biscriptality: a sociolinguistic typology

Universitätsverlagwinter

Heidelberg

A sociolinguistic typologybunciclippertrabus(Eds.)

buncic · lippert · rabus (Eds.)

Biscriptality Serbs write their language in Cyrillic or Latin letters in seemingly random distribution. Hindi-Urdu is written in N-agar-ı by Hindus and in the Arabic script by Muslims. In medieval Scandinavia the Latin alphabet, ink and parch-ment were used for texts ‘for eternity’, whereas ephemeral messages were carved into wood in runes. The Occitan language has two competing orthographies. German texts were set either in blackletter or in roman type between 1749 and 1941. In Ancient Egypt the distribution of hiero-glyphs, hieratic and demotic was much more complex than commonly assumed. Chinese is written with traditional and simplified characters in different countries. This collective monograph, which includes contributions from eleven specialists in different philological areas, for the first time develops a coherent typological model on the basis of sociolinguistic and graphematic criteria to describe and classify these and many other linguistic situations in which two or more writing systems are used simultaneously for one and the same language.

Biscriptality

isbn 978-3-8253-6625-4

Biscriptality

daniel buncicsandra l. lippert achim rabus(Eds.)

24

akademie-konferenzen

24

(c) 2016 Universitätsverlag WINTER Heidelber AUTHOR'S COPY - FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY / Daniel Bunčić / created 13.06.2016PREVIEW: cover, title pages, table of contents, indexes

akademiekonferenzen

Band 24


daniel buncic

BiscriptalityA sociolinguistic typology

Edited bydaniel buncicsandra l. lippert · achim rabus

with contributions byAnastasia Antipova · Carmen BrandtEkaterina Kislova · Henning KlöterAlexandra von Lieven · Sandra L. LippertHelma Pasch · Achim RabusJürgen Spitzmüller · Constanze Weth

on behalf of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, the State Academy of Baden-Württemberg

UniversitätsverlagwinterHeidelberg


isbn 978-3-8253-6625-4

Dieses Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzesist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. © 2016 Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH HeidelbergImprimé en Allemagne · Printed in GermanyDruck: Memminger MedienCentrum, 87700 Memmingen

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Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikationin der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie;detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internetüber http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

Dieser Band wurde mit Mitteln des Ministeriums für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Württemberg gefördert.

cover illustration

Street name signs in Novi Sad (Serbia),displaying the name of one street (Zmaj Jova Street) in Cyrillicand the name of another (Laza Telecki Street) in Latin letters –but both in the same language(photo taken by Daniel Buncic in September 2008;cf. fig. 77 on p. 238)


Contents

1. Introduction (D. Bunčić) ...........................................................................15

1.1. Scope of this study .......................................................................................15

1.2. Notes on terminology and conventions .....................................................20

1.2.1. Basic concepts .....................................................................................20

1.2.2. Script variants......................................................................................22

1.2.3. Names for writing ..............................................................................24

1.2.4. Representation ....................................................................................25

2. History of theoretical research on biscriptality (D. Bunčić) .................27

2.1. The context: Sociolinguistics of writing .....................................................27

2.2. Concepts of biscriptality before the advent of sociolinguistics ................30

2.2.1. Biscriptal documents ..........................................................................30

2.2.1.1. Greek philology: digraphic ..................................................30

2.2.1.2. Numismatics: biscriptu(r)al .................................................32

2.2.1.3. Ancient American and Asian studies: bigraphic ................33

2.2.2. Biscriptal languages ............................................................................35

2.3. Sociolinguistic concepts of biscriptality .....................................................36

2.3.1. Concepts modelled on diglossia ........................................................36

2.3.2. Concepts independent of diglossia ...................................................46

2.3.3. Rare meetings of both traditions .......................................................49

2.3.4. The state of the art .............................................................................50

3. A heuristic model for typology (D. Bunčić) ............................................51

3.1. Definition of biscriptality ............................................................................51

3.2. The sociolinguistic axis: opposition type ...................................................54

3.2.1. Privative opposition ...........................................................................56

3.2.2. Equipollent opposition ......................................................................59

3.2.3. Diasituative variation ..........................................................................60

3.2.4. Summary .............................................................................................62

3.3. The graphematic axis: system level .............................................................63

3.4. Synopsis .........................................................................................................66

3.5. Adjacent phenomena excluded from the model ........................................68

3.5.1. Biliteracy..............................................................................................68

3.5.2. Complex writing systems and graphic code-switching ...................69


10 | Contents

4. Case studies ..................................................................................................73

4.1. Digraphia .......................................................................................................74

4.1.1. Medieval Scandinavia: diamesic digraphia (D. Bunčić) ...................74

4.1.2. Early medieval Ireland: medial digraphia (D. Bunčić) .....................76

4.1.3. Luvian: medial, diaphasic and/or diastratic digraphia (D. Bunčić) .........................................................................................78

4.1.4. Poljica: diaphasic digraphia (D. Bunčić) ...........................................82

4.1.5. Xiangnan Tuhua: gender-based digraphia? (D. Bunčić) ..................88

4.1.6. Chinese: emerging digraphia? (D. Bunčić) ......................................92

4.1.7. Other cases of digraphia (D. Bunčić) ...............................................96

4.2. Diglyphia .................................................................................................... 102

4.2.1. Russian diaphasic diglyphia (D. Bunčić, E. Kislova, A. Rabus) ... 102

4.2.1.1. The introduction of civil type ........................................... 102

4.2.1.2. The distribution of Old Cyrillic and civil type ............... 107

4.2.1.3. The development in handwriting ..................................... 116

4.2.1.4. Orthographic differences between Old Cyrillic and civil type ............................................................................. 118

4.2.2. Japanese men’s and women’s hands: diastratic diglyphia (D. Bunčić) ...................................................................................... 122

4.2.3. Other cases of diglyphia (D. Bunčić) ............................................ 124

4.3. Diorthographia .......................................................................................... 129

4.3.1. Thirteenth-century Novgorod: medial diorthographia (D. Bunčić) ...................................................................................... 129

4.3.1.1. Medieval Novgorod and its orthographies ...................... 129

4.3.1.2. The two orthographies ...................................................... 131

4.3.1.3. Chronology of the vernacular orthography .................... 134

4.3.1.4. The distribution of the two orthographies in the 13th century ................................................................................ 134

4.3.2. Czech (16th−18th centuries): diamesic diorthographia (D. Bunčić) ...................................................................................... 140

4.3.3. Other cases of diorthographia (D. Bunčić) ................................... 143

4.4. Scriptal pluricentricity ............................................................................... 149

4.4.1. Hindi-Urdu (C. Brandt) ................................................................. 149

4.4.1.1. Historical background ....................................................... 149

4.4.1.2. Present situation ................................................................ 154

4.4.1.3. Conclusion ......................................................................... 157

4.4.2. Catholic and Orthodox Belarusian (A. Antipova, D. Bunčić) .... 158

4.4.2.1. The Belarusian Latin alphabet before 1905 ...................... 158

4.4.2.2. Belarusian scriptal pluricentricity ..................................... 160

4.4.2.3. Biscriptality between 1941 and 1944 ................................ 165


Contents | 11

4.4.3. Serbo-Croatian as a scriptally pluricentric language (D. Bunčić) .. 167

4.4.3.1. Croatia from the 11th to the 19th century ...................... 167

4.4.3.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina in the long 19th century .......... 173

4.4.3.3. Yugoslavia since 1918 ......................................................... 177

4.4.4. Manding and other cases of Ajami literacy in Africa (H. Pasch) ... 180

4.4.5. Late Egyptian during the 26th dynasty (S. Lippert) ..................... 183

4.4.5.1. The development of demotic out of hieratic in its historical context ............................................................... 183

4.4.5.2. The spread of demotic from north to south .................... 185

4.4.6. Other cases of scriptal pluricentricity (D. Bunčić) ...................... 186

4.4.6.1. Confessional pluricentricity ............................................. 187

4.4.6.2. Diatopic pluricentricity ..................................................... 193

4.5. Glyphic pluricentricity .............................................................................. 198

4.5.1. Orthodox, Muslim and Catholic Cyrillic in Bosnia (D. Bunčić) ... 198

4.5.2. Medieval Latin (D. Bunčić) ............................................................ 200

4.5.3. Other cases of glyphic pluricentricity (D. Bunčić) ...................... 202

4.6. Orthographic pluricentricity .................................................................... 204

4.6.1. Simplified and traditional Chinese (H. Klöter, D. Bunčić).......... 204

4.6.1.1. Overview ............................................................................ 204

4.6.1.2. Two orthographies or glyphic variation? ......................... 206

4.6.2. Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian spelling (D. Bunčić) . 209

4.6.2.1. Croatian orthographies before standardization .............. 209

4.6.2.2. Modern Croatian and Serbian ........................................... 210

4.6.2.3. Bosnian and Montenegrin ................................................. 212

4.6.2.4. Orthography and phonetics .............................................. 213

4.6.3. English orthographic pluricentricity (D. Bunčić) ......................... 215

4.6.4. German orthographic pluricentricity (D. Bunčić) ........................ 216

4.6.5. Soviet and emigré Russian (D. Bunčić) ......................................... 219

4.6.6. Catholic and Protestant Upper Sorbian (D. Bunčić) ................... 224

4.6.7. Two schools of Polish orthography (D. Bunčić) ........................... 225

4.6.8. Other cases of orthographic pluricentricity (D. Bunčić) ............. 227

4.7. Bigraphism ................................................................................................. 231

4.7.1. Serbo-Croatian/Serbian: Cyrillic and Latin (D. Bunčić) ............. 231

4.7.1.1. Serbo-Croatian between 1945 and 1991 .......................... 231

4.7.1.2. Serbian in Serbia and Montenegro after 1991 .................. 233

4.7.1.3. Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1995 .................................. 242

4.7.1.4. Excursus: Psycholinguistic consequences of bigraphism . 243

4.7.2. Rusyn: Minority bigraphism (D. Bunčić, A. Rabus) .................... 246

4.7.3. Bigraphism in Africa: Ajami and Latin (H. Pasch) ....................... 250

4.7.4. Old Church Slavonic: Glagolitic and Cyrillic (D. Bunčić, A. Rabus) ......................................................................................... 254


12 | Contents

4.7.5. Egyptian (3000 bce to ca. 400 CE) (A. v. Lieven & S. Lippert) . 256

4.7.5.1. Scripts and script variants used in ancient Egypt – hieroglyphs, hieratic and demotic .................................... 256

4.7.5.2. Ancient Egyptian and classical terminology as indica-tors for the perception of factors of script choice .......... 260

4.7.5.3. Medial criteria – writing technique and writing surface . 265

4.7.5.4. Text purpose ....................................................................... 269

4.7.5.5. Associations of certain scripts and script variants with text types or language stages ............................................. 274

4.7.5.6. Summary ............................................................................. 276

4.7.6. Other cases of bigraphism (D. Bunčić) ......................................... 276

4.8. Biglyphism ................................................................................................. 282

4.8.1. German: blackletter and roman (J. Spitzmüller, D. Bunčić) ........ 282

4.8.1.1. Blackletter vs. roman: formal differences and typological delimitations ................................................... 282

4.8.1.2. History of the script variants and emergence of German biscriptality .......................................................... 283

4.8.1.3. When does German biscriptality set in? .......................... 289

4.8.1.4. Protestantism and the emergence of glyphic ideology ... 290

4.8.1.5. Biglyphism in German and nationalization of blackletter (1749−1941) ................................................... 293

