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Natural Science in Archaeology Series Editors: B. Herrmann . G.A. Wagner
Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest HongKong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo
Bruce Velde · Isabelle C. Drue
RETRACTED BOOK: Archaeological Ceramic Materials Origin and Utilization
With 98 Figures
' Springer
Series Editors Professor Dr. Giinther A. Wagner Institute of Archaeometry Max-Planck-Institute of Nuclear Physics Saupfercheckweg 1 D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany E-mail: [email protected]
Authors Dr. Bruce Velde Laboratoire de Geologie URA CNRS 1316 Ecole Normale Superieure 24, rue Lhomond 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France E-mail: [email protected]
Professor Dr. Bernd Herrmann Institute of Anthropology University of G6ttingen BiirgerstraBe 50 D-37073 G6ttingen, Germany E-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Isabelle C. Druc Yale University Peabody Museum of Natural History Division of Anthropology P.O. Box 208118 New Haven, CT 06520-8118 USA E-mail: [email protected]
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64176-3 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Velde, B. Archaeological ceramic materials: origin and utilization: with 98 figures / Bruce Velde; Isabelle C. Druc. --(Natural science in archaeology) Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64176-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-59905-7
e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-59905-7
1. Pottery--Analysis. 2. Archaeological chemistry. 3. Petroglyphs I. Druc, Isabelle C. (Isabelle Clara). II. Title. III. Series. CC79.5.P6V 45 1998 98-26273
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether me whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfIlm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999 Softcover reprint of me hardcover 18t edition 1999
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Typesetting: Fotosatz-Service Kohler GmbH, Wiirzburg Cover design: design & production, Heidelberg SPIN:I0534807 32/3020-543210 - Printed on acid -free paper
Contents
1
1.1
1.2
2
2.1
2.2
2·3 2·3·1 2.3.2
2·3·2.1 2.3.2.1.1
2·3·2.1.2 2·3·2·1.3 2·3·2·1.4 2.3.2.1.5
2·3·2.2 2.3.2.3
2·3·3
2·4 2·4·1 242
243· 243·1 243·2
2·4·3·3
Introduction
Objectives
Methods
Vocabulary
Structure of the Book
Rocks and Minerals
Chemical Elements and Their Chemical Affinities
Major Rock Types
Minerals ..... Mineral Formulae Major Mineral Families Silicates ....... . The Silica Minerals and Quartz Feldspars ........ . Pyroxenes and Amphiboles Olivine ..... . Micas and Chlorite Carbonates . . . . Oxides ..... . Mineral Grain Shapes
Minerals in Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Rocks . . Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Pelites Metamorphosed Carbonates Metamorphosed Igneous Rocks
1
1
3
5
8
11
11
16
18 18
19 20
20
21 22
23 23 24 25 26
27 28 28 30 30 31 32
VIII
3
3·1
3·2
3·2.1 3·2.2 3·2·3 3·2·4 3·2·5
3·3 3·3·1 3·3·2
3·4
3·5 3·5·1 3.5.2
3·6
4
4·3 4·3·1 4·3·2 4·3·3 4·3·4 4·3·5
4·4
4·5 4·5·1 4.5.2
5
5·1
5·2 5·2.1
Clay Minerals and Their Properties
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical Constitution of Clay Minerals and Clay Mineral Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mica-Like Clays (Illite, Celadonite and Glauconite) Smectites .......... . Kaolinite Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . Chlorites and Related Minerals .... General Chemical Identity of the Clays
Physical Properties of Clay Minerals Clay-Water Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . Clay Shapes ............. .
Thermal Stability of Clays and Clay-Water Mixtures
Kinetics Grain Size Heating Rate
Summary
Origin of Clay Resources
Segregation of the Elements by Weathering
Weathering of Minerals .....
From Rocks to Soils to Sediments Weathering Profiles ...... . Transportation by Water Flow, Grain-Size Sorting Transport and Deposition of Clays Wind Transport .... . Burial of Sediments .. .
