the
Dem
okrit
os 5
.5 M
V T
ande
m a
ccel
erat
or,
is u
sed
for
obta
inin
g th
e ne
cess
ary
high
res
olut
ion
KLL
Aug
er s
pect
ra [
1].
The
1s2s
2p~2,
4 P st
ates
, obs
erve
d in
the
ZA
PS s
pect
ra, m
ay re
sult
from
dire
ct 2
p el
ectro
n ca
ptur
e to
the
1s2s
3 S in
itial
sta
te o
r hig
her
lyin
g (1
s2s
3 S)nl
sta
tes
lead
ing
to t
he p
rodu
ctio
n of
1s2
snl~
2,4 L
stat
es w
hich
can
the
n se
lect
ivel
y fe
ed t
he 1
s2s2
p 4 P
stat
e by
E1
casc
ades
[2, 3
]. Th
ese
1s2s
2p 2,
4 P st
ates
sho
uld
be
prod
uced
in th
e ra
tio R
m ≡
4 P/2 P
= 2,
as o
btai
ned
by sp
in st
atis
tics i
n th
e ab
senc
e of
cas
cade
s.
The
1s2 g
roun
d st
ate
com
pone
nt o
f th
e be
am a
lso
cont
ribut
es t
o th
e pr
oduc
tion
of t
he
1s2s
2p 2 P
stat
es b
y tra
nsfe
r-ex
cita
tion
proc
esse
s [2,
3, 4
], th
us a
lso
affe
ctin
g th
e ob
serv
ed R
m
ratio
. To
isol
ate
the
1s2s
3 S ca
ptur
e co
ntrib
utio
n, a
new
tech
niqu
e is
em
ploy
ed [4
] req
uirin
g th
e m
easu
rem
ent o
f tw
o di
ffer
ent e
lect
ron
spec
tra w
ith b
eam
s ha
ving
sig
nific
antly
diff
eren
t 1s
2s~3 S
cont
ent.
Mor
eove
r, th
e 1s
2s2p
4 P J J
-com
pone
nts
are
also
met
asta
ble
and
ther
efor
e A
uger
dec
ay a
ll al
ong
the
proj
ectil
e pa
th,
afte
r ex
cita
tion
in t
he g
as c
ell.
Dep
endi
ng o
n lif
etim
e, t
his
resu
lts i
n a
subs
tant
ial
incr
ease
of
the
spec
trom
eter
acc
epta
nce
solid
ang
le
requ
iring
a c
ruci
al J
-dep
ende
nt c
orre
ctio
n to
the
mea
sure
d m
etas
tabl
e 4 P 1
/2,
3/2,
5/2
elec
tron
yiel
d. T
his
corr
ectio
n ha
s al
so b
een
appl
ied
to o
ur Z
APS
mea
sure
men
ts u
tiliz
ing
a M
onte
C
arlo
ele
ctro
n tra
ject
ory
sim
ulat
ion
appr
oach
with
in t
he S
IMIO
N c
harg
ed p
artic
le o
ptic
s so
ftwar
e [5
] an
d w
as a
lso
expe
rimen
tally
ver
ified
[6]
. Pre
limin
ary
resu
lts o
n th
e R
m ca
ptur
e ra
tio w
ill b
e pr
esen
ted
and
com
men
ted
acco
rdin
gly.
R
efer
ence
s [1
] I. M
ades
is e
t al.,
J. P
hys:
Con
f. Se
r. 58
3, 0
1201
4 (2
015)
. [2
] T. J
. M. Z
ouro
s, B
. Sul
ik, L
. Gul
yas,
and
K. T
ökés
i, Ph
ys. R
ev. A
77,
050
701
(200
8).
[3] D
. Röh
rbei
n, T
. Kirc
hner
, and
S. F
ritzs
che,
Phy
s. R
ev. A
81,
042
701
(201
0).
[4] E
. P. B
enis
and
T. J
. M. Z
ouro
s, J.
Phys
. B 4
9, 2
3520
2 (2
016)
. [5
] S. D
ouka
s et a
l., R
ev. S
ci. I
nstru
m. 8
6, 0
4311
1 (2
015)
. [6
] E. P
. Ben
is e
t al.,
J. E
l. Sp
. Rel
. Phe
n. 2
22, 3
1 (2
018)
*
We
ackn
owle
dge
supp
ort o
f thi
s w
ork
by th
e pr
ojec
t “Cl
uste
r of A
ccel
erat
or L
abor
ator
ies
for I
on-
Bea
m R
esea
rch
and
App
licat
ions
- C
ALI
BR
A”
(MIS
500
2799
) w
hich
is
impl
emen
ted
unde
r th
e A
ctio
n “R
einf
orce
men
t of
the
Res
earc
h an
d In
nova
tion
Infr
astru
ctur
e”, f
unde
d by
the
Ope
ratio
nal
Prog
ram
me
"Com
petit
iven
ess,
Entre
pren
eurs
hip
and
Inno
vatio
n" (N
SRF
2014
-202
0) a
nd c
o-fin
ance
d by
Gre
ece
and
the
Euro
pean
Uni
on (E
urop
ean
Regi
onal
Dev
elop
men
t Fun
d).
Inve
stig
atio
n of
2s2
p 3,
1 P ex
cita
tion
lines
in 6
-18
MeV
C4+
(1
s2 , 1s2
s 3 S)
col
lisio
ns w
ith g
as ta
rget
s*
A
. Lao
utar
is1,
2, I
. Mad
esis
1, 2
, E. P
Ben
is3 , T
.J.M
Zou
ros1,
2
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of C
rete
, P.O
. Box
220
8, G
R 71
003
Her
aklio
n, G
reec
e 2 T
ande
m A
ccel
erat
or L
abor
ator
y, IN
PP, N
CSR
Dem
okrit
os, G
R 15
310
Ag. P
aras
kevi
, Gre
ece
3 Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Uni
vers
ity o
f Ioa
nnin
a, G
R 45
110
Ioan
nina
, Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
laou
taris
@ph
ysic
s.uoc
.gr
A
zer
o-de
gree
Aug
er p
roje
ctile
spe
ctro
scop
y (Z
APS
) ap
para
tus
has
rece
ntly
bee
n in
tegr
ated
at
the
Dem
okri
tos
5.5
MV
tan
dem
acc
eler
ator
and
is
dedi
cate
d to
hig
h re
solu
tion
Aug
er e
lect
ron
spec
tros
copy
stu
dies
. U
sing
thi
s Z
APS
set
up w
e ha
ve
initi
ated
a sy
stem
atic
isoe
lect
roni
c in
vest
igat
ion
of p
roje
ctile
K-A
uger
ele
ctro
ns e
mitt
ed
from
pre
-exc
ited
He-
like
ions
in
colli
sion
s w
ith d
ilute
gas
tar
gets
[1]
. O
ne o
f ou
r re
sear
ch g
oals
is to
stu
dy th
e fo
rmat
ion
mec
hani
sms
of th
e 2s
2p 3,
1 P s
tate
s. T
hese
line
s ar
e of
par
ticul
ar im
port
ance
in th
e de
taile
d st
udy
of fu
ndam
enta
l exc
itatio
n m
echa
nism
s [2
,3],
i.e. e
lect
ron-
nucl
eus,
ele
ctro
n-el
ectr
on a
nd e
lect
ron-
elec
tron
exc
itatio
n w
ith s
pin
exch
ange
.
So
far
, we
have
obt
aine
d th
e co
llisi
onal
ene
rgy
depe
nden
ce o
f th
e to
tal e
xcita
tion
cros
s se
ctio
ns o
f th
e 2s
2p 3,
1 P s
tate
s. T
ypic
al m
easu
rem
ents
of
high
res
olut
ion
Aug
er
spec
tra
are
show
n in
Fig
. 1.
Cur
rent
ly,
we
are
elab
orat
ing
on t
he r
ole
of t
he a
bove
m
echa
nism
s in
the
popu
latio
n of
the
2s2p
3,1 P
sta
tes
utili
zing
a v
aryi
ng m
etas
tabl
e 1s
2s
3 S H
e-lik
e be
am fr
actio
n. O
ur la
test
resu
lts o
n th
is s
tudy
will
be
pres
ente
d.
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
0510152025303540
6MeV
C4+
(1s2 ,1
s2s
3,1 S
) + H
e
Absolute electron yield (x10-21
cm2/eVsr)
Aug
er e
lect
ron
ener
gy (e
V)
KLL
(1s2
l2l')
2s2
p+K
Ln (1
s2s3 S
)nl
x52s
2p 3 P
2s2p
1 P
Fi
gure
1: (
Blac
k C
ircle
s) C
3+(1
s2l2
l΄) K
LL, (
Blue
squa
res)
C4+
(2s2
p 3,
1 P) K
LL a
nd C
3+(1
s2s 3 S)
nl K
Ln
(n=
3-4)
Aug
er li
nes.
The
beam
was
pro
duce
d by
gas
strip
ping
in th
e ac
cele
rato
r ter
min
al fo
llow
ed b
y ga
s pos
t-stri
ppin
g of
the
anal
yzed
C3+
ions
. R
efer
ence
s [1
] I. M
ades
is e
t al.
2015
J. P
hys:
Con
f. Se
r. 58
3 01
2014
[2
] D.H
. Lee
et a
l. 19
91 N
ucl.
Inst
um. &
Met
h. P
hys.
Res
. B 5
6/57
99
[3
] L.A
. Vai
nsht
ein
et a
l. 19
78 A
tom
ic D
ata
and
Nuc
lear
Dat
a Ta
bles
, Vol
. 21,
Issu
e 1,
49-
68
* W
e ac
know
ledg
e su
ppor
t of
thi
s w
ork
by t
he p
roje
ct “
Clu
ster
of
Acc
eler
ator
Lab
orat
orie
s fo
r Io
n-B
eam
R
esea
rch
and
App
licat
ions
- C
ALI
BR
A”
(MIS
500
2799
) whi
ch is
impl
emen
ted
unde
r the
Act
ion
“Rei
nfor
cem
ent
of t
he R
esea
rch
and
Inno
vatio
n In
fras
truct
ure”
, fu
nded
by
the
Ope
ratio
nal
Prog
ram
me
"Com
petit
iven
ess,
En
trepr
eneu
rshi
p an
d In
nova
tion"
(N
SRF
2014
-202
0) a
nd c
o-fin
ance
d by
Gre
ece
and
the
Euro
pean
Uni
on
(Eur
opea
n R
egio
nal D
evel
opm
ent F
und)
.
Neu
tron
noi
se m
odel
ling
for
nucl
ear
reac
tor
diag
nost
ics
Ant
onio
s Myl
onak
is, P
aolo
Vin
ai, C
hris
toph
e D
emaz
ière
C
halm
ers
Uni
vers
ity o
f Tec
hnol
ogy,
Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, D
ivis
ion
of S
ubat
omic
and
Pla
sma
Phys
ics,
SE-
412
96 G
othe
nbur
g, S
wed
en
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
antm
yl@
chal
mer
s.se
Po
wer
rea
ctor
noi
se d
eals
with
neu
tron
fluct
uatio
ns t
hat
are
indu
ced
by f
luct
uatio
ns o
r os
cilla
tions
of
the
reac
tor
prop
ertie
s, i.e
. dis
plac
emen
t of
core
com
pone
nts,
tem
pera
ture
or
dens
ity v
aria
tions
, etc
. Any
fluc
tuat
ion
of a
reac
tor p
rope
rty m
anife
sts i
tsel
f as f
luct
uatio
ns o
f th
e co
rres
pond
ing
nucl
ear
cros
s-se
ctio
ns. T
hese
are
ofte
n ca
lled
“per
turb
atio
ns”.
Sin
ce t
he
appe
aran
ce o
f the
se p
ertu
rbat
ions
can
be
prob
lem
atic
for t
he o
pera
tion
of n
ucle
ar re
acto
rs, i
t is
des
irabl
e to
be
able
to a
naly
ze th
eir p
ossi
ble
effe
cts.
Such
a c
apab
ility
can
be
used
to th
e su
cces
sful
pre
dict
ion
of th
e ef
fect
of a
per
turb
atio
n bu
t als
o to
dia
gnos
tics,
i.e. k
now
ing
the
effe
ct, b
eing
abl
e to
fin
d th
e no
ise
sour
ce. O
ne a
ppro
ach
for
the
solu
tion
of n
eutro
n no
ise
prob
lem
s is
the
num
eric
al s
olut
ion
of t
he n
eutro
n no
ise
diff
usio
n eq
uatio
n. T
his
wor
k pr
esen
ts a
n un
der-
deve
lopm
ent
num
eric
al s
olve
r ca
pabl
e of
sol
ving
lar
ge n
eutro
n no
ise
prob
lem
s, i.e
. pro
blem
s co
min
g fr
om th
e fin
e-m
esh
3D s
patia
l dis
cret
izat
ion
of th
e re
acto
r co
re.
Ove
rvie
w o
f NC
SRD
Act
ivat
ion
Exp
erim
ents
at J
ET
Theo
dora
Vas
ilopo
ulou
, Mar
ilia
I. Sa
vva,
Irin
i Mic
hela
kaki
, Kos
toul
a Tr
iant
ou,
Kon
stan
tina
Mer
gia,
Ion
E. S
tam
atel
atos
, Spy
ridon
Mes
solo
ras a
nd JE
T co
ntrib
utor
s*
EU
RO
fusi
on C
onso
rtium
, JET
, Cul
ham
Sci
ence
Cen
tre, A
bing
don,
Oxo
n, O
X14
3D
B, U
K
Fu
sion
Tec
hnol
ogy
Gro
up
Inst
itute
of N
ucle
ar a
nd R
adio
logi
cal S
cien
ces
& T
echn
olog
y, E
nerg
y &
Saf
ety
NC
SR “
Dem
okri
tos”
, 153
10, A
then
s, G
reec
e *S
ee th
e au
thor
list
of X
. Lita
udon
et a
l. N
ucle
ar F
usio
n 57
102
001
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
dora
@ip
ta.d
emok
rito
s.gr
The
chal
leng
e fo
r cle
an a
nd a
bund
ant e
nerg
y pr
oduc
tion
thro
ugh
fusi
on a
nd, i
n pa
rticu
lar,
the
goal
of
gene
ratin
g fu
sion
ele
ctric
ity b
y 20
50 a
re ti
ghtly
con
nect
ed to
the
sche
dule
of
ITER
, th
e ke
y fa
cilit
y on
the
pat
h to
fus
ion
pow
er,
as w
ell
as t
o th
e ex
ploi
tatio
n of
the
Joi
nt
Euro
pean
Tor
us (J
ET),
the
larg
est o
pera
ting
fusi
on d
evic
e in
the
wor
ld. E
xper
imen
ts c
arrie
d ou
t at J
ET a
re d
evot
ed to
the
prep
arat
ion
of I
TER
with
the
obje
ctiv
e of
add
ress
ing
its k
ey
nucl
ear
aspe
cts
on w
hich
the
re i
s st
ill l
imite
d ex
perie
nce.
Mor
eove
r, an
exp
erim
ent
is
plan
ned
at J
ET fo
r 202
0 ai
min
g to
obt
ain
the
first
com
plet
e an
d co
nsis
tent
nuc
lear
stud
y fo
r a
toka
mak
usi
ng th
e D
eute
rium
-Trit
ium
fuel
cyc
le.
The
NC
SRD
fus
ion
tech
nolo
gy g
roup
par
ticip
ates
in
JET
nucl
ear
anal
ysis
thr
ough
se
vera
l exp
erim
enta
l stu
dies
. The
se s
tudi
es in
clud
e ac
cura
te n
eutro
n flu
ence
mea
sure
men
ts
in a
nd a
roun
d th
e to
kam
ak a
nd a
long
duc
ts in
the
JET
biol
ogic
al s
hiel
ding
, ass
essm
ent o
f the
ra
diol
ogic
al p
rope
rties
of I
TER
mat
eria
ls a
fter l
ong-
term
irra
diat
ion
at J
ET a
nd d
evel
opm
ent
of a
nov
el n
eutro
n de
tect
or, c
apab
le to
mea
sure
neu
tron
fluen
ce u
nder
the
hars
h co
nditi
ons
enco
unte
red
in th
e bl
anke
t of a
fusi
on d
evic
e. T
he re
sults
of t
he e
xper
imen
tal s
tudi
es p
rovi
de
bette
r un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e ac
tivat
ion
prop
ertie
s of
fus
ion
mat
eria
ls f
or p
erso
nnel
rad
iatio
n pr
otec
tion
and
mat
eria
l re
cycl
ing
purp
oses
and
con
tribu
te t
o th
e va
lidat
ion
of o
ther
m
easu
rem
ent t
echn
ique
s an
d si
mul
atio
ns u
sed
for
the
desi
gn a
nd n
ucle
ar a
naly
ses
of I
TER
an
d fu
ture
fusi
on p
lant
s.
In t
his
wor
k, a
sum
mar
y of
the
exp
erim
ents
per
form
ed a
t JE
T by
the
NC
SRD
fus
ion
tech
nolo
gy g
roup
is p
rese
nted
.
Diff
eren
tial C
ross
Sec
tions
of 9 B
e(d,
p0)
10B
e, 9 B
e(d,
p1)
10B
e, 9 B
e(d,
a0)
7 Li
and
9 Be(
d, a
1)7 L
i rea
ctio
ns
P. T
sava
las1,
2 , A. L
agoy
anni
s3 , K. M
ergi
a1 , E. N
tem
ou2 , C
. Lun
gu4 , M
. Kok
koris
2
1 Nat
iona
l Cen
tre
for
Scie
ntifi
c Re
sear
ch ''
Dem
okri
tos''
, Ins
titut
e of
Nuc
lear
and
Rad
iolo
gica
l Sci
ence
an
d Te
chno
logy
, Ene
rgy
and
Safe
ty, 1
5310
Agh
ia P
aras
kevi
, Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
2 Nat
iona
l Tec
hnic
al U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, Z
ogra
fou
Cam
pus,
Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
3 Nat
iona
l Cen
tre
for
Scie
ntifi
c Re
sear
ch ''
Dem
okri
tos''
, Ins
titut
e of
Nuc
lear
and
Par
ticle
Phy
sics
, 15
310
Aghi
a Pa
rask
evi,
Athe
ns, G
reec
e 4 N
atio
nal I
nstit
ute
for
Lase
r, P
lasm
a an
d Ra
diat
ion
Phys
ics,
077
125
Mag
urel
e, B
ucha
rest
, Rom
ania
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: pt
sava
las@
ipta
.dem
okri
tos.
gr
Ber
ylliu
m is
one
of t
he c
andi
date
ele
men
ts fo
r the
pla
sma-
faci
ng m
ater
ial o
f the
futu
re fu
sion
de
vice
s du
e to
its
low
ato
mic
num
ber a
nd lo
w fu
el re
tent
ion.
Now
aday
s, th
e m
ain
cham
ber o
f th
e IT
ER-li
ke w
all
JET
toka
mak
con
sist
s of
ber
ylliu
m a
nd d
iffer
ent
D–D
cam
paig
ns w
ere
carr
ied
out
in o
rder
to i
nves
tigat
e th
e pl
asm
a–fir
st w
all
inte
ract
ion.
To
unde
rsta
nd m
ater
ial
mig
ratio
n an
d er
osio
n ph
enom
ena
of t
he p
lasm
a-fa
cing
com
pone
nts,
the
tiles
of
the
JET
toka
mak
are
ana
lyse
d w
ith d
iffer
ent n
ucle
ar a
naly
tical
tech
niqu
es. N
ucle
ar r
eact
ion
anal
ysis
(N
RA
) em
ploy
ing
a de
uter
on b
eam
is w
idel
y us
ed in
ord
er to
det
erm
ine
the
dept
h pr
ofile
of
light
ele
men
ts o
f pla
sma
faci
ng m
ater
ials
. Fo
r the
eva
luat
ion
of th
e N
RA
spe
ctra
, it i
s cr
ucia
l to
hav
e re
liabl
e cr
oss s
ectio
ns o
f ber
ylliu
m –
deu
tero
n.