4.8.2. Czech: blackletter and roman (D. Bunčić) .................................... 300

4.8.3. The Sorbian languages (D. Bunčić) ................................................ 303

4.8.4. Other cases of biglyphism (D. Bunčić) ......................................... 305

4.9. Biorthographism ........................................................................................ 308

4.9.1. Occitan: ‘classical’ and ‘Mistralian’ spelling (C. Weth, D. Bunčić) ... 308

4.9.1.1. Occitan as a regional language .......................................... 308

4.9.1.2. The ‘Mistralian’ orthography ............................................ 310

4.9.1.3. The ‘classical’ orthography ............................................... 311

4.9.1.4. Factors for script choice ................................................... 312

4.9.2. Belarusian: Taraškevica and Narkamaŭka (D. Bunčić) ................. 314

4.9.3. Other cases of biorthographism (D. Bunčić) ................................ 317

5. Diachronic observations (D. Bunčić) .................................................... 321

5.1. Biscriptality in the history of Serbo-Croatian ......................................... 321

5.2. Biscriptality in the history of Belarusian ................................................. 324

5.3. Semiotic values ascribed to writing systems ............................................ 325

5.4. Power relations ........................................................................................... 330


Contents | 13

6. Conclusion (D. Bunčić) ........................................................................... 335

6.1. Evaluation of the heuristic model ............................................................ 335

6.2. Relative frequencies of the types of biscriptality .................................... 337

6.3. The dynamics of the types of biscriptality .............................................. 339

6.4. Perspectives ................................................................................................ 340

Table of figures and their sources ................................................................. 343

Works cited ...................................................................................................... 355

Indexes .............................................................................................................. 403

Index of languages ............................................................................................ 403

Index of writing systems .................................................................................. 407

Index of personal names .................................................................................. 413


Indexes

Index of languages

African languages → Cushitic languages, Egyptian, Ethiosemitic languages, Fulfulde, Hausa, Juba Arabic, Kanembu, Kanuri, Mande languages, Meroitic, Swahili, Wolof

Afrikaans 47, 189 A-Hmao 44, 277 Akkadian 31, 47, 70, 79, 80, 279; also

Assyrian Albanian 187, 189, 317, 318, 330 American languages → Cherokee, Cree,

Inuit languages, Nahuatl, Ojibwe Ancient Greek → Greek Arabic 24, 40, 182, 190−192, 331; → Juba

Arabic; influence 149−154 Aramaic 36, 279 Armenian 322 Assyrian → Akkadian Avadhī 152, 153 Azerbaijani 194−196 Bactrian 279 Bahasa Indonesia → Indonesian Bahasa Malaysia → Malaysian Balkar → Karachay-Balkar Bambara 181, 182 Banat Bulgarian 197 Belarusian 6, 36, 64, 73, 158−167, 189, 247,

279, 280, 314−317, 319, 321, 324−325, 330, 340

Bengali 152 Bosnian 25, 198−200, 210, 212, 213−215,

242−243, 321−324, 340, → Serbo-Croatian

Brāj Bhāṣā 152, 153 Brazilian → Portuguese Breton 308 Bulgarian 24, 49, 189, 197, 202; → Banat

Bulgarian, Pomak Burgenland Croatian 197 Buryat 196

Čakavian (dialect of → Croatian) 171, 209 Carpatho-Rusyn → Rusyn Castilian → Spanish Catalan 311 Celtic 33; → Breton, Irish, Welsh Chéngguān Tƴhuà 91 Cherokee 18, 21, 276, 277 Chinese Buryat → Buryat Chinese languages → Chéngguān Tƴhuà,

Gan Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, Sháozhōu Tƴhuà, Xiang Chinese, Xiangnan Tuhua, Yang Zhuang

Church Slavonic 85, 102, 103, 107−121, 136−138, 145, 171, 200, 202, 243, 248, 249, 307; Old Church Slavonic 51, 66, 84, 97, 254−256

Common East Slavic → Old East Slavic Common Slavic 321 Coptic → Egyptian Cree 277 Croatian 25, 82, 99, 100, 167−173, 206,

209, 210−212, 213−215, 234, 242−243, 255, 321−324, 331; → Serbo-Croatian, Kajkavian, Burgenland Croatian, Čakavian; influence 303−304

Cushitic languages 183 Czech 99, 140−143, 189, 209, 224, 225,

255, 286, 300−303, 304−306; influence 225, 304, 305

Danish 286, 305 Dari → Persian Demotic → Egyptian Dutch 197, 228, 229, 286, 331 Eastern Punjabi 188 Egyptian 30, 35, 40, 47, 48, 55, 70, 73, 91,

96, 183−186, 256−276, 335, 340; Coptic 259; Demotic 30, 36, 259, 263, 275, 276

Ekavian (varieties of → Serbo-Croatian) 180, 212, 213, 238


404 | Indexes

English 21, 38, 43, 45, 47, 56, 61, 63, 68, 70, 71, 94, 95, 153, 156, 182, 187, 189, 215−216, 244, 247, 286, 289, 313, 318, 319, 340; influence 229, 234, 235, 251, 317, 330−332; Middle English 22; Old English 288

Eskimo → Inuit Estonian 286, 305 Ethiosemitic languages 183 Etruscan 40, 278 Even 230, 333 Faliscan 40, 278 Farsi → Persian Fijian 22 Finnish 286, 305 Flemish → Dutch French 18, 21, 37, 189, 230, 286, 308−313,

319, 340; Anglo-Norman French 22; influence 218, 228, 294, 295, 309−313, 318, 329−332; Old French 66, 336

Fulfulde 181, 250, 253 Galician 332 Gan Chinese 229 German 6, 16, 21, 29, 33, 46, 64, 68, 71,

128, 147, 166, 171, 189−191, 196, 197, 202, 206, 216−219, 223, 238, 282−300, 300, 305, 313, 319; → Schwyzer-dütsch; Austrian Standard German 197, 206, 216−219; influence 224, 228, 302−305, 317, 331; Swiss Standard German 58, 66, 81, 201, 216−219, 313

Germanic languages → Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, English, German, Gothic, Icelandic, Luxembourgish, Old Norse, Russenorsk, Swedish, Yiddish

Gothic 17, 124, 125 Greek 25, 39, 189; Ancient Greek 17, 31,

336; Cypriot 31, 32, 42, 97; influence 119, 120, 220, 254, 316, 331; koiné 30, 33, 42, 97; Modern Greek 40, 49, 100, 118; Mycenaean Greek 193

Greenlandish → Yupik Gujarati 39 Hausa 38, 40, 181, 250−253 Hebrew 44, 126, 127, 175, 189−191 Hindi-Urdu 16, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 51−55,

60, 149−158, 188, 193, 196; → Brāj Bhāṣā, Khaṙī Bolī

Hindustani → Hindi-Urdu Hittite 40, 79, 80; → Luvian Hmong 21, 277 Hungarian 189; influence 209, 323, 331 Hurrian 36 Icelandic 21, 66 Ijekavian (varieties of → Serbo-Croatian)

180, 212, 213, 238 Ikavian (varieties of → Serbo-Croatian)

180 Indian languages → South Asian lan-

guages Indonesian 229, 331; → Malay Inuinnaqtun 196 Inuit 196; → Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut,

Inuvialuktun, Yupik Inuktitut 196, 277 Inuvialuktun 196 Irish 99; Old Irish 47, 76−78, 101, 288 Italian 21, 171, 293; influence 82, 209, 234,

318, 323, 331 Japanese 20, 25, 29, 43−50, 65, 68−70,

122−124, 145, 146 Javanese 277 Jewish languages 35, 189−193; → He-

brew, Judeo-Tat, Karaim, Ladino, Yiddish

Juba Arabic 182 Judeo-Spanish → Ladino Judeo-Tat 189 Kajkavian (dialect of → Croatian) 209 Kalmyk 196 Kanembu 181 Kanuri 181, 250 Karachay → Karachay-Balkar Karachay-Balkar 230, 333 Karaim 39 Karakalpak 332, 333 Kashmiri 40, 188 Kazakh 195, 244, 332, 333 Kazym Khanty → Khanty Khanty 229, 333 Khaṙī Bolī 150−154 koiné → Greek Komi 229, 333 Korean 43, 45, 50, 70, 145, 146 Kurdish 195 Kyrgyz 195 Ladino 126, 127, 175, 189, 190, 196


Index of languages | 405

Lahndi 47, 50, 188 Latin 17, 40, 85, 124, 147, 168, 189, 289,

335; influence 82, 85, 146, 147, 170, 171, 289, 294, 295, 316, 318; Medieval Latin 35, 43, 85, 125, 126, 200−201, 283, 288; New Latin 130, 224, 284, 285, 289−293; Renaissance Latin 284, 285; Vulgar Latin 66, 146, 336

Latvian 305 Lisu 21 Lithuanian 202, 305 Lower Sorbian 303−305 Lusatian → Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian Luvian 55, 78−82, 337 Luxembourgish 197 Macedonian 21, 23, 189; influence 213 Madura 277 Malay 40, 47, 229, 277, 331 Malayalam 40 Malaysian 229, 331; → Malay Mandarin Chinese 22, 25, 41−45, 65, 91,

92−96, 100, 188, 203, 204−209, 229, 279, 336; influence 122, 211; Putonghua 91, 95

Mande languages 180−183, → Bambara, Manding, Mandinka, Maninka, Maninka-Mori

Manding 180−183, 196 Mandinka 181, 182 Maninka 181, 182 Maninka-Mori 182 Mari 229, 333; Hill Mari 333; Meadow

Mari 333 Masurian 197, 202 Meroitic 40, 96, 335 Mexican → Nahuatl Miao 277 Moldovan 194, 332; → Romanian Mongolian 24, 44, 47, 65, 97−99, 196,

244, 279 Mongolic languages → Buryat, Kalmyk,

Mongolian Montenegrin 25, 210, 212−213, 213−15,

321−324 Mozarabic 191−193 Muslim Tat 189 Mycenaean → Greek Nahuatl 33, 34 Nepalese 34

Nogai 332, 333 Norwegian→ Old Norse, Russenorsk Occitan 6, 37, 40, 308−313, 319; → Pro-

vençal Oirat → Kalmyk Ojibwe 230 Old East Slavic 159, 324; East

Novgorodian dialects 139; Novgorod dialect 5, 6, 58, 127, 129−139, 331, 337; Pskov dialect 139

Old Iranian 151 Old Norse 5, 6, 47, 54, 55, 57, 59, 74−76,

78, 91, 101, 134, 137, 138, 337 Old Russian → Old East Slavic for stages

before ca. 1400, Russian for later stages Old Turkic 6, 278 Old Uighur → Old Turkic Orkhon Turkic → Old Turkic Oscan 40, 193 Ossetic 195 Pali 33, 194 Parthian 279 Pashto 154 Permian Komi 229, 333 Persian 42, 190, 195, 196, 279; → Tat;

influence 24, 149, 150−154; Middle Persian 279

Polish 36, 95, 100, 143, 147, 159, 189, 197, 202, 225−227, 280, 305, 306; → Masu-rian; influence 159, 160, 166, 213, 225, 279, 303−305, 314−317, 330

Pomak → Bulgarian Portuguese 189, 228, 332; influence 332 Prakrit 279 Prekmurian: → Slovenian Proto-Indo-European 133 Proto-Slavic → Common Slavic Provençal 309−313 Punjabi 40, 154, 155, 188, → Lahndi,

Saraiki Putonghua → Mandarin Chinese Romance languages → Catalan, French,

Galician, Italian, Ladino, Moldovan, Mozarabic, Occitan, Portuguese, Provençal, Romanian, Spanish

Romanian 194, 196, 330, 332; → Moldovan Russenorsk 194 Russian 6, 18, 20, 21, 25, 68, 71, 92, 95,

100, 102−121, 127, 128, 144, 147, 202,


406 | Indexes

203, 219−224, 236, 244, 307, 319, 325, 326, 330, 331, 340; → Russenorsk; influence 24, 160, 165, 167, 234, 314−317, 324−326, 330, 333

Rusyn 25, 197, 246−250, 307, → Vojvodi-na Rusyn

Ruthenian 159, 189, 198, 279, 280, 324, 325 Sanskrit 17, 36, 152, 153, 193, 194, 279;

influence 149, 152, 153 Santali 188, 193 Saraiki 154 Scandinavian → Old Norse Schwyzerdütsch 58, 81, 218 Serbian 5, 21, 23, 25, 39, 44, 51−56, 60, 64,

65, 68, 73, 147, 206, 210−212, 213−215, 233−246, 247, 250, 279, 281, 314, 321−324, 340; → Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian 16, 25, 29, 40, 41, 44−47, 50, 60, 73, 82−88, 167−180, 189, 196, 197, 198−200, 209−215, 231−246, 321−324, 330; → Bosnian, Burgen-land Croatian, Čakavian, Croatian, Ekavian, Ijekavian, Ikavian, Kaj-kavian, Montenegrin, Serbian, Što-kavian

