Armenia

This article is about the modern-day republic. For otheruses, see Armenia (disambiguation).“Hayastan” and “Hayasdan” redirect here. For otheruses, see Hayastan (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 40°N 45°E / 40°N 45°EWarning: Page using Template:Infobox country withunknown parameter “date format” (this message isshown only in preview).

Armenia ( i/ɑːrˈmiːniə/, /-ˈmiːnjə/;[20] Armenian: Հա�յաստան, tr. Hayastan, IPA: [hɑjɑsˈtɑn][lower-alpha 1]),officially the Republic of Armenia (Armenian: Հա�յաստանի Հանրապետ թյ ն, tr. HayastaniHanrapetut’yun), is a sovereign state in the South Cau-casus region of Eurasia. Located in West Asia[21][22] onthe "Armenian Highlands", it is bordered by Turkey tothe west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independentNagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east,and Iran and Azerbaijan’s exclave of Nakhchivan to thesouth. The Republic of Armenia constitutes only one-tenth of historical Armenia.[23]

Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. Urartu was es-tablished in 860 BC and by the 6th century BC it wasreplaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. In the 1st centuryBC the Kingdom of Armenia reached its height underTigranes the Great. Armenia became the first state in theworld to adopt Christianity as its official religion.[24] Inbetween the late 3rd century to early years of the 4th cen-tury, the state became the first Christian nation.[25][26][27]The official date of state adoption of Christianity is 301AD.[28] The ancient Armenian kingdom was split be-tween the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around theearly 5th century. Under the Bagratuni dynasty, theBagratid Kingdom of Armenia was restored in the 9thcentury. Declining due to the wars against the Byzan-tines, the kingdom fell in 1045 and Armenia was soonafter invaded by the Seljuk Turks. An Armenian princi-pality and later a kingdom Cilician Armenia was locatedon the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between the 11thand 14th centuries.Between the 16th century and 19th century, the tradi-tional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Arme-nia and Western Armenia came under the rule of theOttoman and Iranian empires, repeatedly ruled by eitherof the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, East-ern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire,

while most of the western parts of the traditional Arme-nian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. DuringWorld War I, Armenians living in their ancestral lands inthe Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated inthe Armenian Genocide. In 1918, following the RussianRevolution, all non-Russian countries declared their in-dependence after the Russian Empire ceased to exist,leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Ar-menia. By 1920, the state was incorporated into theTranscaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, andin 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union.In 1936, the Transcaucasian state was dissolved, trans-forming its constituent states, including the Armenian So-viet Socialist Republic, into full Union republics. Themodern Republic of Armenia became independent in1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.The Republic of Armenia recognises the ArmenianApostolic Church, the world’s oldest national church,as the country’s primary religious establishment.[29][30]The unique Armenian alphabet was invented by MesropMashtots in 405 AD.Armenia is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union,the Council of Europe and the Collective Security TreatyOrganization. Armenia supports the de facto independentNagorno-Karabakh Republic, which was proclaimed in1991.

1 Etymology

Main article: Name of Armenia

The native Armenian name for the country is Հայք(Hayk�). The name in the Middle Ages was extendedto Հայաստան (Hayastan), by addition of the Persiansuffix -stan (place).The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk(Հայկ), the legendary patriarch of the Armenians anda great-great-grandson of Noah, who, according to the5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene, defeated theBabylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his na-tion in the Ararat region.[31] The further origin of thename is uncertain. It is also further postulated[32][33] thatthe name Hay comes from one of the two confederated,Hittite vassal states—the Ḫayaša-Azzi (1600–1200 BC).The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old PersianBehistun Inscription (515 BC) as Armina (

1

2 2 HISTORY

). The ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία (Armenía)and Ἀρμένιοι (Arménioi, “Armenians”) are first men-tioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 BC – c. 476BC).[34] Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some ofthe Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Ar-menian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. Herelates that the people spoke a language that to his earsounded like the language of the Persians.[35] Accordingto the histories of both Moses of Chorene and MichaelChamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Aram, alineal descendant of Hayk.[36][37]

Arax

Kur

Euphrates

Tigris

Kur

Euphrates

Akhu

rian

Black Sea Caspian Sea

Med

iterra

nean

Sea

Lake

LakeVan

Urmia

LakeSevan

Less

erArm

enia

ROMANEM

PIRE

PARTHIAN EMPIRE

Commagene

Edessa

Artsakh

Vaspurakan

0 200(km)

0 120(mi)

Cappadocia

CAUCASIANALBANIA

IBERIA

Ayrarat

Persarmenia

Korjayak

AghdznikDsopk

UpperArmenia

Gugark

Utik

Paytakaran

Carrhhae

Nisibis

Arshamashat

Rhandeia Artishat

Artashat

Vagharshapat

Tigranakert

GREATER ARMENIA

Taron

Historical Armenia 150 b.c.

2 History

Main article: History of Armenia

2.1 Antiquity

Main articles: Prehistoric Armenia, Prehistory of the Ar-menians, Satrapy of Armenia, Roman Armenia, SasanianArmenia, and Lesser ArmeniaArmenia lies in the highlands surrounding the mountains

A reconstruction of Herodotus' world map c. 450 BC, with Ar-menia shown in the centre

of Ararat. There is evidence of an early civilisation inArmenia in the Bronze Age and earlier, dating to about4000 BC. Archaeological surveys in 2010 and 2011 at theAreni-1 cave complex have resulted in the discovery of

The Kingdom of Armenia at its greatest extent under Tigranes theGreat, who reigned between 95 and 66 BC

the world’s earliest known leather shoe,[38] skirt,[39] andwine-producing facility.[40]

Several Bronze Age states flourished in the area ofGreater Armenia, including the Hittites (at the heightof their power), Mitanni (southwestern historical Arme-nia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1500–1200 BC). The Nairi peo-ple (12th to 9th centuries BC) and Urartu (1000–600BC) successively established their sovereignty over theArmenian Highlands. Each of the aforementioned na-tions and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of theArmenians.[41][42][43][44] A large cuneiform lapidary in-scription found in Yerevan established that the moderncapital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the world’s oldest cityto have documented the exact date of its foundation.During the late 6th century BC, the first geographicalentity that was called Armenia by neighbouring popula-tions was established under the Orontid Dynasty withinthe Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters’ territories.The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere ofinfluence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under KingArtaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty.Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC underTigranes the Great, becoming the most powerful king-dom of its time east of the Roman Republic.In the next centuries, Armenia was in the Persian Em-pire's sphere of influence during the reign of TiridatesI, the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia,which itself was a branch of the Parthian Empire.Throughout its history, the kingdom of Armenia en-joyed both periods of independence and periods of au-tonomy subject to contemporary empires. Its strate-gic location between two continents has subjected it toinvasions by many peoples, including Assyria (underAshurbanipal, at around 669–627 BC, the boundariesof Assyria reached as far as Armenia and the CaucasusMountains),[45] Medes, Achaemenid Empire, Greeks,Parthians, Romans, Sasanian Empire, Byzantine Empire,Arabs, Seljuk Empire, Mongols, Ottoman Empire, thesuccessive Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar dynasties of Iran,and the Russians.Religion in ancient Armenia was historically related to

2.2 Middle Ages 3

The pagan Garni Temple, probably built in the first century, isthe only “Greco-Roman colonnaded building” in the post-Sovietstates.[46]

a set of beliefs which, in Persia, led to the emergenceof Zoroastrianism. It particularly focused on the wor-ship of Mithra and also included a pantheon of gods suchas Aramazd, Vahagn, Anahit, and Astghik. The countryused the solar Armenian calendar, which consisted of 12months.Christianity spread into the country as early as AD 40.Tiridates III of Armenia (238–314) made Christianitythe state religion in 301,[47][48] partly, in defiance of theSasanian Empire, it seems,[49] becoming the first offi-cially Christian state, ten years before the Roman Empiregranted Christianity an official toleration under Galerius,and 36 years before Constantine the Great was baptised.Prior to this, during the latter part of the Parthian period,Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian.[49]

After the fall of the Kingdom of Armenia in 428, mostof Armenia was incorporated as a marzpanate within theSasanian Empire. Following an Battle of Avarayr in 451,Christian Armenians maintained their religion and Ar-menia gained autonomy.

2.2 Middle Ages

Main article: Medieval ArmeniaAfter the Sasanian period (428–636), Armenia emergedas Arminiya, an autonomous principality under theUmayyad Caliphate, reuniting Armenian lands previouslytaken by the Byzantine Empire as well. The principal-ity was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognisedby the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. It was partof the administrative division/emirate Arminiya createdby the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia andCaucasian Albania, and had its centre in the Armeniancity, Dvin. Arminiya lasted until 884, when it regained

The Etchmiadzin Cathedral, Armenia’s Mother Church tradi-tionally dated 303 AD, is considered the oldest cathedral in theworld.[50][51][52]

its independence from the weakened Abbasid Caliphateunder Ashot I of Armenia.The reemergent Armenian kingdom was ruled by theBagratuni dynasty and lasted until 1045. In time, sev-eral areas of the Bagratid Armenia separated as indepen-dent kingdoms and principalities such as the Kingdom ofVaspurakan ruled by the House of Artsruni in the south,Kingdom of Syunik in the east, or Kingdom of Artsakhon the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh, while stillrecognising the supremacy of the Bagratid kings.

Euphrates

Euphrates

Halys

Seihan

Saleph

Mediterranean Sea

ArmenianBay

LakeKoralis

Famagusta

Aleppo

Sis

Antioch

Konya

Kayseri

Urfa(Edessa)

Seleucia Trachea

Corycos

Lamas

Zephyrium

Tarsus

Bardzerberi

Gouglak

AdanaMamistra

Lajazzo(Ayas)

Hrosos

Tyana

Gamar

Pendosis

Anazarba

Kars

Trazark

VahkaKapan

Hajin

Komana

Tomarza

Arapgir

Arkayoun

Darende

ArkaTavplur

KokisonElbistan

Ulnia(Zeytun)

Marash

Tarbsag

KesunSamosata

Malatya

Zaberda

Hromkla

SrukBileAyntab

Tell-BasharKyrrhos

Kilis Harran

PayasPortella

AlexandrettaDerbesak Manbijj

BarbelisosArmenaz

Kaghgis

HomsTortosa

Latakia

Kalonoros(Alanya)

SelinosAntiochia

Mikra Anamur

Seguik

Alallman

Karkara MutMokhbud

Larende

Cybistra

IsauraPalaea

Terpe

Lisdra

A

TA

U

RU

SM O U N T I N S

0 100(km)

0 60(mi)

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1199 - 1375

Boundaries in 1204

Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, until 1307

Byzantine Empire

Boundaries in 1266

Ilkhanate

Emirate of Aleppo

Principality of Antioch

Kingdom of Cyprus

Capital Town

38°

36°

32° 34° 36° 38°

The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1198–1375

In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Ar-menia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzan-tine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short lived,as in 1071 the Seljuk Empire defeated the Byzantines andconquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establish-ing the Seljuk Empire.[53] To escape death or servitudeat the hands of those who had assassinated his relative,Gagik II of Armenia, King of Ani, an Armenian namedRuben I, Prince of Armenia, went with some of his coun-trymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and theninto Tarsus of Cilicia. The Byzantine governor of thepalace gave them shelter where the Armenian Kingdomof Cilicia was eventually established on 6 January 1198

4 2 HISTORY

under Leo I, King of Armenia, a descendant of PrinceRuben.Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, andsaw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. Cili-cia’s significance in Armenian history and statehood isalso attested by the transfer of the seat of the Catholicosof the Armenian Apostolic Church, the spiritual leaderof the Armenian people, to the region.The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid fam-ily drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent principality in northern and eastern Armeniaknown as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the pa-tronage of the Georgian Kingdom. The Orbelian Dynastyshared control with the Zakarids in various parts of thecountry, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while theHouse of Hasan-Jalalyan controlled provinces of Artsakhand Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh.