Hydrothermal Alteration
Sources of Materials Suitable for Ceramics Clays ..... . Non-Clay Grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical and Chemical Processes of Making Ceramics
Plasticity . . . . . . . .
Mineral Temper Grains Natural Mineral Grains
Contents
35
35
39 39 41 44 45 45
46 46 48
51
54 54 55
56
59
59
61
62 63 66 67 68 69
70
71
71 71
75
75
77 78
Contents
5·2.2
5·2·3 5.2 .3.1
5·2·3·2
5·3 5·3·1 5·3·2 5·3·3 5·3·4
5·4 541 5·4·1.1 541.2
5·4·1.3 5·4·1.4 5·4·1.5 5-4.2 5·4·2.1 5·4·2.2 5-4·2·3 5·4·3
5·5
5.5.1
5·5·1.1 5·5·1.2 5·5·1.3 5·5·2 5·5·3 5·5·4
5·6
5·7 5·8
5·9 5·9·1 5·9·2
Decantation and Separation of Natural Mineral Temper Grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tempering by Mixtures of Source Materials Mixtures of Clays and Non-Clay Grains from Different Sources Mixtures of Clay Sources
Decorations and Surfaces Surface Smoothing Slip .. Paint ..... . Glazes .... .
Firing and Furnaces Variables of Transformation to Make a Ceramic The Firing Process: Time and Temperature . . Stages of Transformation in Time-Temperature Coordinates ............ . Paste Composition and Fusing Agents Reduction of Iron Particle Size .... Firing Practices Firing on the Ground Pit Firing ...... . Kilns ....... . Summary of Factors in the Formation of a Ceramic Body During Firing ............ .
Structure, Porosity and Density of Ceramics: Non-Plastics, Clays and Pores Pores ..... . Primary Pores Secondary Pores Microporosity Temper, Material and Firing Thermal Properties of Oriented Clays Hardness ......... .
Oxidation-Reduction Effects
Oxidation -Reduction Cycles
Mineral Reactions During Firing
Families of Ceramic Products Earthenware . . . . . . . . . . Pottery, Terra Cotta and Faience
IX
82 84
85 85 86 90 93
96 96 97
99 103 105 106 106
107 107 109
110
110
111
111
112
116
116
119
120
122
125 126
129 131 132
x
5·9·3 5·9·4
5.10
6
6.1
6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2
6.2·3
6.3 6.3.1
6.3·1.1 6.3.1.2
6·3·1.3 6.3·1.4 6.3·2
6·3·3 6.3·3·1
6.3·3·2 6.3·3·3
6-4
6·5
6.6
6.7
6·7·1 6.7·2
6·7·3 6.704-
6.8
7
Stoneware Porcelain.
Summary
The Making of Pots
Temper and Tempering
Raw Materials .... . Clay Material .... . Tempering Materials and Methods of Tempering Tempering and Temper Identification . . . . .
Making a Pot: Physical and Chemical Reactions Needs as a Function of the Object . . . . . . . . Plasticity and the Role of Temper and lion-Plastics Drying and Shrinkage -Material Expansion ............... . Grain Angularity ................ . Paste as Related to Function, Form and Manufacturing Requirements ............... . Needs as a Function of Use of the Object .. Durability and Breakage Resistance; Strength and Hardness .................... . Porosity, Density, Permeability, Impermeability . . . . Thermal Stress Resistance and Thermal Conductivity
Preparation of Material
Forming Techniques . .
Surface Coatings as Related to the Function of the Ware
Firing and Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . Open Fires ................. . Pit -Kilns, Semiclosed Structures, Open Kilns Kilns .................... . Needs of a Type of Paste Related to the Type of Firing
Summary
Optical Observation of Ceramics
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . .
Methods: How Can One See a Ceramic Sherd? Computer Scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents
133 133
134
139
140
141
141 142
144
151 151
152 152 156 156
157 158
158 160 161
161
163
167
169 170 172
173 174
175
177
177
177 177
Contents
7·2.2 7·2·3
7·3
7·3·1 7·3·2 7·3·3 7·3·4 7·3·4·1 7·3·4·2 7·343
7·4
7·5
7·6
8
8.1
8.2
8·3
8·3·1 8·3·2 8·3·3 8·3-4
8·3.4.1 8·3·4·2
8·4 841 8·4·2 8·4·3
8·5 8·5·1 8·5·2 8·5·2.1 8·5·2.2 8·5·2·3
XI
Binocular Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Petrographic Microscope ............... 179
Types of Characteristics Observed: What Can One See in a Ceramic Sherd? ... 180 Slip, Glaze or Paints ......... 180 Temper Grains and Clays ...... 182 Temper Grains and Size Distribution 183 Grain Shapes . 190 Crystal Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Angularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Size Distribution of Temper Grains 195
Identification of Different Techniques in Paste Preparation 197
Texture of Paste 198
Summary 201
Ceramics and Archaeology: Case Studies 205
Yellow Garnets and Trafficking Wine .. 205
Iron Age Pottery in Southwestern England and its Geological Sources . . . . . . . . . . ..... 209
Whole-Sample Compositions of Some Sigillate ware Produced in France Lezoux Samples ........ . Identifying Production Areas .. Lezoux Coarse or Common Ware Specific Problems of Archaeological Interest Using Sigillate Ware Data Arezzo Moulds . Atevis Workshop .
Prehistoric Peru Petrographic Analysis Modal Analysis Chemical Analysis . .
Modern Ceramic Production in the Andes Production Setting Petrographic Analysis . . . . . The Unprepared Black Clay . . The Unprepared Yellow Temper The Clay-Temper Mix . . . . .
211
213 214 219
222 223 224
225 227 232 234
237 238 240 240 240 242
XII
8·5.3 8·5·4
8.6
8·7
8.8
9
9.1
9·1.1 9·1.1.1 9·1.1.2 9·1.1.3 9·1.2 9·1.3 9·1.4
9·3 9·3·1 9·3·1.1 9·3·1.2 9·3·1.3 9·3·1.4 9·3·1.4·1 9·3·1.4·2 9.3.1-4-3
9·3·2 9.3.2 .1
9·3·2.2 9·3·2·3 9·3·2·4 9·3·2·5 9·3~3
9·3·3·1 9.3.3.2 9·3·3·3 9·3·3·4
The Fired Pot Fragment . . . Image Analysis . . . . . . . .
Clay Characterization by SEM (Scaning Electron Microscope)
Determination of Firing Temperature
Mossbauer Spectroscopy
Some Current Analysis Methods
Ceramic Analysis What For and How? Classification The Study of Pottery Technology Provenance Studies ...... . Quantitative Studies . . . . . . . Use of Qualitative and Quantitative Studies Sample Size and Qualitative and Quantitative Studies Versus Time and Cost Invested
Physical and Chemical Analysis Methods
A Brief Description of the Methods Visual Methods ..... Binocular Microscope . . . . . . . Petrographic Microscope ..... Computer Scanner and Video Systems Electron Microscopes ........ . Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopes (HRTEM) ......... . Mineral Identification by Non-Optical Methods X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) ..... . Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Infrared Spectral Analysis (IR) Electron Microprobe (EMP) Whole Sample Analysis X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Proton Activated X-Radiation (PIXE) Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) Mossbauer Analysis ........ .
Contents
243 245
247
250
254
259
259 259 259 260 260 261 262
264
266
268 268 268 269 270 271
271
272
272 273 273 274 274 274 276 277 278 279 279 280
Contents
9·3·4 9·3·5 9.3.5.1
9·3·5·2 9·3·5·3
10
10.1
10.2
XIII
Age Determinations by Thermoluminescence (TL) 280 Density, Porosity and Hardness 282 Density and Porosity 282 Hardness . . . . . 282 Magnetic Analysis . . 283
How to Acquire the Knowledge to Do the Job 287
Courses in Geology, Chemistry and Physics . 287
Some Journals, Books, and Laboratories Active in the Field of Interest 290
Subject Index . . . . 295