Sháozhōu Tƴhuà 92 Shuryshkar Khanty → Khanty Sindhi 40, 59, 154, 188 Slavic languages → Belarusian, Bul-

garian, Church Slavonic, Common Slavic, Czech, Lower Sorbian, Mace-donian, Old East Slavic, Polish, Russenorsk, Russian, Rusyn, Ruthenian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian, Ukrainian, Upper Sorbian

Slovak 21, 99; influence 304 Slovenian 170, 171, 197, 306, 307;

influence 304; Prekmurian 197 Sogdian 279 Sorbian → Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian South Asian languages → Avadhī, Ben-

gali, Brāj Bhāṣā, Gujarati, Hindi-Urdu, Kashmiri, Lahndi, Madura, Malayalam, Nepalese, Pali, Prakrit, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Saraiki, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Tibetan

Spanish 34, 36, 39, 188, 189, 196, 286; Old Spanish 35, 147

Štokavian (dialect of → Serbo-Croatian) 209, 210, 321

Sumerian 31, 80 Sundanese 277 Surgut Khanty → Khanty Swahili 38, 40, 47, 181, 251−253 Swedish 21, 286, 305; → Old Norse Syriac 202 Tajik 195; → Persian Tamil 40, 42, 70, 71, 188, 230 Tat 47, 189, 196; → Judeo-Tat, Muslim Tat Tatar 277, 278, 327 Telugu 193 Tibetan 279 Tocharian B 279 Tumshuq Sakan 279 Turkic 332, 333; → Azerbaijani, Kazakh,

Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Old Turkic, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek; influence 149−151

Turkish 35, 42, 53, 174, 187, 330, 333 Turkmen 195 Uighur 196 Ukrainian 25, 159, 197, 279, 280;

→ Rusyn; influence 119 Upper Sorbian 60, 224−225, 303−305 Urdu → Hindi-Urdu Uzbek 195, 196, 277 Vakh Khanty → Khanty Vietnamese 47 Vojvodina Rusyn 246 Vulgar Latin → Latin Welsh 77 Western Punjabi 188, → Lahndi Wolof 181, 250 Xhosa 22 Xiang Chinese 91, 92 Xiangnan Tuhua 88−92 Yang Zhuang 92 Yiddish 126, 127, 175, 189−191, 196 Yupik 196 Zulu 22 Zyryan Komi 229, 333


Index of writing systems | 407

Index of writing systems

abjad → consonantal alphabet abnormal hieratic → hieratic abugida → syllabic alphabet advertising form 38, 40 Agimi orthography (Albanian) 318 Ajami (Arabic script for African

languages) 188, 189, 197; for Hausa and Swahili 250−253; for Manding 180−183

‘ale-house Cyrillic’ → Old Cyrillic Alibert orthography → classical

orthography (Occitan) Aljamiado (Arabic script for European

languages) 36, 49, 188, 189, 197, 250; for Greek 189; for Serbo-Croatian 189, 323; for Spanish 188

allographs 25; in Chinese → yìtǐzì; in Cyrillic 103, 119, 133, 138; in Latin 148, 282, 283

alphabets → Armenian, Avestan, Bopo-mofo, Braille, Cyrillic, Deseret, Etruscan, Faliscan, Fraser script, Georgian, Glagolitic, Gothic, Greek, hangul, Lao, Latin, Meroitic, Mon-golian, N’ko, Ogam, Ol Chiki, Old Turkic, Oscan, runes, Uighur

alphasyllabary → syllabic alphabet Altschrift 328; → roman American orthography (English)

215−216, 313, 318, 319 analogous orthography: Lower Sorbian

304; Upper Sorbian 224, 225, 304 Anatolian hieroglyphs 78−82 antiqua → roman Arab Tamil orthography 230 Arabic script 20, 21, 24, 49, 57, 127, 128,

188, 189, 197, 330, 331, 340; for African languages → Ajami; for Afrikaans 189; for Albanian 187, 189, 318; for Arabic 182, 199; for Azer-baijani 194, 195; for Belarusian 36, 189; for Bulgarian 189; for English 189; for European languages → Aljamiado; for French 189; for German 189; for Greek 189; for

Gujarati 39; for Hausa 38, 250−253; for Hebrew 189; for Hindi-Urdu 16, 53−55, 149−158; for Hungarian 189; for Kashmiri 188; for Kazakh 195; for Kurdish 195; for Kyrgyz 195; for Ladino 189; for Lahndi 188; for Latin 189; for Macedonian 189; for Malay 47, 277; for Mozarabic 191−192; for Old Turkic 278; for Persian 42, 195, 279; for Polish 36, 189; for Portu-guese 189; for Punjabi (= Shahmu-khi) 188; for Serbo-Croatian 173, 174, 323; for Sindhi 59, 188; for Span-ish 36, 188; for Swahili 47, 250−253; for Tajik 195; for Tamil 188; for Tatar 327; for Turkish 35, 53; for Turkmen 195; for Uighur 196; for Uzbek 196; variant: Nastaʿlīq

Aramaic script: for Akkadian 47, 279; for Aramaic 36, 279

Armenian script: for Kurdish 195; for Turkish 35, 187

Attic (variant of → Greek) 31 Avestan script: for Persian 42 Bashkimi orthography (Albanian) 318 Bastarda (type style of → blackletter)

283−285, 289 Begovica (variant of → Western Cyril-

lic) 198−200 Bembo (type family of → old style) 22 Beneventan (variant of → Latin script)

44, 200−201 Bengali script: for Santali 193 birch-bark orthography (Novgorod) →

vernacular orthography blackletter (variant of → Latin script)

22−24, 67, 207, 305, 331, 335; for Bulgarian 202; for Czech 300−303; for German 16, 23, 29, 32, 33, 64, 202, 282−300, 327, 329, 330; for Latin 201; for Lithuanian 202; for Lower Sor-bian 303−305; for Polish 23, 202, 306; for Slovenian 307; for Upper Sorbian 224−225, 303−305; variants: Bastar-da, Fraktur, German cursive, Gothic


408 | Indexes

minuscule, Rotunda, Schwabacher, Textura

Bodoni (type family of → modern) 22, 330 boko → Latin script for Hausa bold/semibold (type shape) 22, 128, 306 book script (variant of → Latin script) 125 Bopomofo 93 Bosančica → Western Cyrillic Brahmi script 33; → Gupta; for Chinese

188, 279; for Old Turkic 278; for Sanskrit 194; for Sogdian 279

Braille 100 bratrský pravopis → Brethren orthogra-

phy Brazilian orthography (Portuguese) 228 Breitkopf-Fraktur (type family of

→ Fraktur) 283 Brethren orthography (Czech) 140−143 British orthography (English) 215−216,

313, 318, 319 broken type → blackletter Burmese script: for Pali 194 calligraphy 125, 126, 149, 205, 206 Canadian Aboriginal syllabics: for Cree

196; for Inuit languages 196, 277; for Ojibwe 230

Capitalis (variant of → Latin script) 127, 286

Caroline/Carolingian minuscule (variant of → Latin script) 44, 200−201, 285−286, 288

Celtic hieroglyphs 33 Cherokee script 18, 21, 276, 277 Chinese script → Hanzi (in China),

kanji (for Japanese), man’yōgana (as Japanese syllabograms), hanja (for Korean), Chữ nôm (for Vietnamese), traditional characters, simplified characters, yìtǐzì, Bopomofo

Chữ nôm (Vietnamese → Chinese char-acters) 47

civil cursive (variant of → Cyrillic) 118, 121

civil type (type genre of → Cyrillic) 23, 25, 102−121, 117, 165, 202, 203, 219, 326, 331, 340

classical (type style) → old style classical orthography: Belarusian →

Taraškevica; Occitan 37, 308−313

consonantal alphabets → Arabic, Aramaic, Hebrew, Manichaean, Pahlavi, Sogdian, Syriac

Coptic script 260 counting rods 77 Cracow orthography (Polish) 225−227 Cree script → Canadian Aboriginal

syllabics Croatian Cyrillic → Western Cyrillic cuneiform: for Akkadian 47, 70, 79, 279;

for Aramaic 36, 279; for Hittite 79; for Hurrian 36; for Luvian 78−82; for Persian 42; for Sumerian 31

cursive/cursivization: → civil cursive, German cursive, humanist cursive, roman cursive, skoropis’; Cyrillic 199; Egyptian 183−185, 265−269; Gothic 125; Hebrew (Rashi) 126; Japanese (hiragana) 122−124

Cypriot script 31, 32, 35, 42, 43, 97 Cyrillic script 20, 21, 24, 25, 49, 66, 96,

127, 325, 326, 330−333, 340; for Azerbaijani 194−195; for Belarusian 158−167, 314−317, 324−325, 330, 340; for Buryat 196; for Kalmyk 196; for Kazakh 195; for Khanty 229; for Komi 229; for Kurdish 195; for Kyrgyz 195; for Macedonian 21; for Mari 230; for Moldovan 194, 332; for Mongolian 47, 65, 97−99, 196; for Old Church Slavonic 97, 254−256; for Ossetic 195; for Polish 100, 280; for Pomak 197; for Romanian 194; for Russian 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 68, 100, 102−121, 147, 219−224, 326; for Rusyn 246−250; for Ruthenian 279; for Serbian 21; for Serbo-Croatian 5, 16, 23, 25, 53, 54, 60, 65, 68, 167−180, 198−200, 209−213, 231−246, 321−324, 340; for Tajik 195; for Tat 189; for Tatar 277, 327; for Turkmen 195; for Uighur 196; for Ukrainian 280; for Uzbek 195, 196, 277; for Yupik 196; variants: civil cursive, civil type, Eastern Cyrillic, Old Cyrillic, Western Cyrillic

demotic 30, 35, 91, 96, 183−186, 256−276; → Meroitic demotic

Deseret script 187



Devanāgarī → Nāgarī; about the name 149

dictionary form 38 East Nestorian → Nestorian Eastern Cyrillic (variant of → Cyrillic)

198−200 Egyptian scripts → demotic, hieratic,

hieroglyphs, Coptic Elzéviers 329, → old style epichoric alphabets (variants of

→ Greek) 31 Estrangelo → Syriac Ethiopic script 21, 183 Etruscan script 278 Faliscan script 278 fántǐzì → traditional characters forum externum vs. forum internum 142 Fraktur (type style of → blackletter) 16,

23, 187, 224, 283, 285, 287, 290, 291, 299−301, 328; type families: Breit-kopf-Fraktur, Theuerdank-Fraktur, Unger-Fraktur

Fraser script 21 futhark → runes Gaelic (type genre of → Latin script) 331,

335; → Insular gajica orthography (Croatian) 209 Garamond (type family of → old style) 22 Geʿez → Ethiopic script Georgian script: for Ossetic 195 German cursive (variant of → black-

letter) 25; for Czech 302; for German 287, 297−300

German script → blackletter Glagolitic script 49, 66, 322; for Croatian

25, 82−88, 99, 100, 167−173, 209, 322−324; for Old Church Slavonic 51, 52, 97, 254−256, 322, 323

Gothic minuscule (variant of → black-letter) 283

Gothic script 24, 124, 125; → blackletter, Textura, sans-serif

graždanskij šrift → civil type Greek minuscule (variant of → Greek

script) 254, 322 Greek script 25, 30−33, 42, 43, 66, 97,

100, 105, 118, 125, 127, 243, 254, 255, 260, 335, 336; for Albanian 187, 318; for Greek 52; for Oscan 193; for

Pomak 197; for Slavic 49, 321, 322; for Turkish 187; variants: Attic, Ionic, epichoric alphabets, Greek minus-cule, uncial

Gupta (variant of → Brahmi) 34 Gur'mukhī script: for Punjabi 155, 188;

for Sindhi 188 half-uncial: Cyrillic → poluustav; Latin

117 hangul script 43, 70, 145; → Korean hanja (Korean → Chinese characters)