2.3 Early Modern era

Further information: Iranian Armenia (1502–1828),Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, and Russian Armenia

During the 1230s, theMongol Empire conquered ZakaridArmenia and then the remainder of Armenia. The Mon-golian invasions were soon followed by those of otherCentral Asian tribes such as the Kara Koyunlu, Timuriddynasty and Ağ Qoyunlu, which continued from the 13thcentury until the 15th century. After incessant invasions,each bringing destruction to the country, with time Ar-menia became weakened.In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and the Safaviddynasty of Iran divided Armenia. From the early 16thcentury, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armeniafell to the Safavid Empire.[54][55] Owing to the centurylong Turco-Iranian geopolitical rivalry that would last inWestern Asia, significant parts of the region were fre-quently fought over between the two rivalling empires.From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya,and decisively from the first half of the 17th centurywith the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19thcentury,[56] Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successiveSafavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Ar-menia remained under Ottoman rule.From 1604 Abbas I of Iran implemented a "scorchedearth" policy in the region to protect his north-westernfrontier against any invading Ottoman forces, a policywhich involved a forced resettlement of masses of Ar-menians outside of their homelands.[57]

In the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty ofTurkmenchay, following the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and the Russo-Persian War (1826–28), respectively,the Qajar dynasty of Iran was forced to irrevocably cedeEastern Armenia, consisting of the Erivan and Karabakh

Capture of Erivan fortress by Russian troops in 1827 during theRusso-Persian War (1826–28) by Franz Roubaud.

Khanates, to Imperial Russia.[58][59]

While Western Armenia still remained under Ottomanrule, the Armenians were granted considerable auton-omy within their own enclaves and lived in relative har-mony with other groups in the empire (including the rul-ing Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslimsocial structure, Armenians faced pervasive discrimina-tion. When they began pushing for more rights within theOttoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, in response, or-ganised state-sponsored massacres against the Armeniansbetween 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated deathtoll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. The Hamidian mas-sacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid interna-tional infamy as the “Red Sultan” or “Bloody Sultan.”[60]This period is known as Russian Armenia.During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federa-tion, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became ac-tive within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of uni-fying the various small groups in the empire that wereadvocating for reform and defending Armenian villagesfrom massacres that were widespread in some of theArmenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsu-tyun members also formed Armenian fedayi groups thatdefended Armenian civilians through armed resistance.The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creatinga “free, independent and unified” Armenia, although theysometimes set aside this goal in favour of a more realisticapproach, such as advocating autonomy.The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908,the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government ofSultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre oc-curred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire re-sulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Ar-menians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped thatthe Committee of Union and Progress would change theirsecond-class status. Armenian reform package (1914)was presented as a solution by appointing an inspectorgeneral over Armenian issues.[61]

2.5 First Republic of Armenia 5

2.4 World War I and the Armenian Geno-cide

Main article: Armenian GenocideWhen World War I broke out leading to confrontation

Armenian Genocide victims in 1915

between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire inthe Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new govern-ment in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians withdistrust and suspicion. This was because the ImperialRussian Army contained a contingent of Armenian vol-unteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals werearrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law(29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armeni-ans living in Anatolia perished in what has become knownas the Armenian Genocide.The genocide was implemented in two phases: the whole-sale killing of the able-bodied male population throughmassacre and subjection of army conscripts to forcedlabour, followed by the deportation of women, children,the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to theSyrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the de-portees were deprived of food and water and subjectedto periodic robbery, rape, and massacre.[62][63] Therewas local Armenian resistance in the region, developedagainst the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The eventsof 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and thevast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide.[64]

Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to thisday. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to havebeen one of the first modern genocides.[65][66] Accordingto the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an esti-mated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from1915–16). This figure, however, accounts for solely thefirst year of the Genocide and does not take into accountthose who died or were killed after the report was com-piled on 24 May 1916.[67] The International Associationof Genocide Scholars places the death toll at “more thana million”.[68] The total number of people killed has beenmost widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million.[69]

Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have been cam-

paigning for official recognition of the events as geno-cide for over 30 years. These events are traditionallycommemorated yearly on 24 April, the Armenian MartyrDay, or the Day of the Armenian Genocide.

2.5 First Republic of Armenia

Main article: First Republic of ArmeniaAlthough the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces

The Government house of the First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)

commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in vol-unteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Oza-nian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining mostof Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gainswere lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Atthe time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Geor-gia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in theTranscaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. Thisfederation, however, lasted from only February to May1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. Asa result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Ar-menia declared its independence on 28 May as the FirstRepublic of Armenia under the leadership of AramManukian.The First Republic’s short-lived independence wasfraught with war, territorial disputes, and a mass influxof refugees from Ottoman Armenia, bringing with themdisease and starvation. The Entente Powers, appalled bythe actions of the Ottoman government, sought to helpthe newly founded Armenian state through relief fundsand other forms of support.At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to di-vide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the Alliedand Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Sèvreson 10 August 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres promised tomaintain the existence of the Armenian republic and toattach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to it.Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawnby United States President Woodrow Wilson, OttomanArmenia was also referred to as "Wilsonian Armenia.”

6 2 HISTORY

In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, MihranDamadian of the Armenian National Union, the de factoArmenian administration in Cilicia, declared the inde-pendence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republicunder French protectorate.[70]

There was even consideration of possibly making Arme-nia a mandate under the protection of the United States.The treaty, however, was rejected by the Turkish NationalMovement, and never came into effect. The movementused the treaty as the occasion to declare itself the right-ful government of Turkey, replacing the monarchy basedin Istanbul with a republic based in Ankara.

Advance of the 11th Red Army into the city of Yerevan

In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledglingArmenian republic from the east. Turkish forces underthe command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenianterritories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath ofthe 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the oldcity of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri). The vio-lent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexan-dropol on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Arme-nia to disarm most of its military forces, cede all formerOttoman territory granted to it by the Treaty of Sèvres,and to give up all the “Wilsonian Armenia” granted to itat the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously, the Soviet EleventhArmy, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze,invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan) on29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze’s forcesentered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republiccollapsed.After the fall of the republic, the February Uprisingsoon took place in 1921, and led to the establishmentof the Republic of Mountainous Armenia by Armenianforces under command of Garegin Nzhdeh on 26 April,which fought off both Soviet and Turkish intrusions inthe Zangezur region of southern Armenia. After Sovietagreements to include the Syunik Province in Armenia’sborders, the rebellion ended and the Red Army took con-trol of the region on 13 July.

2.6 Soviet Armenia

Main article: Armenian Soviet Socialist RepublicArmenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along

The coat of arms of Soviet Armenia depicting Mount Ararat inthe centre

with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into theSoviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TS-FSR) on 4 March 1922.[71][72] With this annexation, theTreaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. In the agreement, Turkey allowedthe Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with theport city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the citiesof Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır, all of which were part ofRussian Armenia.[71][72]

The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it wasdivided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR,Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians en-joyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule.They received medicine, food, and other provisions fromMoscow, and communist rule proved to be a sooth-ing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of theOttoman Empire. The situation was difficult for thechurch, which struggled under Soviet rule. After thedeath of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins ofpower and began an era of renewed fear and terror forArmenians.[73]

Armenia was not the scene of any battles in World WarII. An estimated 500,000 Armenians (nearly a third ofthe population) served in the military during the war, and175,000 died.[74]

Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 andNikita Khr-uschev emerged as the Soviet Union’s new leader. Soon,life in Soviet Armenia began to see rapid improvement.The church, which suffered greatly under Stalin, was re-vived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of hisoffice in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the

2.7 Restoration of independence 7

Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hillabove the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. This occurred af-ter mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event’sfiftieth anniversary in 1965.

Armenians gather at Theater Square in central Yerevan to claimunification of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast with theArmenian SSR.

During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reformsof Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to de-mand better environmental care for their country, oppos-ing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Ten-sions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and itsautonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in1923. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in1970.[75] The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unifica-tion with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Yerevansupporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait.Compounding Armenia’s problems was a devastatingearthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2.[76]

Gorbachev’s inability to alleviate any of Armenia’s prob-lems created disillusionment among the Armenians andfed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990,the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serv-ing as a defence force separate from the Soviet RedArmy.Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet In-ternal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevanwhen Armenians decided to commemorate the establish-ment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The vio-lence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in ashootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnessesthere claimed that the MVD used excessive force and thatthey had instigated the fighting.Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and So-viet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital andresulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armeni-ans. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azer-baijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia.[77] On 23 Au-gust 1990, Armenia declared its sovereignty on its ter-ritory. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with theBaltic states, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted a nation-wide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the

retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.[78]

2.7 Restoration of independence

Main article: History of Armenia § Independent Arme-nia (1991-today)On 21 September 1991, Armenia officially declared its

Armenian soldiers during the Nagorno-Karabakh War

independence after the failed August coup in Moscow.Levon Ter-Petrosyan was popularly elected the first Pres-ident of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on16 October 1991. He had risen to prominence by lead-ing the Karabakh movement for the unification of theArmenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh.[79] On 26 De-cember 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist and Ar-menia’s independence was recognised.Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense MinisterVazgen Sargsyan through the Nagorno-Karabakh Warwith neighbouring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Sovietyears were marred by economic difficulties, which hadtheir roots early in the Karabakh conflict when theAzerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azer-baijan SSR to instigate a railway and air blockade againstArmenia. This move effectively crippled Armenia’seconomy as 85% of its cargo and goods arrived throughrail traffic.[79] In 1993, Turkey joined the blockadeagainst Armenia in support of Azerbaijan.[80]

The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered cease-fire was put in place in 1994. The war was a success forthe Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture16% of Azerbaijan’s internationally recognised territoryincluding Nagorno-Karabakh itself.[81] Since then, Ar-menia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks, mediatedby the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Eu-rope (OSCE). The status of Karabakh has yet to be deter-mined. The economies of both countries have been hurtin the absence of a complete resolution and Armenia’sborders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. Bythe time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreedto a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people hadbeen killed and over a million had been displaced.[82]

As it enters the 21st century, Armenia faces many hard-

8 3 GEOGRAPHY

The 21 September 2011 parade in Yerevan, marking the 20thanniversary of Armenia’s re-independence

ships. It has made a full switch to a market economy.One study ranks it the 41st most “economically free” na-tion in the world, as of 2014.[83] Its relations with Europe,the Middle East, and the Commonwealth of Indepen-dent States have allowedArmenia to increase trade.[84][85]Gas, oil, and other supplies come through two vital routes:Iran and Georgia. Armenia maintains cordial relationswith both countries.[86]

Armenia and neighbouring countries.

3 Geography

Main article: Geography of Armenia

Armenia is a landlocked country in the geopoliticalTranscaucasus (South Caucasus) region, that is locatedin the Southern Caucasus Mountains and their lowlandsbetween the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, and northeastof the Armenian Highlands. Armenia is bordered on thenorth by Georgia, the east by Azerbaijan; the south byIran; and the southwest and west by Turkey. Armenialies between latitudes 38° and 42° N, and meridians 43°and 47° E.

3.1 Topography

Armenia’s mountainous and volcanic topography.