In th
e cu
rren
t wor
k, th
e cr
oss
sect
ions
of t
he 9 B
e(d,
p0)
10B
e, 9 B
e(d,
p1)
10B
e, 9 B
e(d,
a0)
7 Li
and
10B
e(d,
a1)
7 Li re
actio
ns w
ere
mea
sure
d in
the
ener
gy ra
nge:
1 M
eV –
2.2
MeV
with
20
keV
en
ergy
ste
p. F
ive
silic
on su
rfac
e ba
rrie
r det
ecto
rs, w
ere
plac
ed a
t the
det
ectio
n an
gles
of 1
20o ,
140o , 1
50o , 1
60o a
nd 1
70o . T
he sa
mpl
e w
as a
ber
ylliu
m la
yer,
havi
ng a
nom
inal
thic
knes
s of 6
5 ±
15 n
m d
epos
ited
on a
Si 3N
4 m
embr
ane.
Ini
tially
, the
thic
knes
s ra
tio o
f Si
ver
sus
Be
was
de
term
ined
em
ploy
ing
Rut
herf
ord
Bac
ksca
tterin
g us
ing
a pr
oton
bea
m o
f 1.
2 an
d 1.
5 M
eV
ener
gy a
nd a
n ox
ygen
bea
m in
the
ener
gy ra
nge
from
11.
75 M
eV to
12.
5 M
eV w
ith 2
50 k
eV
ener
gy s
tep.
The
sim
ulta
neou
s de
tect
ion
of t
he p
artic
les
from
the
Be–
deut
eron
and
nat Si
(d,
d)na
t Si r
eact
ions
ena
bled
the
use
of
the
rela
tive
mea
sure
men
t te
chni
que
usin
g th
e Si
to
Be
thic
knes
s rat
io.
In th
e en
ergy
win
dow
use
d, th
e cr
oss
sect
ion
of 9 B
e(d,
p0)
10B
e re
actio
n ra
nges
fro
m 0
.9
mb/
sr to
2 m
b/sr
and
pre
sent
s no
ang
ular
dep
ende
nce,
whi
le th
e cr
oss
sect
ion
of th
e 9 B
e(d,
p 1
)10B
e rea
ctio
n ra
nges
from
0.8
mb/
sr to
3.5
mb/
sr an
d pr
esen
ts an
gula
r dep
ende
nce a
t ene
rgie
s la
rger
than
1.6
2 M
eV. T
he c
ross
sec
tion
of th
e 9 B
e(d,
a0)
7 Li re
actio
n ra
nges
from
1.6
mb/
sr to
4.
3 m
b/sr
and
pre
sent
s ang
ular
dep
ende
nce
in e
nerg
y w
indo
w b
etw
een
1.0
MeV
and
1.6
MeV
, w
hile
the
cros
s sec
tion
of 9 B
e(d,
a1)
7 Li re
actio
n ra
nges
from
0.7
mb/
sr to
1.9
mb/
sr a
nd p
rese
nts
angu
lar d
epen
denc
e in
the
who
le e
nerg
y ra
nge.
A
ckno
wle
dgem
ents
. Th
is w
ork
was
car
ried
out
with
in t
he E
UR
Ofu
sion
Con
sorti
um a
nd
rece
ived
fun
ding
fro
m t
he E
UR
ATO
M r
esea
rch
and
train
ing
prog
ram
me
2014
-201
8 un
der
gran
t ag
reem
ent
num
ber
No
6330
53.
The
view
s an
d op
inio
ns e
xpre
ssed
her
ein
do n
ot
nece
ssar
ily re
flect
thos
e of
the
Euro
pean
Com
mis
sion
.
Mea
sure
men
t of t
he d
iffer
entia
l cro
ss s
ectio
ns o
f 9 Be(
d,d 0
) at e
nerg
ies
and
angl
es s
uita
ble
for
EB
S (E
last
ic B
acks
catt
erin
g Sp
ectr
osco
py)
E.
Nte
mou
1,2 , M
. Kok
koris
1 , A. L
agoy
anni
s2 , K. M
ergi
a3 , K. P
reke
tes-
Siga
las1,
2 , P. T
sava
las3
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, N
atio
nal T
echn
ical
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Zog
rafo
u ca
mpu
s, 1
5780
Ath
ens,
G
reec
e 2 Ta
ndem
Acc
eler
ator
Lab
orat
ory,
Inst
itute
of N
ucle
ar P
hysi
cs, N
.C.S
.R. “
Dem
okri
tos”
, Agh
ia
Para
skev
i, 15
310
Athe
ns, G
reec
e 3 In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
and
Rad
iolo
gica
l Sci
ence
and
Tec
hnol
ogy,
Ene
rgy
and
Safe
ty, N
.C.S
.R.
“Dem
okri
tos”
, Agh
ia P
aras
kevi
, 153
10 A
then
s, G
reec
e Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: nt
emou
@in
p.de
mok
rito
s.gr
Ber
ylliu
m (
100%
9 Be,
with
tra
ces
of 7 B
e an
d 10
Be)
is
a re
lativ
ely
rare
ele
men
t in
the
uni
vers
e;
neve
rthel
ess,
it ha
s num
erou
s ap
plic
atio
ns in
the
indu
stry
. It i
mpr
oves
man
y ph
ysic
al p
rope
rties
whe
n ad
ded
as a
n al
loyi
ng e
lem
ent t
o co
pper
(ber
ylliu
m c
oppe
r), a
lum
inum
, iro
n an
d ni
ckel
. Due
to it
s hig
h m
etal
flex
ural
rigi
dity
, the
rmal
stab
ility
, the
rmal
con
duct
ivity
and
low
den
sity
, it i
s com
mon
ly u
sed
in
mec
hani
cal a
nd d
efen
se a
pplic
atio
ns, n
amel
y as
aer
ospa
ce m
ater
ial f
or a
ircra
ft co
mpo
nent
s, gu
ided
m
issi
les,
sate
llite
s an
d sp
acec
raft.
Fur
ther
mor
e, a
s it
has
an e
xcel
lent
pot
entia
l to
get
ter
or b
ury
oxyg
en i
n th
e ab
senc
e of
che
mic
al r
eact
ivity
with
hyd
roge
n, a
rea
sona
bly
high
mel
ting
poin
t an
d be
caus
e of
its
low
-Z, i
t is
the
mos
t cru
cial
mat
eria
l in
plas
ma-
faci
ng c
ompo
nent
s. Th
eref
ore,
a g
reat
ne
ed e
mer
ges
for t
he a
ccur
ate
quan
titat
ive
dete
rmin
atio
n of
ber
ylliu
m d
epth
pro
filin
g, e
spec
ially
for
th
e as
sess
men
t of
ber
ylliu
m e
rosi
on a
nd d
epos
ition
pro
cess
es,
by a
naly
zing
sam
ples
fro
m f
usio
n de
vice
s, vi
a th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of a
ll Io
n B
eam
Ana
lysi
s (IB
A) t
echn
ique
s.
d-EB
S (E
last
ic B
acks
catte
ring
Spec
trosc
opy)
is
a w
ell-e
stab
lishe
d te
chni
que
for
the
accu
rate
qu
antit
ativ
e de
term
inat
ion
of e
lem
enta
l co
ncen
tratio
nsan
d de
pth
prof
iling
of
light
ele
men
ts t
hat
coex
ist i
n a
com
plex
mat
rix a
long
with
oth
er lo
w- a
nd m
ediu
m-Z
ele
men
ts. H
owev
er, b
y ex
amin
ing
the
liter
atur
e fo
r th
e be
rylli
um c
ase,
one
can
not
ice
that
onl
y sc
arce
dat
a ex
ist
and
with
man
y di
scre
panc
ies a
mon
g th
em.
Hen
ce,
the
pres
ent
wor
k ai
ms
at c
ontri
butin
g in
thi
s fie
ld,
by s
tudy
ing
the
deut
eron
ela
stic
sc
atte
ring
on 9 B
e, in
the
ener
gy ra
nge
E d,la
b=84
0-22
00 k
eV, i
n st
eps o
f ~20
keV
and
for t
he la
bora
tory
sc
atte
ring
angl
es o
f 12
0o , 140
o , 150
o , 160
o and
170
o .The
exp
erim
ent w
as c
arrie
d ou
t at t
he 5
.5M
V
Tand
em A
ccel
erat
or a
t NC
SR “
Dem
okrit
os”
and
the
targ
et u
sed
was
a th
in S
i 3N4 s
elf-s
uppo
rting
thin
fo
il pr
oduc
ed b
y Si
lson
Ltd
., w
ith a
thi
n be
rylli
um l
ayer
pla
ced
on t
op b
y m
eans
of
reac
tive
mag
netro
n sp
utte
ring.
The
det
ectio
n sy
stem
con
sist
ed o
f fiv
e, 5
00 μ
m th
ick,
sili
con
surf
ace
barr
ier
(SSB
) det
ecto
rs m
ount
ed o
n a
high
pre
cisi
on g
onio
met
er in
side
a c
ylin
dric
al c
ham
ber (
R~4
0cm
). Τh
e ob
tain
ed d
iffer
entia
l cro
ss-s
ectio
n da
tase
ts a
re c
ompa
red
to a
lread
y ex
istin
g on
es in
lite
ratu
re a
nd a
n at
tem
pt is
mad
e to
exp
lain
the
occu
rrin
g si
mila
ritie
s an
d di
ffer
ence
s. Th
e da
tase
ts f
rom
the
pres
ent
wor
k w
ill s
oon
be a
vaila
ble
to th
e sc
ient
ific
com
mun
ity v
ia I
BA
ND
L (I
on B
eam
Ana
lysi
s N
ucle
ar
Dat
a Li
brar
y, h
ttps:
//ww
w-n
ds.ia
ea.o
rg/e
xfor
/iban
dl.h
tm)
* Th
is w
ork
has
been
sup
porte
d by
the
Gre
ek S
chol
arsh
ip F
ound
atio
n an
d ha
s be
en f
unde
d by
the
"Doc
tora
l R
esea
rch
Fina
ncia
l Su
ppor
t" A
ct f
rom
res
ourc
es o
f th
e O
P "D
evel
opm
ent
of H
uman
R
esou
rces
, Edu
catio
n an
d Li
felo
ng L
earn
ing"
201
4-20
20, w
hich
is c
o-fu
nded
by
the
Euro
pean
Soc
ial
Fund
–ESF
and
the
Gre
ek G
over
nmen
t.
Cro
ss s
ectio
n m
easu
rem
ent o
f the
191 Ir
(n,2
n)19
0 Ir r
eact
ion
A
. Kal
amar
a1*, R
. Vla
stou
1 , M. K
okko
ris1 , N
. Pat
roni
s2 , M. S
erris
3 , A. S
tam
atop
oulo
s1 , S.
Cha
sapo
glou
1, A
. Lag
oyan
nis4 , S
. Har
isso
pulo
s4
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, N
atio
nal T
echn
ical
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
157
80
Athe
ns, G
reec
e.
2 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of I
oann
ina,
451
10
Ioan
nina
, Gre
ece.
3 D
epar
tmen
t of N
aval
Arc
hite
ctur
e, F
acul
ty o
f Tec
hnol
ogic
al A
pplic
atio
ns, A
then
s U
nive
rsity
of
Appl
ied
Scie
nces
, Ath
ens,
122
10,
Gre
ece.
4 In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
and
Par
ticle
Phy
sics
, NC
SR "
Dem
okri
tos"
, 153
10
Aghi
a Pa
rask
evi,
Gre
ece.
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: ak
alam
ara@
cent
ral.n
tua.
gr
A
ccur
ate
neut
ron
indu
ced
reac
tion
cros
s se
ctio
ns a
re o
f con
side
rabl
e im
porta
nce
for p
ract
ical
ap
plic
atio
ns i
n nu
clea
r te
chno
logy
, do
sim
etry
, m
edic
ine
and
indu
stry
as
wel
l as
for
fu
ndam
enta
l res
earc
h in
Nuc
lear
Phy
sics
and
Ast
roph
ysic
s. M
ore
spec
ifica
lly, c
ross
sec
tion
expe
rimen
tal
data
is
nece
ssar
y w
hen
the
nucl
ear
mod
els
need
to
be c
heck
ed a
nd t
heir
para
met
ers
to b
e ac
cura
tely
det
erm
ined
. Esp
ecia
lly c
ross
sec
tions
of i
som
eric
sta
tes
prov
ide
impo
rtant
sup
plem
enta
ry i
nfor
mat
ion
for
the
stud
y of
the
com
poun
d nu
cleu
s de
-exc
itatio
n m
echa
nism
due
to th
e fa
ct th
at th
eir p
opul
atio
n di
rect
ly d
epen
ds o
n th
e sp
in o
f the
leve
ls fr
om
whi
ch t
he i
som
eric
sta
tes
are
fed
and
on t
he s
pin
dist
ribut
ion
in t
he c
ontin
uum
. Fo
r th
e af
orem
entio
ned
reas
ons,
high
ly a
ccur
ate
nucl
ear
data
in a
wid
e en
ergy
ran
ge, t
hat d
oes
not
exis
t in
the
data
base
s, is
nee
ded.
Th
e cr
oss
sect
ion
of th
e 19
1 Ir(n,
2n) r
eact
ion
has
been
exp
erim
enta
lly d
eter
min
ed re
lativ
e to
th
e 27Al(n
,α)24
Na
reac
tion
at 2
0 M
eV in
ciden
t ne
utro
n be
am e
nerg
y by
mea
ns o
f th
e ac
tivati
on
tech
niqu
e. Th
e qu
asi-m
onoe
nerg
etic
neu
tron
beam
was
pro
duce
d at
the
5.5
MV
Tan
dem
ac
cele
rato
r of
NC
SR "
Dem
okrit
os",
by m
eans
of
the
3 H(d
,n)4 H
e re
actio
n. F
ollo
win
g th
e irr
adia
tion,
the
indu
ced
activ
ity o
n th
e ta
rget
and
refe
renc
e fo
ils w
as m
easu
red
by u
sing
HPG
e de
tect
ors.
The
cros
s se
ctio
ns fo
r the
pop
ulat
ion
of th
e se
cond
isom
eric
sta
te (m
2) o
f 190 Ir
and
for
the
sum
of t
he g
roun
d an
d iso
mer
ic s
tates
(g+m
1+0.
086
m2)
wer
e in
depe
nden
tly d
eter
min
ed.
Add
ition
ally,
cro
ss s
ectio
n th
eore
tical
calc
ulati
ons
wer
e pe
rform
ed f
or t
he t
wo
mea
sure
d (n
,2n)
re
actio
n ch
anne
ls by
mea
ns o
f the
EM
PIRE
code
. *
This
rese
arch
is im
plem
ente
d th
roug
h IK
Y sc
hola
rshi
ps p
rogr
amm
e w
hich
was
fina
nced
thro
ugh
the
actio
n "F
undi
ng sc
hola
rshi
p pr
ogra
mm
e fo
r sec
ond
cycl
e pos
tgra
duat
e st
udie
s" in
the f
ram
ewor
k of
the
Ope
ratio
nal P
rogr
amm
e "H
uman
Res
ourc
es D
evel
opm
ent P
rogr
am, E
duca
tion
and
Life
long
Lea
rnin
g",
2014
-202
0 an
d w
as c
o-fin
ance
d by
the
Eur
opea
n U
nion
(Eu
rope
an S
ocia
l Fun
d -
ESF)
and
Gre
ek
natio
nal f
unds
.
Mea
sure
men
t of t
he 23
6 U(n
,f) c
ross
-sec
tion
betw
een
4 an
d 10
MeV
w
ith M
icro
meg
as d
etec
tors
*
V
. Mic
halo
poul
ou1,
2 , M. D
iaka
ki1 , A
. Axi
otis
3 , A. K
alam
ara1 , M
. Kok
koris
1 , A.
Lago
yian
nis3 , N
. Pat
roni
s4 , A. S
tam
atop
oulo
s1 , A. T
siga
nis2 , R
. Vla
stou
1
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, N
atio
nal T
echn
ical
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Zogr
afou
, Gre
ece
2 Eur
opea
n O
rgan
izat
ion
of N
ucle
ar R
esea
rch
(CER
N),
Gen
eva,
Swi
tzer
land
3 N
atio
nal C
entr
e fo
r Sci
entif
ic R
esea
rch
‘Dem
okri
tos’
, Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
4 Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Uni
vers
ity o
f Ioa
nnin
a, Io
anni
na, G
reec
e Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: ve
atri
ki.m
icha
lopo
ulou
@ce
rn.c
h
The
accu
rate
est
imat
ion
of th
e ne
utro
n in
duce
d fis
sion
cro
ss-s
ectio
n of
act
inid
es is
of
grea
t im
porta
nce f
or th
e des
ign
of n
ucle
ar re
acto
rs an
d ac
cele
rato
r-dr
iven
syst
ems.
Spec
ifica
lly, 23
6 U
play
s an
impo
rtant
role
on
the
Th/U
fuel
cyc
le, r
equi
ring
the
know
ledg
e of
the
corr
espo
ndin
g fis
sion
cro
ss s
ectio
ns w
ith h
igh
accu
racy
. H
owev
er,
in t
he e
nerg
y ra
nge
4–10
MeV
few
av
aila
ble
expe
rimen
tal d
ata
exis
t in
liter
atur
e, re
sulti
ng in
dis
crep
anci
es in
the
late
st e
valu
ated
lib
rarie
s EN
DF/
B-V
III.0
[1
], JE
FF-3
.3
[2]
and
JEN
DL-
4.0
[3]
up
to
8%.
So,
new
m
easu
rem
ents
are
ess
entia
l for
the
impr
ovem
ent o
f the
eva
luat
ions
. In
this
wor
k, th
e m
easu
rem
ent o
f th
e 23
6 U(n
,f) c
ross
-sec
tion
is p
rese
nted
, in
the
ener
gy
rang
e 4–
10 M
eV,
with
the
use
of
quas
i-mon
oene
rget
ic n
eutro
n be
ams
prod
uced
via
the
2 H
(d,n
)3 He
reac
tion.
The
mea
sure
men
ts to
ok p
lace
at t
he n
eutro
n be
am fa
cilit
y of
the
Nat
iona
l C
entre
for
Sci
entif
ic R
esea
rch
“Dem
okrit
os”.
The
det
ectio
n of
the
fis
sion
fra
gmen
ts w
as
achi
eved
with
Mic
rom
egas
det
ecto
rs p
lace
d in
a f
issi
on c
ham
ber,
cont
aini
ng b
oth
the
236 U
ta
rget
s and
the r
efer
ence
sam
ples
, nam
ely
238 U
and
235 U
. The
anal
ysis
of t
he e
xper
imen
tal d
ata,
as
wel
l as t
he fi
rst r
esul
ts w
ill b
e pr
esen
ted.
R
efer
ence
s [1
] D.A
. Bro
wn
et a
l., N
ucl.
Dat
a Sh
eets
148
, 1 (2
018)
[2
] JEF
F-3.
3: E
valu
ated
Dat
a Li
brar
y (2
017)
, http
://w
ww
.oec
d-ne
a.or
g/db
data
/jeff
/jeff
33/
[3] K
. Shi
bata
et a
l., N
ucl.
Sci.
Tech
. 48,
1 (2
011)
* Th
is re
sear
ch is
impl
emen
ted
thro
ugh
IKY
scho
lars
hips
pro
gram
me
and
co-fi
nanc
ed b
y th
e Eur
opea
n U
nion
(Eu
rope
an S
ocia
l Fu
nd -
ESF
) an
d G
reek
nat
iona
l fu
nds
thro
ugh
the
actio
n en
title
d R
einf
orce
men
t of P
ostd
octo
ral R
esea
rche
rs, i
n th
e fr
amew
ork
of th
e O
pera
tiona
l Pro
gram
me
Hum
an
Res
ourc
es D
evel
opm
ent
Prog
ram
, Ed
ucat
ion
and
Life
long
Lea
rnin
g of
the
Nat
iona
l St
rate
gic
Ref
eren
ce F
ram
ewor
k (N
SRF)
201
4–20
20.