43, 70, 101, 145; → Korean hànyǔ pīnyīn → Pinyin Hanzi script 41, 48, 65, 88−96, 101, 127,

204−209, 229, 279, 330, 336; → Chinese

Hebrew script 21, 35, 39, 67, 105, 175, 189, 322; for Arabic 190, 191; for Czech and Polish 189; for German 190−191; for Hebrew 52, 126; for Ladino 127; for Mozarabic 191−192; for Persian 190, 279; for Tajik 195; for Tat 47, 189; for Yiddish 191; variants: Rashi, square script

Hepburn System → Revised Hepburn System

hieratic 183−186, 256−276; abnormal hieratic 183−186, 260, 270, 274; book hieratic 183, 259, 260, 270, 272; business hieratic 183, 184, 259, 260, 270, 272

hieroglyphs 30, 35, 70, 96, 183, 256−276; → Anatolian hieroglyphs, Celtic hieroglyphs, Egyptian scripts, Meroitic hieroglyphs; cursive hieroglyphs (Totenbuchhieroglyphen) 258, 260, 266, 269−275

hiragana script 20, 21, 65, 69, 70, 122−124, 145, 146

Hittite hieroglyphs → Anatolian hiero-glyphs

Humanist → old style humanist cursive (variant of → Latin

script) 286 hybrid typefaces (type families of →

Latin script) 296 Insular (variant of → Latin script) 200,

288; → Gaelic


410 | Indexes

Inuktitut syllabics → Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

Ionic (variant of → Greek) 31 italic (type shape) 22, 23, 128, 243, 244,

289, 293, 306 Izhitsa (type family of → poluustav) 203 Jacobite → Serta Janalif 327 Japanese writing system → hiragana,

kanji, katakana, man’yōgana, onna-de, otoko-de, rōmaji

Javanese script 277 jiǎntǐzì → simplified characters Kaithī script 152−154 kana (= hiragana + katakana) 29, 43, 69,

122−124, 145, 146; → Japanese kanji (Japanese → Chinese characters)

20, 43, 69, 70, 101, 122−124, 145, 146; → Japanese

Kashgarian → Uighur katakana script 20, 69, 70, 123, 124, 145,

146; → Japanese Kharoṣṭhī script 33 Khmer script: for Pali 194 Kurrent → German cursive Laṇḍā script: for Lahndi 188 Latin script 18−22, 43, 49, 57, 66, 71, 96,

104−106, 125−128, 197, 260, 280, 326, 330−333, 336, 340; for A-Hmao 277; for Albanian 187, 318; for Azerbaijani 194, 195; for Banat Bulgarian 197; for Belarusian 158−167, 280, 314, 324−325, 330; for Cherokee 276; for Chinese → Pin-yin, Wade-Giles transcription; for English 68; for German 64, 68, 147, 190, 191, 282−300; for Greek 100; for Hausa (= boko) 38, 250−253; for Hindi-Urdu 156, 158, 193; for Ice-landic 66; for Inuit languages 196, 277; for Irish 47, 76−78, 101; for Japanese → rōmaji; for Javanese 277; for Kazakh 195; for Khanty 229; for Komi 229; for Kurdish 195; for Latin 52, 199−201; for Lower Sorbian 303−305; for Malay 47, 277; for Manding 180−183; for Mongolian 97; for Nahuatl 33; for Occitan 308−313; for Ojibwe 230; for Old

Norse 5, 6, 47, 54−59, 74−76, 101; for Pali 194; for Polish 225−227; for Romanian 194; for Russian 100, 326, 331; for Rusyn 246−250; for Ruthenian 279; for Serbo-Croatian 5, 16, 53, 54, 60, 65, 68, 87, 99, 167−180, 209, 210−213, 231−246, 321−324, 330; for Spanish 35, 188, 191; for Swahili 47, 250−253; for Tajik 195; for Tamil 71; for Tat 47, 189; for Tatar 277, 278; for Turkish 42, 53, 330; for Turkmen 195; for Uighur 196; for Ukrainian 280; for Upper Sorbian 224−225, 303−305; for Uzbek 195, 196, 277; for Vietnamese 47; national hands 200−201; variants: Beneven-tan, blackletter, book script, Capi-talis, Caroline minuscule, Gaelic, humanist cursive, hybrid typefaces, Insular, Merovingian minuscule, Lombardic minuscule, roman, roman cursive, Visigothic minuscule

letter-spacing 23 Linear A script 32, 193 Linear B script 32, 193 littera minuta cursiva → roman cursive littera textualis → Rotunda logograms (international) 45, 71 logographic scripts → Anatolian

hieroglyphs, Chinese script, cuneiform, Egyptian scripts, Nahuatl pictography, Pahlavi

Lombardic minuscule (variant of → Latin script) 200

Luvian hieroglyphs → Anatolian hieroglyphs

man’yōgana (Japanese → Chinese syllabograms) 124

manastirsko pismo (variant of → Western Cyrillic) 198−200

Manichaean script: for Old Turkic 278; for Parthian 279; for Persian 279; for Sogdian 279

medium (type shape) 22; → regular men’s hand (Japanese) → otoko-de Meroitic: demotic 96; hieroglyphs 96 Merovingian minuscule (variant of

→ Latin script) 200



minuscule → Caroline minuscule, Gothic minuscule, Greek minuscule, Lombardic minuscule, Merovingian minuscule, Visigothic minuscule

missionary scripts 29, 251, 253; → Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, Fraser script, Pollard script

Mistralian orthography (Occitan) 37, 308−313

modern (type style of → roman) 22, 329, 330; type family: Bodoni

Mongolian script: for Buryat 196; for Kalmyk 196; for Mongolian 47, 65, 97−99; for Pali 194

Morse code 100 Mycenean → Linear B Nāgarī script 21, 330; about the name

149; for Gujarati 39; for Hindi-Urdu 16, 53−55, 149−158; for Kashmiri 188; for Pali 194; for Punjabi 188; for Sanskrit 193, 194; for Santali 193; for Sindhi 59, 188

Nahuatl pictography 33 Narkamaŭka orthography (Belarusian)

6, 167, 314−317, 324−325, 330 Nastaʿlīq (variant of → Arabic) 149 neo-classical → modern Nestorian (variant of → Syriac script):

for Old Turkic 278; for Persian 279; for Sogdian 279; for Syriac 202

N’ko script 181, 182 non-alphabetic characters → logograms Normalschrift: Belarusian 166; German

166, 327 numbers 71; Aegean numbers 77; Arabic

numbers 103; Cyrillic numbers 103; Roman numbers 77

nu-shu → Women’s Script Ogam script 47, 76−78 Ol Chiki script 193 Old Cyrillic (variant of → Cyrillic) 23,

25, 102−121, 202, 203, 236, 307, 326, 331; as ‘ale-house Cyrillic’ 118, 119, 307; variants: poluustav, skoropis’, ustav

Old English (type family of → Textura) 298, 299

old style (type style of → roman) 22, 207, 329, 330; also Humanist; type families: Bembo, Garamond

Old Turkic script 278 onna-de (Japanese) 122−124 Oriya script: for Santali 193 Orkhon script → Old Turkic script Oscan script 193 otoko-de (Japanese) 122−124 Oxford orthography (English) 215−216,

318 Pahlavi script 42, 279 Persian see Arabic, Nastaʿlīq Perso-Arabic → Arabic Phags-pa script: for Old Turkic 278 Pinyin (Latin transcription): for Chinese

22, 25, 41, 45, 65, 92−96, 100, 211; for Uighur 196

Pollard script 21, 277 poluustav (variant of → Old Cyrillic)

116−118, 199; type family: Izhitsa Rashi script (variant of → Hebrew

script) 126−127 regular (type shape) 22; → medium Revised Hepburn System 25 rōmaji (Latin letters for Japanese) 65, 69,

146; → Japanese roman (type genre of → Latin script)

22−24, 106, 128, 165, 207, 243, 305, 331, 335; for Czech 300−303; for German 16, 29, 32, 64, 165, 166, 202, 282−300, 327−329; for Latin 224; for Lower Sorbian 303−305; for Polish 23, 202, 306; for Slovenian 307; for Upper Sorbian 225, 303−305; type styles: modern, old style, sans-serif

Roman Capitalis → Capitalis roman cursive (variant of → Latin

script): for German 127, 287, 299, 300; for Latin 28, 125, 126

Rotunda (variant of → blackletter) 126, 283−286, 289

Roumanille-Mistral spelling → Mistra-lian spelling

Roux-Perbosc-Alibert system → classi-cal spelling (Occitan)

Rundschrift → roman cursive


412 | Indexes

runes 5, 6, 47, 54−59, 66, 74−78, 134, 279; secret runes 77; Turkic runes → Old Turkic script

Russian → Cyrillic sans-serif (type style of → roman) 22, 24,

207 Schwabacher (type style of → black-

letter) 23, 224, 283−287, 291, 297−303, 306, 327, 328, 358

semantic variety (English) 43 semibold → bold Serta (variant of → Syriac script) 202 Shahmukhi → Arabic script for Punjabi shorthand 100, 206, 339 simplified characters (Chinese) 203,

204−209, 229, 336 Sinhalese script 331; for Pali 194 Sino-Japanese script → Japanese writing

system skoropis’ (variant of → Old Cyrillic) 105,

106, 117, 118, 121, 199 small capitals (type shape) 128, 306 Sogdian script: for Chinese 279; for Old

Turkic 278; for Parthian 279; for Persian 279; for Sogdian 279; for Uzbek 196

sound variety (English) 43 Spitzschrift → German cursive square script (variant of → Hebrew

script) 126, 127, 190; → Phags-pa Stamboul orthography (Albanian) 318 standard orthography (Old East Slavic)

129−139, 330 stenography → shorthand Sütterlin → German cursive syllabaries → Canadian Aboriginal

syllabics, Cherokee, Cypriot, hiragana, katakana, man’yōgana, Linear B, Women’s Script

syllabic alphabets → Bengali, Brahmi, Burmese, Ethiopic, Gur'mukhī, Javanese, Kaithī, Kharoṣṭhī, Khmer, Laṇḍā, Lao, Nāgarī, Oriya, Phags-pa, Pollard script, Sinhalese, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Tibetan

Symboltypographie 292−293

Syriac script 52, 202; variants: Nestorian, Serta

tally marks 77 Tamil script 71, 188, 230; → Arab Tamil Taraškevica orthography (Belarusian) 6,

166, 167, 314−317, 324−325, 330 Telugu script: for Sanskrit 194 Textura (type style of → blackletter)

283−285, 289, 299; type family: Old English

Thai script: for Pali 194 Theuerdank-Fraktur (type family of

→ Fraktur) 283 Tibetan script: for Chinese 188, 279; for

Old Turkic 278 Totenbuchhieroglyphen → hieroglyphs traditional characters (Chinese)

203−209, 229, 336 transcription 211, 339 transliteration 25, 211, 280 transplantation 211 Turkic runes → Old Turkic script Uighur script 34; also Kashgarian; for

Chinese 279; for Old Turkic 97, 278 uncial: Cyrillic → ustav; Egyptian 183;

Gothic 125; Greek 243, 254 underlining 23 Unger-Fraktur (type family of

→ Fraktur) 283 ustav (variant of → Old Cyrillic) 199 vernacular orthography (Novgorod)

129−139, 331 Visigothic minuscule (variant of

→ Latin script) 200 Wade-Giles transcription (Chinese) 22, 94 Warsaw orthography (Polish) 225−27 West Jacobite → Serta Western Cyrillic (variant of → Cyrillic)

82−88, 105, 198−200, 340; variants: Begovica, manastirsko pismo

women’s hand (Japanese) → onna-de Women’s Script 43, 88−92, 122 yìtǐzì (Chinese allographs) 207, 208 YIVO transcription (Yiddish) 190 zhùyīn fúhào → Bopomofo


Index of personal names | 413

Index of personal names

Page numbers in bold face refer to chapters of this book written by the respective author. Page numbers in italics refer to images when the respective name is not men-tioned in the caption itself but only in the table of figures (p. 343). Page numbers in the table of figures are not listed here. From the bibliography, only authors of articles and books as well es editors of volumes with a separate bibliography entry are listed here.