The Republic of Armenia has a territorial area of 29,743square kilometres (11,484 sq mi). The terrain is mostlymountainous, with fast flowing rivers, and few forests.The climate is highland continental, whichmeans that Ar-menia is subjected to hot summers and cold winters. Theland rises to 4,090 metres (13,419 feet) above sea level atMount Aragats, and no point is below 390 metres (1,280ft) above sea level.[87]

Mount Ararat

Mount Ararat, which was historically part of Armenia,is the highest mountain in the region. Now located inTurkey, but clearly visible in Armenia, it is regarded bythe Armenians as a symbol of their land. Because of this,themountain is present on the Armenian national emblemtoday.[88][89][90]

4.1 Foreign relations 9

3.2 Environment

Armenia has established a Ministry of Nature Protectionand introduced taxes for air and water pollution and solid-waste disposal, whose revenues are used for environmen-tal protection activities. Waste management in Armeniais underdeveloped, as no waste sorting or recycling takesplace at Armenia’s 60 landfills.Despite the availability of abundant renewable energysources in Armenia (especially hydroelectric and windpower), the Armenian Government is working towardbuilding a new nuclear power plant at Metsamor nearYerevan.[91]

3.3 Climate

Main article: Climate of Armenia

The climate in Armenia is markedly continental. Sum-mers are dry and sunny, lasting from June to mid-September. The temperature fluctuates between 22 and36 °C (72 and 97 °F). However, the low humiditylevel mitigates the effect of high temperatures. Eveningbreezes blowing down the mountains provide a welcomerefreshing and cooling effect. Springs are short, while au-tumns are long. Autumns are known for their vibrant andcolourful foliage.Winters are quite cold with plenty of snow, with tem-peratures ranging between −10 and −5 °C (14 and 23°F). Winter sports enthusiasts enjoy skiing down the hillsof Tsakhkadzor, located thirty minutes outside Yerevan.Lake Sevan, nestled up in the Armenian highlands, is thesecond largest lake in the world relative to its altitude, at1,900 metres (6,234 ft) above sea level.

4 Government and politics

Main articles: Government of Armenia and Politics ofArmeniaPolitics of Armenia takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic. Accord-ing to the Constitution of Armenia, the President is thehead of state and of a multi-party system. Executivepower is exercised by the government. Legislative poweris vested in both the government and parliament.The unicameral parliament (also called the AzgayinZhoghov or National Assembly) is controlled by a coali-tion of four political parties: the conservative Republicanparty, the Prosperous Armenia party, the rule of law partyand the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. The mainopposition party is Raffi Hovannisian's Heritage party,which favours eventual Armenian membership in the Eu-ropean Union and NATO.The Armenian government’s stated aim is to build a

The National Assembly in Yerevan

Western-style parliamentary democracy as the basis of itsform of government. It has universal suffrage above theage of eighteen.International observers of Council of Europe and US De-partment of State have questioned the fairness of Arme-nia’s parliamentary and presidential elections and consti-tutional referendum since 1995, citing polling deficien-cies, lack of co-operation by the Electoral Commission,and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places.FreedomHouse categorisedArmenia in its 2008 report asa “Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime” (along withMoldova, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia) and rankedArmenia 20th among 29 nations in transition, with aDemocracy Score of 5.21 out of 7 (7 represents the low-est democratic progress).[92]

Since 1999, Freedom House’s Democracy Score for Ar-menia has been steadily on the decline (from 4.79 to5.21).[93] Furthermore, Freedom House ranked Armeniaas "partly free" in its 2007 report, though it did not cat-egorise Armenia as an “electoral democracy”, indicatingan absence of relatively free and competitive elections.[94]However, significant progress seems to have been madeand the 2008 Armenian presidential election was hailedas largely democratic by OSCE andWestern monitors.[95]

4.1 Foreign relations

Main articles: Foreign relations of Armenia, Armeniaand the European Union, and Armenia–Turkey relationsArmenia presently maintains good relations with almostevery country in the world, with two major exceptionsbeing its immediate neighbours, Turkey and Azerbai-jan. Tensions were running high between Armenians andAzerbaijanis during the final years of the Soviet Union.The Nagorno-Karabakh War dominated the region’s pol-itics throughout the 1990s.[96] Armenia’s borders withTurkey and Azerbaijan are very closed to this day, and apermanent solution for the conflict has not been reacheddespite the mediation provided by organisations such asthe OSCE.

10 4 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

Embassy of Armenia in Moscow

Armenia is a member of more than 40 interna-tional organisations, including the United Nations; theCouncil of Europe; the Asian Development Bank;the Commonwealth of Independent States; the WorldTrade Organization; World Customs Organization; theOrganization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation;and La Francophonie. It is a member of the CSTO mili-tary alliance, and also participates in NATO’s Partnershipfor Peace program.Turkey also has a long history of poor relations withArmenia over its refusal to acknowledge the ArmenianGenocide. Turkey was one of the first countries to recog-nise the Republic of Armenia (the 3rd republic) after itsindependence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, formost of the 20th century and early 21st century, rela-tions remain tense and there are no formal diplomaticrelations between the two countries due to Turkey’s re-fusal to establish them for numerous reasons. Duringthe Nagorno-Karabakh War and citing it as the reason,Turkey illegally closed its land border with Armenia in1993. It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure fromthe powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Arme-nian markets.[96]

On 10 October 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed proto-cols on normalisation of relations, which set a timetablefor restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their jointborder.[97] The ratification of those had to be made inthe national parliaments. In Armenia it passed throughthe legislatively required approval of the ConstitutionalCourt and was sent to parliament for final ratification.The President had made multiple public announcements,

both in Armenia and abroad, that as the leader of the po-litical majority of Armenia he assured the ratification ofthe protocols if Turkey also ratified them. Despite this,the process stopped, as Turkey continuously added morepreconditions to its ratification and also “delayed it be-yond any reasonable time-period”.Due to its position between two unfriendly neighbours,Armenia has close security ties with Russia. At the re-quest of the Armenian government, Russia maintainsa military base in the northwestern Armenian city ofGyumri[98] as a deterrent against Turkey. Despite this,Armenia has also been looking toward Euro-Atlanticstructures in recent years. It maintains good relationswith the United States especially through its Armeniandiaspora. According to the US Census Bureau, there are427,822 Armenians living in the country.[99]

Because of the blockades by Azerbaijan and Turkey, Ar-menia continues to maintain solid relations with its south-ern neighbour Iran especially in the economic sector.Economic projects such a gas pipeline going from Iranto Armenia are being developed.

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at Armenian Genocidememorial in Yerevan

Armenia is also a member of the Council of Europe,maintaining friendly relations with the European Union,especially with its member states such as France andGreece. A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Arme-nia’s population would be in favour of joining the EU.[100]Several Armenian officials have also expressed the desirefor their country to eventually become an EU memberstate,[101] some predicting that it will make an official bidfor membership in a few years. In 2004 its forces joinedKFOR, a NATO-led international force in Kosovo. It isalso an observermember of the Eurasian Economic Com-munity and the Non-Aligned Movement.A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is anemerging democracy and as of 2011 was negotiatingwith the European Union to become an associate part-ner. Legally speaking, it has the right to be consideredas a prospective EU member provided it meets necessarystandards and criteria, although officially such a plan doesnot exist in Brussels.[102][103][104][105] The Government ofArmenia, however, has joined the Customs Union of Be-

4.3 Military 11

larus, Kazakhstan and Russia[106] and the Eurasian Eco-nomic Union.[107][108]

Armenia is included in the European Union’s EuropeanNeighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing theEU and its neighbours closer.

4.2 Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Armenia

Armenia faces considerable human rights problems. Ar-menia is classified “partly free” by FreedomHouse, whichgives it “freedom rating” of 46.[109]

4.3 Military

Main article: Armed Forces of ArmeniaThe Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and

Armenian Army BTR-80s

Armenian soldiers at the 2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade

Border Guard comprise the four branches of the ArmedForces of the Republic of Armenia. The Armenian mili-tary was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of De-fence in 1992. The Commander-in-Chief of the militaryis the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan. The Min-istry of Defence is in charge of political leadership, cur-rently headed by Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan, while

military command remains in the hands of the GeneralStaff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is currentlyColonel General Yuri Khatchaturov.Active forces now number about 81,000 soldiers, with anadditional reserve of 32,000 troops. Armenian borderguards are in charge of patrolling the country’s borderswith Georgia and Azerbaijan, while Russian troops con-tinue to monitor its borders with Iran and Turkey. In thecase of an attack, Armenia is able to mobilise every able-bodied man between the age of 15 and 59, with militarypreparedness.The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe,which establishes comprehensive limits on key categoriesof military equipment, was ratified by the Armenian par-liament in July 1992. InMarch 1993, Armenia signed themultilateral Chemical Weapons Convention, which callsfor the eventual elimination of chemical weapons. Ar-menia acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT) as a non-nuclear weapons state in July 1993.Armenia is member of Collective Security Treaty Or-ganisation (CSTO) along with Belarus, Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It par-ticipates in NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PiP) pro-gram and is in a NATO organisation called Euro-AtlanticPartnership Council (EAPC). Armenia has engaged in apeacekeeping mission in Kosovo as part of non-NATOKFOR troops under Greek command.[110] Armenia alsohad 46 members of its military peacekeeping forces asa part of the Coalition Forces in Iraq War until October2008.[111]

12 5 ECONOMY

4.4 Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Armenia

Shirak

Lori

Tavush

Aragatsotn

Armavir

Yerevan

Ararat

Kotayk

Gegharkunik

VayotsDzor

Syunik

Armenia is divided into ten provinces (marzer, singularmarz), with the city (kaghak) of Yerevan (Երևան) hav-ing special administrative status as the country’s capital.The chief executive in each of the ten provinces is the

Geghard monastery, Kotayk Province

marzpet (marz governor), appointed by the governmentof Armenia. In Yerevan, the chief executive is the mayor,appointed by the president.Within each province are communities (hamaynkner, sin-gular hamaynk). Each community is self-governing andconsists of one or more settlements (bnakavayrer, singu-lar bnakavayr). Settlements are classified as either towns(kaghakner, singular kaghak) or villages (gyugher, singu-lar gyugh). As of 2007, Armenia includes 915 communi-ties, of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are con-sidered rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status ofa community.[112] Additionally, Yerevan is divided intotwelve semi-autonomous districts.† 2011 censusSources: Area and population of provinces.[113]

5 Economy

Main article: Economy of Armenia

The economy relies heavily on investment and supportfrom Armenians abroad.[114] Before independence, Ar-menia’s economy was largely industry-based – chemicals,electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber,and textile – and highly dependent on outside resources.The republic had developed a modern industrial sector,supplyingmachine tools, textiles, and other manufacturedgoods to sister republics in exchange for raw materialsand energy.[47] Recently, the Intel Corporation agreed toopen a research centre in Armenia, in addition to othertechnology companies, signalling the growth of the tech-nology industry in Armenia.[115]

Agriculture accounted for less than 20%of both netmate-rial product and total employment before the dissolutionof the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence,the importance of agriculture in the economy increasedmarkedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising tomore than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of totalemployment.[116] This increase in the importance of agri-culture was attributable to food security needs of the pop-

5.1 Exports and imports 13

ulation in the face of uncertainty during the first phases oftransition and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectorsof the economy in the early 1990s. As the economic situ-ation stabilised and growth resumed, the share of agricul-ture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20% (2006 data), al-though the share of agriculture in employment remainedmore than 40%.[117]

Yerevan is the economic and cultural centre of Armenia.

Armenian mines produce copper, zinc, gold, and lead.The vast majority of energy is produced with fuel im-ported from Russia, including gas and nuclear fuel (forits one nuclear power plant); the main domestic energysource is hydroelectric. Small deposits of coal, gas, andpetroleum exist but have not yet been developed.Like other newly independent states of the former So-viet Union, Armenia’s economy suffers from the break-down of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet invest-ment in and support of Armenian industry has virtuallydisappeared, so that few major enterprises are still ableto function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 Spitakearthquake, which killed more than 25,000 people andmade 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflictwith Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been re-solved. The closure of Azerbaijani and Turkish bordershas devastated the economy, because Armenia dependson outside supplies of energy and most raw materials.Land routes through Georgia and Iran are inadequate orunreliable. The GDP fell nearly 60% between 1989 and1993, but then resumed robust growth.[116] The nationalcurrency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the firstyears after its introduction in 1993.Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramaticallylower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 cease-fire inthe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the econ-omy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since1995, building on the turnaround that began the previ-ous year, and inflation has been negligible for the pastseveral years. New sectors, such as precious-stone pro-cessing and jewellery making, information and commu-nication technology, and even tourism are beginning tosupplement more traditional sectors of the economy, suchas agriculture.