Feas
ibili
ty st
udie
s of (
n,xn
) rea
ctio
ns w
ith H
PGe
dete
ctor
s at
the
CE
RN
nT
OF
faci
lity*
R. V
last
ou1 , M
. Kok
koris
1 , A. S
tam
atop
oulo
s1 , A. T
sing
anis
2 , M. D
iaka
ki3 , N
. Pat
roni
s4 ,
L. T
assa
n-G
ot2 , D
. Bos
nar5 , R
. Dre
ssle
r6 , T. G
loda
riu7,† ,
A. N
egre
t7
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, N
atio
nal T
echn
ical
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Zogr
afou
, Gre
ece
2 Eur
opea
n O
rgan
izat
ion
of N
ucle
ar R
esea
rch
(CER
N), G
enev
a, S
witze
rland
3 C
EA C
adar
ache
, Sai
nt P
aul l
ez D
uran
ce, F
ranc
e 4 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysic
s, U
nive
rsity
of I
oann
ina,
Ioan
nina
, Gre
ece
5 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysic
s, Fa
culty
of S
cien
ce, U
nive
rsity
of Z
agre
b, B
ijeni
čka
c. 3
2, Z
agre
b, C
roat
ia
6 Pa
ul S
cher
rer I
nstit
ute,
Swi
tzerla
nd
7 H
oria
Hul
ubei
Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Phy
sics a
nd N
ucle
ar E
ngin
eerin
g, R
oman
ia
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
vlas
tou@
cent
ral.n
tua.
gr
(n,x
n) r
eact
ions
are
of
parti
cula
r im
porta
nce
for
nucl
ear
tech
nolo
gy a
chie
vem
ents
, du
e to
the
pr
oduc
tion
of e
xtra
neu
trons
in
reac
tors
, as
wel
l as
for
nuc
lear
mod
el v
alid
atio
n, d
ue t
o th
e re
duct
ion
of u
ncer
tain
par
amet
ers
whi
ch m
ay a
ffec
t the
cal
cula
ted
cros
s se
ctio
ns. T
here
is a
lack
of
acc
urat
e ex
perim
enta
l dat
a th
ough
, in
the
regi
on a
bove
15
MeV
, whe
re th
e cr
oss
sect
ion
of
(n,x
n) r
eact
ions
inc
reas
es s
igni
fican
tly.
The
cros
s se
ctio
n fo
r th
e ex
it ch
anne
ls o
f th
ese
re
actio
ns c
an b
e de
term
ined
via
the
prom
inen
t gam
ma
rays
em
itted
from
the
resi
dual
nuc
lei a
fter
appl
ying
the
appr
opria
te c
orre
ctio
ns w
ith th
e he
lp o
f st
atis
tical
mod
el c
alcu
latio
ns. T
he H
PGe
dete
ctor
s, ho
wev
er, a
ppro
pria
te f
or g
amm
a-ra
y sp
ectro
scop
y, s
atur
ate
due
to t
he g
amm
a-fla
sh
whi
ch f
ollo
ws
the
neut
ron
beam
pro
duce
d th
roug
h sp
alla
tion
proc
ess.
At
the
CER
N n
TOF
faci
lity
the
neut
rons
are
pro
duce
d vi
a sp
alla
tion
of 2
0GeV
pro
tons
on
a Pb
tar
get
and
are
acco
mpa
nied
by
a st
rong
gam
ma-
flash
bur
st w
hich
ind
eed
satu
rate
s th
e H
PGe
dete
ctor
s an
d m
akes
the
(n,x
n) m
easu
rem
ents
impo
ssib
le.
Feas
ibili
ty t
ests
will
be
pres
ente
d, w
hich
hav
e be
en p
erfo
rmed
dur
ing
the
last
fou
r ye
ars,
with
sev
eral
type
s of
HPG
e de
tect
ors
in b
oth
expe
rimen
tal a
reas
of t
he n
TOF
faci
lity,
in o
rder
to
inve
stig
ate
the
appr
opria
te p
re-a
mpl
ifica
tion
syst
em to
ove
rcom
e th
e sa
tura
tion
prob
lem
s.
* Th
is r
esea
rch
was
sup
porte
d by
the
CH
AN
DA
(so
lvin
g C
HA
lleng
es o
f N
ucle
ar D
ata)
FP7
Eu
rope
an p
rogr
am.
App
licat
ion
of A
rtifi
cial
Neu
ral N
etw
orks
on
impr
ovin
g pr
edic
tions
of n
ucle
ar r
adii
V
asili
s Sk
arlis
1 , Em
man
uel B
rats
olis
1 , Ele
ni C
haro
u2 , The
o J.
Mer
tzim
ekis
1
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, Z
ogra
fou
Cam
pus,
GR-
1578
4, A
then
s, G
reec
e 2 II
T, N
CSR
“D
emok
rito
s”, G
R-15
310,
Ag.
Par
aske
vi, G
reec
e Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: sk
arlis
v@ya
hoo.
com
Arti
ficia
l N
eura
l N
etw
orks
(AN
N)
[1]
are
mat
hem
atic
al c
ompu
ting
para
digm
s im
itatin
g th
e op
erat
ions
of
biol
ogic
al n
eura
l sys
tem
s. T
heir
nonl
inea
r na
ture
and
abi
lity
to le
arn
from
the
envi
ronm
ent m
ake
them
hig
hly
suite
d to
sol
ve r
eal-w
orld
pro
blem
s fr
om th
ose
that
are
stil
l un
der
deve
lopm
ent.
In t
he f
ield
of
Phys
ics
ther
e ar
e m
any
prob
lem
s th
at c
anno
t be
ad
equa
tely
sol
ved
with
the
phy
sics
-bas
ed m
etho
ds a
nd t
he u
se o
f A
NN
may
yie
ld b
ette
r re
sults
. In
the
pres
ent w
ork
AN
Ns
have
bee
n te
sted
in p
redi
ctin
g nu
clea
r rad
ii co
nsid
erin
g as
in
put
the
atom
ic a
nd m
ass
num
bers
, ex
clus
ivel
y. T
he p
erfo
rman
ce o
f di
ffer
ent
supe
rvis
ed
AN
Ns
is e
valu
ated
. The
dat
aset
use
d fo
r the
trai
ning
and
test
ing
was
bas
ed o
n ev
alua
ted
data
of
nuc
lear
radi
i ava
ilabl
e in
IAEA
tabl
es [2
]. Sp
ecifi
cally
, in
the
firs
t ex
perim
ent,
a tra
inin
g se
t w
as c
onst
ruct
ed f
rom
300
ran
dom
ly
sele
cted
ele
men
ts o
f the
dat
aset
and
the
abili
ty to
pre
dict
the
nucl
ear r
adiu
s w
as te
sted
on
the
rem
aini
ng 6
09 e
lem
ents
. In
ord
er t
o te
st t
he c
apab
ility
of
netw
orks
to
pred
ict
unkn
own
nucl
ear
radi
i, a
seco
nd e
xper
imen
t was
per
form
ed u
sing
a s
ubse
t of
400
elem
ents
ran
dom
ly
sele
cted
fro
m t
he f
irst
600
elem
ents
of
our
data
set.
The
netw
orks
wer
e te
sted
in
the
rem
aini
ng “
unkn
own”
309
ele
men
ts. T
he F
eed
Forw
ard
Neu
ral N
etw
ork
(FFN
N)
has
show
n pr
omis
ing
resu
lts a
nd c
an b
e pr
oven
use
ful i
n pr
edic
ting
unkn
own
radi
i in
exot
ic r
egio
ns o
f th
e is
otop
ic c
hart.
R
efer
ence
s [1
] C.M
. Bis
hop,
Pat
tern
Rec
ogni
tion
and
Mac
hine
Lea
rnin
g, S
prin
ger,
Sing
apor
e (2
006)
[2
] I. A
ngel
i and
K.P
. Mar
inov
a,A
t. D
ata
Nuc
l. D
ata
Tabl
es 9
9, 6
9 (2
013)
Gam
ma
spec
tros
copy
stu
dies
of t
he u
nder
wat
er h
ydro
ther
mal
ven
t fie
ld
of th
e M
etha
na p
enin
sula
V. P
apak
osta
1 , T.J.
Mer
tzim
ekis
2 , M. T
riant
afyl
lou1
1 D
epar
tmen
t of G
eolo
gy a
nd G
eoen
viro
nmen
t, N
atio
nal K
apod
istr
ian
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Zog
rafo
u C
ampu
s, G
R-15
784
Athe
ns, G
reec
e 2 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, N
atio
nal K
apod
istr
ian
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Zog
rafo
u C
ampu
s, G
R-1
5784
At
hens
, Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
vane
ssa.
pap@
hotm
ail.c
om
A
pre
limin
ary
stud
y of
nat
ural
rad
ioac
tivity
was
con
duct
ed o
n th
e th
erm
al s
pas
in M
etha
na
Peni
nsul
a. T
o ca
rry
out t
his r
esea
rch,
a co
llect
ion
of 1
7 w
ater
sam
ples
wer
e tak
en fr
om th
erm
al
sprin
gs a
roun
d an
d un
derw
ater
of
the
volc
anog
enic
Pen
insu
la a
t dep
ths
rang
ing
0-5
m. T
he
Met
hana
pen
insu
la b
elon
gs to
the
Hel
leni
c V
olca
nic
Arc
and
is c
hara
cter
ized
by
hydr
othe
rmal
ve
nt a
ctiv
ity. A
NaI
(Tl)
scin
tilla
tor (
AM
ESO
S) w
as u
sed
to c
arry
out
gam
ma-
ray
coun
ting
of
the
sam
ples
to d
educ
e th
e ac
tivity
con
cent
ratio
ns o
f the
nat
ural
radi
onuc
lides
of t
he 23
8 U a
nd
232 Th
dec
ay s
erie
s, as
wel
l as
40K
in s
pa w
ater
s. R
esul
ts a
re e
xpec
ted
to p
rovi
de in
form
atio
n on
the
geo
logi
cal
setti
ng o
f th
e M
etha
na p
enin
sula
. Th
e im
pact
of
natu
rally
occ
urrin
g ra
dioi
soto
pes
to h
uman
hea
lth h
as a
lso
been
ass
esse
d in
ter
ms
of t
he r
adia
tion
dose
ris
k co
rres
pond
ing
to th
e m
easu
red
activ
ities
.
A s
yste
mat
ic a
naly
sis
of n
ucle
ar c
harg
e ra
dii d
ata
Pa
trokl
os-M
iltia
dis
Mam
alou
kas
and
Theo
J. M
ertz
imek
is
D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, Z
ogra
fou
Cam
pus,
GR
-157
84, A
then
s, G
reec
e
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
mam
alou
kasp
atro
klos
@gm
ail.c
om
D
riven
by
the
need
to d
escr
ibe
stro
ng n
ucle
ar in
tera
ctio
ns b
etw
een
hadr
ons
in a
nuc
leus
, we
take
a c
lose
r loo
k at
eva
luat
ed e
xper
imen
tal d
ata
of n
ucle
ar c
harg
e ra
dii a
cqui
red
mai
nly
with
la
ser s
pect
rosc
opy
met
hods
. Und
erst
andi
ng th
e ra
nge
at w
hich
the
com
pone
nts
of th
e nu
cleu
s in
tera
ct w
ith e
ach
othe
r sh
all
lead
to
even
mor
e ac
cura
te m
odel
s of
nuc
lear
pot
entia
ls, a
nd
even
und
erst
andi
ng li
mita
tions
of f
unda
men
tal s
ymm
etrie
s.
The
pres
ent w
ork
take
s ad
vant
age
of th
e ex
istin
g IA
EA d
atab
ase
com
pile
d by
Ang
eli a
nd
Mar
inov
a [1
], an
d an
add
ition
al s
et o
f rec
ently
sur
veye
d m
easu
rem
ents
, spe
cific
ally
bet
wee
n 20
13 a
nd 2
018.
Sta
tistic
al tr
eatm
ent i
nclu
des
diff
eren
t pol
ynom
ial f
its f
or th
e en
tiret
y of
the
data
set
with
the
int
entio
n of
con
firm
ing
or i
mpr
ovin
g th
e w
ell-
esta
blis
hed
empi
rical
fo
rmul
a, R
=r o
A1/3 . V
ario
us tr
ends
of
obse
rved
dev
iatio
ns f
rom
this
for
mul
a ar
e in
vest
igat
ed
in te
rms
of s
truct
ure
effe
cts
span
ning
maj
or s
hells
and
nea
r mag
ic n
umbe
rs.
Ref
eren
ces
[1] I
. Ang
eli a
nd K
.P. M
arin
ova,
At.
Dat
a N
ucl.
Dat
a Ta
bles
99,
69
(201
3)
On
the
expe
rim
enta
l inv
estig
atio
n of
the
angu
lar
dist
ribu
tions
in
the
reac
tion
112 C
d (p
,γ)11
3 In
A
. Zyr
iliou
, A. K
halie
l, T.
J. M
ertz
imek
is
D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, Z
ogra
fou
Cam
pus,
GR-
1578
4, A
then
s, G
reec
e Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: ni
nazy
r@w
indo
wsl
ive.
com
Som
e of
the
mid
-wei
ght n
ucle
i lie
in th
e re
gion
of t
he is
otop
ic c
hart
whe
re th
e as
troph
ysic
al
p-pr
oces
s ha
s a
prom
inen
t ro
le i
n th
e nu
cleo
synt
hetic
sce
nario
s. Ex
perim
enta
lly d
educ
ed
reac
tion
cros
s se
ctio
n da
ta c
an p
rovi
de s
tring
ent t
ests
for t
he a
stro
phys
ical
mod
els,
espe
cial
ly
at lo
w en
ergi
es. I
n th
is fr
amew
ork,
the r
eact
ion
112 C
d(p,
γ)11
3 In h
as b
een
stud
ied
expe
rimen
tally
at
four
pro
ton
beam
ene
rgie
s 2.
8 ≤
E p ≤
3.4
MeV
, par
tly in
side
the
astro
phys
ical
ly in
tere
stin
g G
amow
win
dow
. Pro
ton
beam
s w
ere
prov
ided
by
the
5.5
MV
T11
Van
de
Gra
aff
Tand
em
Acc
eler
ator
of t
he In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
Phy
sics
of t
he N
atio
nal C
ente
r for
Sci
entif
ic R
esea
rch
(NC
SR)
“Dem
okrit
os”.
In-
beam
spe
ctro
scop
y w
as c
arrie
d ou
t w
ith a
n ar
ray
of f
our
HPG
e de
tect
ors
sitti
ng o
n a
rota
ting
tabl
e. I
n to
tal,
eigh
t (8
) di
ffer
ent
angl
es w
ere
used
to
reco
rd
gam
ma-
ray
spec
tra. S
peci
al fo
cus
was
giv
en o
n co
nstru
ctin
g th
e an
gula
r dis
tribu
tion
of e
ach
gam
ma-
ray
feed
ing
the
grou
nd s
tate
of
113 In
dire
ctly
, so
as to
det
erm
ine
the
reac
tion
cros
s se
ctio
ns f
rom
the
in-b
eam
dat
a, e
xclu
sive
ly. T
he r
esul
ting
cros
s se
ctio
ns w
ere
com
pare
d to
H
ause
r-Fe
shba
ch c
alcu
latio
ns u
sing
the
code
TA
LYS
v1.9
.
Dev
elop
men
t of a
tech
niqu
e ba
sed
on M
onte
Car
lo s
imul
atio
ns fo
r cl
eara
nce
of C
o-57
and
Ge-
68/ G
a-68
sea
led
radi
oact
ive
sour
ces
Ta
tiana
Sia
rafe
ra1 , E
leni
Nta
lla2 , D
imitr
is M
avrik
is2 , A
ngel
os M
arko
poul
os2 ,
Ale
xand
ra Io
anni
dou1 , A
nast
asia
Sav
idou
2
1 Ar
isto
tle U
nive
rsity
of T
hess
alon
iki
2 Nat
iona
l Cen
tre
for
Scie
ntifi
c Re
sear
ch “
Dem
okri
tos”
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: ts
iara
fe@
phys
ics.
auth
.gr
Seal
ed ra
dioa
ctiv
e so
urce
s of
Co-
57 a
nd G
e-68
/Ga-
68 a
re u
sed
for t
he c
alib
ratio
n of
diff
eren
t nu
clea
r med
icin
e sy
stem
s lik
e G
amm
a C
amer
a an
d PE
T im
agin
g. A
fter t
heir
usef
ul li
fe, t
hese
se
aled
sou
rces
nee
d to
be
kept
in c
ontro
l for
dec
ay ti
ll m
eetin
g th
e cl
eara
nce
crite
rion.
Th
e pr
esen
t w
ork
conc
erns
the
dev
elop
men
t of
a t
echn
ique
bas
ed o
n M
onte
Car
lo
sim
ulat
ion
carr
ied
out
by u
tiliz
ing
the
MC
NPX
cod
e fo
r ev
alua
tion
of t
he 3
x3 N
aI(T
l) sc
intil
lato
r eff
icie
ncy
for s
peci
fic s
ourc
e-de
tect
or g
eom
etrie
s, w
ith th
e ai
m o
f det
erm
inin
g th
e ac
tivity
of t
he s
pent
sea
led
radi
oact
ive
sour
ces
of C
o-57
and
Ge-
68/G
a-68
. Fo
r thi
s pur
pose
, gam
ma-
ray
spec
trum
s wer
e ta
ken
for d
iffer
ent l
engt
h of
tim
e by
a N
aI(T
l)
dete
ctor
for t
wo
type
s of
sea
led
radi
oact
ive
sour
ces:
1) a
floo
d so
urce
con
tain
ing
Co-
57; 2
) a
line
sour
ce c
onta
inin
g G
e-68
/Ga-
68.
The
char
acte
ristic
gam
ma
ray
peak
s in
the
res
ulte
d sp
ectru
ms
wer
e an
alyz
ed w
ith th
e so
ftwar
e pa
ckag
e SP
ECTR
W [
1]. F
or th
e so
urce
-det
ecto
r ge
omet
ries a
nd th
e sp
ecif
ic g
amm
a ra
y en
ergi
es, s
imul
atio
ns w
ere
perf
orm
ed w
ith th
e M
CN
PX
code
for
eval
uatio
n of
the
NaI
(Tl)
dete
ctor
eff
icie
ncie
s. T
he M
CN
PX m
odel
s w
ere
valid
ated
by
the
use
of s
ourc
es o
f th
e m
entio
ned
type
s w
ith c
ertif
ied
nom
inal
act
iviti
es. T
he r
esul
ts o
f th
e st
udy
show
that
the
mea
surin
g tim
e of
two
hour
s pro
vide
d ad
equa
te st
atis
tics f
or th
e ac
tivity
de
term
inat
ion
of th
e flo
od s
ourc
e C
o-57
. The
det
erm
ined
act
ivity
has
a d
evia
tion
of 1
3,6%
fr
om th
e so
urce
nom
inal
act
ivity
. Fur
ther
mor
e, o
ne h
our
mea
sure
men
t was
ade
quat
e fo
r th
e ac
tivity
det
erm
inat
ion
of th
e lin
e so
urce
Ge-
68, w
ith a
dev
iatio
n of
26,
9% f
rom
the
nom
inal
ac
tivity
. Th
e de
viat
ion
betw
een
the
eval
uate
d an
d no
min
al a
ctiv
ities
can
be
expl
aine
d fr
om th
e 15
%
unce
rtain
ty o
f the
cer
tifie
d so
urce
act
iviti
es. T
akin
g in
to a
ccou
nt th
e ha
lf-lif
e of
Co-
57 a
nd G
e-68
whi
ch is
0.7
4 y,
this
dev
iatio
n is
acc
epta
ble.