Adam, Robert 143, 355 Adelung, Johann Christoph 210, 286 Adodurov, Vasilij Evdokimovič 106, 121 Adrian II (pope) 84 Ælfric of Eynsham 288 Afanas’eva, T. A. 111−115, 355 Ager, Simon 91, 252, 355, 364 Aggarwal, Santosh 155, 355 Agha, Asif 289, 355 Ahačič, Kozma 306, 355 Ajanović, Mustafa 232, 382 Al-Barwani, Sheikh Ali Muhsin 251, 252,

355 Alber, Matthäus 170 Albrecht, Friedhelm 257 Aleksandrovič, Vadzim 166, 355 Alekseev, Dmitrij Ivanovič 120, 355 Alexander the Great 84 Algarotti, Francesco 130, 355 Alibert, Louis 311, 312, 355 Allam, Schafik 272, 356 Alpatov, Vladimir Mixajlovič 326, 331, 356 Altenmüller, Hartwig 262, 367 Alton, Graham 77 Amann, Max 328 Amasis II 186 Amenirdis II 185 Ammon, Ulrich 52, 57, 60, 197, 206,

217−219, 223, 319, 356 Andrić, Ivo 178 Androutsopoulos, Jannis 46, 100, 356 Anić, Vladimir 206, 356 Antipova, Anastasia 6, 158−167, 356 Arcixovskij, Artemij Vladimirovič 133,

356 Arlt, Carolin 259, 356 Armstrong, Nancy 337, 356

Arquint, Romedi 15, 356 Artaxerxes III 267, 268 Ashoka 34 Asmah Haji Omar 229, 356 Astroŭski, Radaslaŭ 166 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 330 Auer, Peter 15, 74, 289, 356, 369 Augst, Gerhard 29, 356 Avanesaŭ, Rubėn Ivanavič 399 Avramov, Mixail Petrovič 108, 109 Avvakum (archpriest) 203 Aymonier, Etienne 36, 356 Ayres, Alyssa 155, 356 Babić, Stjepan 231, 357 Babu, Omar 253 Babyč, Nadija D. 279, 357 Bach, Johann Sebastian 287 Baddeley, Susan 357, 361, 383 Badurina, Lada 210, 212, 357 Bahuševič, Francišek 160 Bain, Peter 24, 295, 296, 357, 359, 362, 392,

399 Baker, Philip 22, 357 Bakhtin, Mikhail 62, 235, 357 Balboni, Paolo E. 15, 357 Baldauf, Ingeborg 333, 357 Ballstaedt, Steffen-Peter 299, 357 Balta, Evangelia (Ευαγγελία Μπαλτά) 187,

357 Banerjea, Jitendra Nath 33, 357 Barac-Cikoja, Dragana 29, 243, 368 Bardinet, Thierry 275, 357 Barščėŭskaja, Nina 165, 357 Barščėŭski, Jan 279 Barth, Auguste 36 Barthold, Wilhelm [= Vasilij Vladimiro-

vič Bartol’d] 35, 357


414 | Indexes

Bartlett, Lesley 68, 369 Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan Niecisław

220, 226, 357, 365 Baxter, Alan N. 228, 357 Baxtin, Mixail Mixajlovič → Bakhtin,

Mikhail Bazerman, Charles 29, 357 Bazhutkina, Alena 317, 358 Bec, Pierre 308−311, 358 Beck, Friedrich 294−298, 358 Beckoj, Ivan Ivanovič 115, 116 Bede, Venerable 201 Bednařík, Petr 301, 358 Beg, Mirza Khalil Ahmad 157, 358 Beinlich, Horst 258, 273, 358 Bely, Andrėj Vasilevič 164, 358 Bembo, Pietro → index of writing

systems: Bembo Bender, Margaret 47, 61, 62, 276, 325, 358 Benedict, Saint 200 Bergaigne, Abel 36, 358 Berger, Tilman 7, 56, 140−143, 359, 380 Bergmann, Rolf 283, 359 Berlanda, Elena 38, 41, 44−46, 49, 67, 68,

359 Bernal, Martin 47, 359 Bernard, H. Russell 15, 366 Bernstein, Basil 28 Bertheau, Philipp Th. 290, 295, 331, 359 Beyrau, Dietrich 359, 366, 381, 400 Bhatia, Tej 155, 359 Biber, Douglas 57, 359 Bieder, Hermann 160, 164−166, 359 Bierling, Zacharias 224, 359 Binder, Vera 69, 359 Binnig, Wolfgang 125, 359 Bird, Thomas E. 160, 400 Birzer, Sandra 6, 100, 359 Bismarck, Otto von 296 Bjelaković, Isidora 214, 382 Blake, Robert J. 35, 147, 359 Blom, Jan-Petter 61, 360 Bloomfield, Leonard 27, 360 Bobrik, Marina 6 Boccaccio, Giovanni 211 Bodoni, Giambattista 329; → index of

writing systems: Bodoni Bohdan, Sjarhej 317, 360 Böhm, Manuela 7, 68

Bohr, Niels 51, 360 Bökset, Roar 208, 360 Bollwage, Max 217, 360 Bondarev, Dmitry 181, 250, 360 Bopp, Franz 17 Borkovskij, Viktor Ivanovič 133, 356 Bormann, Martin 297, 327, 328 Bose, Sugata 150, 360 Botti, Giuseppe 273, 360 Braches, Ernst 284, 360 Bradley, David 360 Braille, Louis → index of writing

systems: Braille Brands, Horst Wilfried 332, 360 Brandt, Carmen 6, 149−158, 156, 157, 193,

360 Brborić, Branislav 232, 360 Breedveld, Anneke 181, 360 Brehmer, Bernhard 242, 360 Breitkopf, Johann Gottlob Immanuel

→ index of writing systems: Breitkopf-Fraktur

Breyer, Francis 96, 360 Bright, William 20, 21, 29, 30, 356, 360,

364, 365, 368, 370, 383 Brinker, Klaus 236, 361 Britto, Francis 40, 42, 55, 67, 70, 188,

230, 361 Brjus, Jakov Vilimovič → Bruce, Jacob Broch, Olaf 194, 361 Broeck, Jef van den 228, 370 Brown, Roger 340, 361 Brozović, Dalibor 210, 361 Bruce, Jacob 105 Bryccyna, Isa 305, 361 Bucer, Martin 291 Bucher, Paul 275, 361 Bugarski, Ranko 238, 244, 245, 361 Bulyka, Aljaksandr Mikalaevič 161, 165,

280, 361 Bunčić, Daniel 25, 27, 60, 64, 67, 71, 77,

79, 80, 83, 107, 109, 116, 134, 135, 143, 159, 169, 175, 196, 197, 201, 210, 211, 213, 226, 232, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 243, 279, 317, 323, 325, 361−362; main author and co-editor

Bunin, Ivan Alekseevič 221, 223 Buraczek, Maciej (pseudonym) → Fran-

cišek Bahuševič



Burkard, Günther 275, 362 Burke, Christopher 296, 297, 362 Burman, Erica 15, 362 Burykin, Aleksej Alekseevič 230, 362 Bužinskij, Gavriil Fëdorovič 110 Bykova, Tat’jana Aleksandrovna 102,

107−116, 362 Čačot, Jan 159, 279 Calvet, Louis-Jean 47, 330, 331, 362 Cantemir, Dimitrie → Kantemir,

Dmitrij Carroll, Lewis 23, 362 Casamassima, Emanuele 28, 29, 125, 126,

362 Catherine II (Russia) 114 Cathey, James A. 124, 125, 362 Čejka, Mirek 141, 142, 363 Cenival, Jean Louis de 258, 389 Čerepnin, Lev Vladimirovič 117, 363 Černega, Jurij 51, 363 Černý, Jaroslav 257, 363 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de 211 Chen, Ping 44, 67, 94, 205, 363 Cheops → Khufu Cheuk, Adrian 21, 363 Chiang, William Wei 43, 88−91, 363 Chiari, Bernhard 165, 363 Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin,

Domingo Francisco de San Antón Muñón 33

Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo 91, 363 Citriaková, Zdenka 249, 363 Clark, John W. 215, 363 Clark, Scott 253, 363 Clement of Alexandria, Saint 261, 263,

270 Clement of Ohrid, Saint 255 Clement VI (pope) 85 Clifton, John M. 189, 363 Clyne, Michael 60, 356−363, 370, 381 Collier, Mark 259, 363−364 Collin, Richard Oliver 18, 38, 49, 50, 63,

67, 364 Comrie, Bernard 29, 364 Conrad, Susan 57, 359 Consani, Carlo 40−45, 67, 97, 364 Constantine (secular name) → Cyril

(monastic name) Contardi, Federico 258, 364

Corsten, Severin 284, 364 Corvest, Hoëlle 364 Coseriu, Eugenio 57, 61, 364 Cosmas, Saint 84 Coulmas, Florian 7, 20, 21, 27−30, 41,

45, 52, 63, 64, 67, 70, 146, 177, 204, 206, 364

Coyos, Jean-Baptiste 311−313, 364 Cranach, Lucas 293 Crawley, William 155, 387 Crnojević, Đurađ 199 Cruz-Uribe, Eugene 186, 364 Čumakov, Viktor Trofimovič 106, 387 Čupković, Gordana 171, 364 Cyril, Saint 51, 84, 234, 254, 255, 322, 324;

secular name Constantine Čyževs’kyj, Dmytro 105, 365 Czeczot, Jan → Čačot, Jan Dal’, Vladimir Ivanovič 220, 222, 365 Dale, Ian R. H. 5, 19, 38−45, 53, 54, 59,

67, 78, 94, 96, 100, 177, 188−190, 193−195, 278, 332, 365

Dalleggio, Eugène 187, 391 Dalmatin, Antun 170−172 Dalmatin, Jurij 307 Dalmia, Vasudha 152, 365 Damian, Saint 84 Daničić, Đuro 178 Daniels, Peter T. 19−21, 28, 29, 240, 356,

360, 364, 365, 368, 370, 383 Dankovičová, Jana 141, 365 Das, Rahul Peter 149, 151, 365 Dasgupta, Subrata 152, 365 Daškova, Ekaterina Romanovna 106 Davies, Benedict G. 267, 273, 365 Davydov, Artëm 181, 398 de Saussure etc. → Saussure etc. Deckinga, Gabriela 363 Dedering, Uwe 83 DeFrancis, John 40−46, 67, 92−95, 100,

127, 145, 146, 233, 238, 365 Demidov, Dmitrij Grigor’evič 106, 365 Depauw, Mark 184, 263, 365 Derrida, Jacques 17, 365−366 Desiderius (abbot of Montecassino,

later Pope Victor III) 201 Deutscher, Guy 18, 366 Didot, Firmin 294, 329 Diels, Paul 97, 366, 392


416 | Indexes

Dietze, Joachim 129, 132, 366 Diklić, Zvonimir 232, 382 Dimitrijević, Bojan B. 179, 366 Dingley, Jim 159, 366 Diodorus of Sicily 261 Diringer, David 27, 76, 188, 366 Divković, Matija 86, 105, 199 Dixon, Richard 319, 366 Dj… → Đ… Dobrovský, Josef 225 Doctor, Estelle A. 47, 67, 366 Donia, Robert J. 175, 366 Donker van Heel, Koenrad 185, 186, 366 Đorđević, Svetolik 57, 366 Đoro Božidarović, Matej 170, 171 Dragićević, Rajna 234, 388 Duchnovič, Aleksander 248 Duličenko, Aleksandr Dmitrievič 5, 196,

197, 247, 307, 366 Dumas, Alexandre 211 Dumestre, Gérard 181, 398 Dunin-Marcinkevič, Vincent 159 Duran, Livie Isauro 15, 366 Dwyer, Rachel 157, 366 Ebel, Bryan 7 Ebermann, Erwin 182, 367 Eckhardt, Thorvi 255, 367 Efimov, Vladimir Venediktovič 105, 367 Efremov, Mixail 104 Ehmer, Hermann 171, 367 Eisenberg, Peter 28, 367 Ekaterina II → Catherine II Elbegdorj, Tsakhiagiin 98 Eldamaty, Mamdouh 262, 367 Elizaveta I Petrovna 114 El-Masry, Yahia 262, 367 Elzevir family → index of writing

systems: Elzéviers Endō Orie 89−92, 367 Enwall, Joakim 44, 367 Erman, Adolf 259, 367 Estieu, Prosper 311 Evagoras I 32 Everaert, Christine 149, 150, 152, 367 Everson, Michael 21, 367 Fancev, Franjo 168, 170, 367 Fant, C. Gunnar M. 191, 375 Faraz, Ahmad 156, 368 Farouqui, Ather 156, 368, 386, 393

Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman 150, 151, 154, 368

Faßke, Helmut 224, 225, 303, 368 Faulmann, Carl 305, 368 Fëdor I Ivanovič 129 Fëdorov, Ivan 102 Felber, Heinz 257, 368 Feldman, Laurie Beth 29, 243, 245, 368,

397 Fenne [or Fonne], Tönnies 100, 117, 368 Feofan Prokopovič 110, 114, 116, 368 Feofilakt Lopatinskij 115 Ferguson, Charles A. 36−43, 56, 87, 95,

330, 361, 368 Fernández, Mauro 40, 368 Finkel, Irving 378, 390, 398 Fiol’, Švajpol’t 102 Fishman, Joshua Aaron 16, 28, 30, 40, 41,

44, 68, 91, 126, 127, 368, 370, 371 Fjellhammer Seim, Karin 74, 75, 77, 368 Flajšhans, Václav 300, 368 Flood, John Lewis 292, 293, 368 Flores, Barbara 47, 68, 371 Florus of Lyon 201 Foerster, Hans 200, 369 Fomenko, Irina Jur’evna 102−106, 369 Fonne, Tönnies → Fenne Forbes, Nevill 132, 384 Forssmann, Friedrich 282, 369 Fortunatov, Filipp Fëdorovič 220 Francke, August Hermann 104 Franklin, Simon 131, 369 Franko, Ivan 280, 369 Fraser, James Outram 21 Friedland, Klaus 130, 369 Friedrich, Johannes 77, 369 Frings, Andreas 46, 280, 326, 327, 333,

369 Frood, Elizabeth 274, 389 Fučić, Branko 168, 169, 369 Fuentes, Carlos 15 Fugger, Wolfgang 286, 369 Fujiwara no Teika 123 Ǧāballāh, Ǧāballāh ʿAlī 272, 369 Gaj, Ljudevit 209 Gal, Susan 292, 374 Galambos Imre 208, 369 Gallmann, Peter 217, 218, 369 Galmiche, Xavier 300, 301, 302, 369



Gandhi, Mahatma (Mohandas Karamchand) 153

Ganley, Andrew H. 272, 369 Gāo Yínxiān 89 Garamond, Claude → index of writing

systems: Garamond García García, Marco 7 García, Ofelia 68, 369 Gardiner, Alan Henderson 259, 272, 274,

370 Gardy, Philippe 308, 370 Gavatovyč, Jakub 279 Gavriil (bishop) → Bužinskij, Gavriil Geerts, Guido 228, 229, 370 Gelb, Ignace J. 27, 36, 42, 189, 279, 370 Gessner, Salomon 301, 372 Gick, Bryan 141, 374 Giles, Herbert → index of writing

systems: Wade-Giles transcription Giljarevskij, Rudžero Sergeevič 188,

194−196, 202, 229, 230, 277, 305, 370 Gilman, Albert 340, 361 Giordan, Henri 310, 370 Gippius, Aleksej Alekseevič 6, 130, 370 Gippius, Zinaida Nikolaevna 221 Glavy, Jason M. 181, 390 Gleason, Allan 29, 370 Gleim, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig 293 Glück, Helmut 22, 31, 36, 69, 94, 174,

187−189, 193−196, 298, 330, 356, 370 Goebbels, Joseph 297 Goedicke, Hans 272, 273, 370 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 211, 296 Gojsalić, Mate 84, 370 Gol’dštejn, Aleksandr 244, 378 Golub, Ivan 86, 87, 370 Golubović, Biljana 7 Gołuchowski, Agenor 280 Goodman, Dorothy 16 Goodman, Kenneth 47, 68, 371 Goodman, Yetta 47, 68, 371 Goossens, Jan 57, 371 Górnicki, Łukasz 306 Gottberg, Curt von 166 Gottsched, Johann Christoph 294 Granovskaja, Lidija Mixajlovna 222, 371 Grassau, Christian 286, 371 Greenberg, Robert D. 47, 175, 210, 212,

371

Gregersen, Edgar A. 332, 371 Gregory, Michael 55, 57, 371 Grein, Marion 146, 371 Grekov, Boris Dmitrievič 82−84, 371 Greule, Albrecht 375, 383, 399 Griffith, Francis Llewellyn 184, 259, 260,

371 Grigor’eva, Tat’jana Mixajlovna 220, 222,

223, 371 Grimm, Jacob 17, 294, 296 Grivelet, Stéphane 16, 27, 38−49, 53,

97−99, 157, 371−372 Grivnin, Vladimir Sergeevič 188,

194−196, 202, 229, 230, 277, 305, 370 Gropper, Johann 290, 291 Gröschel, Bernhard 25, 47, 126, 176−180,

189, 196, 202, 232, 361, 372 Gülden, Svenja 259, 372 Gumperz, John J. 61, 360 Günther, Hartmut 28, 245, 370, 372, 376 Güntner, Joachim 283, 375 Gupta, Navina 154, 372 Gurevič, Miron Moiseevič 107−116, 112,

362 Guseva, Aleksandra Alekseevna

107−116, 372 Gustavsson, Sven 212, 232, 238, 242, 372 Gutenberg, Johannes 127, 284, 360 Hà Kiên Nghị 70, 372 Haarmann, Harald 28, 47, 50, 61, 67−70,

96, 145, 188, 189, 193, 233, 372 Habermann, Mechthild 289, 372 Hackstein, Olav 79, 385 Halevi, Yehuda 192 Halévy, Joseph 31, 35, 36 Halle, Morris 191, 375 Hallof, Klaus 262, 396 Hanka, Václav 300, 301, 372 Hannas, William C. 43, 204, 372 Hannig, Rainer 263, 373 Hansdah, R. C. 193, 385 Harpur, Yvonne M. 267, 373 Hartmann, R. K. K. 49, 69, 70, 145, 373 Hartmann, Silvia 46, 286, 290, 294, 296,

297, 373 Hásek, Václav 302, 373 Hatshepsut 274 Hauch, Edward F. 15, 373 Haugen, Odd Einar 288, 368, 373, 375


418 | Indexes

Hawkins, Edward 272, 373 Hawkins, John David 80, 373 Hé Yànxīn 89 Hebib-Valjevac, Naila 215, 373 Hedgcock, John S. 29, 373 Hegyi, Ottmar 36, 39, 45, 47, 49, 67, 188,

189, 373 Heiderhoff, Horst 287, 296, 373 Helck, Wolfgang 270, 373 Hendrich, Béatrice 7 Hepburn, James Curtis → index of

writing systems: Revised Hepburn System

Hercigonja, Eduard 83, 84, 167, 373 Herder, Johann Gottfried von 301 Heres, Tomislav 83, 86, 373−374 Herodotus 260, 261 Hervey, John, 2nd Baron Hervey 130 Heß, Rudolf 327 Hesy-re 267 Hitler, Adolf 297, 327, 328 Hodsdon, Amelia 319, 382 Hoffner, Kurt 165, 374 Hölderlin, Friedrich 299, 377 Holloway, Stephanie 92, 374 Homeyer, Helen 193, 278, 374 Honorius II (antipope) 85 Horga, Damir 214, 374 Hornberger, Nancy H. 47, 68, 374 Hornung-Ballstaedt, Elfriede 299 Hout, Theo van den 80, 81, 374 Howson, Phil 141, 374 Hoz, Havier de 77, 374 Hromádko, Jan Nepomuk Norbert 301,

387 Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić 87 Hú Měiyuè 89 Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm 288, 376 Hughes, Buddug 68, 383 Huković, Muhamed 173, 174, 176, 189,

190, 374 Humery, Marie-Ève 181, 374 Hus, Jan 140 ibn ‛Ubada → ‛Ubada Il’inskij, Grigorij Andreevič 255, 374 Innocent IV (pope) 85 Irvine, Judith T. 292, 374 Istrijan, Stipan Konzul, Stjepan Istranin Ivanišević, Frano 85−88, 374

Ivić, Pavle 324, 374 Jakiša, Miranda 7 Jakobson, Roman 191, 375 Jakovlev, Nikolaj Feofanovič 326, 375 Jalal, Ayesha 150, 360 James, Gregory 49, 69, 70, 145, 373 Janich, Nina 375, 383, 399 Janin, Valentin Lavrent’evič 129, 130, 139,

375, 399 Janka Kupala → Kupala, Janka Janković, Dragoslav 178, 375 Janssen, Jacob J. 274, 375 Janukovyč, Ljudmyla 111 Januszowski, Jan 144, 306, 397 Janzin, Marion 283, 375 Japelj, Jurij 307 Jaquith, James R. 38−41, 45, 67, 375 Jaroslav Vladimirovič (Prince of

Novgorod) 132 Jaroszewicz-Pieresławcew, Zoja 202, 375 Jenč, Rudolf 303, 375 Jensen, Hans 32, 77, 375 Jergović, Miljenko 177, 375 Jerončić, Slavko 85, 87, 88, 375 Jesch, Judith 134, 370, 390, 391, 400 Jesus Christ 84, 120, 226, 322 Jezbera, František Jan 325, 326, 375 Jirák, Jan 301, 358 John VIII (pope) 84, 85 Johnson, Allan Chester 262, 375 Johnson, Samuel 215, 318 Jones, Kathryn 68, 374, 383 Jørgensen, Jon Gunnar 74, 375 Jovanović, Pavle 174 Jungmann, Josef 301 Jungner, Hugo 76, 375 Junković, Zvonimir 84 Kabatek, Johannes 7, 59, 236, 375 Kadmon, Naftali 51, 376 Kahanec, Karus 160, 376 Kalinoŭski, Kastus 160 Kålund, Kristian 75, 376 Kameneva, Tat’jana Nilovna 107−115,

376, 400 Kamińska, Krystyna 144, 376 Kant, Immanuel 288, 294, 376 Kantemir, Dmitrij Konstantinovič 109 Kapievič, Il’ja 102, 104 Kappenberg, Bernd 48, 49, 217, 376



Kappler, Matthias 187, 357 Kapr, Albert 285, 298, 369, 376 Karadžić, Vuk Stefanović → Vuk Karajoli, Edeltraud 68, 376 Karłowicz, Jan 226, 376 Karomama 268 Karskij, Evfimij Fëdorovič 117, 376 Karttunen, Klaus 151, 376 Kasai, Yukiyo 6, 278 Kaske, Elisabeth 204, 376 Kearns, Kate 337, 376 Keipert, Helmut 7, 105, 106, 210, 287,

376−377 Keller, Rudi 241, 326, 377 Kempgen, Sebastian 21, 106, 255, 361, 377,

383 Khan, Adeel 154, 377 Khnoumit 267 Khufu (Hellenized Cheops) 258 Ki no Tsurayuki 123 Killius, Christina 217, 282−286,

293−296, 377 Kindaichi, Haruhiko 122, 124, 146, 377 King, Christopher Rolland 149, 152, 153,

377 King, Robert D. 44, 158, 377 Kipel, Vitaŭt 166, 377 Kipel, Zora 166, 377 Kippenberger, Susanne 299, 377 Kisel’, Pëtr 160, 377 Kislova, Ekaterina 6, 102−121, 145,

377−378 Kitchen, Kenneth A. 183, 272, 273, 378 Klarić, Mirko 83, 378 Kleifgen, JoAnne 68, 369 Kleist, Ewald Christian von 293 Klimaŭ, Ihar Paŭlavič 6, 314−316, 378 Kloss, Heinz 60, 196, 197, 378 Klöter, Henning 6, 48, 204−209, 206,