New buildings in the Ajapnyak District of Yerevan.

This steady economic progress has earned Arme-nia increasing support from international institutions.The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank,European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(EBRD), and other international financial institutions(IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerablegrants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed$1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the bud-get deficit and stabilising the currency; developing privatebusinesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; trans-portation; the health and education sectors; and ongo-ing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The govern-ment joined the World Trade Organization on 5 Febru-ary 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign di-rect investments remains the Armenian diaspora, whichfinances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastruc-ture and other public projects. Being a growing demo-cratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aidfrom the Western World.A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June1994, and a law on privatisation was adopted in 1997, aswell as a program of state property privatisation. Contin-ued progress will depend on the ability of the governmentto strengthen its macroeconomic management, includingincreasing revenue collection, improving the investmentclimate, and making strides against corruption. However,unemployment, which was 18.5% in 2015,[118] still re-mains a major problem due to the influx of thousands ofrefugees from the Karabakh conflict.Armenia ranked 85th on the 2015 UNDP Human De-velopment Index, the lowest among the Transcaucasianrepublics.[119] In the 2015 Transparency InternationalCorruption Perceptions Index (CPI), Armenia ranked 95of 168 countries.[120] In the 2016 Index of EconomicFreedom, Armenia ranked 54th, ahead of countries likeFrance, Portugal and Italy.[83]

14 6 DEMOGRAPHICS

1.2%

Non-KnitMen'SCoats

2.3%

Non- Knit...

0.85%

Non- Knit...

0.41%

Building...

0.81%

Glass...7.1%

Diamonds

9.9%

Gold

1.3%

Jewellery

8.1%

Ferroalloys

4.4%

RawCopper 0.52%

ScrapCopper

0.32%

5.8%

AluminiumFoil

1.2%

Molybdenum

AirPumps

1.0%

Non-FilletFresh Fish

0.85%

Crustaceans

Cheese

0.46%

Grapes

0.42%

Pitted...

Coffee

0.62%

OtherProcessed Fruits...

Fruit...

0.49%

Water

0.36%

Wine

9.9%

Hard Liquor

7.1%

RolledTobacco

Cement19%

Copper Ore

1.0%0.86%

MolybdenumOre

2.0%

PreciousMetal Ore

0.51%

0.29%

Total: $1.62B

Armenian exports during 2014 – Click to enlarge

5.1 Exports and imports

6 Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Armenia and Armenians

Armenia has a population of 3,238,000 (2008 est.)[121]and is the second most densely populated of the formerSoviet republics. There has been a problem of populationdecline due to elevated levels of emigration after thebreak-up of the USSR.[122] In the past years emigra-tion levels have declined and there is steady populationgrowth.

The Armenian population around the world.

Armenia has a relatively large external diaspora (8 mil-lion by some estimates, greatly exceeding the 3 mil-lion population of Armenia itself), with communitiesexisting across the globe. The largest Armenian com-munities outside of Armenia can be found in Russia,France, Iran, the United States, Georgia, Syria, Lebanon,Argentina, Australia, Canada, Greece, Cyprus, Israel,Poland, Ukraine and Brazil. 40,000 to 70,000 Armeniansstill live in Turkey (mostly in and around Istanbul).[123]

About 1,000 Armenians reside in the Armenian Quar-ter in the Old City of Jerusalem, a remnant of a once-larger community.[124] Italy is home to the San Lazzarodegli Armeni, an island located in the Venetian Lagoon,which is completely occupied by a monastery run by theMechitarists, an Armenian Catholic congregation.[125]Approximately 139,000 Armenians live in the de factocountry of Nagorno-Karabakh where they form amajority.[126]

6.1 Ethnic groups

Ethnic Armenians make up 98.1% of the population.Yazidis make up 1.2%, and Russians 0.4%. Other mi-norities include Assyrians, Ukrainians, Greeks (usuallycalled Caucasus Greeks), Kurds, Georgians, Belarusians,and Jews. There are also smaller communities of Vlachs,Mordvins, Ossetians, Udis, and Tats. Minorities of Polesand Caucasus Germans also exist though they are heavilyRussified.[127] As of 2016, there are an estimated 35,000Yazidis in Armenia.[128]

During the Soviet era, Azerbaijanis were historically thesecond largest population in the country (forming about2.5% in 1989).[129] However, due to the conflict overNagorno-Karabakh, virtually all of them emigrated fromArmenia to Azerbaijan. Conversely, Armenia received alarge influx of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan, thusgiving Armenia a more homogeneous character.

6.2 Languages

Main article: Languages of Armenia

Armenian is the only official language. Due to its Sovietpast, Russian is still widely used in Armenia and couldbe considered as a de facto second language. Accord-ing to a 2013 survey, 95% of Armenians said they hadsome knowledge of Russian (24% advanced, 59% inter-mediate) compared to 40% who said they knew someEnglish (4% advanced, 16% intermediate and 20% be-ginner). However, more adults (50%) think that Englishshould be taught in public secondary schools than thosewho prefer Russian (44%).[130]

6.3 Cities

See also: List of municipalities of Armenia

6.4 Religion

See also: Religion in ArmeniaArmenia was the first nation to adopt Christianity asa state religion, an event traditionally dated to AD301.[142][143][144][145]

The predominant religion in Armenia is Christianity. Theroots of the Armenian Church go back to the 1st cen-tury. According to tradition, the Armenian Church wasfounded by two of Jesus’ twelve apostles – Thaddaeusand Bartholomew – who preached Christianity in Arme-nia between AD 40–60. Because of these two found-ing apostles, the official name of the Armenian Churchis Armenian Apostolic Church.Over 93% of Armenian Christians belong to the Ar-

6.5 Health 15

The 7th-century Khor Virap monastery in the shadow of MountArarat, the peak on which Noah’s Ark is said to have landedduring the biblical flood.

menian Apostolic Church, a form of Oriental (Non-Chalcedonian) Orthodoxy, which is a very ritualis-tic, conservative church, roughly comparable to theCoptic and Syriac churches.[146] TheArmenian ApostolicChurch is in communion only with a group of churcheswithin Oriental Orthodoxy.The Armenian Evangelical Church has a very sizeableand favourable presence among the life of Armeni-ans with over several thousand members throughout thecountry. It traces its roots back to 1846 which was underpatronage of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantino-ple the aim of which was to train qualified clergy for theArmenian Apostolic Church.Other Christian denominations practising faith based onNicene Creed in Armenia are the Pentecostal branchesof Protestant community such as the Word of Life, theArmenian Brotherhood Church,[147] the Baptists whichare known as of the oldest existing denominations in Ar-menia and were permitted by the authorities of SovietUnion,[148][149] and Presbyterians.[150]

Catholics also exist in Armenia, both Latin rite andArmenian rite Catholics. The Mechitarists (also spelled“Mekhitarists” Armenian: Մխիթարեան), are acongregation of Benedictine monks of the ArmenianCatholic Church founded in 1712 by Mekhitar of Se-baste. They are best known for their series of scholarlypublications of ancient Armenian versions of otherwiselost ancient Greek texts.The Armenian Catholic denomination is headquarteredin Bzoummar, Lebanon.Armenia is home to a Russian community of Molokanswhich practice a form of Spiritual Christianity originatedfrom the Russian Orthodox Church.[151]

The Yazidi Kurds, who live in the western part of thecountry, practice Yazidism. As of 2016, the world’slargest Yazidi temple is under construction in the smallvillage of Aknalish.[128] There are also non-Yazidi Kurdswho practice Sunni Islam.

There is a Jewish community in Armenia diminishedto 750 persons since independence with most emigrantsleaving for Israel. There are currently two synagoguesin Armenia – in the capital, Yerevan, and in the city ofSevan located near Lake Sevan.

6.5 Health

Life expectancy at birth was 70 for males and 76 for fe-males in 2006.[152] Health expenditures were about 5.6%of GDP in 2004.[152] Most of those expenditures wereoutside the private sector.[152] Government expenditureson health were US$112 per person in 2006.[153] Vastimprovements of health services occurred in the pastdecade. Such improvements consisted of easier acces-sibility to health-care services and an Open Enrollmentprogram which allows Armenians to freely choose theirhealthcare service provider.[154]

6.6 Education

Main article: Education in Armenia

In its first years of independence, Armenia made unevenprogress in establishing systems to meet its national re-quirements in social services.[155] Education, held in par-ticular esteem in Armenian culture, changed fastest ofthe social services, while health and welfare services at-tempted to maintain the basic state-planned structure ofthe Soviet era.[155]

A literacy rate of 100%was reported as early as 1960.[155]In the communist era, Armenian education followed thestandard Soviet model of complete state control (fromMoscow) of curricula and teaching methods and close in-tegration of education activities with other aspects of so-ciety, such as politics, culture, and the economy.[155] Asin the Soviet period, primary and secondary education inArmenia is free, and completion of secondary school iscompulsory.[155]

Yerevan State Medical University named after Mkhitar Heratsi

In the 1988–89 school year, 301 students per 10,000 pop-ulation were in specialised secondary or higher educa-

16 7 CULTURE

tion, a figure slightly lower than the Soviet average.[155] In1989 some 58% of Armenians over age fifteen had com-pleted their secondary education, and 14% had a highereducation.[155] In the 1990–91 school year, the estimated1,307 primary and secondary schools were attended by608,800 students.[155] Another seventy specialised sec-ondary institutions had 45,900 students, and 68,400 stu-dents were enrolled in a total of ten postsecondary in-stitutions that included universities.[155] In addition, 35%of eligible children attended preschools.[155] In 1992 Ar-menia’s largest institution of higher learning, YerevanState University, had eighteen departments, includingones for social sciences, sciences, and law.[155] Its facultynumbered about 1,300 teachers and its student popula-tion about 10,000 students.[155] The National PolytechnicUniversity of Armenia is operating since 1933.[155]

In the early 1990s, Armenia made substantial changesto the centralised and regimented Soviet system.[155] Be-cause at least 98% of students in higher education wereArmenian, curricula began to emphasise Armenian his-tory and culture.[155] Armenian became the dominant lan-guage of instruction, and many schools that had taught inRussian closed by the end of 1991.[155] Russian was stillwidely taught, however, as a second language.[155]

On the basis of the expansion and development of Yere-van State University a number of higher educational inde-pendent Institutions were formed including Medical In-stitute separated in 1930 which was set up on the basis ofmedical faculty. In 1980 Yerevan State Medical Univer-sity was awarded one of the main rewards of the formerUSSR – the Order of Labor red Banner for training qual-ified specialists in health care and valuable service in thedevelopment of Medical Science. In 1995 YSMI was re-named to YSMU and since 1989 it has been named afterMkhitar Heratsi, the famous medieval doctor. MkhitarHeratsi was the founder of Armenian Medical school inCilician Armenia. The great doctor played the same rolein Armenian Medical Science as Hippocrates in Western,Galen in Roman, Ibn Sīnā in Arabic medicine.

Graduates of the MAB program of the Agribusiness TeachingCenter

Foreign students’ department for Armenian diaspora es-tablished in 1957 later was enlarged and the enrolment of

foreign students began. Nowadays the YSMU is a Med-ical Institution corresponding to international require-ments, trains medical staff for not only Armenia andneighbour countries, i.e. Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Georgia,but also many other leading countries all over the world.A great number of foreign students from India, Nepal,Sri Lanka, the USA and Russian Federation study to-gether with Armenian students. Nowadays the univer-sity is ranked among famous higher Medical Institutionsand takes its honourable place in the World Directory ofMedical Schools published by the WHO.Other educational institutions in Armenia include theAmerican University of Armenia and the QSI Interna-tional School of Yerevan. The American University ofArmenia has graduate programs in Business and Law,among others. The institution owes its existence to thecombined efforts of the Government of Armenia, theArmenian General Benevolent Union, US Agency for In-ternational Development, and the University of Califor-nia. The extension programs and the library at AUAform a new focal point for English-language intellectuallife in the city. Armenia also hosts a deployment ofOLPC – One Laptopschool Per child XO laptop-tabletschools.[156]

7 Culture

Main article: Culture of Armenia

Armenians have their own distinctive alphabet andlanguage. The alphabet was invented in AD 405 byMesrop Mashtots and consists of thirty-nine letters, threeof which were added during the Cilician period. 96% ofthe people in the country speak Armenian, while 75.8%of the population additionally speaks Russian, althoughEnglish is becoming increasingly popular.