Th
is t
echn
ique
is
accu
rate
and
sen
sitiv
e en
ough
for
the
cle
aran
ce o
f se
aled
rad
ioac
tive
sour
ces
of C
o-57
and
ade
quat
e se
nsiti
ve fo
r Ge-
68/G
a-68
sou
rces
. The
sou
rces
afte
r mee
ting
the
clea
ranc
e cr
iterio
n, c
an b
e ke
pt in
the
inte
rim s
tora
ge a
dditi
onal
ly f
or f
ew m
ore
mon
ths
befo
re re
leas
e fr
om re
gula
tory
con
trol.
For i
ncre
asin
g fu
rther
the
accu
racy
of t
he te
chni
que
for
the
Ge-
68/G
a-68
sour
ces,
the
anni
hila
tion
peak
will
be
used
in th
e fu
ture
afte
r the
dev
elop
men
t of
pos
itron
sim
ulat
ions
with
the
MC
NP
code
.
Ref
eren
ces
[1] K
alfa
s et
al.,
Nuc
l. In
stru
m. M
etho
ds P
hys.
Res
. Sec
t. A
830
(201
6) 2
65-2
74
Ene
rgy,
res
olut
ion
and
effic
ienc
y ca
libra
tion
of a
LaB
r 3(C
e) s
cint
illat
or
El
eni N
talla
1,2 , A
lexa
ndro
s Clo
uvas
2 and
Ana
stas
ia S
avid
ou1
1 In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
& R
adio
logi
cal S
cien
ces
& T
echn
olog
y, E
nerg
y &
Saf
ety,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Scie
ntifi
c Re
sear
ch "
Dem
okri
tos"
, Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
2 Dep
artm
ent o
f Ele
ctri
cal a
nd C
ompu
ter
Engi
neer
ing,
Ari
stot
le U
nive
rsity
of T
hess
alon
iki,
Thes
salo
niki
, Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
dalla
@ip
ta.d
emok
rito
s.gr
The
last
dec
ade
LaB
r 3(C
e) s
cint
illat
ion
dete
ctor
s ha
ve b
ecom
e co
mm
erci
ally
ava
ilabl
e an
d ar
e ve
ry p
rom
isin
g du
e to
the
ir hi
gh l
ight
yie
ld (
> 6
5000
pho
tons
/MeV
) th
at r
esul
ts i
n a
bette
r en
ergy
res
olut
ion
com
pare
d to
NaI
(Tl)
dete
ctor
( <
3%
FW
HM
at 13
7 Cs)
, the
ir de
cay
time
of 3
5 ns
and
the
ir m
ater
ial
dens
ity (
5.29
g/c
m3 )
[1, 2
]. W
hen
com
pare
d w
ith N
aI(T
l) sc
intil
lato
rs,
LaB
r 3(C
e)
dete
ctor
s ha
ve
bette
r sc
intil
latio
n pr
oper
ties
incl
udin
g en
ergy
re
solu
tion,
tem
pera
ture
per
form
ance
, dec
ay ti
me,
ligh
t yie
ld a
nd m
ater
ial d
ensi
ty. T
he m
ain
disa
dvan
tage
s of
a L
aBr 3
(Ce)
det
ecto
r ar
e th
e in
tern
al b
ackg
roun
ds o
f 13
8 La d
ecay
ing
to
stab
le 13
8 Ba
by e
lect
ron
capt
ure
and
the
138 C
e de
cay
by b
eta
emis
sion
, w
hich
aff
ect
the
back
grou
nd s
pect
rum
up
to 1
500
keV
. Abo
ve th
is e
nerg
y, th
e sp
ectru
m is
dom
inat
ed b
y α-
radi
atio
n fr
om 22
7 Ac
and
its d
ecay
dau
ghte
r nuc
lides
[3].
The
aim
of
this
wor
k is
the
ful
l ca
libra
tion
(ene
rgy,
res
olut
ion
and
effic
ienc
y) o
f a
Can
berr
a sc
intil
latio
n de
tect
or L
aBr 3
(Ce)
(Mod
el L
AB
R-1
.5x1
.5) w
ith a
1.5
x 1
.5 in
. cry
stal
in
a h
erm
etic
ally
sea
led
alum
inum
hou
sing
, in
clud
ing
a ph
otom
ultip
lier
tube
, an
int
erna
l m
agne
tic/li
ght
shie
ld a
nd a
14-
pin
conn
ecto
r. Fo
r th
is p
urpo
se,
two
mul
tiple
gam
ma
ray
emitt
ing
sour
ces
(a l
arge
vol
ume
sour
ce a
nd a
lar
ge a
rea
sour
ce)
as w
ell
as t
hree
poi
nt
sour
ces (
241 A
m, 60
Co
and
152 Eu
) wer
e us
ed.
Ener
gy a
nd r
esol
utio
n ca
libra
tion
wer
e pe
rfor
med
exp
erim
enta
lly w
ith t
he u
se o
f th
e po
int s
ourc
es w
ith a
sou
rce
- det
ecto
r di
stan
ce a
t 22
cm, b
y fit
ting
seve
ral f
unct
ions
in b
oth
calib
ratio
ns. M
CN
PX s
imul
atio
ns w
ere
perf
orm
ed in
ord
er e
valu
ate
the
effic
ienc
y ca
libra
tion
for
thre
e di
ffer
ent s
ourc
e -
dete
ctor
geo
met
ries
and
valid
ated
by
the
expe
rimen
tal e
ffic
ienc
y ca
lcul
atio
ns. A
lso,
the
agre
emen
t bet
wee
n th
e ce
rtifie
d ac
tiviti
es o
f the
radi
atio
n so
urce
s an
d th
e ca
lcul
ated
act
iviti
es o
btai
ned
by M
CN
PX e
ffic
ienc
ies w
as te
sted
.
R
efer
ence
s [1
] G. F
. Kno
ll, Jo
hn W
iley
and
Sons
(199
9)
[2] F
. Qua
rati
et a
l., N
ucl.
Inst
r. M
eth.
Phy
s. R
es. A
574
, 1 (2
007)
[3
] R. N
icol
ini e
t al.,
Nuc
l. In
str.
Met
h. P
hys.
Res
. A 5
82, 2
(200
7)
Rar
e Is
otop
e Pr
oduc
tion
in p
erip
hera
l hea
vy-io
n co
llisi
ons
at
bea
m e
nerg
y of
15
MeV
/nuc
leon
O. F
asou
la1 , G
.A. S
oulio
tis1 , K
. Tsh
oo2 , S
.C. J
eong
2 , B.H
. Kan
g2 , Y.K
. Kw
on2 ,
M. V
esel
sky3 , A
. Bon
aser
a4 1 La
bora
tory
of P
hysi
cal C
hem
istr
y, D
epar
tmen
t of C
hem
istr
y, U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, G
reec
e 2 Th
e Ra
re Is
otop
e Sc
ienc
e Pr
ojec
t (RI
SP),
Inst
itute
for
Basi
c Sc
ienc
e, D
aeje
on, K
orea
3 In
stitu
te o
f Phy
sics
, Slo
vak
Acad
emy
of S
cien
ces,
Bra
tisla
va, S
lova
kia
4 Cyc
lotr
on In
stitu
te, T
exas
A&
M U
nive
rsity
, Col
lege
Sta
tion,
Tex
as, U
SA
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
ofas
oula
@gm
ail.c
om
This
pos
ter r
epor
ts o
n ou
r con
tinue
d ef
forts
to s
tudy
the
prod
uctio
n of
rare
isot
opes
with
hea
vy-io
n be
ams
in th
e en
ergy
regi
on o
f 15
MeV
/nuc
leon
. Our
cal
cula
tions
are
bas
ed o
n a
two-
step
app
roac
h:
the
dyna
mic
al s
tage
of
the
colli
sion
is d
escr
ibed
with
eith
er th
e ph
enom
enol
ogic
al D
eep-
Inel
astic
Tr
ansf
er m
odel
(DIT
) [1]
, or w
ith th
e m
icro
scop
ic C
onst
rain
ed M
olec
ular
Dyn
amic
s mod
el (C
oMD
) [2
,3,4
]. Th
e de
-exc
itatio
n of
the
hot
hea
vy p
roje
ctile
fra
gmen
ts i
s pe
rfor
med
with
the
Sta
tistic
al
Mul
tifra
gmen
tatio
n M
odel
(SM
M) [
4].
We
first
pre
sent
cal
cula
ted
prod
uctio
n cr
oss
sect
ions
of
neut
ron-
rich
nucl
ides
fro
m c
ollis
ions
of
a 86
Kr (
15 M
eV/n
ucle
on) s
tabl
e bea
m w
ith 19
7 Au
and
238 U
targ
ets.
We a
lso
perf
orm
ed c
alcu
latio
ns w
ith
a ra
dioa
ctiv
e be
am o
f 92K
r (15
MeV
/nuc
leon
) with
a ta
rget
of 23
8 U a
nd re
aliz
e th
at th
e m
ultin
ucle
on
trans
fer m
echa
nism
lead
s to
very
neu
tron-
rich
nucl
ides
in th
e m
ass r
egio
n of
A∼9
0-10
0, to
war
ds a
nd
beyo
nd th
e as
troph
ysic
al r
-pro
cess
pat
h. I
n th
e fu
ture
, we
plan
to e
xper
imen
tally
inve
stig
ate
such
re
actio
ns in
KO
BR
A sp
ectro
met
er a
t RIS
P fa
cilit
y in
Kor
ea.
Com
bine
d w
ith o
ur r
ecen
t w
ork
[5],
we
conc
lude
tha
t ou
r co
ntin
ued
prog
ress
in
the
stud
y of
m
ultin
ucle
on t
rans
fer
reac
tions
usi
ng b
eam
s of
abo
ut 1
5 M
eV/n
ucle
on,
in c
ombi
natio
n w
ith t
he
enha
nced
cap
abili
ties
of p
rese
nt a
nd u
pcom
ing
low
-ene
rgy
acce
lera
tor
faci
litie
s w
orld
wid
e, m
ay
resu
lt in
new
and
exc
iting
opp
ortu
nitie
s in
rare
-isot
ope
rese
arch
in th
e ne
ar fu
ture
. R
efer
ence
s [1
] L. T
assa
n-G
ot a
nd C
. Ste
phan
, Nuc
l. Ph
ys. A
524
, 121
(199
1).
[2] M
. Pap
a, A
. Bon
aser
a et
al,
Phys
. Rev
. C 6
4, 0
2461
2 (2
001)
. [3
] P. F
ount
as, G
.A. S
oulio
tis e
t al ,
Phy
s. R
ev. C
90,
0646
13 (2
014)
. [4
] G.A
. Sou
liotis
, A.S
. Bot
vina
et a
l., P
hys.
Rev
. C 7
5, 0
1160
1 (2
007)
. [5
] A. P
apag
eorg
iou,
G.A
. Sou
liotis
, et a
l., J
Phys
. G, a
ccep
ted
(201
8).
Rad
iolo
gica
l im
pact
ass
essm
ent i
n th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t: E
xplo
ring
the
inno
vatio
n *
H
elen
y Fl
orou
, Geo
rgio
s Kub
uras
, Mar
ia S
otiro
poul
ou, G
eorg
ia M
avro
kefa
lou
En
viro
nmen
tal R
adio
activ
ity L
abor
ator
y, In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
& R
adio
logi
cal S
cien
ces
&
Tech
nolo
gy, E
nerg
y &
Saf
ety,
Nat
iona
l Cen
tre
for
Scie
ntifi
c Re
sear
ch “
Dem
okri
tos”
, Pat
r.
Gri
gori
ou E
΄ & 2
7 N
eapo
leos
St.,
GR-
153
41 A
ghia
Par
aske
vi, A
ttica
, Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
eflo
rou@
ipta
.dem
okri
tos.
gr
The
rout
ine
mon
itorin
g fo
r rad
iolo
gica
l im
pact
ass
essm
ent i
n th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t has
not
be
en in
clud
ed in
the
REM
pro
gram
of E
UR
ATO
M (R
adio
activ
ity E
nviro
nmen
tal M
onito
ring
– co
ntra
ctua
l ob
ligat
ion
of t
he E
urop
ean
Uni
on M
embe
r St
ates
). Th
us,
mea
sure
men
ts o
f ra
dioa
ctiv
ity in
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent h
ave
been
an
issu
e of
rese
arch
, prim
arily
in th
e fie
ld
of r
adio
ecol
ogy
and
seco
ndar
ily a
s a
com
plem
ent
to R
EM i
n ad
hoc
cas
es i
n ar
eas
of
pote
ntia
l rad
ioac
tive
pollu
tion
such
as
ports
bei
ng v
isite
d by
nuc
lear
pow
ered
ves
sels
and
in
area
s af
fect
ed
by
glob
al
and/
or
regi
onal
/inte
rreg
iona
l fa
llout
. Th
e En
viro
nmen
tal
Rad
ioac
tivity
Lab
orat
ory
(ER
L) h
as s
tarte
d re
cord
ing
the
leve
ls o
f rad
ioac
tivity
in th
e G
reek
m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t in
the
early
sev
entie
s by
mea
ns o
f gro
ss b
eta
mea
sure
men
ts, w
hich
is a
ra
ther
rou
gh m
etho
d re
quiri
ng th
e ex
clus
ion
of C
s-13
7 fr
om th
e m
easu
red
fissi
on p
rodu
cts
(as
it be
have
s as
K-4
0, t
he m
ajor
nat
ural
rad
ionu
clid
e in
sea
wat
er).
Follo
win
g up
, a m
ore
accu
rate
met
hod
has
been
int
rodu
ced,
bas
ed o
n th
e co
-pre
cipi
tatio
n of
Cs-
137
with
A
mm
oniu
m P
hosp
ho M
olyb
date
and
the
use
of
Cs-
134
as a
car
rier
and
yiel
d tra
cer.
This
m
etho
d is
stil
l ca
rrie
d ou
t in
ER
L, u
sing
γ-s
pect
rom
etry
, as
the
Lab
orat
ory
is o
ffic
ially
in
volv
ed i
n th
e G
reek
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent
radi
oact
ivity
con
trol.
Cur
rent
ly,
ERL
is i
n th
e pr
oces
s of
dev
elop
ing
inno
vativ
e m
etho
ds f
or u
rgen
t an
d/or
em
erge
ncy
mea
sure
men
ts a
nd
cost
eff
icie
nt t
ools
for
rou
tine
chec
king
and
mon
itorin
g in
cide
ntal
/acc
iden
tal
rele
ases
of
radi
oact
ive
subs
tanc
es in
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent b
ased
on
the
sate
llite
rem
ote
dete
ctio
n of
C
s-13
7. In
the
pres
ent s
tudy
, the
tim
e ev
olut
ion
of th
e ra
diol
ogic
al m
onito
ring
in th
e Ea
ster
n M
edite
rran
ean
Sea
is b
eing
pre
sent
ed b
ased
on
the
data
tha
t ha
s be
en c
olle
cted
by
ERL
durin
g th
e la
st fi
ve d
ecad
es a
nd th
e in
nova
tion
tech
niqu
e is
als
o m
entio
ned
as w
ell.
Key
wor
ds:
mar
ine
radi
oact
ivity
, Cs-
137
in s
eaw
ater
, fis
sion
pro
duct
s in
sea
wat
er, r
emot
e re
cord
ing
of C
-137
*
We
ackn
owle
dge
supp
ort o
f thi
s w
ork
by th
e pr
ojec
t “N
CSR
D –
INR
AST
ES re
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
in
the
fram
ewor
k of
the
natio
nal R
IS3”
(MIS
500
2559
) whi
ch is
impl
emen
ted
unde
r the
“A
ctio
n fo
r the
St
rate
gic
Dev
elop
men
t on
the
Res
earc
h an
d Te
chno
logi
cal
Sect
or”,
fun
ded
by t
he O
pera
tiona
l Pr
ogra
mm
e “C
ompe
titiv
enes
s, En
trepr
eneu
rshi
p an
d In
nova
tion”
(N
SRF
2014
– 2
020)
and
co-
finan
ced
by G
reec
e an
d th
e Eu
rope
an U
nion
(Eur
opea
n R
egio
nal D
evel
opm
ent F
und)
.
Stud
y of
deu
tero
n el
astic
scat
teri
ng o
n na
t O a
t ene
rgie
s and
ang
les s
uita
ble
for
EB
S (E
last
ic B
acks
catt
erin
g Sp
ectr
osco
py)
N
. Βligoura
1 , X. A
slan
oglo
u2 , C. J
eyne
s3 , M. K
okko
ris1 , A
. Lag
oyan
nis4 ,
F. M
arag
kos1 , P
. Mis
aelid
es5 , E
. Nte
mou
1,4 , N
. Pat
roni
s2 , K. P
reke
tes-
Siga
las1,
4
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, N
atio
nal T
echn
ical
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Zog
rafo
u ca
mpu
s, 1
5780
Ath
ens,
G
reec
e 2 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of I
oann
ina,
451
10 Io
anni
na, G
reec
e 3 . U
nive
rsity
of S
urre
y Io
n Be
am C
entr
e, G
uild
ford
, UK
4 T
ande
m A
ccel
erat
or L
abor
ator
y, In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
Phy
sics
, N.C
.S.R
. “Dem
okritos”
, Agh
ia
Para
skev
i, 15
310
Athe
ns, G
reec
e 5 D
epar
tmen
t of C
hem
istr
y, A
rist
otle
Uni
vers
ity, G
R-54
124
Thes
salo
niki
, Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
phna
talia
69@
gmai
l.com
Oxy
gen
(99.
76%
16O
, 0.0
4% 17
O, a
nd 0
.2%
18O
) is
the
third
mos
t abu
ndan
t ele
men
t by
mas
s in
the
univ
erse
and
it c
ompr
ises
~21
% o
f the
earth’s
atm
osph
eric
vol
ume
in m
olec
ular
form
. C
omm
on u
ses
of o
xyge
n in
clud
e pr
oduc
tion
of s
teel
, pla
stic
s an
d te
xtile
s, br
azin
g, w
eldi
ng
and
cutti
ng o
f ste
els
and
othe
r met
als.
As
it is
hig
hly
reac
tive,
oxy
gen-
indu
ced
corr
osio
n, o
r ev
en s
impl
e ox
idiz
atio
n, is
a w
ell-k
now
n pr
oble
m in
mos
t tec
hnol
ogic
al m
ater
ials
. Thu
s, th
e ac
cura
te q
uant
itativ
e de
term
inat
ion
of o
xyge
n de
pth
prof
ile c
once
ntra
tions
in v
ario
us ta
rget
s is
of c
ritic
al im
porta
nce.