207, 378 Kluge, Hermann 32 Koberger, Anton 285 Koch, Peter 28, 58, 59, 76, 142, 336, 378 Kochanowski, Jan 143, 144, 306 Koehler, Ulrich 31, 32, 378 Kolosov, Vadim 244, 378 Komova, Ekaterina 141, 374 Kondakov, Ivan P. 107, 113−115, 378 Konzul Istranin, Stjepan 170−172

Kootz, Anja 257, 368, 378, 392 Kopczyński, Onufry 226, 227, 378 Kopijewski, Eliasz → Kapievič, Il’ja Kopitar, Jernej 210 Köpplová, Barbara 301, 358 Kordić, Snježana 25, 379 Kozinceva, Ruf ’ Iosifovna 111, 362 Krajňák, František 248, 249, 379 Krapf, Johann Ludwig 181, 251, 379 Krause, Wolfgang 125, 379 Kremer, Arndt 190, 191, 379 Kremnitz, Georg 309−313, 379 Krleža, Miroslav 178 Kryński, Adam Antoni 226, 357, 376,

379, 395 Kube, Wilhelm 165, 166 Kudzej, Josyf 248, 249, 379 Kuentz, Charles 272, 379 Kuev, Kujo M. 321, 379 Kulenbach (draughtsman) 104 Kuna, Herta 173−175, 379 Kupala, Janka 160 Kuße, Holger 7, 17, 128, 325, 338, 358, 379 Kuvačić-Ižepa, Mate 82, 379 Labov, William 28, 63, 254, 337, 379 Lacau, Pierre 272, 380 Ladinskij, Antonin Petrovič 221 Lafont, Robèrt 37−41, 46, 67, 308, 309,

380 Lagler, Wilfried 307, 380 Lange, Eva 262, 396 Łapicz, Czesław 189, 380 Laroche, Emmanuel 380 Le Berre, Yves 308, 380 Leahy, Anthony 184, 273, 380 Lednicki, Wacław 130, 380 Legrain, Georges 269, 380 Lehfeldt, Werner 173, 189, 380 Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz 227 Leikin, Mark 68, 392 Lenin, Vladimir Il’ič 222, 326, 327 Leurs, Thomas 7 Lewaszkiewicz, Tadeusz 224, 225, 304,

380 Lewis, M. Paul 73, 92, 188, 189, 193−196,

229, 230, 277, 380 Li Wei 15, 356, 369 Lieven, Alexandra von 6, 256−276, 260,

264, 380−381


420 | Indexes

Liker, Marko 214, 374 Lindner, Rainer 359, 366, 381, 400 Lionelli, Tobia (secular name) →

Svetokriški, Janez (monastic name) Lippert, Sandra L. 6, 183−186, 256−276,

260, 264, 266, 362, 381; co-editor Lisowski, Tomasz 226, 381 Litvinenko, Aleksandr Val’terovič 211 Liú XiƮobō 211 Liu, Fei-Wen 88, 381 Löffler, Heinrich 289, 381 Lojka, Pawel 159, 381 Lomonosov, Mixail Vasil’evič 119, 121,

381 Lopatinskij, Fëdor Leont’evič

(Feofilakt) → Feofilakt Lorand, David 269, 381 Lord, Conni 275, 381 Lorenz, Sönke 307, 367, 380, 381 Losik, Anton 166 Lozyns’kyj, Josyp 280 Lu Cipo 90 Lucht, Laura 363 Lüdi, Georges 230, 381 Ludwig, Otto 370, 372, 376 Luffin, Xavier 181, 381 Lufft, Hans 293 Luft, Ulrich 259, 382 Lugard, Sir Frederick 251 Lukašėnka, Aljaksandr Ryhoravič

315−317 Lukatela, Georgije 243, 245, 382, 397 Lunt, Horace G. 120, 382 Luther, Martin 170, 171, 187, 283, 290,

291, 292, 293, 359, 384, 385 Lyons, Melinda 20, 382 Maas, Utz 28, 58, 59, 336, 382 Macadam, Miles F. Laming 267, 365 Mac Eoin, Gearóid 77, 78, 382 Magner, Thomas F. 44, 233, 242, 243, 382 Magnickij, Leontij 103 Magocsi, Paul Robert 248, 382 Mahajan, Vidya Dhar 33, 382 Makarije (hieromonk) 199 Malinine, Michel 186, 273, 274, 382 Mangold, Max 206, 382 Mansoor, Sabiha 154, 382 Mantova, Benedetto de 170 Marašėŭski, Kaėtan 279

Maresquier, François 257, 258, 266 Marković, Maja 214, 382 Marković, Svetozar 232, 382 Marouard, Gregory 258, 271, 395 Marsh, David 319, 382 Martel, Antoine 279, 383 Marti, Roland 7, 23, 64, 99, 190, 209, 224,

254, 304, 305, 383 Martin, Cary 184−186, 383 Martin-Jones, Marilyn 68, 374, 383 Mary (mother of Jesus) 226 Masica, Colin P. 29, 383 Matej, Jurij 224, 383; Latin Georgius

Matthaei Matešić, Mihaela 210, 212, 357 Maurer, Walter H. 153, 383 Mauric-Barberio, Florence 275, 383 Mazepa, Ivan 117 Mazrui, Alamin M. 251, 252, 383 Mazrui, Ali A. 251, 383 Mečkovskaja, Nina 159, 160, 167, 325, 383 Meeks, Dimitri 271, 273, 274, 384 Meenakshisundaran, Thenpattinam

Ponnusamy 230, 384 Mehlem, Ulrich 7 Meinhof, Carl 331, 332, 384 Meisenburg, Trudel 312, 384 Melanchthon, Philipp 170, 290 Meltzer, Scott 94 Mendelssohn, Moses 190−191, 384 Mengham, Rod 47, 67, 69, 70, 279, 335,

384 Menkov, Vladimir 94 Menšikov, Aleksandr Danilovič 119 Menu, Bernadette 272, 384 Merveldt, Nikola von 292, 293, 384 Mes 272 Methodius, Saint 84, 85, 234, 255, 324 Meyer, Anna-Maria 99, 384 Michell, Robert 132, 384 Midžić, Maja 214, 384 Mieses, Matthias 187, 189, 202, 286, 290,

384 Mihaljević, Vine 105, 384 Mihanović, Frane 82, 384 Miklas, Heinz 48, 49, 67, 385 Miklosich, Franz 202, 385 Milićević, Nikola 86, 87, 385 Miller, Catherine 182, 385



Miller, Jared L. 79, 385 Milosavljević, Tanja 241, 388 Mimica, Bože 82, 85, 385 Miroška Nezdinič 136 Mišerda, Marko 84, 385 Mistral, Frédéric 310, 312 Moguš, Milan 173, 209, 385 Mohyl’nyc’kyj, Ivan 159, 385 Möller, Georg 275, 385 Mollica, Anthony 15 Mora, Clelia 79, 385 Moraes Farias P. F. de 250, 385 Moraszewski, Kajetan → Marašėŭski,

Kaėtan Morse, Samuel F. B. → index of writing

systems: Morse code Moser, Virgil 293, 385 Mrkalj, Sava 210 Mstislavec, Pëtr 102 Müller, Adolf 328 Müller, Marianne 119, 385 Mumin, Meikal 360, 374, 381, 385, 398 Murmu, N. C. 193, 385 Musin-Puškin, Ivan Alekseevič 102, 120 Nabrings, Kirsten 61, 385 Nametak, Abdurahman 189, 386 Nazor, Anica 99, 168, 169, 386 Neckerman, Peter 258 Nefermaat I 267 Nehr, Monika 68, 376 Nejedlý, Jan 301 Nektanebos II 267 Nelde, Peter H. 15, 386 Nemirovskij, Evgenij L’vovič 104, 107,

112, 115, 386 Nerius, Dieter 283, 359 Neweklowsky, Gerhard 173, 198, 232, 322,

386 Newton, Francis 43, 67, 201, 386 Newton, Gerald 25, 296, 297, 298, 386 Ngom, Fallou 181, 386 Niedźwiedzki, Władysław 226, 376 Niehr, Thomas 296, 386 Nikčević, Vojislav P. 212, 213, 386 Nikitin-Perenskij, Andrej Andreevič 112,

221, 223 Nikolić, Marin 170 Nikon (patriarch of Moscow) 120, 202 Nimčuk, Vasyl’ Vasyl’ovyč 280, 386, 389

Nitocris I 185 Nordberg, Bengt 254, 386 Norman, Jerry 204, 386 Obuchowicz, Filip 279 Oesterheld, Christina 156, 386 Oesterreicher, Wulf 28, 58, 59, 76, 142,

336, 378 Ol’denburg, Sergej Fëdorovič 34, 387 Olisej Grečin Petrovič 136 Oppert, Jules 35, 187, 189, 387 Optát, Václav Beneš 141, 142, 387 Orsini, Francesca 156, 387 Osing, Jürgen 259 Otten, Heinrich 387 Oyundari, E. 98, 387 Page, David 155, 387 Pantalacci, Laure 267, 387 Parker, Richard A. 270, 387 Parkinson, Richard 257, 275, 387 Paro, Frane 99, 387 Pasch, Helma 6, 30, 180−183, 250−253,

253, 368, 378, 387, 392 Paštrić, Ivan 86, 87, 370 Patel, Divia 157, 366 Pčelov, Evgenij Vladimirovič 106, 387 Peden, Alexander J. 273, 387 Peet, Thomas E. 259, 387 Pekarskij, Pëtr Petrovič 107, 115, 387 Penn, Helen 15, 387 Perbòsc, Antonin 311 Perec, Georges 245 Perović, Milenko A. 213, 387 Peter I (Russia) 102−121, 202, 219, 243,

325, 326, 331 Peter III (Russia) 114 Petosiris 267 Petrbok, Václav 301, 387 Pfeiffer, Stefan 262, 388 Phagpa, Drogön Chögyal → index of

writing systems: Phags-pa script Philips, John Edwards 181, 251, 388 Philoxenos (Indo-Greek king) 33 Picchio, Riccardo 321, 388 Pierides, Demetrios 31, 32, 33, 42, 388 Pierquin de Gembloux, Claude-Charles

33, 388 Pigarev, Kirill Vasil’evič 114, 388 Pinto, Avram 175, 179, 388 Piper, Predrag 234, 388


422 | Indexes

Pitman, James 96, 388 Pivčević, Edo 82, 87, 388 Pivčević, Ivan 82, 83, 388 Piye 184 Plata, Michael 286, 296, 298, 388 Plišková, Anna 248, 249 Plutarch (historian) 261 Pogorzelski, Jakub 241, 388 Pohl, Johann Wenzel 142, 388; in Czech

Jan Václav Pól Pokras, Aleks 244, 378 Polański, Edward 225, 226, 227, 388 Polenz, Peter von 294, 297, 388−389 Polikarpov, Fëdor Polikarpovič 119 Pollard, Sam → index of writing systems:

Pollard script Ponyrko, Natalija Vladimirovna 203, 389 Porák, Jaroslav 140−142, 389 Posener, George 275, 389 Posener-Kriéger, Paule 258, 269, 271, 389 Posoškov, Ivan Tixonovič 117 Pozdeeva, Irina Vasil’evna 372, 386, 389 Požgaj Hadži, Vesna 214, 374 Premchand, Munshi 158 Prifti, Elton 7 Prokopovič, Feofan → Feofan Psamtik I 185, 186 Psichari, Jean (Ιωάννης Ψυχάρης) 40 Ptahmes 268 Puchmajer, Antonín Jaroslav 325 Pugelj, Milan 178 Pürkenstein, Burckhardt von 105 Puškin, Aleksandr Sergeevič 71, 129, 130 Pylypenko, Serhij 280, 389 Pythagoras of Samos 261 Quirke, Stephen 257, 259, 275, 363, 364,

387 Rabus, Achim 6, 87, 100, 102−121, 159,

246−250, 254−256, 362, 389; co-editor Raecke, Jochen 7 Ragazzoli, Chloé 274, 389 Rahman, Tariq 151, 389 Rai, Alok 149, 153, 389 Rai, Amrit 158, 389 Raible, Wolfgang 6, 28, 389 Ramses II 266, 268 Ramsey, S. Robert 206, 389 Randow, Norbert 164, 390 Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Itzhaki) 126