7.1 Media

Main article: Media of Armenia

Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operatedby both state-owned and for-profit corporations which de-pend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-relatedrevenues. The Constitution of Armenia guarantees free-dom of speech and Armenia ranks 78th in the 2015 PressFreedom Index report compiled by Reporters WithoutBorders, between Lesotho and Sierra Leone.[157] As acountry in transition, Armenia’s media system is undertransformation.[158]

Frequent attacks on journalists of non-state sponsoredmedia is a serious threat to Armenia’s press freedom. Thenumber of assaults has recently declined, but the physicalintegrity of journalists remain at stake.[159]

7.3 Art 17

7.2 Music and dance

Main article: Music of Armenia

DjivanGasparyan (left), Sirusho (middle) and Charles Aznavour(right) are among most popular musicians of Armenia.

Armenian music is a mix of indigenous folk music, per-haps best-represented by Djivan Gasparyan's well-knownduduk music, as well as light pop, and extensive Christianmusic.Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, andthe kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music.Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influ-ence in the development of Armenian folk music. Oneof the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenianchant which is the most common kind of religious mu-sic in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in ori-gin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others arerelatively modern, including several composed by SaintMesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alpha-bet. Whilst under Soviet rule, Armenian classical mu-sic composer Aram Khatchaturian became internation-ally well known for his music, for various ballets and theSabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.

Traditional Armenian dance.

The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigrationthat led to the settlement of Armenians in various coun-tries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditionsand certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. Inthe post-Genocide Armenian community of the UnitedStates, the so-called “kef” style Armenian dance music,using Armenian andMiddle Eastern folk instruments (of-ten electrified/amplified) and some western instruments,

was popular. This style preserved the folk songs anddances of Western Armenia, and many artists also playedthe contemporary popular songs of Turkey and otherMiddle Eastern countries from which the Armenians em-igrated.Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist ofthe traditional “kef” style and the Vosbikian Band wasnotable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their ownstyle of “kef music” heavily influenced by the popularAmerican Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemmingfrom the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influ-enced by Continental European (especially French) popmusic, the Armenian popmusic genre grew to fame in the1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandianand Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian di-aspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho,performing popmusic combined with Armenian folkmu-sic in today’s entertainment industry.Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in clas-sical or international music circles are world-renownedFrench-Armenian singer and composer Charles Az-navour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranossuch as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrak-darian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled tosing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal bandSystem of a Down (which nonetheless often incorpo-rates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling intotheir songs) or pop star Cher. In the Armenian diaspora,Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth.These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are gen-erally about Armenian history and national heroes.

7.3 Art

Yerevan Vernissage (arts and crafts market), close to Re-public Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors sellinga variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (thoughthe selection is much reduced mid-week). The marketoffers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus spe-ciality. Obsidian, which is found locally, is crafted intoassortment of jewellery and ornamental objects. Arme-nian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition, populating onecorner of the market with a selection of gold items. So-viet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture –nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes and so on – are alsoavailable at the Vernisage.Across from the Opera House, a popular art market fillsanother city park on the weekends. Armenia’s long his-tory as a crossroads of the ancient world has resulted ina landscape with innumerable fascinating archaeologicalsites to explore. Medieval, Iron Age, Bronze Age andeven Stone Age sites are all within a few hours drivefrom the city. All but the most spectacular remain virtu-ally undiscovered, allowing visitors to view churches andfortresses in their original settings.

18 7 CULTURE

Ancient Armenian Khachkars (cross-stones).

Queen Zabel’s Return to the Palace, Vardges Sureniants, (1909).

The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages, whichindicate Armenia’s rich tales and stories of the times. Ithouses paintings by many European masters as well. TheModern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, andthe Martiros Saryan Museum are only a few of the othernoteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan.Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, withmany more opening every year, featuring rotating exhi-bitions and sales.On 13 April 2013, the Armenian government announceda change in law to allow freedom of panorama for 3Dworks of art.[160]

7.4 Sport

Main articles: Sport in Armenia and Chess in ArmeniaA wide array of sports are played in Armenia, the most

The Tsaghkadzor Olympic Sports complex.

The Armenia national football team in Dublin, Ireland.

popular among them being wrestling, weightlifting, judo,association football, chess, and boxing. Armenia’s moun-tainous terrain provides great opportunities for the prac-tice of sports like skiing and climbing. Being a landlockedcountry, water sports can only be practised on lakes, no-tably Lake Sevan. Competitively, Armenia has been suc-cessful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the inter-national level. Armenia is also an active member of theinternational sports community, with full membership inthe Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It alsohosts the Pan-Armenian Games.Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in theOlympics representing the USSR. As part of the So-viet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plentyof medals and helping the USSR win the medal stand-ings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The firstmedal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic his-tory was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled asGrant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers ingymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.To highlight the level of success of Armenians in theOlympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying:“Armenian sportsmen had to outdo their opponents by

7.5 Cuisine 19

several notches for the shot at being accepted into anySoviet team. But those difficulties notwithstanding, 90percent of Armenians athletes on Soviet Olympic teamscame back with medals.”[161]

Armenia first participated at the 1992 Summer Olympicsin Barcelona under a unified CIS team, where it wasvery successful, winning three golds and one silver inweightlifting, wrestling and sharp shooting, despite onlyhaving 5 athletes. Since the 1994 Winter Olympics inLillehammer, Armenia has participated as an indepen-dent nation.Armenia participates in the Summer Olympic Games inboxing, wrestling, weightlifting, judo, gymnastics, trackand field, diving, swimming and sharp shooting. It alsoparticipates in the Winter Olympic Games in alpine ski-ing, cross-country skiing and figure skating.

Chess Grandmaster Levon Aronian is a former FIDE #2 ratedplayer and the fourth highest rated player in history

Football is also popular in Armenia. The most successfulteam was the FC Ararat Yerevan team of the 1970s whowon the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and the Soviet TopLeague in 1973. The latter achievement saw FC Araratgain entry to the European Cup where – despite a homevictory in the second leg – they lost on aggregate at thequarter final stage to eventual winner FC Bayern Munich.Armenia competed internationally as part of the USSRnational football team until the Armenian national foot-ball team was formed in 1992 after the split of the So-viet Union. Armenia have never qualified for a major

tournament although recent improvements saw the teamto achieve 44th position in the FIFA World Rankings inSeptember 2011. The national team is controlled by theFootball Federation of Armenia. The Armenian PremierLeague is the highest level football competition in Ar-menia, and has been dominated by FC Pyunik in recentseasons. The league currently consists of eight teams andrelegates to the Armenian First League.Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have producedmany successful footballers, including Youri Djorka-eff, Alain Boghossian, Andranik Eskandarian, AndranikTeymourian, Edgar Manucharyan and Nikita Simonyan.Djokaeff and Boghossian won the 1998 FIFA WorldCup with France, Andranik Teymourian competed in the2006World Cup for Iran and Edgar Manucharyan playedin the Dutch Eredivisie for Ajax.Wrestling has been a successful sport in the Olympicsfor Armenia. At the 1996 Summer Olympics inAtlanta, Armen Nazaryan won the gold in the Men’sGreco-Roman Flyweight (52 kg) category and ArmenMkrtchyan won the silver in Men’s Freestyle Paperweight(48 kg) category, securing Armenia’s first two medals inits Olympic history.Traditional Armenian wrestling is called Kokh and prac-tised in traditional garb; it was one of the influences in-cluded in the Soviet combat sport of Sambo, which is alsovery popular.[162]

The government of Armenia budgets about $2.8 millionannually for sports and gives it to the National Commit-tee of Physical Education and Sports, the body that deter-mines which programs should benefit from the funds.[163]

Due to the lack of success lately on the internationallevel, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-erasports schools and furnished them with new equipmentfor a total cost of $1.9 million. The rebuilding of theregional schools was financed by the Armenian govern-ment. $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town ofTsaghkadzor to improve the winter sports infrastructurebecause of dismal performances at recent winter sportsevents. In 2005, a cycling centre was opened in Yerevanwith the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cy-clists. The government has also promised a cash rewardof $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at theOlympics.[163]

Armenia has also been very successful in chess, win-ning the World Champion in 2011 and the World ChessOlympiad on three occasions.[164]

7.5 Cuisine

Main article: Armenian cuisineArmenian cuisine is as ancient as the history of Armenia,a combination of different tastes and aromas. The foodoften has quite a distinct aroma. Closely related to east-ern andMediterranean cuisine, various spices, vegetables,

20 9 NOTES

Armenian cuisine

fish, and fruits combine to present unique dishes. Themain characteristics of Armenian cuisine are a relianceon the quality of the ingredients rather than heavily spic-ing food, the use of herbs, the use of wheat in a variety offorms, of legumes, nuts, and fruit (as a main ingredientas well as to sour food), and the stuffing of a wide varietyof leaves.The pomegranate, with its symbolic association with fer-tility, represents that nation. The apricot is the nationalfruit.

8 See also• Outline of Armenia

• Index of Armenia-related articles

• Armenia – Wikipedia book

9 Notes[1] Standard pronunciation is in Eastern Armenian

([hɑjɑsˈtɑn]). Western Armenian: [hɑjɑsˈdɑn].

9.1 References[1] “The Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (with

amendments)". Constitutional Court of the Republic ofArmenia. 5 July 1995. Retrieved 14 October 2012.

[2] Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth (2013). Compendiumof the World’s Languages (3rd ed.). New York: Rout-ledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-136-25846-6. ...Eastern Ar-menian is the written and spoken language of the Republicof Armenia.

[3] Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages: TheDefinitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages. NewYork: Columbia University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-231-11568-1. ...Eastern Armenian of the Present Repub-lic of Armenia...

[4] Asatryan, Garnik; Arakelova, Victoria (Yerevan 2002).The Ethnic Minorities in Armenia. Part of the OSCE.Archived copy at WebCite (16 April 2010).

[5] Ministry of Culture of Armenia [mincult.am/datas/media/azg.poqr.%20ev%20xorhurd%20mshak.nax.%20(1).doc The ethnic minorities in Armenia. Briefinformation]. As per the mosr recent census in 2011.

[6] “National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia – OfficialWeb Site – parliament.am”.

[7] Lang, David Marshall. Armenia: Cradle of Civilization.London: Allen and Unwin, 1970, p. 114. ISBN 0-04-956007-7.

[8] Redgate, Anna Elizabeth. The Armenians. Cornwall:Blackwell, 1998, pp. 16–19, 23, 25, 26 (map), 30–32,38, 43 ISBN 0-631-22037-2.

[9] Redgate, A. E. (2000). The Armenians (Reprint ed.). Ox-ford: Blackwell. p. 5. ISBN 0-631-22037-2. However,the most easily identifiable ancestors of the later Arme-nian nation are the Urartians.

[10] de Laet, Sigfried J.; Herrmann, Joachim, eds. (1996).History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to theseventh century A.D. (1st ed.). London: Routledge. p.128. ISBN 9789231028120. The ruler of the part knownas Greater Armenia, Artaxias (Artashes), the founder ofa new dynasty, managed to unite the country...

[11] Encyclopedia Americana: Ankara to Azusa. Scholastic Li-brary Publishing. 2005. p. 393. It was named for Artax-ias, a general of Antiochus the Great, who founded thekingdom of Armenia about 190 B.C.