At t
he s
ame
time,
it c
onst
itute
s a
maj
or c
halle
nge
for a
ll Io
n B
eam
A
naly
sis (
IBA
) tec
hniq
ues b
ecau
se o
xyge
n us
ually
coe
xist
s in
vario
us co
mpl
ex m
atric
es al
ong
with
seve
ral o
ther
low
- and
med
ium
-Z e
lem
ents
. A
mon
g al
l IB
A t
echn
ique
s, N
ucle
ar R
eact
ion
Ana
lysi
s (N
RA
) se
ems
to b
e th
e m
ost
prom
inen
t one
for o
xyge
n de
pth
prof
iling
stud
ies,
usua
lly v
ia th
e sim
ulta
neou
s im
plem
enta
tion
of t
he 16O(d,α
0), 16
O(d
,p0)
and
16O
(d,p
1) r
eact
ions
, whi
ch y
ield
hig
h-en
ergy
pro
ton
and α-
parti
cle
peak
s, du
e to
thei
r rel
ativ
ely
high
Q-v
alue
s, w
ith re
duce
d ba
ckgr
ound
con
tribu
tions
. EB
S (E
last
ic B
acks
catte
ring
Spec
trosc
opy)
is u
sual
ly p
erfo
rmed
in p
aral
lel,
alon
g w
ith N
RA
, an
d it
is c
ritic
al f
or th
e co
mpl
ete
desc
riptio
n of
the
mat
rix. T
here
exi
st s
ever
al d
atas
ets
in
liter
atur
e su
itabl
e fo
r d-E
BS,
but
ther
e is
a c
onsi
dera
ble
lack
of d
ata
at h
ighe
r ene
rgie
s, na
mel
y ab
ove
E d,la
b~2
MeV
, whi
ch w
ould
faci
litat
e ox
ygen
dep
th p
rofil
ing
stud
ies a
t hig
her d
epth
s. Th
is p
robl
em, a
long
with
the
stud
y of
the
influ
ence
of t
he d
iffer
ent r
eact
ion
mec
hani
sms
in d
eute
ron
elas
tic sc
atte
ring
on o
xyge
n w
ere
the
mai
n m
otiv
atio
ns o
f the
pre
sent
wor
k, w
here
di
ffer
entia
l cro
ss-s
ectio
ns w
ere
dete
rmin
ed in
the
proj
ectil
e en
ergy
rang
e E d
,lab =
150
0–25
00
keV
(in
ener
gy s
teps
of ~
10-2
0 ke
V) a
nd fo
r six
det
ecto
r ang
les
betw
een
120°
and
170
° (in
st
eps
of 1
0°).
The
targ
et u
sed
was
a th
in o
xyge
n-co
ntai
ning
foil,
with
an
ultra
-thin
Au
laye
r ev
apor
ated
on
top
for n
orm
aliz
atio
n pu
rpos
es. T
he m
easu
rem
ents
wer
e pe
rfor
med
usi
ng th
e 5.
5 M
V T
N11
HV
Tan
dem
Acc
eler
ator
of N
.C.S
.R. “Dem
okritos”,
Ath
ens,
Gre
ece a
nd a
high
-pr
ecis
ion
goni
omet
er. T
he re
sults
from
the
pres
ent w
ork,
in b
oth
grap
hica
l and
tabu
lar f
orm
s, w
ill
soon
be
com
e av
aila
ble
to
the
scientific
com
mun
ity
thro
ugh
IBA
ND
L (w
ww
-nd
s.iae
a.or
g/ib
andl
/).
Rad
iatio
n ex
posu
re o
f air
crew
s du
e to
Spa
ce R
adia
tion*
A. T
ezar
i1,2 , P
. Pas
chal
is1 , M
. Ger
ontid
ou1 , H
. Mav
rom
icha
laki
1 , P. K
arai
skos
2
1 A
then
s C
osm
ic R
ay G
roup
, Fac
ulty
of P
hysi
cs, N
atio
nal a
nd K
apod
istr
ian
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens
2 Lab
orat
ory
of M
edic
al P
hysi
cs, M
edic
al S
choo
l, N
atio
nal a
nd K
apod
istr
ian
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
anat
ez@
med
.uoa
.gr
Sp
ace
radi
atio
n m
ainl
y co
nsis
ts o
f tra
pped
par
ticle
s in
side
the
Earth
’s m
agne
tosp
here
, sol
ar
and
gala
ctic
cos
mic
rays
. Cos
mic
rays
, whi
le p
ropa
gatin
g in
the
inte
rpla
neta
ry m
ediu
m, r
each
th
e to
p of
the
Earth
’s a
tmos
pher
e an
d co
llide
with
the
mol
ecul
es o
f th
e at
mos
pher
ic la
yers
, cr
eatin
g sh
ower
s of
sec
onda
ry p
artic
les,
whi
ch c
an b
e re
cord
ed b
y gr
ound
-bas
ed n
eutro
n m
onito
rs o
r muo
n de
tect
ors
[1].
Due
to th
ese
casc
ades
, the
rad
iatio
n en
viro
nmen
t in
vario
us
atm
osph
eric
alti
tude
s is
ent
irely
diff
eren
t th
an t
he o
ne e
xper
ienc
ed o
n th
e Ea
rth’s
sur
face
. Sp
ace
radi
atio
n is
ioni
zing
(tra
pped
par
ticle
s, so
lar a
nd g
alac
tic c
osm
ic ra
ys,)
as w
ell a
s no
n-io
nizi
ng (u
ltra-
viol
et ra
diat
ion)
. It
is k
now
n th
at io
nizi
ng ra
diat
ion
is v
ery
dang
erou
s fo
r all
biol
ogic
al s
yste
ms,
caus
ing
a va
riety
of
acut
e an
d ch
roni
c ef
fect
s. T
he d
eter
min
atio
n of
the
occu
patio
nal e
xpos
ure
of a
ircre
ws t
o sp
ace
radi
atio
n is
of g
reat
impo
rtanc
e [2
]. D
Yna
mic
Atm
osph
eric
Sho
wer
Tra
ckin
g In
tera
ctiv
e M
odel
App
licat
ion
(DY
AST
IMA
) [3
], as
wel
l as
its
ext
ensi
on D
YA
STIM
A-R
[4]
, is
a s
tand
alon
e ap
plic
atio
n, b
ased
on
the
sim
ulat
ion
tool
kit
Gea
nt4,
tha
t si
mul
ates
the
pro
paga
tion
of c
osm
ic r
adia
tion
in t
he
atm
osph
ere.
DY
AST
IMA
pro
vide
s all
the n
eces
sary
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
stud
y of
the c
asca
de
in d
iffer
ent a
tmos
pher
ic a
ltitu
des w
hile
DY
AST
IMA
-R, a
s a d
osim
etry
app
licat
ion,
cal
cula
tes
radi
obio
logi
cal q
uant
ities
, suc
h as
dos
e ra
te a
nd e
quiv
alen
t dos
e ra
te, f
or th
e de
term
inat
ion
of
the
expo
sure
, bas
ed o
n th
e ou
tput
pro
vide
d by
DY
AST
IMA
. The
se q
uant
ities
are
cal
cula
ted
for s
olar
min
imum
and
sola
r max
imum
con
ditio
ns. D
YA
STIM
A c
an b
e ac
cess
ed v
ia th
e po
rtal
of th
e A
then
s N
eutro
n M
onito
r Sta
tion
– A
.Ne.
Mo.
S. [5
] and
the
porta
l of S
pace
Situ
atio
nal
Aw
aren
ess (
SSA
) of t
he E
urop
ean
Spac
e A
genc
y (E
SA) [
6]
Ref
eren
ces
[1] Η
. Mav
rom
icha
laki
, Atm
. Sol
ar a
nd S
olar
-Ter
. Phy
s., 1
35-1
61 (2
012)
[2
] IC
RP.
, Pub
. 132
, 45(
1), (
2016
) [3
] P. P
asch
alis
et a
l., N
ew. A
stro
nom
y, 3
3, 1
(201
4)
[4] P
. Pas
chal
is e
t al.,
Pro
c. X
XV
EC
RS
2016
arX
iv:1
612.
0893
7 [p
hysi
cs.sp
ace-
ph] (
2016
) [5
] http
://co
sray
.phy
s.uoa
.gr/i
ndex
.php
/dya
stim
a [6
] http
://sw
e.ss
a.es
a.in
t/spa
cera
diat
ion
* Th
is w
ork
is su
ppor
ted
by E
SA –
SSA
Spa
ce R
adia
tion
Expe
rt Se
rvic
e C
entre
(P3-
SWE-
III /
WP
2130
).
Can
cer
Les
ions
Det
ecta
bilit
y L
imits
in S
PEC
T B
reas
t Im
agin
g
I.
Lytro
syng
ouni
s1 , D. Z
arke
tan2 , M
. Arg
yrou
3 , D. M
aint
as3 , C
. Mai
nta3 ,
M.-E
. Tom
azin
aki1,
2 , E. S
tilia
ris1,
4
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, N
atio
nal a
nd K
apod
istria
n U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, At
hens
, Gre
ece
2 Med
ical
Sch
ool,
Natio
nal a
nd K
apod
istri
an U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, At
hens
, Gre
ece
3 Insti
tute
of I
soto
pic
Stud
ies,
IATR
IKO
N H
OSP
ITAL
, Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
4 IASA
, Ins
titut
e of
Acc
eler
atin
g Sy
stem
s & A
pplic
atio
ns, A
then
s, G
reec
e Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: ily
trosy
@ph
ys.u
oa.g
r B
reas
t im
agin
g fo
r ea
rly s
tage
can
cer
diag
nosi
s is
stil
l m
ainl
y re
lyin
g on
pla
nar
imag
ing
tech
niqu
es. D
ue to
spat
ial r
esol
utio
n an
d se
nsiti
vity
lim
itatio
ns in
com
bina
tion
with
abs
orpt
ion
effe
cts,
who
le-b
ody
PET
and
SPEC
T cl
inic
al s
cann
ers
show
a p
oor
perf
orm
ance
in
thre
e-di
men
sion
al t
omog
raph
ic i
mag
ing.
In
orde
r to
exe
rcis
e in
det
ail,
the
dete
ctab
ility
lim
its o
f sm
all
brea
st c
ance
r le
sion
s in
a h
ighl
y no
isy
back
grou
nd, a
ded
icat
ed S
PEC
T st
udy
with
a
brea
st p
hant
om i
s pr
esen
ted
in t
his
wor
k. T
he p
ract
ical
goa
l of
the
cur
rent
ana
lysi
s is
to
accu
rate
ly d
efin
e th
e to
mog
raph
ic li
mits
of t
his m
etho
d to
succ
essf
ully
del
iver
acc
urat
e cl
inic
al
tom
ogra
phic
im
ages
of
vario
us s
mal
l-vol
ume
and
spec
ific
activ
ity c
once
ntra
tions
in
a co
ntro
llabl
e si
gnal
-to-n
oise
env
ironm
ent.
R
efer
ence
s [1
] I. L
ytro
syng
ouni
s: C
ance
r Les
ions
Det
ecta
bilit
y Li
mits
in S
PECT
Imag
ing
with
a B
reas
t D
edic
ated
Pha
ntom
, (M
Sc T
hesi
s), N
atio
nal a
nd K
apod
istri
an U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, 2
018.
[2
] D. T
hana
sas,
E. G
eorg
iou,
N. G
ioka
ris, A
. Kar
abar
boun
is, D
. Mai
ntas
, C.N
. Pap
anic
olas
, A.
Poly
chro
nopo
ulou
and
E. S
tilia
ris: A
cor
rect
ion
met
hod
of th
e sp
atia
l dist
ortio
n in
pla
nar i
mag
es
from
γ-Ca
mer
a sy
stem
s, Jo
urna
l of I
nstru
men
tatio
n 4
(200
9) P
0601
2.
[3] S
. Ang
eli a
nd E
. Stil
iaris
: An
Acce
lera
ted
Alge
brai
c Re
cons
truct
ion
Tech
niqu
e ba
sed
on th
e Ne
wto
n-Ra
phso
n Sc
hem
e, IE
EE N
ucle
ar S
cien
ce S
ympo
sium
and
Imag
ing
Con
fere
nce
Rec
ord
M09
-323
(200
9) 3
382-
3387
. [4
] S. J
an e
t al.:
GAT
E: A
Sim
ulat
ion
Tool
kit f
or P
ET a
nd S
PECT
, Phy
s. M
ed. B
iol.
49 (2
004)
454
3-45
61
Var
iatio
n of
bot
h tr
itium
(3 H) a
nd b
eryl
lium
(7 Be)
con
cent
ratio
ns in
air
, ra
in a
nd h
umid
ity sa
mpl
es c
olle
cted
at I
oann
ina,
Nor
th-w
este
rn G
reec
e
St
amou
lis C
. Kon
stan
tinos
1,2 , T
silig
ou Z
ahar
oula
1 , Asl
anog
lou
Xen
ofon
1,2 ,
Ioan
nide
s Kon
stan
tinos
1,2*
1 U
nive
rsity
of I
oann
ina,
Phy
sics
Dep
artm
ent,
4511
0, Io
anni
na, G
reec
e 2 U
nive
rsity
of I
oann
ina,
The
Arc
haeo
met
ry C
ente
r, 4
5110
, Ioa
nnin
a, G
reec
e Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: ks
tam
oul@
uoi.g
r
Triti
um
(3 H)
and
bery
llium
(7 B
e)
are
radi
oact
ive
isot
opes
pr
oduc
ed
in
the
uppe
r
atm
osph
ere
from
the
int
erac
tion
of c
osm
ic r
ays
with
nuc
lei
of a
tmos
pher
ic g
ases
. D
ue t
o th
eir c
ompa
rativ
ely
shor
t hal
f liv
es, 1
2.33
y fo
r 3 H a
nd 5
3.12
day
s fo
r 7 B
e, th
ey a
re u
sed
as
trace
rs o
f th
e w
ater
cyc
ling
in t
he a
tmos
pher
e, s
urfa
ce a
nd u
nder
grou
nd w
ater
s an
d al
so
atm
osph
eric
and
oce
an c
ircul
atio
n. A
n an
nual
fluc
tuat
ion
of th
e pr
oduc
tion
and
cons
eque
ntly
th
e tra
nspo
rtatio
n an
d pr
ecip
itatio
n of
the
isot
opes
on
the
earth
sur
face
is o
bser
ved
whi
ch c
an
be a
ttrib
uted
to
the
clim
ate
cond
ition
s of
the
uppe
r an
d lo
wer
par
ts o
f th
e at
mos
pher
e an
d al
so t
o th
e sp
ecia
l se
ason
al c
hang
es o
f th
e bo
unda
ries
betw
een
thes
e tw
o pa
rts o
f th
e at
mos
pher
e, i.
e. tr
opos
pher
e an
d st
rato
sphe
re.
In th
e pr
esen
t wor
k th
e pr
elim
inar
y re
sults
of a
n on
goin
g st
udy
of th
e co
rrel
atio
n be
twee
n th
e co
ncen
tratio
ns o
f th
ese
two
isot
opes
in
air,
lique
fied
air
hum
idity
and
pre
cipi
tatio
n ar
e pr
esen
ted.
Tr
itium
in
prec
ipita
tion
and
hum
idity
sam
ples
as
wel
l as
7 Be
in a
ir sa
mpl
es
colle
cted
in
filte
rs a
nd r
ain
sam
ples
wer
e m
easu
red
usin
g liq
uid
scin
tilla
tion
coun
ting
and
gam
ma
spec
trosc
opy
resp
ectiv
ely.
Th
e re
sults
sh
ow
an
over
all
trend
of
de
crea
sing
co
ncen
tratio
ns o
f 7 Be
durin
g th
e w
inte
r mon
ths
whi
le th
ere
is a
sm
all b
ut o
bvio
us in
crea
se o
f th
e co
ncen
tratio
ns d
urin
g th
e fir
st s
prin
g m
onth
s in
the
air
sam
ples
. A
sim
ilar
trend
was
re
porte
d in
ano
ther
stu
dy a
t Th
essa
loni
ki, N
orth
Gre
ece
[1].
Con
cent
ratio
ns o
f 7 B
e in
rai
n sa
mpl
es w
ere
for t
he m
ajor
ity o
f the
cas
es, b
elow
the
limit
of d
etec
tion
exce
pt in
som
e ca
ses
whe
re th
e va
lues
wer
e lo
w. T
ritiu
m c
once
ntra
tions
in r
ain
are
sim
ilar
to th
ose
mea
sure
d in
hu
mid
ity s
ampl
es a
nd g
ener
ally
ten
d to
inc
reas
e du
ring
the
win
ter
mon
ths
follo
wed
by
a sm
all
decr
ease
du
ring
the
first
sp
ring
mon
ths.
Si
mila
r re
sults
co
nsid
erin
g tri
tium
co
ncen
tratio
ns in
rai
n ha
ve b
een
obse
rved
in p
revi
ous
wor
ks [
2,3]
. A w
eak
corr
elat
ion
was
fo
und
betw
een
in th
e te
mpo
ral e
volu
tion
of 7 B
e an
d 3 H
con
cent
ratio
ns.
R
efer
ence
s [1
] A. I
oann
idou
et a
l., J.
Rad
ioan
al. N
ucl.
Che
m. 2
89, 3
95-4
00 (2
012)
[2
] K. S
tam
oulis
et a
l., F
usio
n En
gine
erin
g an
d D
esig
n 86
, 206
-213
(201
1)
[3] K
. Sta
mou
lis e
t al.,
Fus
ion
Scie
nce
and
Tech
nolo
gy 4
8(1)
, 512
-515
(200
5)
Dev
elop
men
t of a
pul
se r
econ
stru
ctio
n ro
utin
e fo
r T
rans
istor
-Res
et
prea
mpl
ifier
s for
(n,x
n) m
easu
rem
ents
usi
ng H
PGe
dete
ctor
s at t
he n
TO
F fa
cilit
y at
CE
RN
*
A
. Sta
mat
opou
los1 , M
. Kok
koris
1 , N. P
atro
nis2 , L
. Tas
san-
Got
3 , D. B
osna
r4 , A. T
sing
anis
5 , M
. Dia
kaki
6 , T. G
loda
riu7,
† , A. N
egre
t7 , R. V
last
ou1 , T
he n
TOF
colla
bora
tion8
1 N
atio
nal T
echn
ical
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Zog
rafo
u Ca
mpu
s, At
hens
, Gre
ece
2 Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Uni
vers
ity o
f Ioa
nnin
a, 4
5110
Ioan
nina
, Gre
ece
3 Insti
tut d
e Ph
ysiq
ue N
uclé
aire
, CNR
S-IN
2P3,
Uni
v. P
aris
-Sud
, Uni
vers
ité P
aris
-Sac
lay,
Ors
ay
Cede
x, F
ranc
e 4 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, F
acul
ty o
f Sci
ence
, Uni
vers
ity o
f Zag
reb,
Bije
ničk
a c.
32,
Zag
reb,
Cro
atia
5 E
urop
ean
Org
aniz
atio
n fo
r Nuc
lear
Res
earc
h (C
ERN)
, Swi
tzer
land
6 C
EA C
adar
ache
, Sai
nt P
aul l
ez D
uran
ce, F
ranc
e 7 H
oria
Hul
ubei
Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Phy
sics a
nd N
ucle
ar E
ngin
eerin
g, R
oman
ia
8 www
.cer
n.ch
/nto
f Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: at
hana
sios.s
tam
atop
oulo
s@ce
rn.c
h Th
e ac
cura
te d
eter
min
atio
n of
(n,x
n) re
actio
ns is
of g
reat
impo
rtanc
e fo
r the
opt
imum
des
ign
and
redu
ctio
n of
saf
ety
mar
gins
of f
ast r
eact
ors
sinc
e th
e ne
utro
n po
pula
tion
is in
crea
sed
by
such
rea
ctio
ns a
ffec
ting
the
avai
labl
e ne
utro
n sp
ectru
m f
or f
issi
on i
n th
e nu
clea
r fu
el.
In
addi
tion
(n,x
n) r
eact
ions
are
con
side
red
to b
e th
e m
ost
suita
ble
reac
tions
for
hig
h en
ergy
ne
utro
n do
sim
etry
whi
ch is
just
ified
by
the
long
list
of (
n,2n
) and
(n,3
n) re
actio
ns s
een
in th
e H
igh
Prio
rity
Req
uest
Lis
t (H
PRL)
. Th
e m
ost
suita
ble
tech
niqu
e to
mea
sure
suc
h cr
oss-
sect
ions
is th
e us
e of
pro
mpt
γ-r
adia
tion
emitt
ed b
y th
e re
sidu
al n
ucle
i, w
hich
was
use
d in
the
pres
ent
wor
k at
the
nTO
F fa
cilit
y at
CER
N.