Reagan, Timothy 15, 390 Recklinghausen, Daniel von 262 Rej, Mikołaj 143, 144 Rilly, Claude 96, 390 Risse, Ursula 283, 390 Ristić, Irena 238, 390 Rjurik 129 Rogers, Henry 29, 390 Rohsenow, John S. 44, 93−96, 204, 206,

390 Roidis, Emmanuel 40 Rom-Sourkova, Olga 280, 390 Rörer, Georg 292 Rosa, Wenceslaus Johannis 142, 143, 390;

in Czech Václav Jan Rosa Rosenberg, Alfred 165, 166 Rosenthaler, Josef 142, 390 Rössler, Paul 6 Rothstein, Robert A. 280, 390 Roumanille, Joseph 310, 312 Roux, Joseph 311 Rovenchak, Andrij 181, 390 Rozhdestvenskaja, Tatjana 131, 390 Rück, Peter 291, 295, 297, 390 Rühs, Christian Friedrich 301, 372 Russell, Ralph 152, 390 Rybina, Elena Aleksandrovna 129, 391,

394 Sadiq, Muhammad 154, 391 Šafařík, Pavel Josef 256, 397 Saint John, John Richard 96, 388 Salaville, Sévérien 187, 391 Sallet, Alfred von 32, 33, 391 Saloni, Zygmunt 226, 391 Samarin, Aleksandr Jur’evič 367, 369,

386, 391−392 Sampson, Geoffrey 28, 391 Sarenput II 257 Sarnov, Benedikt Mixajlovič 223, 391 Satamun 267 Saussure, Ferdinand de 17, 18, 27, 52, 53,

243, 391 Šaxmatov, Aleksej Aleksandrovič 220 Scardigli, Piergiuseppe 125, 391 Ščepkin, Vjačeslav Nikolaevič 117, 391 Schaeken, Jos 131, 137, 138, 391 Schank, Gerd 61, 391 Schindling, Anton 367, 380, 381 Schlegel, Friedrich 294



Schleicher, August 296 Schmidt, David 29, 145, 393 Schmidt-Rohr, Georg 165, 391 Schmitt, Johann Evangelist 300, 391 Schmitz-Emans, Monika 48, 391 Schoenthal, Gisela 61, 391 Schuh, Russell G. 252, 391 Schulte, Jörg 7 Schulte, Michael 75, 76, 138, 391 Schulz, Regine 267, 391 Schumacher, Johann Daniel 287 Schumacher, Rupert von 47, 392 Schuster-Szewc, Heinz 359, 392 Schwanwitz, Martin 287 Schweier, Ulrich 109, 255, 377, 392 Scott, Walter 211 Sebba, Mark 20, 21, 30, 208, 392 Seeley, Christopher 122−124, 392 Šefčík, Ondřej 225, 300, 301, 392 Seidel, Matthias 267, 391 Sepi III 266 Sequoyah 18, 276 Šestopalov, Igor’ Igorevič 103, 392 Sethe, Kurt 269, 272, 392 Setzler, Wilfried 367, 380, 381 Shabaqo 184 Shackle, Christopher 150, 157, 392 Shakespeare, William 43, 211, 240 Share, David L. 68, 392 Sharma, Arvind 151, 392 Shaw, Paul 24, 295, 296, 357, 359, 362, 392,

399 Shebitqu 184 Shepenupet II 185 Shlomo Itzhaki → Rashi Shwartz, Mila 68, 392 Šicgal, Abram Grigor’evič 102, 103−106,

109, 117, 119, 392 Siebs, Theodor 206, 392 Sievers, Joanna 257, 392 Silberstein, Leopold 46, 392 Silić, Josip 213, 387 Silverstein, Michael 291, 392 Simeon I (Bulgaria) 255 Siméon, Rémi 33, 392 Simon (archbishop) → Todorskij,

Simon Simpson, Robert S. 262, 392

Singh, Udaya Narayana 44, 48, 49, 51, 68, 393

Singh, Yogendra 156, 393 Šipka, Milan 179, 232, 240, 393 Skarga, Piotr 306, 393 Skaryna, Francysk 104, 393 Skerlić, Jovan 180 Škobalj, Ante 85, 393 Skutnabb Kangas, Tove 15 Smith, Janet Shibatano 29, 145, 393 Smith, Mark 275, 393 Smoler, Jan Arnošt 225, 393 Snell, Rupert 150, 157, 392 Sobolevskij, Aleksej Ivanovič 220 Soennecken, Friedrich 33, 127, 296, 299,

328, 329, 393 Sonnenhauser, Barbara 6 Souag, Lameen 181, 250−252, 393 Spalinger, Anthony J. 272, 393 Speranskij, Mixail Nestorovič 254, 393 Spiegelberg, Wilhelm 271, 393 Spitzmüller, Jürgen 6, 22, 282−300, 283,

338, 393−394 Spraul, Hildegard 220, 394 Spurkland, Terje 5, 6, 74−76, 137, 394 Squires, Catherine 129, 139, 394 Stadler, Martin Andreas 259, 394 Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovič 229, 333, 381 Stančev, Krasimir 254−256, 394 Stanišić, Vanja 254, 394 Stankevič, Jan 164, 394 Stasioikos II 42 Stasiuk, Andrzej 211 Štefanić, Vjekoslav 85, 395 Štefanović, Marija 234, 388 Stephen V (pope) 85 Stephens, Gregory 15, 395 Stern, Dieter 290, 395 Stern, Samuel Miklos 191, 192, 395 Šteyer, Matej Václav 142, 395 Stone, Gerald 224, 395 Stövesand, Katharina 257, 392 Stubbs, Michael 18, 28, 395 Su Peicheng 44, 93−95, 395 Sumarokov, Aleksandr Petrovič 121 Sumien, Dominique 309, 310, 312, 395 Superanskaja, Aleksandra Vasil’evna 71,

395 Suppiluliuma II 80


424 | Indexes

Suter, Paul 189, 395 Sütterlin, Ludwig 299 Svärdström, Elisabeth 76, 375 Svetokriški, Janez 307; secular name

Tobia Lionelli Szczepaniak, Renata 283, 395 Szober, Stanisław 227, 395 Szylarski, Walenty 226, 395 Taharqa 184 Tait, W. John 273, 395 Tallet, Pierre 258, 271, 395 Tamašėvič, Mikola 158−160, 167,

395−396 Taras, Vital’ 317, 396 Taraškevič, Branislaŭ 164, 314, 396 Taylor, Isaac 322, 396 Tessing, Jan 102, 104 Thibaudeau, Francis 329 Thissen, Heinz-Josef 262, 275, 362, 367 Thompson, Edward Maunde 200, 396 Thompson, Herbert 259, 371 Thutmosis III 258, 275 Ticinus, Jacobus Xaverius 224, 396 Tiessen, Calvin 363 Tietze, Christian 262, 396 Tiradritti, Francesco 266−268, 274, 396 Tito, Josip Broz 179 Tiun, Hak-khiam 70, 396 Todisco 15 Todorskij, Simon Fëdorovič 114 Tolstoj, Nikita Il’ič 87, 396 Tomsa, František 300−302 Toporišič, Jože 307, 396 Tošović, Branko 357, 373, 374, 382, 384,

396 Trampnau, Temenuga 7 Tranter, Nicolas 145, 396 Trask, Robert Lawrence 318, 319, 396 Trediakovskij, Vasilij Kirillovič 119, 121 Trix, Frances 187, 318, 396 Trubar, Primož 170, 171, 306, 307, 396 Trubeckoj, Nikolaj Sergeevič 55, 58, 191,

254, 255, 396 Truhelka, Ćiro 198, 199, 396 Trunte, Nicolina 52, 71, 84, 85, 97,

254−256, 321, 322, 396−397; a. k. a. Hartmut Trunte (1948−1994) and Nikolaos Trunte (1994−2014)

Tschernochvostoff, Georg 322, 397

Tschižewskij, Dmitrij → Čyževs’kyj, Dmytro

Tucker, G. Richard 15, 397 Turonak, Jury 166, 397 Turvey, Michael T. 245, 397 Tutankhamun 267, 268 Tybély, Václav Jan 300 ‛Ubada, Muhammad ibn 192 Ulfilas 24, 124 Unger, J. Marshall 18, 44, 95, 146, 397 Unger, Johann Friedrich Gottlieb →

index of writing systems: Unger-Fraktur

Ungnad von Sonnegg, Hans 105, 171, 367 Unseth, Peter 6, 29, 30, 40, 50, 397 Urban VIII (pope) 86 Urbańczyk, Stanisław 144, 306, 397 Ušakov, Dmitrij Nikolaevič 222, 397 Uspenskij, Boris Andreevič 121, 397 Vachek, Josef 27, 397 van den Broeck etc. → Broeck etc. Varfolomej Jur’evič 136 Varlaam of Xutyn, Saint 139 Vasyl’jeva, Ljudmyla 213, 387 Vehl, Sebald → Fiol’, Švajpol’t Verdoodt, Albert 228, 370 Vergerio, Pier (Pietro) Paolo 171, 307,

381 Vergote, Joseph 261, 397 Verner, Miroslav 271, 389 Versteegh, Kees 360, 374, 381, 385, 398 Vittmann, Günter 185, 186, 273, 397, 398 Vleeming, Sven P. 267, 268, 398 Voeste, Anja 357, 361, 383 Voigt, Hans 31, 398 Voltaire, François 211 Vomperskij, Valentin Pavlovič 110, 398 von Polenz etc. → Polenz etc. Voogt, Alex de 378, 390, 398 Vorndran, Rolf 170, 171, 398 Vucinich, Wayne S. 47, 398 Vuk Stefanović Karadžić 23, 210, 234, 243 Vuletić, Frane 175, 176, 198, 199, 398 Vydrin, Valentin Feodos’evič 181, 182,

250, 251, 398 Vymazalová, Hana 271, 389 Wade, Thomas → index of writing

systems: Wade-Giles transcription Walbaum, Justus Erich 329



Walther, Christoph 293, 398 Webster, Noah 215 Wehde, Susanne 297, 398 Weinberg, Werner 191, 384, 398 Weißwange, Agnieszka 7 Wepemnofret 272 Weth, Constanze 6, 7, 68, 308−313 Wetter, Andreas 183, 398 Wexler, Paul 37, 38, 42, 44, 45, 67, 399 Wiegers, Gerard 188, 399 Wieland, Christoph Martin 294 Willberg, Hans Peter 22, 207, 283, 328,

399 Williams, Anwen 68, 383 Winkler, Eberhard 229, 399 Wölke, Sonja 224, 399 Wright, Roger 146, 399 Wulfila → Ulfilas Wzorek, Ewa 299, 399 Xrabăr 321 Xudaš, Myxajlo Lukyč 280, 399 Yakubovich, Ilya 78−81, 399 Yáng Huànyí 89 Yasovarman I 36 Yì Niánhuá 89 Zabolotskij, Pëtr Aleksandrovič 117 Zachmann, Thomas 265

Zaliznjak, Andrej Anatol’evič 130−139, 370, 399, 400

Zangger, Eberhard 78, 400 Zaprudnik, Jan 160, 400 Zbiljić, Dragoljub 241, 400 Zelenin, Aleksandr Vasil’evič 219, 222,

381, 400 Zeraschkowitsch, Pawel 160, 400 Zernova, Antonina Sergeevna 107−115,

400 Zhao Shouhui 204, 208, 400 Zhou Youguang 92−94, 400 Ziegler, Sabine 76, 77, 400 Zilmer, Kristel 131, 134, 370, 390, 391, 400 Zima, Petr 38−46, 63, 67, 400 Zimmermann, Ilona 299 Žiteckij, Pavel Ignat’evič 110, 400 Živov, Viktor Markovič 104−106, 109,

117−120, 325, 400 Zorzi Božidari, Mateo di → Đoro

Božidarović, Matej Zozuľak, Alexander 247, 400 Žukovskaja, Lidija Petrovna 130, 131, 400 Žumar’, Sergej Vladimirovič 166, 400 Zwahr, Johann Georg 304, 401 Zwartjes, Otto 192, 401


biscriptality: a sociolinguistic typology

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