[12] “The World Fact Book – Armenia”. Central IntelligenceAgency. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Re-trieved 17 July 2010.

[13] The population of Armenia as of 1 December 2016 ac-cording to UN, p. 100.

[14] “Statistical Service of Armenia” (PDF). Armstat. Re-trieved 20 February 2014.

[15] “Armenia Population”. countrymeters.info.

[16] “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. WorldEconomic Outlook Database, October 2016. Washington,D.C.: International Monetary Fund. 4 October 2016. Re-trieved 26 October 2016.

[17] “Gini index”. World Bank. Retrieved 12 May 2016.

[18] “Human Development Report 2015” (PDF). United Na-tions. 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

[19] Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009). Armenian: Modern East-ern Armenian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.p. 12. ISBN 9789027238146. The orthography used inArmenia nowadays goes back to the Soviet orthographyreform of 1922 and its revision of 1940.

[20] "Armenia.” Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2015.

9.1 References 21

[21] Central Intelligence Agency.“The CIA World Factbook2015” Skyhorse Publishing Inc, 2014. ISBN 1-62914-903-9

[22] The UN classification of world regions places Armenia inWestern Asia; the CIA World Factbook “Armenia”. TheWorld Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 10October 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010. “Armenia”.National Geographic. , “Armenia”. Encyclopædia Bri-tannica., Calendario Atlante De Agostini (in Italian) (111ed.). Novara: Istituto Geografico De Agostini. 2015. p.sub voce. ISBN 9788851124908. and Oxford ReferenceOnline “Oxford Reference”. Oxford Reference Online.Retrieved 20 October 2012. also place Armenia in Asia.

[23] The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. OxfordUniversity Press. 2003. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-19-510507-0.

[24] (Garsoïan, Nina (1997). ed. R.G. Hovannisian, ed. Ar-menian People from Ancient to Modern Times. PalgraveMacmillan. pp. Volume 1, p.81.)

[25] Stringer, Martin D. (2005). A Sociological History ofChristian Worship. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress. p. 92. ISBN 0-521-81955-5.

[26] “Armenia Facts”. National Geographic. Retrieved 12 Oc-tober 2013.

[27] Smaller nations that have claimed a prior official adop-tion of Christianity include Osroene, the Silures, and SanMarino. See Timeline of official adoptions of Christian-ity.

[28] Grousset, René (1947). Histoire de l'Arménie (1984 ed.).Payot. p. 122.. Estimated dates vary from 284 to 314.Garsoïan (op.cit. p.82), following the research of Ana-nian, favours the latter.

[29] The republic has separation of church and state

[30] “The Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, Article8.1”. President.am. Archived from the original on 20 De-cember 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.

[31] Razmik Panossian, The Armenians: From Kings AndPriests to Merchants And Commissars, Columbia Univer-sity Press (2006), ISBN 978-0-231-13926-7, p. 106.

[32] Rafael Ishkhanyan, “Illustrated History of Armenia,”Yerevan, 1989

[33] Elisabeth Bauer. Armenia: Past and Present (1981), p. 49

[34] "Χαλύβοισι πρὸς νότον Ἀρμένιοι ὁμουρέουσι (The Ar-menians border on the Chalybes to the south)". Chahin,Mark (2001). The Kingdom of Armenia. London:Routledge. pp. fr. 203. ISBN 978-0-7007-1452-0.

[35] Xenophon. Anabasis. pp. IV.v.2–9.

[36] Moses of Chorene,The History of Armenia, Book 1, Ch.12 (Russian)

[37] History of Armenia by FatherMichael Chamich fromB.C.2247 to the Year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Arme-nian era, Bishop’s College Press, Calcutta, 1827, page 19:"[Aram] was the first to raise the Armenian name to anydegree of renown; so that contemporary nations... calledthem the Aramians, or followers of Aram, a name whichhas been corrupted into Armenians; and the country theyinhabited, by universal consent, took the name of Arme-nia.”

[38] “The first leather shoe,”. CNN.Archived from the originalon 14 October 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2011.

[39] “5,900-year-old women’s skirt discovered in Armeniancave”. News Armenia. 13 September 2011. Retrieved14 September 2011.

[40] “National Geographic: the first wine-making facility”.National Geographic. Retrieved 11 January 2011.

[41] Kurkjian, Vahan (1958). History of Armenia (1964 ed.).Michigan: Armenian General Benevolent Union. Re-trieved 22 July 2009.

[42] Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian En-cyclopedia. 1987. pp. v. 12.

[43] Movsisyan, Artak (2000). Sacred Highland: Armenia inthe spiritual conception of the Near East. Yerevan.

[44] Kavoukjian, Martiros (1982). The Genesis of ArmenianPeople. Montreal.

[45] Joshua J. Mark. “Assyria”. Ancient History Encyclopedia.

[46] Charles W. Hartley; G. Bike Yazicioğlu; Adam T. Smith,eds. (2012). The Archaeology of Power and Politics inEurasia: Regimes and Revolutions. Cambridge UniversityPress. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-107-01652-1. ...the uniquetemple-tomb at Garni, just east of Yerevan – the onlyGreco-Roman colonnaded building anywhere in the So-viet Union.

[47] “The World Factbook: Armenia”. CIA. Archived fromthe original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 15 Novem-ber 2007.

[48] Brunner, Borgna (2006). Time Almanac with InformationPlease 2007. New York: Time Home Entertainment. p.685. ISBN 978-1-933405-49-0.

[49] Mary Boyce. Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs andPractices Psychology Press, 2001 ISBN 0-415-23902-8 p84

[50] Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Peoplesof Africa and the Middle East. New York: Infobase Pub-lishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0. Etchmiatzin islocated in the west ofmodernArmenia, close to the borderwith Turkey, and its fourth-century cathedral is generallyregarded as the oldest in the world.

[51] Bauer-Manndorff, Elisabeth (1981). Armenia: Past andPresent. Lucerne: Reich Verlag. OCLC 8063377. Etch-miadzin, with the world’s oldest cathedral and the seat ofthe Catholicos, draws tourists from all over the world.

22 9 NOTES

[52] Utudjian, Édouard (1968). Armenian Architecture: 4th to17th Century. Paris: Editions A. Morancé. p. 7. OCLC464421. ...the oldest cathedral in Christendom, that ofEtchmiadzin, founded in the 4th century.

[53] Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann Katharine Swynford& Lewis, Bernard (1977). “The Cambridge History ofIslam": 231–232.

[54] Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires: A History ofGeorgia. Reaktion Books. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2.

[55] Ward, Steven R. (2014). Immortal, Updated Edition: AMilitary History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. George-town University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-62616-032-3.

[56] Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (2004). The Arme-nians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity.Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-135-79837-6.

[57] H. Nahavandi, Y. Bomati, Shah Abbas, empereur de Perse(1587–1629) (Perrin, Paris, 1998)

[58] Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquestin the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 33, 351. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8.

[59] Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). Russia at War: From theMongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond[2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 728–. ISBN 978-1-59884-948-6.

[60] Minahan, James (2010). The complete guide to nationalsymbols and emblems. Santa Barbara, Calif.: GreenwoodPress. p. 310. ISBN 0-313-34497-3.

[61] Kirakosian, J. S. (1972). Hayastane michazkayindivanakitut'yan ew sovetakan artakin kaghakakanut'yanpastateghterum, 1828�1923 [Armenia in the documents ofinternational diplomacy and Soviet foreign policy, 1828–1923] (in Armenian). Yerevan. pp. 149–358.

[62] Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Schaller, Dominik J. (2002), DerVölkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah [The Arme-nian genocide and the Shoah] (in German), Chronos, p.114, ISBN 3-0340-0561-X

[63] Walker, Christopher J. (1980), Armenia: The Survival ofA Nation, London: Croom Helm, pp. 200–3

[64] “Extensive bibliography by University of Michigan on theArmenian Genocide”. Umd.umich.edu. Retrieved 30 De-cember 2010.

[65] “Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution”.Armenian genocide. Retrieved 10 February 2016.

[66] Ferguson, Niall (2006). TheWar of theWorld: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York:Penguin Press. p. 177. ISBN 1-59420-100-5.

[67] Robert Melson, Revolution and Genocide: On the Originsof the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust, UniversityOf Chicago Press, 15 October 1992, p. 147

[68] Q&A: Armenian genocide dispute. BBC News. 10 July2008.

[69] “Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex”. Armenian Geno-cide Museum-Institute. Retrieved 10 February 2016.

[70] Hovannisian, Richard, and Simon Payaslian. ArmenianCilicia. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, Inc., 2008. 483.Print.

[71] “The Soviet Period – History – Azerbaijan – Asia”. Re-trieved 25 July 2011.

[72] Закавказская федерация. Большая советскаяэнциклопедия, 3-е изд., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров.Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1972. Т. 9 (A.M. Prokhorov; et al., eds. (1972). “TranscaucasianFederation”. Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). 9.Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia.)

[73] Ronald G. Suny, James Nichol, Darrell L. Slider. Arme-nia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Federal Research Division,Library of Congress. 1995. p.17 and following

[74] C. Mouradian, L'Armenie sovietique, pp. 278–9

[75] "Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic". The Great SovietEncyclopedia (1979).

[76] Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2004 – Page 74by Imogen Gladman, Taylor & Francis Group

[77] Notes from Baku: Black January. Rufat Ahmedov.EurasiaNet Human Rights.

[78] “The March Referendum”. Archived from the original on15 October 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2008.

[79] Croissant, Michael P. (1998). The Armenia-AzerbaijanConflict: Causes and Implications. London: Praeger.ISBN 978-0-275-96241-8.

[80] “The Ties That Divide”. Global Heritage Fund. 17 June2006. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Re-trieved 22 July 2009.

[81] De Waal, Thomas (2004). Black Garden: Armenia AndAzerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: NewYork University Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8147-1945-9.

[82] A Conflict That Can Be Resolved in Time: Nagorno-Karabakh. International Herald Tribune. 29 November2003.

[83] “Heritage Index of Economic Freedom”. The HeritageFoundation.

[84] “EU negotiations with Armenia and Georgia on FreeTrade Agreements successfully concluded”. EPP Group.Retrieved 10 February 2016.

[85] “Armenia will significantly increase its revenues by rein-forcing its role of a transit country between Europe, CISand Middle East”. Arka News Agency. Retrieved 10February 2016.

[86] “Europe Could Draw Gas Through Iran–ArmeniaPipeline”. European dialogue. Retrieved 10 February2016.

9.1 References 23

[87] “Geographic Characteristic of The Republic of Arme-nia” (PDF).Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures,2002–2006. National Statistical Service of the Republicof Armenia. 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.

[88] NatashaMayAzarian (2007). The Seeds ofMemory: Nar-rative Renditions of the Armenian Genocide Across Gener-ations. ProQuest. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-549-53005-3. Re-trieved 28 April 2013. Mount Ararat is considered the'heart' of historical Armenia as it is Armenian folklorewhich considers the majestic mountain to be the placewhere Noah’s Arc landed. Armenian businesses, house-holds, and schools almost ubiquitously have at ...

[89] Rouben Paul Adalian (13 May 2010). Historical Dic-tionary of Armenia. Scarecrow Press. p. 85. ISBN978-0-8108-7450-3. Retrieved 28 April 2013. Althoughthe mythology associated with the pagan worship of themountain is now lost to popular belief, Mount Ararat hasplayed a very ...

[90] James Minahan (1998). Miniature empires: a historicaldictionary of the newly independent states. GreenwoodPublishing Group. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-313-30610-5.Retrieved 28 April 2013. Mount Ararat, the legendarylanding place of Noah’s Ark, is located in what is nowmodern Turkey. Situated near the border, the peak is vis-ible from nearly every area of Armenia. Historically, themountain has been the Armenian people’s most ...