The
faci
lity
feat
ures
a h
igh
inst
anta
neou
s ne
utro
n flu
x pr
oduc
ed v
ia s
palla
tion
of 2
0 G
eV p
roto
ns i
mpi
ngin
g on
a P
b ta
rget
. Th
e pr
ompt
γ-s
pect
rum
can
be
dete
cted
with
a h
igh
reso
lutio
n γ-
ray
HPG
e de
tect
or, p
rovi
ded
that
th
e γ-
flash
bur
st th
at fo
llow
s the
spal
latio
n pr
oces
s, do
es n
ot sa
tura
te th
e re
ad-o
ut sy
stem
. Th
e af
orem
entio
ned
satu
ratio
n w
as a
void
ed, b
y em
ploy
ing
a tra
nsis
tor-
rese
t pre
ampl
ifier
(T
RP)
w
hose
re
spon
se
to
the
char
ge
colle
ctio
n is
fa
ster
th
an
the
typi
cal
inte
grat
ion/
diff
eren
tiatio
n pr
eam
plifi
ers.
The
step
-sig
nals
of
this
pre
ampl
ifier
wer
e re
cord
ed
at h
igh
sam
plin
g ra
tes
of th
e or
der
of 1
MH
z w
ith f
lash
AD
Cs,
whi
ch a
llow
the
stor
age
of
full
wav
efor
ms.
Thes
e si
gnal
s w
ere
anal
yzed
off
line
usin
g th
e pu
lse
reco
nstru
ctio
n ro
utin
e th
at w
as d
evel
oped
in th
e fr
amew
ork
of th
e pr
esen
t wor
k. P
relim
inar
y re
cons
truct
ed ti
me-
of-
fligh
t and
am
plitu
de sp
ectra
alo
ng w
ith th
e ba
sic
prin
cipl
es o
f the
rout
ine,
will
be
pres
ente
d.
* Th
is w
ork
is su
ppor
ted
by C
HA
ND
A,
FP7
Euro
pean
pro
gram
.
Stat
istic
al m
odel
cal
cula
tions
for α-
capt
ure
reac
tions
re
leva
nt to
the p
proc
ess
C
. Fak
iola
, I. K
arak
asis
, I. S
ider
is, A
. Kha
liel a
nd T
.J.M
ertz
imek
is
D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, Z
ogra
fou
Cam
pus,
GR
-157
84, A
then
s, G
reec
e
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
chri
stin
afak
iola
@ya
hoo.
gr
A
bout
35
nucl
ides
whi
ch l
ie o
n th
e ne
utro
n de
ficie
nt s
ide
of t
he i
soto
pic
char
t ca
nnot
be
crea
ted
by th
e tw
o ba
sic
nucl
eosy
nthe
tic p
roce
sses
, the
s a
nd th
e r
proc
ess.
The
dom
inan
t th
eory
sug
gest
s th
at t
hese
nuc
lei
are
crea
ted
via
the
p pr
oces
s, an
d sp
ecifi
cally
thr
ough
va
rious
suc
cess
ive
com
bina
tions
of
(γ,n
), (γ
,p)
and
(γ,α
), as
wel
l as β+
dec
ays
and
elec
tron
capt
ure
insi
de th
e O
/Ne
shel
l of c
ore
colla
pse
supe
rnov
a.
Due
to
scar
ce e
xper
imen
tal
data
and
the
vas
t co
mpl
exity
of
the
reac
tion
netw
ork
invo
lved
, cro
ss s
ectio
ns a
nd re
actio
ns a
re e
stim
ated
theo
retic
ally
, usi
ng th
e H
ause
r-Fe
shba
ch
stat
istic
al m
odel
. In
the
pres
ent w
ork,
theo
retic
al c
alcu
latio
ns o
f cro
ss s
ectio
ns o
f rad
iativ
e α-
capt
ure
reac
tions
on
the
neut
ron
defic
ient
erb
ium
and
xen
on i
soto
pes
are
pres
ente
d in
an
atte
mpt
to m
ake
pred
ictio
ns in
side
the
astro
phys
ical
ly re
leva
nt e
nerg
y w
indo
w (G
amow
).The
pa
rticu
lar r
eact
ions
are
pre
dict
ed to
be
sens
itive
bra
nchi
ngs i
n th
e γp
roce
ss p
ath
[1].
The
mos
t rec
ent v
ersi
ons
of T
ALY
S (v
1.9)
[2] a
nd F
resc
o (3
.2) [
3] c
odes
wer
e em
ploy
ed
for a
ll ca
lcul
atio
ns, i
nitia
lly fo
cusi
ng o
n in
vest
igat
ing
the
influ
ence
of t
he d
efau
lt ei
ght (
8) α
-nu
cleu
s op
tical
pot
entia
l mod
elso
f TA
LYS
on re
actio
n cr
oss
sect
ions
. The
theo
retic
al re
sults
of
bot
h co
des
are
com
pare
d an
d fo
r the
reac
tions
whe
re e
xper
imen
tal d
ata
exis
t in
liter
atur
e [4
,5],
the
optic
al m
odel
par
amet
ers
wer
e ad
just
ed a
ppro
pria
tely
to b
est d
escr
ibe
the
data
and
w
ere
subs
eque
ntly
use
d fo
r es
timat
ing
(α,γ
) re
actio
ncro
ss s
ectio
ns. P
redi
ctio
ns f
or th
e (α
,n)
reac
tion
chan
nels
hav
e al
so b
eenc
alcu
late
d an
d st
udie
d.
Ref
eren
ces
[1]
T. R
ausc
her,
Phys
. Rev
. C 7
3, 0
1580
4 (2
006)
[2
] S.
Hila
ire A
.J. K
onin
g an
d M
.C.
Dui
jves
tijn,
Pro
ceed
ings
of
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l C
onfe
renc
e on
N
ucle
ar D
ata
for S
cien
ce a
nd T
echn
olog
y (2
007)
[3
] I.J
. Tho
mps
on, C
hapt
er 3
.1.2
- M
etho
ds o
f Dire
ct R
eact
ion
Theo
ries,
In S
catte
ring,
edi
ted
by R
oy
Pike
and
Pie
rre
Saba
tier,
Aca
dem
ic P
ress
, Lon
don,
pp.
136
0-13
72 (2
002)
[4
] G
.G.K
iss e
t al.,
Phys
. Let
t. B
735
, 40
(201
4)
[5]
Z.H
alás
z et
al.,
Phy
s Rev
C 9
4, 0
4580
1 (2
016)
Stud
y of
the
234,
236 U
(n,f)
and
232 T
h(n,
f) C
ross
-Sec
tions
in th
e E
nerg
y R
ange
be
twee
n 14
.8 a
nd 1
9.2
MeV
with
Mic
roM
egas
Det
ecto
rs
S.
Cha
sapo
glou
1 , A. K
alam
ara1 , M
. Kok
koris
1 , V. M
icha
lopo
ulou
1,2 , A
. Sta
mat
opou
los1 ,
R. V
last
ou1 , A
. Lag
oyan
nis3 , Z
. Ele
me4 , N
. Pat
roni
s4
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, N
atio
nal T
echn
ical
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Zogr
afou
cam
pus,
1578
0 At
hens
, G
reec
e 2 Eu
rope
an O
rgan
izat
ion
of N
ucle
ar R
esea
rch
(CER
N),
Gen
eva,
Swi
tzer
land
3 Ta
ndem
Acc
eler
ator
Lab
orat
ory,
Inst
itute
of N
ucle
ar P
hysi
cs, N
.C.S
.R. “
Dem
okri
tos”
, Agh
ia
Para
skev
i, 15
310
Athe
ns, G
reec
e
4 Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Uni
vers
ity o
f Ioa
nnin
a, 4
5110
Ioan
nina
, Gre
ece
Th
e de
sign
of f
ast n
ucle
ar re
acto
rs a
s wel
l as a
ccel
erat
or d
riven
syst
ems i
s ver
y st
rong
ly b
ased
on
the
accu
rate
kno
wle
dge
of th
e ne
utro
n-in
duce
d fis
sion
cro
ss s
ectio
ns o
n ac
tinid
es. M
ore
spec
ifica
lly, c
erta
in is
otop
es s
uch
as 23
4 U, 23
6 U a
nd 23
2 Th p
lay
a cr
ucia
l rol
e in
the
thor
ium
cy
cle.
How
ever
, for
the
abov
e m
entio
ned
reac
tions
, few
ava
ilabl
e an
d di
scre
pant
cro
ss-s
ectio
n da
tase
ts e
xist
in
liter
atur
e fo
r hi
gh-e
nerg
y ne
utro
ns, p
rese
ntin
g re
lativ
ely
larg
e er
rors
, thu
s yi
eldi
ng m
edio
cre
eval
uatio
ns. I
n th
e pr
esen
t wor
k th
e st
udy
of th
e to
tal c
ross
sec
tion
of th
e 23
4,23
6 U(n
,f) a
nd 23
2 Th(n
,f) r
eact
ions
was
mad
e po
ssib
le, u
sing
qua
si-m
onoe
nerg
etic
neu
tron
beam
s in
the
ener
gy ra
nge
of 1
4.8
– 19
.2 M
eV p
rodu
ced
via
the
3 H(d
,n)4 H
e re
actio
n at
the
5.5
MeV
Tan
dem
acc
eler
ator
labo
rato
ry o
f NC
SR “
Dem
okrit
os”,
usi
ng M
icro
Meg
as d
etec
tors
. Fi
nally
, a sp
ecifi
c m
etho
dolo
gy is
intro
duce
d to
com
pens
ate f
or th
e co
ntam
inat
ion
in th
e cr
oss-
sect
ion
mea
sure
men
ts d
ue t
o th
e fis
sion
-indu
cing
par
asiti
c ne
utro
ns,
in f
acili
ties
with
an
abse
nce
of ti
me-
of-f
light
cap
abili
ties.
The
char
acte
rizat
ion
of th
e ne
utro
n be
am w
as p
erfo
rmed
by
usi
ng th
e mul
tiple
foil
activ
atio
n te
chni
que (
with
Al,
In, N
b an
d A
u re
fere
nce f
oils
), de
taile
d si
mul
atio
ns im
plem
entin
g th
e M
CN
P5 M
onte
Car
lo c
ode,
as
wel
l as
the
197 A
u(n,
γ)19
8 Au
and
235 U
(n,f)
reac
tion
cros
s sec
tions
.
Stud
y of
the
high
ene
rgy
neut
ron
flux
(15-
20 M
eV) a
t NC
SR ‘D
emok
rito
s’
usin
g a
BC
501A
liqu
id s
cint
illat
or
E.
Mits
i1 , S. C
hasa
pogl
ou1 , A
. Kal
amar
a1 , M. K
okko
ris1 V
. Mic
halo
poul
ou1 ,
A. S
tam
atop
oulo
s1 , R. V
last
ou1 , A
. Lag
oyan
nis2 , Z
. Ele
me3 , N
. Pat
roni
s3
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, N
atio
nal T
echn
ical
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Zog
rafo
u ca
mpu
s, 1
5780
Ath
ens,
G
reec
e 2 T
ande
m A
ccel
erat
or L
abor
ator
y, In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
Phy
sics
, N.C
.S.R
. Dem
okri
tos”
, Agh
ia
Para
skev
i, 15
310
Athe
ns, G
reec
e
3 Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Uni
vers
ity o
f Ioa
nnin
a, 4
5110
Ioan
nina
, Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
elm
it2@
hotm
ail.c
om
The
inve
stig
atio
n of
neu
tron
indu
ced
reac
tions
is o
f con
side
rabl
e in
tere
st, n
ot o
nly
beca
use
of
thei
r im
porta
nce
to f
unda
men
tal
Nuc
lear
Phy
sics
and
Ast
roph
ysic
s re
sear
ch,
but
also
for
nu
clea
r te
chno
logy
, do
sim
etry
, m
edic
ine
and
indu
stria
l ap
plic
atio
ns.
Thes
e ta
sks
requ
ire
impr
oved
nuc
lear
dat
a an
d hi
gher
pre
cisi
on c
ross
sec
tions
for n
eutro
n-in
duce
d re
actio
ns. I
t is
thus
of i
mpo
rtanc
e th
at th
e pe
rfor
man
ce o
f the
neu
tron
sour
ce is
wel
l und
erst
ood
and
that
the
expe
rimen
tal c
ondi
tions
are
acc
urat
ely
char
acte
rized
. In
vie
w o
f th
e af
orem
entio
ned
rem
arks
, an
exp
erim
ent
was
con
duct
ed i
n or
der
to
char
acte
rize
the
neut
ron
beam
bet
wee
n ~1
5-20
MeV
, at
the
5.5
MeV
tan
dem
T11
/25
Acc
eler
ator
of N
CSR
‘‘D
emok
ritos
’’. A
liqu
id s
cint
illat
or, B
C50
1A, w
as u
sed
due
to it
s n-
γ di
scrim
inat
ion
capa
bilit
y an
d a
vers
atile
pul
se s
hape
ana
lysi
s w
as a
pplie
d. In
the
puls
e sh
ape
disc
rimin
atio
n ci
rcui
t, tim
e di
ffer
ence
s be
twee
n th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
gam
ma-
rays
and
neu
trons
w
ith th
e sc
intil
lato
r wer
e m
onito
red
utili
zing
a T
ime-
to-A
mpl
itude
Con
verte
r (TA
C) a
nd th
is
sign
al w
as u
sed
to s
uppr
ess
gam
ma-
rays
whi
ch e
ither
ste
m f
rom
the
neut
ron
sour
ce o
r ar
e pr
oduc
ed b
y in
tera
ctio
n of
the
neut
rons
with
mat
ter i
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t of t
he ta
rget
and
the
expe
rimen
tal a
rea
in g
ener
al.
Off
line,
the
circ
uit w
as te
sted
for t
oler
ance
in h
igh
coun
ting
rate
s, w
hich
turn
ed o
ut to
be
high
, an
d se
nsiti
vity
in
low
erin
g th
e lim
it of
the
neu
tron
ener
gy m
onito
red
thro
ugh
the
thre
shol
d of
the
pro
cess
ed s
igna
l. Th
e em
ploy
ed c
ircui
t pr
oved
to
be v
ery
sens
itive
to
chan
ges i
n th
e la
tter.
In
the
5.5
MV
tand
em A
ccel
erat
or L
abor
ator
y of
NC
SR "
Dem
okrit
os"
neut
ron
beam
s ar
e pr
oduc
ed a
t ene
rgie
s ~1
5-20
MeV
by
mea
ns o
f th
e 3 H
(d,n
)4 He
reac
tion,
util
izin
g de
uter
ons
impi
ngin
g on
a T
i-trit
iate
d ta
rget
of 3
73 G
Bq
activ
ity. T
he B
C50
1A d
etec
tor w
as p
lace
d at
a
dist
ance
of
~3 m
aw
ay f
rom
the
tar
get
and
behi
nd a
n ex
perim
enta
l ch
ambe
r fil
led
with
M
icro
Meg
as d
etec
tors
use
d fo
r fis
sion
cro
ss-s
ectio
n m
easu
rem
ents
. Neu
tron
spec
tra a
t th
e en
ergi
es o
f 14.
8, 1
6.6,
19.
2 an
d 20
MeV
wer
e ac
quire
d an
d th
e un
fold
ing
proc
ess
usin
g th
e D
IFB
AS
code
is c
urre
ntly
in p
rogr
ess.
Thei
r dec
onvo
lutio
n is
exp
ecte
d to
reve
al th
e ex
tent
of
the
pres
ence
of l
ow-e
nerg
y pa
rasi
tic n
eutro
ns.
Dev
elop
men
t of a
low
-cos
t γ-r
ay s
pect
rom
etry
PM
T a
dapt
er
usin
g an
ope
n-so
urce
ele
ctro
nic
circ
uit a
nd a
PC
sou
ndca
rd
C
. And
rikop
oulo
s, G
. Zag
orai
os, T
.J. M
ertz
imek
is, E
.Tsi
lis, H
.E. N
ista
zaki
s
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Zog
rafo
u C
ampu
s, G
R-15
784,
Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
A
cru
cial
par
t of
any
scin
tilla
tor-
base
d sp
ectro
scop
y ex
perim
ent i
s th
e ph
otom
ultip
lier
tube
(P
MT)
and
its
ass
ocia
te e
lect
roni
cs,
typi
cally
com
ing
in t
he f
orm
of
a PM
T ad
apte
r re
spon
sibl
e fo
r am
plify
ing
and
digi
tizin
g th
e re
cord
pul
ses.
Com
mer
cial
ada
pter
s ar
e ty
pica
lly e
xpen
sive
, the
refo
re a
mor
e pr
actic
al a
nd c
ostle
ss so
lutio
n is
in d
ire n
eed.
In
the
pre
sent
wor
k, a
lig
ht-w
eigh
t, po
rtabl
e el
ectro
nic
circ
uitw
as c
onst
ruct
ed f
rom
sc
ratc
h ba
sed
on t
he o
pen-
acce
ss T
here
min
o de
sign
[1]
to
play
the
rol
e of
a P
MT
adap
ter
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
proc
essi
ng o
f th
e PM
T ou
tput
sig
nal.
The
adap
ter
is u
nive
rsal
ly
com
patib
le w
ith P
MTs
and
with
any
com
pute
r with
a b
uilt-
in s
ound
car
d. T
he P
C s
ound
car
d ac
ts a
s th
e di
gitiz
er o
f th
e si
gnal
, whi
ch is
sub
sequ
ently
ana
lyze
d by
the
The
rem
ino
MC
A
anal
ysis
sof
twar
e [1
]. Th
e co
nstru
ctio
n of
thi
s ha
ndm
ade,
eas
ily r
epro
duci
ble
circ
uit,
incr
ease
s dr
astic
ally
the
abi
lity
to p
erfo
rm s
pect
rosc
opy
mea
sure
men
ts w
ith t
he c
urre
ntly
av
aila
ble
scin
tilla
tors
in o
ur la
b.
As
of t
his
mom
ent,
the
mai
n ci
rcui
t bo
ard
has
been
bui
lt an
d te
sted
with
cal
ibra
ted
elec
troni
c pu
lses
, as
wel
l as
rad
ioac
tive
sour
ces,
sho
win
g an
ove
rall
stab
le p
erfo
rman
ce.
Furth
er re
duct
ion
of th
e el
ectro
nic
nois
e an
d th
e im
prov
emen
t of i
ts e
ffic
ienc
y ar
e cu
rren
tly
in th
e w
orks
, as
wel
l as
the
cons
truct
ion
of a
n ea
sy to
use
and
car
ry c
ase
for t
he m
odul
e. T
he
ultim
ate
goal
is
to c
reat
e a
self-
suff
icie
nt,
univ
ersa
lly c
ompa
tible
, re
prod
ucib
le a
nd e
asily
tra
nspo
rtabl
e, v
ersa
tile
and
low
-cos
t sys
tem
, bot
h fo
r lab
orat
ory
and
open
fiel
d ex
perim
ents
, th
at e
very
one
coul
d bu
ild a
nd u
se e
asily
. R
efer
ence
s [1
] http
://w
ww
.ther
emin
o.co
m/e
n/bl
og/g
amm
a-sp
ectro
met
ry
An
impr
oved
met
hod
to d
eter
min
e ne
utro
n flu
ence
pro
duce
d in
hig
h en
ergy
med
ical
acc
eler
ator
s us
ing
activ
atio
n de
tect
ors
K
. Pap
adop
oulo
s1,2 , G
. Silt
zova
lis1,
3 , T. V
asilo
poul
ou1 , M
.I. S
avva
1 , P.
Geo
rgol
opou
lou4 , P
. Kar
aisk
os2 , J
. Kal
ef-E
zra3 a
nd I.