[91] “Address by President Serzh Sargsyan to the People ofArmenia and the National Assembly on 2 October 2008”.President.am. Archived from the original on 9 December2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.

[92] “Nations in Transit 2008” (PDF). Freedom House.Archived from the original (PDF) on 25March 2009. Re-trieved 1 March 2014.

[93] “Nations in Transit 2008: Armenia” (PDF). FreedomHouse. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August2008. Retrieved 26 June 2008.

[94] “Freedom in the World 2007” (PDF). Freedom House.Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2007.Retrieved 20 February 2007.

[95] Danielyan, Emil (20 February 2008). “Armenian Vote'Largely Democratic'". ArmeniaLiberty, Radio Free Eu-rope. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Re-trieved 20 February 2008.

[96] “Nagorno-Karabakh: The Crisis in the Caucasus”. Re-trieved 6 April 2007.

[97] “Armenia and Turkey sign peace deal”. Archived fromthe original on 14 October 2009.

[98] “Baku and Moscow – 'One Hundred Percent StrategicPartners’". Hetq Online. 27 February 2006. Retrieved20 April 2008.

[99] “Ancestry Data”. U.S. Census Bureau. 2006. Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2008. Retrieved 22 July2009. The 2001 Canadian Census determined that thereare 40,505 persons of Armenian ancestry currently livingin Canada. However, these are liable to be low numbers,

since people of mixed ancestry, very common in NorthAmerica tend to be under-counted: the 1990 census USindicates 149,694 people who speak Armenian at home.“The Armenian Embassy in Canada”. Archived from theoriginal on 26 August 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2016. esti-mates 1 million ethnic Armenians in the US and 100,000in Canada. The Armenian Church of America makes asimilar estimate. By all accounts, over half of the Arme-nians in the United States live in California.

[100] “RFE/RL Caucasus Report”. Armenian Ministry of For-eign Affairs. 7 January 2005. Archived from the originalon 20 November 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2009.

[101] “Interview with RA National Assembly Speaker ArturBaghdasaryan”. ArmInfo News Agency. 26 October2005. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009.Retrieved 22 July 2009.

[102] “How Armenia Could Approach the European Union”(PDF). Retrieved 12 March 2013.

[103] “EUROPA – Press Releases – EU launches negotiationson Association Agreements with Armenia, Azerbaijanand Georgia”. Europa (web portal). 15 July 2010. Re-trieved 21 September 2011.

[104] “Armenia-EU association agreement may be concludedshortly | Armenia News –". News.am. Retrieved 21September 2011.

[105] “3rd PLENARY ROUND OF THE EU-ARMENIANEGOTIATIONS ON THE ASSOCIATION AGREE-MENT”. Ec.europa.eu. 15 December 2010. Retrieved28 August 2012.

[106] “Eurasian Economic Commission”. www.eurasiancommission.org. Retrieved 13 October 2015.

[107] "ДОГОВОР О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИАРМЕНИЯ К ДОГОВОРУ О ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ СОЮЗЕ ОТ 29 МАЯ2014 ГОДА (Минск, 10 октября 2014 года)".www.customs-code.ru. Retrieved 13 October 2015.

[108] “Armenia To Join Russian-Led Customs Union”. RadioFree Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 September 2013. Re-trieved 13 September 2013.

[109] “Armenia | Freedom House” (PDF). freedomhouse.org.Retrieved 27 January 2016.

[110] “KFOR Contingent: Armenia”. Official Web Site of theKosovo Force. 23 March 2007. Retrieved 27 October2008.

[111] “Last shift of Armenian peacekeepers in Iraq returnshome”. Ministry of Defence. 7 October 2008. Retrieved29 October 2008.

[112] “Regional Administration Bodies”. The Government ofthe Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 11 September 2008.

[113] Armstat:Provinces, area and population

[114] Demourian, Avet (19 October 2007). “Armenian Eyes,Ears on US Genocide Vote”. The Washington Post. Re-trieved 7 July 2009.

24 9 NOTES

[115] “Intel center to open in Armenia”. Panarmenian.Net. 20January 1990. Retrieved 12 March 2013.

[116] Z. Lerman and A. Mirzakhanian, Private Agriculture inArmenia, Lexington Books, Lanham, MD, 2001.

[117] Statistical Yearbook 2007, Armenia National StatisticalService, Yerevan

[118] “Unemployment Armenia”. Armenian Statistical Serviceof Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 6 May 2016.

[119] “Human Development Report 2015 – “Rethinking Workfor Human Development"" (PDF). HDRO (Human De-velopment Report Office) United Nations DevelopmentProgramme. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

[120] “CPI 2015 table”. Transparency International. Retrieved28 January 2016.

[121] “Statistical Yearbook of Armenia, 2009: Population”(PDF). ArmStat. Retrieved 9 February 2010.

[122] Paul, Amanda. “Armenia’s disappearing population”.Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved27 July 2011.

[123] Turay, Anna. “Tarihte Ermeniler”. Bolsohays:IstanbulArmenians Like many other ethnicities Armenians in In-dia too have played a role historically and had an impacthistorically. Today however the community has been re-duced to about a hundred living in Calcutta. Archivedfrom the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 4 Jan-uary 2007.

[124] “Jerusalem – The Old City: The Armenian Quarter”.Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 July 2009.

[125] “San Lazzaro degli Armeni – Venice for Visitors”. Eu-ropeforvisitors.com. Archived from the original on 22November 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.

[126] “Population in Nagorno-Karabakh 2007” (PDF). Na-tional Statistical Service of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2010. Re-trieved 22 July 2009.

[127] Asatryan, Garnik; Arakelova, Victoria (2002). “The Eth-nic Minorities of Armenia”. Routledge., part of theOSCE

[128] Sherwood, Harriet (25 July 2016). “World’s largest Yaziditemple under construction in Armenia”. The Guardian.Retrieved 31 July 2016.

[129] (Russian) The All-Union Population Census of 1989Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. De-moscope.ru

[130] “The South Caucasus Between The EU And TheEurasian Union” (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest #51–52. Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen and Center forSecurity Studies, Zürich. 17 June 2013. pp. 22–23. ISSN1867-9323. Retrieved 3 July 2013.

[131] Aragatsotn

[132] Tavush

[133] Kotayk

[134] Vayots Dzor

[135] Syunik

[136] Shirak

[137] Lori

[138] Gegharkunik

[139] Armavir

[140] Ararat

[141] Yerevan

[142] “Armenia – Which Nation First Adopted Christianity?".Ancienthistory.about.com. 29 October 2009. Retrieved25 January 2010.

[143] “Visit Armenia, It is Beautiful”. Visitarmenia.org. Re-trieved 25 January 2010.

[144] “Armenia Information – Welcome to Armenia”. Wel-comearmenia.com. Archived from the original on 6February 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.

[145] “Blog Archive " Which is the first country to adopt Chris-tianity?". Did You Know it. Retrieved 25 January 2010.

[146] “The Armenian Apostolic Church (World Council ofChurches)".

[147] “Armenian Brotherhood Church of Yerevan”.

[148] “Armenian Evangelical Christian Baptist”. Arm-baplife.am. Retrieved 28 August 2012.

[149] “Despite poverty, Baptists prosper in Armenia” (PDF).Biblical Recorder. Baptist State convention of North Car-olina. 17 July 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on19 November 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

[150] “Armenian Presbyterian Church to Commemorate1700th Anniversary of Christianity in Armenia withConcert and Khachkar Dedication”. The ArmenianReporter. 20 October 2001. Archived from the originalon 10 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.

[151] Lane, Christel (1978). Christian religion in the SovietUnion : a sociological study. Albany: State univ. of NewYork P. p. 107. ISBN 0-87395-327-4.

[152] “Microsoft Word – cjl –ARM_MPSEURO_countryprofile.doc” (PDF). Archivedfrom the original (PDF) on 16 November 2009. Retrieved25 January 2010.

[153] “Human Development Report 2009 – Armenia”.Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived from the original on 9January 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.

[154] Knapp, Caprice; Madden, Vanessa; Fowler-Kerry, Su-san (2011). Pediatric palliative care : global perspectives.Dordrecht: Springer. p. 84. ISBN 9400725698.

25

[155] Curtis, Glenn E. and Ronald G. Suny. “Education”.Armenia: A Country Study. Library of Congress FederalResearch Division (March 1994). This article incorpo-rates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[156] “Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia – One Laptop perChild”.

[157] Freedom House, Armenia, 2015 Press Freedom report

[158] Anais Melikyan, Armenia, EJC Press Landscapes (circa2009)

[159] Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, TheProtection of media freedom in Europe.Background re-port prepared by Mr William Horsley, special represen-tative for media freedom of the Association of EuropeanJournalists

[160] “Legislation: National Assembly of RA”. Parliament.am.Retrieved 26 April 2013.

[161] “Ambassadors in Sport?: Independent Armenia far belowthe glory of Soviet times on the pitch, mat – Features”.ArmeniaNow.com. Retrieved 25 January 2010.

[162] Green, ed. by Thomas A. (2001). Martial arts of theworld : en encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 718. ISBN 978-1-57607-150-2.

[163] “Ambassadors in Sport?: Independent Armenia far belowthe glory of Soviet times on the pitch, mat – Features”.ArmeniaNow.com. Retrieved 28 August 2012.

[164] “Chess News – BBC lecture: Armenia, the cleverest na-tion on earth”. ChessBase.com. Retrieved 30 December2010.

10 Further reading

• de Waal, Thomas. Black Garden. NYU (2003).ISBN 0-8147-1945-7

11 External links

Government

• President.am, Official site of the President of Ar-menia

General information

• “Armenia”. The World Factbook. Central Intelli-gence Agency.

• Armenia at DMOZ

• Armenia profile from the BBC News

• Wikimedia Atlas of Armenia

• Geographic data related to Armenia atOpenStreetMap

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Armenia".Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). CambridgeUniversity Press.

• Key Development Forecasts for Armenia fromInternational Futures

26 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text• Armenia Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia?oldid=770761428 Contributors: Koyaanis Qatsi, -- April, LA2, Scipius, Danny,