E. S
tam
atel
atos
1,*
1 Inst
. of N
ucle
ar &
Rad
iolo
gica
l Sci
ence
s, T
echn
olog
y, E
nerg
y &
Saf
ety,
NC
SR D
emok
rito
s 2 M
edic
al P
hysi
cs L
abor
ator
y, M
edic
al S
choo
l, U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s 3 M
edic
al P
hysi
cs L
abor
ator
y, M
edic
al S
choo
l, U
nive
rsity
of I
oann
ina
4 Dep
artm
ent o
f Med
ical
Phy
sics
, Gen
eral
Ant
ican
cer-
Onc
olog
ic H
ospi
tal o
f Ath
ens ‘
Sain
t Sav
vas’
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: kp
apad
op2m
edph
ysic
s@gm
ail.c
om
Hig
h en
ergy
line
ar a
ccel
erat
ors p
rodu
ce n
eutro
ns m
ainl
y th
roug
h (γ
,n) i
nter
actio
ns o
f pho
tons
w
ith n
ucle
i of
high
ato
mic
num
ber
mat
eria
ls th
at c
onst
itute
the
linea
r ac
cele
rato
r he
ad a
nd
beam
col
limat
ion
syst
em, s
uch
as ta
rget
, fla
tteni
ng fi
lter,
prim
ary
colli
mat
ors,
jaw
s an
d he
ad
shie
ldin
g. T
hese
neu
trons
inc
reas
e th
e ou
t-of-
field
rad
iatio
n do
se o
f pa
tient
s un
derg
oing
ra
diat
ion
ther
apy
with
hig
h en
ergy
pho
ton
beam
s an
d ha
ve to
be
take
n in
to c
onsi
dera
tion
in
the
shie
ldin
g de
sign
of t
he tr
eatm
ent r
oom
and
maz
e co
nfig
urat
ion.
Sc
ope
of th
e pr
esen
t wor
k w
as th
e de
velo
pmen
t of a
met
hodo
logy
to a
ccur
atel
y de
term
ine
the
neut
ron
fluen
ce a
t the
isoc
ente
r of a
med
ical
acc
eler
ator
usi
ng a
set o
f act
ivat
ion
foils
. The
ex
perim
enta
l st
udy
was
pe
rfor
med
in
an
El
ekta
Sy
nerg
y 18
M
V
linea
r ac
cele
rato
r. M
easu
rem
ents
wer
e pe
rfor
med
usi
ng G
old,
Cob
alt,
Indi
um a
nd C
oppe
r act
ivat
ion
foils
, bar
e an
d C
adm
ium
cov
ered
. The
foi
l act
ivity
was
det
erm
ined
usi
ng a
cal
ibra
ted
HPG
e de
tect
or.
Neu
tron
spec
trum
ave
rage
d cr
oss-
sect
ion
data
for
eac
h fo
il w
ere
deriv
ed u
sing
Mon
te C
arlo
co
de M
CN
P5 a
nd th
e In
tern
atio
nal R
eact
or D
osim
etry
and
Fus
ion
File
(IR
DFF
v.1
.05)
. In
the
mod
el d
iffer
ent g
ener
ic a
ccel
erat
or h
ead
sim
ulat
ion
geom
etrie
s wer
e ta
ken
into
con
side
ratio
n.
It w
as co
nclu
ded
that
the o
ptim
al ac
cele
rato
r hea
d ge
omet
ry co
nsis
ted
of a
poin
t neu
tron
sour
ce
in th
e ce
nter
of a
sphe
rical
shel
l com
pose
d of
tung
sten
of 1
0 cm
in th
ickn
ess.
Th
is w
ork
cont
ribut
es i
mpo
rtant
dat
a to
war
ds t
he o
ptim
izat
ion
of t
he d
esig
n of
the
sh
ield
ing
bank
er a
s w
ell
as t
he p
rote
ctio
n of
sta
ff a
nd p
atie
nts
in r
adio
ther
apy
usin
g hi
gh
ener
gy m
edic
al a
ccel
erat
ors.
* C
orre
spon
ding
aut
hor:
ion@
ipta
.dem
okrit
os.g
r
Eva
luat
ion
of n
eutr
on fl
uenc
e in
the
trea
tmen
t roo
m a
nd a
long
the
maz
e of
an
18
MV
line
ar a
ccel
erat
or
G
. Silt
zova
lis1,
2 , K. P
apad
opou
los1,
3 , M.I.
Sav
va1 , T
. Vas
ilopo
ulou
1 P.
Geo
rgol
opou
lou4 , P
. Kar
aisk
os3 , J.
Kal
ef-E
zra2
and
I.E. S
tam
atel
atos
1,*
1 Inst
. of N
ucle
ar &
Rad
iolo
gica
l Sci
ence
s, T
echn
olog
y, E
nerg
y &
Saf
ety,
NC
SR D
emok
rito
s 2 M
edic
al P
hysi
cs L
abor
ator
y, M
edic
al S
choo
l, U
nive
rsity
of I
oann
ina
3 Med
ical
Phy
sics
Lab
orat
ory,
Med
ical
Sch
ool,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens
4 Dep
artm
ent o
f Med
ical
Phy
sics
, Gen
eral
Ant
ican
cer-
Onc
olog
ic H
ospi
tal o
f Ath
ens ‘
Sain
t Sav
vas’
Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: ge
orge
s13@
win
dow
sliv
e.co
m
Sc
ope
of th
e st
udy
was
the
eval
uatio
n of
the
neut
ron
fluen
ce a
nd d
ose
equi
vale
nt r
ate
in th
e tre
atm
ent
room
and
alo
ng t
he m
aze
of a
n 18
MV
med
ical
lin
ear
acce
lera
tor.
Sim
ulat
ions
w
ere
perf
orm
ed
usin
g M
onte
C
arlo
co
de
MC
NP5
. Th
e tre
atm
ent
bunk
er
and
maz
e co
nfig
urat
ion
wer
e m
odel
ed in
det
ail.
Nev
erth
eles
s, th
e lin
ear a
ccel
erat
or h
ead
was
sim
ulat
ed
usin
g tw
o si
mpl
ified
geo
met
ries
as a
sph
eric
al c
ell
sour
ce [
1] a
nd a
s a
poin
t so
urce
in
the
cent
re o
f a
sphe
rical
cel
l co
mpo
sed
of t
ungs
ten
[2].
The
resu
lts o
f th
e ca
lcul
atio
ns w
ere
com
pare
d ag
ains
t mea
sure
men
ts p
erfo
rmed
usi
ng g
old
and
indi
um a
ctiv
atio
n fo
ils p
ositi
oned
w
ithin
Ple
xigl
as m
oder
ator
s, a
s w
ell
as a
gain
st e
mpi
rical
for
mul
ae u
sed
to c
alcu
late
the
ne
utro
n do
se a
t the
doo
r of t
he m
aze.
The
resu
lts o
f the
stu
dy w
ill e
nabl
e th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
a si
mpl
e an
d co
mpu
tatio
nally
cos
t-eff
ectiv
e m
etho
dolo
gy f
or th
e ca
lcul
atio
n of
neu
tron
dose
in
the
tre
atm
ent
room
and
the
maz
e of
hig
h en
ergy
med
ical
acc
eler
ator
s pr
ovid
ing
a re
pres
enta
tive
sim
ulat
ion
of t
he d
esig
n of
com
plex
bun
ker
and
maz
e co
nfig
urat
ions
tha
t ca
nnot
be
de
scrib
ed
by
pres
ently
us
ed
anal
ytic
al
expr
essi
ons.
Th
eref
ore,
th
is
stud
y co
ntrib
utes
to th
e co
ntin
uous
eff
ort t
o re
duce
rad
iatio
n do
se to
the
pers
onne
l and
pat
ient
s in
ra
diat
ion
ther
apy.
R
efer
ence
s [1
] Car
inou
et a
l, M
ed. P
hys.
, 12
(199
9) 2
520-
2525
[2
] Veg
a-C
arill
o et
al,
Rad
. Mea
s., 4
2 (2
007)
413
-419
* C
orre
spon
ding
aut
hor:
ion@
ipta
.dem
okrit
os.g
r
Impr
oved
cal
ibra
tion
for
non
dest
ruct
ive
dete
rmin
atio
n of
man
gane
se in
m
etal
lurg
ical
tap
smel
ting
slag
usi
ng a
hig
h en
ergy
med
ical
acc
eler
ator
N. T
ogia
1,2 , T
. Vas
ilopo
ulou
1 , E. F
illip
aki3 , M
. I. S
avva
1 , P. G
eorg
olop
oulo
u4 , T.
J. M
ertz
imek
is2 , Y
. Bas
iako
s3 and
I.E.
Sta
mat
elat
os1,
*
1 In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
and
Rad
iolo
gica
l Sci
ence
s, T
echn
olog
y, E
nerg
y &
Saf
ety,
NCS
R "D
emok
ritos
” 2 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s 3 L
abor
ator
y of
Arc
haeo
met
ry, I
nstit
ute
of N
anos
cien
ce a
nd N
anot
echn
olog
y, N
CSR
‘‘D
emok
ritos
’’
4 Dep
artm
ent o
f Med
ical
Phy
sics
, Gen
eral
Ant
ican
cer-
Onc
olog
ic H
ospi
tal o
f Ath
ens ‘
Sain
t Sav
vas’
*P
rese
ntin
g au
thor
em
ail:
nike
togi
a@gm
ail.c
om
Scop
e of
the
wor
k w
as t
he d
evel
opm
ent
of a
n im
prov
ed c
alib
ratio
n m
etho
d fo
r no
n-de
stru
ctiv
e de
term
inat
ion
of m
anga
nese
con
tent
in
larg
e m
etal
lurg
ical
tap
sm
eltin
g sl
ag
sam
ples
of
arch
aeol
ogic
al i
nter
est.
A s
ampl
e w
as i
rrad
iate
d un
der
the
mix
ed p
hoto
n an
d pa
rasi
tic n
eutro
n fie
ld p
rodu
ced
by a
n 18
MV
med
ical
acc
eler
ator
. M
anga
nese
was
de
term
ined
by
the
phot
on a
nd n
eutro
n in
duce
d re
actio
ns 55
Mn(
J, n
)54M
n an
d 55
Mn(
n,J)
56M
n,
resp
ectiv
ely.
A r
elat
ive
calib
ratio
n te
chni
que
was
em
ploy
ed u
sing
hig
h pu
rity
man
gane
se
foils
as
mea
sure
men
t st
anda
rd.
For
the
Full
Ener
gy P
eak
Effic
ienc
y, a
Mon
te C
arlo
Ef
ficie
ncy
Tran
sfer
m
etho
d w
as
appl
ied
betw
een
the
stan
dard
fo
il m
easu
rem
ent
conf
igur
atio
n an
d th
e la
rge
sam
ple.
The
res
ults
of
the
anal
ysis
sho
wed
tha
t th
e m
anga
nese
co
nten
t in
the
slag
det
erm
ined
to b
e (3
9.7±
2.6)
% w
/w a
nd (
39.5
±15
.8)
% w
/w, m
easu
ring
the
846.
8 ke
V 56
Mn
phot
opea
k an
d th
e 83
4.8
keV
54M
n ph
otop
eak,
resp
ectiv
ely.
The
refo
re, a
go
od
agre
emen
t be
twee
n th
e ph
oton
an
d ne
utro
n ac
tivat
ion
anal
ysis
te
chni
ques
w
as
obse
rved
. Adv
anta
ges
of th
e te
chni
que
incl
ude
impr
oved
repr
esen
tativ
enes
s of
resu
lts in
cas
e of
lar
ger
sam
ple
anal
ysis
, el
imin
atio
n of
ref
eren
ce s
ampl
es,
irrad
iatio
n ve
rsat
ility
and
co
nven
ienc
e,
as
wel
l as
re
duce
d co
ntam
inat
ion
prob
abili
ty
sinc
e a
min
imal
sa
mpl
e pr
epar
atio
n w
as r
equi
red
for
the
anal
ysis
. M
oreo
ver,
the
intro
duct
ion
of t
he r
elat
ive
calib
ratio
n te
chni
que
rem
oves
the
depe
nden
cy o
n pa
ram
eter
s th
at a
re u
sual
ly e
valu
ated
with
la
rger
unc
erta
intie
s, s
uch
as d
etec
tor
effic
ienc
y, i
ncre
asin
g th
e qu
ality
and
rel
iabi
lity
of th
e pr
oced
ure.
* C
orre
spon
ding
aut
hor:
ion@
ipta
.dem
okrit
os.g
r
Scin
tilla
tors
cal
ibra
tion
usin
g a
sem
i-em
piri
cal m
etho
d ba
sed
on M
onte
C
arlo
sim
ulat
ions
*
E.
G. A
ndro
ulak
aki1,
2 , C. T
saba
ris1 , M
. Kok
koris
2 , F. M
arag
kos2 , D
. L. P
atiri
s1 , G.
Elef
ther
iou1,
3 , F. K
. Pap
pa1,
2, R
. Vla
stou
2
1 Insti
tute
of O
cean
ogra
phy,
Hel
leni
c C
entr
e of
Mar
ine
Rese
arch
, Ana
vyss
os, A
ttiki
, 190
13, G
reec
e 2 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, N
atio
nal T
echn
ical
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Zogr
afou
, Ath
ens,
1578
0, G
reec
e 3 In
stitu
te o
f Geo
dyna
mic
s, Na
tiona
l Obs
erva
tory
of A
then
s, Th
issi
o, A
then
s, 11
810,
Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
fross
o.an
drou
laka
ki@
hcm
r.gr
In th
is w
ork
the
dete
ctio
n ef
ficie
ncy
calib
ratio
n of
und
erw
ater
gam
ma
ray
spec
trom
eter
s fo
r m
easu
rem
ents
in
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent
is p
rese
nted
. Th
e ca
libra
tion
conc
erns
sys
tem
s co
nsis
ting
of d
iffer
ent c
ryst
al m
ater
ials
(NaI
(Tl),
CeB
r 3) a
nd d
imen
sion
s (1
.5"
x 1.
5", 2
" x
2",
3" x
3")
, as
wel
l as
diff
eren
t enc
losu
re m
ater
ials
(ace
tal,
stai
nles
s st
eel,
carb
on fi
ber)
. M
onte
Car
lo s
imul
atio
n is
a p
ower
ful
valid
ated
too
l fo
r ga
mm
a ra
y sp
ectro
scop
y ap
plic
atio
ns,
but
requ
ires
high
com
puta
tiona
l tim
e es
peci
ally
for
tra
nspo
rt pr
oble
ms
in t
he
seaw
ater
, in
w
hich
ph
oton
s ar
e hi
ghly
at
tenu
ated
. Fo
r th
is
reas
on,
a se
mi-e
mpi
rical
m
etho
dolo
gy w
as a
dopt
ed u
sing
ana
lytic
al e
xpre
ssio
n an
d co
nver
sion
fact
ors a
long
with
M.C
. si
mul
atio
ns,
in a
n at
tem
pt t
o re
duce
the
nec
essa
ry c
ompu
tatio
nal
time.
The
eff
icie
ncy
calib
ratio
n w
as p
erfo
rmed
via
Mon
te C
arlo
sim
ulat
ions
for
a w
ide
ener
gy r
ange
from
200
to
2600
keV
. *
Part
of t
his
rese
arch
is
impl
emen
ted
thro
ugh
IKY
sch
olar
ship
s pr
ogra
m a
nd c
o-fin
ance
d by
the
Eu
rope
an U
nion
(Eu
rope
an S
ocia
l Fun
d -
ESF)
and
Gre
ek n
atio
nal f
unds
thro
ugh
the
actio
n en
title
d “R
einf
orce
men
t of P
ostd
octo
ral R
esea
rche
rs”,
in th
e fr
amew
ork
of th
e O
pera
tiona
l Pro
gram
”H
uman
R
esou
rces
Dev
elop
men
t Pr
ogra
m,
Educ
atio
n an
d Li
felo
ng L
earn
ing”
of
the
Nat
iona
l St
rate
gic
Ref
eren
ce F
ram
ewor
k (N
SRF)
201
4 –
2020
.
Inve
stig
atio
n of
pre
cipi
tatio
n ch
arac
teri
stic
s by
in-s
itu, c
ontin
uous
m
onito
ring
of a
tmos
pher
ic r
adon
pro
geni
es in
sou
th A
ttic
a
K.E
. Liv
anou
1 , D.L
. Pat
iris2 , C
. Tsa
baris
2 , S. A
lexa
kis2 , E
.G. A
ndro
ulak
aki2 , M
. Kok
koris
1 an
d R
. Vla
stou
1
1 Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Nat
iona
l Tec
hnic
al U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, 15
780,
Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
2 Insti
tute
of O
cean
ogra
phy,
Hel
leni
c C
entr
e fo
r Mar
ine
Rese
arch
, 190
13, A
navy
ssos
, Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
kate
rina_
livan
ou@
hotm
ail.c
om
Rad
on e
man
ates
from
the
soil
and
ente
rs th
e at
mos
pher
e w
here
it is
upw
ardl
y tra
nspo
rted
by
air m
asse
s up
to c
loud
form
atio
n al
titud
es. R
adon
(222,
220 R
n) d
ecay
s to
radi
oiso
tope
s of
lead
, bi
smut
h an
d th
alliu
m w
hich
are
acc
umul
ated
in
the
atm
osph
eric
air,
mai
nly
atta
ched
on
aero
sols
, pa
rtici
patin
g in
sev
eral
com
plex
atm
osph
eric
pro
cess
es s
uch
as c
loud
for
mat
ion,
ra
indr
op c
reat
ion
and
prec
ipita
tion.
Con
sequ
ently
, rai
nwat
er is
rich
in ra
don
prog
enie
s so,
they
ar
e w
idel
y us
ed a
s ra
dio-
trace
rs o
f pr
ecip
itatio
n ch
arac
teris
tics.
In th
e pr
esen
t wor
k, in
-situ
at
mos
pher
ic m
easu
rem
ents
of 21
4 Pb, 21
4 Bi a
nd 20
8 Tl b
efor
e and
dur
ing
prec
ipita
tion
even
ts to
ok
plac
e in
the
reg
ion
of A
navy
ssos
in
sout
h A
ttica
. Hou
rly d
ata
wer
e co
ntin
uous
ly o
btai
ned
durin
g th
e pe
riod
from
Oct
ober
201
7 to
Mar
ch 2
018,
by
mea
ns o
f the
und
erw
ater
det
ectio
n sy
stem
Geo
MA
REA
. The
sys
tem
is b
ased
on
a 2"
x2"
CeB
r 3 s
cint
illat
ion
crys
tal p
rovi
ding
m
ediu
m re
solu
tion
gam
ma-
ray
spec
tra. M
eteo
rolo
gica
l dat
a w
ere
also
obt
aine
d fo
r sta
tistic
al
anal
ysis
, pos
sibl
e as
soci
atio
n w
ith r
adio
activ
ity d
ata
and
scie
ntifi
c in
terp
reta
tion.
214 Pb
and
21
4 Bi
coun
ting
rate
s w
ere
incr
ease
d du
ring
and
afte
r a
num
ber
of 8
7 pr
ecip
itatio
n ev
ents
sh
owin
g al
so s
igni
fican
t sta
tistic
al v
aria
tion
with
the
win
d di
rect
ion.
Mor
eove
r, al
thou
gh n
o di
rect
ass
ocia
tion
with
tem
pera
ture
, hu
mid
ity a
nd r
ain
heig
ht w
as f
ound
, a
non-
linea
r as
soci
atio
n of
tota
l gam
ma-
ray,
214 Pb
and
214 B
i cou
ntin
g ra
tes p
er ra
in m
ass w
ith ra
in in
tens
ity
was
obs
erve
d. O
n th
e co
ntra
ry, 22
0 Rn
prog
eny
of 20
8 Tl c
ount
ing
rate
s re
veal
ed n
o st
atis
tical
si
gnifi
cant
cha
nges
dur
ing
prec
ipita
tion
even
ts a
nd s
how
ed n
o as
soci
atio
n w
ith a
ny o
f th
e ob
tain
ed m
eteo
rolo
gica
l par
amet
ers.
An
upgr
ade
of th
e m
ater
ials
irra
diat
ion
faci
lity
with
in-s
itu e
lect
rica
l re
sist
ivity
mea
sure
men
t at t
he D
emok
rito
s T
AN
DE
M a
ccel
erat
or*
A
. The
odor
ou1,
2 , Z. K
otsi
na2 , M
. Axi
otis
2,3 , G
. Apo
stol
opou
los2
1 S
ectio
n of
Sol
id S
tate
Phy
sics
, Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Nat
iona
l and
Kap
odis
tria
n U
nive
rsity
of
Athe
ns, P
anep
istim
iopo
lis, G
R-15
784,
Zog
rafo
s 2 In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
and
Rad
iolo
gica
l Sci
ence
and
Tec
hnol
ogy,
Ener
gy a
nd S
afet
y N
CSR
“D
emok
rito
s”, 1
5310
Agh
ia P
aras
kevi
Atti
kis,
Gre
ece
3 Tan
dem
Acc
eler
atio
n La
bora
tory
, Ins
titut
e of
Nuc
lear
Phy
sics
, NC
SR “
Dem
okri
tos”
, 153
10 A
ghia
Pa
rask
evi A
ttiki
s, G
reec
e Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: th
eoda
@ip
ta.d
emok
rito
s.gr
An
impo
rtant
par
t of f
usio
n m
ater
ials
rese
arch
, is
the
asse
ssm
ent o
f irr
adia
tion
dam
age
and
the
stud
y of
the
the
rmal
evo
lutio
n of
def
ects
. In
ord
er t
o in
vest
igat
e ra
diat
ion
dam
age,
stu
dies
of
vario
us
nucl
ear
mat
eria
ls f
or f
usio
n ap
plic
atio
ns h
ave
been
per
form
ed s
ucce
ssfu
lly a
t th
e 5M
V T
AN
DEM
ac
cele
rato
r of
NC
SR-D
emok
ritos
in
Ath
ens,
Gre
ece,
at
the
dedi
cate
d io
n irr
adia
tion
faci
lity
IR2
(http
://ftg
.dem
okrit
os.g
r/ir2
.htm
l). T
his
faci
lity
allo
ws
ion
irrad
iatio
n of
mat
eria
ls a
t cr
yoge
nic
tem
pera
ture
s w
ith s
imul
tane
ous
real
-tim
e m
onito
ring
of r
adia
tion
dam
age
via
in-s
itu e
lect
rical
re
sist
ivity
mea
sure
men
ts. H
owev
er, t
he lo
wes
t tem
pera
ture
that
cou
ld b
e at
tain
ed in
the
IR2 f
acili
ty
durin
g irr
adia
tion
was
~ 5
0K d
ue to
bea
m h
eatin
g of
the
targ
et. T
his
can
be a
ser
ious
dra
wba
ck f
or
the
stud
y of
mat
eria
ls su
ch a
s tun
gste
n, w
here
radi
atio
n de
fect
s bec
ome
high
ly m
obile
at t
empe
ratu
res
wel
l bel
ow 5
0 K
and
, thu
s can
not b
e de
tect
ed a
nd st
udie
d.
To o
verc
ome
this
obs
tacl
e, w
e de
cide
d to
upg
rade
the
cool
ing
capa
city
of t
he IR
2 fa
cilit
y by
re
plac
ing
the
clos
ed-c
ycle
He
cryo
geni
c re
frig
erat
or. T
he n
ewly
inst
alle
d sy
stem
(SH
I mod
el S
RD
K-
408D
) re
ache
s a
low
est
tem
pera
ture
of
3 K
and
pro
vide
s 1W
of
cool
ing
pow
er a
t 4K
. Th
is i
s su
ffic
ient
to e
nsur
e th
at th
e ta
rget
tem
pera
ture
rem
ains
bel
ow ~
10 K
dur
ing
irrad
iatio
n an
d m
oreo
ver
at s
igni
fican
tly h
ighe
r be
am c
urre
nts
that
thos
e us
ed in
the
old
conf
igur
atio
n. T
he la
rger
siz
e of
the
new
col
d-he
ad re
quire
d so
me
mor
e ch
ange
s to
the
faci
lity,
as,
e.g.
, the
vac
uum
cha
mbe
r, th
e sa
mpl
e st
age
(whi
ch h
as a
lso
been
upg
rade
d to
allo
w ir
radi
atio
n of
mul
tiple
sam
ples
) and
the
coup
ling
to th
e ac
cele
rato
r io
n be
am (
Fig.
1).
Thes
e ch
ange
s ha
ve b
een
succ
essf
ully
per
form
ed a
nd t
he u
pgra
ded
syst
em h
as b
een
test
ed a
t the
acc
eler
ator
. Thu
s, irr
adia
tions
of
met
als
and
met
allic
allo
ys h
ave
been
sc
hedu
led
to b
e ca
rrie
d ou
t in
the
imm
edia
te fu
ture
. Fi
gure
1:
(a)
En
gine
erin
g dr
awin
g of
th
e up
grad
ed
IR2
faci
lity.
(b
) Th
e up
grad
ed
syst
em
com
mis
sion
ed a
t th
e ac
cele
rato
r la
b. 1
-New
col
d-he
ad.
2-V
acuu
m c
ham
ber.
3-Io
n be
am.
4-Po
sitio
ning
stag
e. 5
-Sup
port
stru
ctur
e. 6
-Inst
rum
ent c
ompu
ter a
nd e
lect
roni
cs
* Th
is w
ork
has b
een
carr
ied
out w
ithin
the
fram
ewor
k of
the
EUR
Ofu
sion
Con
sorti
um.
Cha
ract
eriz
atio
n of
Fe+ ir
radi
ated
mat
eria
ls u
sing
nuc
lear
ana
lytic
al
tech
niqu
es
V
. Pan
eta1 , K
. Mer
gia1 , K
. Pre
kete
s-Si
gala
s2,3 , A
. Lag
oyan
nis3 , E
. Tso
mpo
poul
ou1 ,
C. M
arro
ws4 , C
. Cab
et5 , R
. Boe
ttger
6
1 Inst
itute
for N
ucle
ar a
nd R
adio
logi
cal S
cien
ce a
nd T
echn
olog
y, S
afet
y an
d En
ergy
, NC
SR
“Dem
okri
tos”
, Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
2 Nat
iona
l Tec
hnic
al U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, Zo
graf
ou C
ampu
s, At
hens
, Gre
ece
3 Inst
itute
of N
ucle
ar a
nd P
artic
le P
hysi
cs, N
CSR
‘‘D
emok
rito
s’’,
Athe
ns, G
reec
e
4 Sc
hool
of P
hysi
cs a
nd A
stro
nom
y, U
nive
rsity
of L
eeds
, Lee
ds L
S2 9
JT U
nite
d K
ingd
om
5 D
MN
/SRM
P, L
abor
atoi
re J
ANN
US,
CEA
Par
is-S
acla
y, F
ranc
e 6 Io
n Be
am C
ente
r, H
ZDR,
Dre
sden
, Ger
man
y Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: va
lent
ina.
pane
ta@
ipta
.dem
okri
tos.g
r
FeC
r fe
rriti
c m
arte
nsiti
c st
eels
ar
e ca
ndid
ate
stru
ctur
al
mat
eria
ls
for
fusi
on
ener
gy
appl
icat
ions
due
to th
eir
radi
atio
n re
sist
ance
and
goo
d m
echa
nica
l pro
perti
es. T
he 1
4 M
eV
neut
ron
indu
ced
radi
atio
n da
mag
e is
cur
rent
ly in
vest
igat
ed e
mpl
oyin
g se
lf-io
n irr
adia
tions
on
thin
FeC
r pol
ycry
stal
line
film
s. It
has
been
est
ablis
hed
that
Fe+ ir
radi
atio
n w
ith io
n en
ergy
of
490
keV
, w
hich
cor
resp
onds
to
the
mea
n en
ergy
of
Prim
ary
Kno
ck-o
n A
tom
s (P
KA
) pr
oduc
ed b
y 14
MeV
neu
trons
, in
duce
s dr
astic
cha
nges
bot
h in
the
mag
netic
and
the
st
ruct
ural
pro
perti
es o
f the
FeC
r allo
y fil
ms.
In
the
fram
ewor
k of
furth
er in
vest
igat
ing
and
char
acte
rizin
g th
e ob
serv
ed p
heno
men
a an
d de
fect
stru
ctur
es, F
e+ irr
adia
tions
wer
e ca
rrie
d ou
t at
tw
o la
bora
torie
s, na
mel
y at
JA
NN
uS
(CEA
, Fra
nce)
and
at H
ZDR
(D
resd
en, G
erm
any)
. The
y ha
ve b
een
perf
orm
ed b
oth
on th
e Fe
Cr
sam
ples
of
inte
rest
(w
ith 0
, 5,
10
and
15 a
t% C
r) d
epos
ited
on M
gO a
nd S
i/SiO
2 su
bstra
tes a
nd o
n re
fere
nce
silic
on w
afer
s, at
irra
diat
ion
fluen
ces u
p to
2.5×1
016 at
/cm
2 . Th
e pr
esen
t wor
k co
ncer
ns th
e ch
arac
teriz
atio
n of
the
490
keV
Fe+ io
n irr
adia
tions
on
Fe
and
Si i
n te
rms
of f
luen
ce,
impl
anta
tion
prof
ile a
nd p
ossi
ble
cont
amin
atio
n, e
mpl
oyin
g N
ucle
ar R
eact
ion
Ana
lysi
s (N
RA
) and
Rut
herf
ord
Bac
ksca
tterin
g Sp
ectro
met
ry (R
BS)
usi
ng
a de
uter
on b
eam
at
1200
and
135
0 ke
V. T
he e
xper
imen
ts w
ere
perf
orm
ed a
t th
e 5.
5 M
V
Tand
em l
abor
ator
y at
NC
SR ‘‘D
emok
ritos
’’, e
mpl
oyin
g a
surf
ace
barr
ier
dete
ctor
at
170°
w
ith re
spec
t to
the
beam
dire
ctio
n. T
he ir
on a
nd si
licon
sam
ples
that
wer
e irr
adia
ted
with
490
ke
V F
e+ ion
s ha
ve b
een
char
acte
rized
, usi
ng t
he S
IMN
RA
cod
e, w
ith t
he f
ollo
win
g m
ost
prom
inen
t res
ults
. The
ion
dist
ribut
ion
for
the
impl
ante
d Fe
+ pr
ovid
ed b
y th
e St
oppi
ng a
nd
Ran
ge o
f Io
ns in
Mat
ter
softw
are
pack
age
(SR
IM)
was
ver
ified
with
the
sim
ulat
ions
, whi
le
carb
on c
onta
min
atio
n w
as fo
und
on th
e sa
mpl
es ir
radi
ated
at J
AN
NuS
.
Ack
now
ledg
emen
ts
This
wor
k w
as c
arrie
d ou
t w
ithin
the
EU
RO
fusi
on C
onso
rtium
and
rec
eive
d fu
ndin
g fr
om t
he
EUR
ATO
M re
sear
ch a
nd tr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
e 20
14-2
018
unde
r gra
nt a
gree
men
t num
ber N
o 63
3053
. Th
e vi
ews
and
opin
ions
exp
ress
ed h
erei
n do
not
nec
essa
rily
refle
ct t
hose
of
the
Euro
pean
C
omm
issi
on.
Syne
rgy
of n
ucle
ar d
ata
syst
emat
ics
and
Prox
y-SU
(3)
in p
lann
ing
futu
re e
xper
imen
ts in
the
supe
rhea
vies
mas
s re
gion
S.K
. Per
oulis
1 , S. M
pofo
s1 , T.J
. Mer
tzim
ekis
1 , A. M
artin
ou2 , D
. Bon
atso
s2
1 D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, Z
ogra
fou
Cam
pus,
GR-
1578
4, A
then
s, G
reec
e 2 In
stitu
te o
f Nuc
lear
& P
artic
le P
hysi
cs, N
CSR
“D
emok
rito
s”, G
R-1
5310
, Ag.
Par
aske
vi, G
reec
e Pr
esen
ting
auth
or e
mai
l: s.
pero
ulis
@ya
hoo.
gr
Spec
trosc
opic
in
form
atio
n of
ha
rd-to
-rea
ch
supe
rhea
vy
nucl
ei
can
be
inva
luab
le
in
unde
rsta
ndin
g th
e dy
nam
ics
of n
ucle
ar s
yste
ms
at l
arge
val
ues
of c
harg
e an
d vo
lum
e. R
IB
fact
orie
s of t
he n
ext g
ener
atio
n, su
ch a
s FA
IR, p
lan
to p
rovi
de h
eavy
ion
beam
s at h
igh
ener
gies
to
faci
litat
e ex
perim
enta
l acc
ess
to th
ese
mas
s re
gim
es. I
n pr
epar
atio
n of
futu
re e
xper
imen
tal
ende
avou
rs,
a sy
stem
atic
sur
vey
of a
vaila
ble
nucl
ear
data
, m
ainl
y en
ergi
es a
nd r
educ
ed
trans
ition
pr
obab
ilitie
s/lif
etim
es
of
shor
t-liv
ed
2 1+
stat
es
in
even
-eve
n is
otop
es
with
Z=
82,8
4,86
was
und
erta
ken.
The
prin
cipa
l m
otiv
atio
n is
to
trace
the
com
petit
ion
betw
een
colle
ctiv
e an
d si
ngle
-par
ticle
deg
rees
of
free
dom
in th
e m
ass
area
just
abo
ve P
b (Z
=82)
, an
area
exh
ibiti
ng is
omer
ism
, oct
upol
e de
gree
s of
free
dom
and
sha
pe c
oexi
sten
ce. E
xist
ing
data
w
ere
com
pare
d to
the
theo
retic
al p
redi
ctio
ns u
sing
the
anal
ytic
al, p
aram
eter
-fre
e Pr
oxy-
SU(3
) sc
hem
e, fo
r neu
tron
num
bers
N=9
6–11
0. T
he m
odel
was
furth
er e
mpl
oyed
to p
redi
ct c
urre
ntly
un
know
n va
lues
for s
pect
rosc
opic
dat
a in
ser
ies
of P
b, P
o an
d R
a is
otop
es.
PhoS
im: A
Sof
twar
e Si
mul
atio
n Pa
ckag
e D
esig
ned
for
Mac
rosc
opic
and
M
icro
scop
ic S
tudi
es in
the
Tim
e-R
esol
ved
Opt
ical
Tom
ogra
phy
A
.-N. R
apso
man
ikis
1 , A. E
lefth
erio
u1 , M. M
ikel
i1 , M. Z
ioga
1 , C. P
afili
s1,2
and
E. S
tilia
ris1,
3
1 Nat
iona
l and
Kap
odis
tria
n U
nive
rsity
of A
then
s, D
epar
tmen
t of P
hysi
cs, A
then
s, G
reec
e 2 E
EAE,
Gre
ek A
tom
ic E
nerg
y C
omm
issi
on, A
gia
Para
skev
i, At
tica,
Gre
ece
3 Inst
itute
of A
ccel
erat
ing
Syst
ems
& A
pplic
atio
ns (I
ASA)
, Ath
ens,
Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
anra
pso@
phys
.uoa
.gr
Ph
oSim
is a
n op
tical
ray
traci
ng M
onte
-Car
lo s
imul
ator
cap
able
of r
epro
duci
ng th
e ph
ysic
al
proc
esse
s ta
king
pla
ce in
a ti
ssue
env
ironm
ent w
hen
illum
inat
ed b
y N
ear-
Infr
ared
radi
atio
n.
From
a m
acro
scop
ic p
oint
of v
iew
this
can
be
acco
mpl
ishe
d by
the
prop
er m
anip
ulat
ion
of th
e H
enye
y-G
reen
stei
n ph
ase
para
met
er g
, whi
ch re
pres
ents
a s
impl
e an
d an
alyt
ical
sol
utio
n fo
r th
e fa
st g
ener
atio
n of
a r
ando
m s
catte
ring
angl
e ph
oton
dis
tribu
tion.
Mic
rosc
opic
ally
, th
e pr
ogra
m c
an s
imul
ate
certa
in b
iolo
gica
l stru
ctur
es b
y pl
acin
g a
prop
er d
ensi
ty o
f sub
cellu
lar
orga
nelle
s in
side
the
volu
me
of in
tere
st, p
ropo
rtion
al to
the
wav
elen
gth
of th
e ra
diat
ion
used
at
the
stu
dy (
~750
-100
0 nm
). Th
e ne
w v
ersi
on o
f th
is s
oftw
are
pack
age
is a
ble
to c
reat
e di
ffer
ent t
ype
of p
hant
oms
in m
ultil
ayer
env
ironm
ents
and
it is
als
o eq
uipp
ed w
ith a
det
aile
d Fa
te a
nd T
ime
of F
light
info
rmat
ion
of e
ach
trave
ling
phot
on. P
hoSi
m is
a s
impl
e an
d us
eful
to
ol fo
r Tim
e-R
esol
ved
Opt
ical
Tom
ogra
phic
stud
ies;
its b
asic
func
tions
and
cap
abili
ties w
ith
optic
al to
mog
raph
ic e
xam
ples
are
pre
sent
ed in
this
wor
k.
Figu
re 1
: Pha
ntom
sim
ulat
ion
with
Pho
Sim
. Lef
t:3D
ray-
traci
ng sn
apsh
ot o
f fou
r sph
eric
al o
bjec
t ins
ide
a hi
ghly
diff
used
med
ium
Cen
ter:
Pla
nar i
mag
e af
ter t
ime
filte
ring.
Rig
ht: T
omog
raph
ic R
econ
stru
ctio
n of
th
e ph
anto
m.
Ext
endi
ng th
e U
oA N
ucle
ar P
hysi
cs L
abor
ator
y ca
pabi
litie
s w
ith lo
w-γ
and
α s
pect
rom
eter
s.
Po
lytim
os V
asile
iou,
The
o J.
Mer
tzim
ekis
Dep
artm
ent o
f Phy
sics
, Uni
vers
ity o
f Ath
ens,
Zog
rafo
u C
ampu
s, G
R-15
784,
Ath
ens
Gre
ece
Pres
entin
g au
thor
em
ail:
timos
2k14
@ya
hoo.
gr
The
Nuc
lear
Phy
sics
Lab
orat
ory
at t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Ath
ens
is a
wel
l-est
ablis
hed
labo
rato
ry w
ith a
lo
ng re
cord
of t
rain
ing,
edu
catio
nal a
nd re
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
. Rec
ent a
cqui
sitio
n of
two
smal
l-siz
e, th
in-
win
dow
NaI
(Tl)
scin
tilla
tors
and
a c
ompl
ete
alph
a sp
ectro
scop
y st
atio
n, i
nclu
ding
a l
arge
-win
dow
su
rfac
e ba
rrie
r det
ecto
r (SS
B),
a go
niom
etric
arm
and
a m
ovab
le m
ultip
le-s
ourc
e ho
lder
insi
de a
dar
k va
cuum
cha
mbe
r, ha
s pr
ovid
ed t
he o
ppor
tuni
ty t
o ex
tend
the
edu
catio
nal
and
rese
arch
pro
gram
of
NPL
. The
cha
ract
eriz
atio
n of
bot
h st
atio
ns w
as c
arrie
d ou
t at d
iffer
ent g
eom
etrie
s w
ith v
ario
us p
oint
so
urce
s. C
alib
ratio
ns o
f th
e sc
intil
lato
rs w
ith l
ow-e
nerg
y γ
rays
fro
m 24
1 Am
(59
keV
) an
d 13
7 Cs
(32
and
662
keV
) so
urce
s of
kno
wn
activ
ities
and
the
SSB
det
ecto
r w
ith a
n un
seal
ed 24
1 Am
α s
ourc
e ar
e pr
esen
ted.
In a
dditi
on, a
sta
nd-a
lone
MC
A u
nit w
as re
vive
d to
sup
port
data
acq
uisi
tion.