SimonP, Drbug, Vassili Nikolaev, Zippy, Olivier, Leandrod, Edward, Patrick, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Liftarn, Gabbe, Matthew-mayer, Sam Francis, Mic, Ixfd64, Delirium, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Theresa knott, G-Man, TUF-KAT, Notheruser, Angela, Александър,LittleDan, Bogdangiusca, Andres, Evercat, Ineuw, GCarty, CarlKenner, Rob Hooft, Tobias Conradi, Dwo, Pascal, Crusadeonilliteracy,Adam Bishop, Rob.derosa, Bemoeial, RickK, Andrewman327, WhisperToMe, Tpbradbury, Grendelkhan, Morwen, Samsara, Chrestom-anci~enwiki, Joy, Bjarki S, Fvw, Johnleemk, Cncs wikipedia, Jni, Dimadick, Phil Boswell, Nufy8, Robbot, Vardion, Pigsonthewing,Fredrik, PBS, Altenmann, Romanm, Samrolken, Mirv, Merovingian, Egon, Academic Challenger, Hemanshu, ThaGrind, Caknuck, Bkell,Hadal, Wikibot, JackofOz, Benc, Ungvichian, Michael Snow, Mushroom, Centrx, TOO, Dbenbenn, Christopher Parham, Weasel, Ja-coplane, Mshonle~enwiki, Artakka, Meursault2004, IRelayer, Obli, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Snowdog, Gamaliel, Jdavidb, Cantus, RickBlock, Gilgamesh~enwiki, BillyH, Luigi30, Gzornenplatz, Avala, Bobblewik, Tagishsimon, Ragib, Golbez, Pgan002, R. fiend, Knutux,Mr d logan, Quadell, Ran, Antandrus, Ex ottoyuhr, Beland, Scottperry, Kaldari, Jossi, Rdsmith4, Mikko Paananen, DragonflySixtyseven,Maximaximax, Sebbe, PFHLai, Jklamo, Grunners, Aramgutang, Neutrality, SSherris, Adinas~enwiki, JohnArmagh, Sarcelles, KlemenKocjancic, Adashiel, TheObtuseAngleOfDoom, RandalSchwartz, Canterbury Tail, Lacrimosus, Bluemask, PhotoBox, Mike Rosoft, D6,Sdrawkcab, Symmetry, PZFUN, DanielCD, Fpga, Ma'ame Michu, Hiroshi66, Naryathegreat, Discospinster, Patricknoddy, Rich Farm-brough, Guanabot, AxSkov, Paulr~enwiki, Vsmith, GalanM, Florian Blaschke, HeikoEvermann, Dbachmann, Mani1, Quistnix, Stereotek,SpookyMulder, Bender235, ESkog, Android79, Elwikipedista~enwiki, Brian0918, SElefant, Aecis, Yasis, Zscout370, Sfahey, El C, Szquir-rel, Kwamikagami, Vecrumba, Art LaPella, Omoo, IFaqeer, Jpgordon, Bill Thayer, Causa sui, Thuresson, Bastique, DanielNuyu, Svindler,Reinyday, Ludger1961, John Vandenberg, Acntx, Midas~enwiki, PeterisP, RaffiKojian, Obradovic Goran, Ral315, Ford, A2Kafir, Ogress,HasharBot~enwiki, Nickfraser, Jumbuck, Red Winged Duck, Anthony Appleyard, Mo0, Buaidh, Mr Adequate, Andrewpmk, Davenbelle,Riana, Kheophex, Seancdaug, Dark Shikari, Cdc, Malo, Bart133, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Suruena, Garzo, Tony Sidaway, Jon Cates,Randy Johnston, Pethr, Drbreznjev, Ghirlandajo, GiovanniS, Nightstallion, Dan100, Vartan84, Zntrip, FrancisTyers, Angr, Kelly Mar-tin, Simetrical, Tabib, Woohookitty, Masterjamie, Ground0~enwiki, Unixer, Gznorneplatz, Ma Baker, Commander Keane, JeremyA,Chochopk, -Ril-, Tabletop, Afanous, Tomlillis, Schzmo, Grace Note, Steinbach, BlaiseFEgan, Jergen, DanCBJMS, Aliyevramin, Way-ward, , Rovoam~enwiki, Stevey7788, Akdeniz, Fadix, Graham87, Magister Mathematicae, BD2412, Jankaspar, Chun-hian, Psm,Island, Dpr, Reisio, Electionworld, Search4Lancer, Jorunn, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Shauri, Koavf, Gryffindor, Tombseye, Moosh88,MarSch, JHMM13, Seraphimblade, Tawker, Gramaic, HappyCamper, ElKevbo, Bubba73, Brighterorange, Ucucha, Yamamoto Ichiro,FlaBot, Caligvla, Ground Zero, CalJW, Vclaw, Winhunter, Nihiltres, Hottentot, Rune.welsh, Pathoschild, RexNL, Gurch, Codex Sinaiti-cus, Atitarev, Malhonen, Masterdeath01, Russavia, Planetneutral, Idaltu, WouterBot, Chobot, DaGizza, Evilphoenix, Guliolopez, VolunteerMarek, 334a, Bgwhite, E Pluribus Anthony, Flcelloguy, EamonnPKeane, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Wavelength, RobotE, Sceptre, Brand-meister (old), RussBot, Pacaro, Porturology, Musicpvm, Bleakcomb, Ivirivi00, Jensboot, Splash, Ramallite, Eupator, DanMS, Akamad,Stephenb, Tenebrae, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Kennethtennyson, GeeJo, Shanel, NawlinWiki, Edinborgarstefan, SEWil-coBot, Wiki alf, V-ball, Spike Wilbury, Robertvan1, Aeusoes1, Dtrebbien, The Ogre, Badagnani, Varlagas, Usingha~enwiki, SkyFlyer,Nick, Retired username, Renata3, Cholmes75, Alik t s@yahoo.com, Dominicyant, Danlaycock, Voidxor, Zagalejo, Tony1, Dbfirs, Deu-calionite, Historymike, BOT-Superzerocool, Karl Meier, Dan Austin, Ribbentrop, Martinwilke1980, Igiffin, Boivie, Jkelly, Sandstein,Milou ge, Nikkimaria, SMcCandlish, TigranTheGreat, Dr.alf, Nothlit, Shyam, Mursel, JLaTondre, RenamedUser jaskldjslak904, Gar-ion96, NeilN, GrinBot~enwiki, West Virginian, Edward Waverley, Sardanaphalus, Veinor, Mr. Rednex, Shimoroka, SmackBot, Slarre,David Kernow, KnowledgeOfSelf, Usmarinesjz, Londonlinks, NantucketNoon, Unyoyega, Sam akba, Pgk, Jacek Kendysz, Kilo-Lima,Jagged 85, Big Adamsky, Joanw, Alexfa, EncycloPetey, Rojomoke, Kintetsubuffalo, Aivazovsky, Waynem, Craigoliver, Amoore5000,Commander Keane bot, Xaosflux, Gilliam, Brianski, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Betacommand, Polaron, Carl.bunderson, Cs-wolves, Smeg-gysmeg, JorgePeixoto, Michbich, Caramelca, Cush, TimBentley, Švitrigaila, Norum, MalafayaBot, ShaunM, Deli nk, Akanemoto, Bazonka,Hellfire83, DHN-bot~enwiki, Colonies Chris, Darth Panda, A. B., Yanksox, Mike hayes, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cplakidas, Al-phathon, Chlewbot, OrphanBot, Yunemus, MJCdetroit, MarshallBagramyan, Ww2censor, Blicarea, Mindstar, Artsrun, Junius~enwiki,Rarelibra, Khoikhoi, COMPFUNK2, Cybercobra, Master Scott Hall, Nakon, Kiplantt, Shamir1, MrPMonday, RandomP, KRBN, Serouj,Johnor, Riurik, Gunesl, DDima, Xxxxxxxxxx~enwiki, Kukini, Ohconfucius, Martync84, Amir Davachi, SashatoBot, Chaldean, Nishkid64,TA-ME, Yayacaca, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, NikoSilver, Harryboyles, DLinth, FHen, Thanatosimii, AmiDaniel, Ajam1~enwiki, J 1982,DivineIntervention, Soumyasch, Green Giant, IronGargoyle, MkhitarSparapet, Yogesh Khandke, Ckatz, Syncrotic, Gustafsonkc, Special-T,Shangrilaista, Bbbbbbbb~enwiki, Tasc, Msalmon, Martinp23, Annarundgren, Hovannisian, AxG, Czar Yah, Սահակ, Drieakko, Geolo-gyguy, Ryulong, Dr.K., Peter Horn, Jose77, RMHED, NeroN BG, Peyre, Vagary, Hectorian, ShakingSpirit, Pejman47, Patrick Schwem-mer, Levineps, Simon12, Stotr~enwiki, V6g3h7, Alessandro57, OttomanReference, Peter M Dodge, Emulateme, ArchonMeld, Boreas74,Billgunyon, Stereorock, Courcelles, Fdp, Thricecube, FairuseBot, Tawkerbot2, Ompty, Daniel5127, InvisibleK, Azerwalking, Wolfdog,CmdrObot, Garwig, Cemsentin1, Armenica.org, Skelta, Zarex, Van helsing, Nautilator, Scohoust, CBM, BeenAroundAWhile, Davo88,Turuncan, Hasanenergin, SikimTurki, Mr.Personality, Moreschi, Brynnl, Richard Keatinge, Engelmann15~enwiki, Ankaram, MrFish,CJBot, The Enslaver, TJDay, Cydebot, Korky Day, Fnlayson, Ntsimp, Ryan, Plenn, Travelbird, Hebrides, Meowy, Hairballa, ST47, Hum-bleGod, Blimet, DaddyTwoFoot, Dusty relic, Tawkerbot4, JoSePh, Doug Weller, DBaba, Papuass, Kozuch, Armo4life, Nessundorma,Lola guzman, FrancoGG, CieloEstrellado, Mattisse, Thijs!bot, ChKa, Horridge, Biruitorul, Wikid77, Rsage, SkonesMickLoud, Alper-tunga5000, Mrjatso, Tamokk, Halebtsi, Abayarde, SeNeKa, PerfectStorm, Iae, Danlibbo, Staberinde, Newton2, Marek69, Crzycheetah,Folantin, James086, Tellyaddict, Leon7, EdJohnston, Dgies, Therequiembellishere, Nick Number, Heroeswithmetaphors, Eeeeeeeeeeee,SeanWilliam, Dawnseeker2000, SvenAERTS, Escarbot, Lawrenceraday, Thadius856, Alex45, AntiVandalBot, Freddiem, Fedayee, Fez92,Wwwwwww~enwiki, Hot emil, Beckerist, Ozgurozgur0, Vanjagenije, MichaelCarl, Danger, Chronisgr, Emoxer, Gdo01, Alphachimp-bot, Lonestar662p3, Honestpage, Babakexorramdin, Storkk, Dermann, TuvicBot, Crissidancer88, Kariteh, JAnDbot, Deflective, Husond,DuncanHill, The Transhumanist, Albany NY, Igodard, GurchBot, Frankie816, Barefact, PhilKnight, Ahrarara, Diraf69, Qiso, Cynwolfe,SiobhanHansa, Acroterion, Booby687, Sepul^, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Dfgf, The Myotis, Magioladitis, Swikid, Bartoha, Augustgrahl, Kuyabribri, De-vdaas2000, Sfvia2003, AMK1211, Dr.Gangino, Singularity, Rsi73, AIVEN, Zandweb~enwiki, ROOB323, Fabricebaro, Avetis.avagyan,Inkan1969, Zagubov, ArmadilloFromHell, Glen, Valerius Tygart, Baristarim, Pax:Vobiscum, KG27, Ubai1982, Kuasol1, EtienneDo-let, Eshooncac, MartinBot, STBot, Adlerschloß, Arjun01, Tekleni, Robert25, Keith D, Starsare69, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Calgvla,Gurgin, Lilac Soul, Alaexis, Dekthep, Artaxiad, SOADman, Numbo3, Thenoflyzone, Gate-way, Casting~enwiki, Craig Thomasian, Ham-parzoum, LordAnubisBOT, Mappase, Bailo26, Geagea, Skier Dude, RenniePet, Drinkerog, NewEnglandYankee, Demonax~enwiki, No-vaSkola, Euthymios, Kansas Bear, Flatterworld, Nnnnnnnnnn~enwiki, Dreamertan, Juliancolton, Srhlg, Cometstyles, DorganBot, John.min,Rednwhiteeverythinrite, IceDragon64, Andy Marchbanks, Ararat arev, Conte di Cavour, Idioma-bot, Dacy69, Norrefeldt, Chinneeb,

12.2 Images 27

VolkovBot, Cantayus, Macedonian, I'mDown, Chlyn, Lego8, Alimir74, Adrian two, Maxtremus, TXiKiBoT, Highemyes, VahagnAve-dian, Impartial1, Corticopia, FlagSteward, Daniil naumoff, Atabəy, REMs en, Cihangir21, Avdav, Tourarmenia, Zerolex, Aymatth2, Var-tanM, VetMax, Melsaran, Sweet Woman, JhsBot, DyceBot, Aryatzi, Supertask, Nour12, Wassermann~enwiki, Shant88, Seb az86556,Domitius, Myden, Aquintero82, Mazarin07, TelecomNut, Tidying Up, D4niel11, Billinghurst, MalteseKnight, Epgui, Usergreatpower,Synthebot, Joseph A. Spadaro, Opetyan, Orestek, Jaguarlaser, Adittes, Gepcsirke, Kızıl Şaman, Alex mond, Kevorkmail, Rodolfostanic,Pjoef, AlleborgoBot, Randam, KaraiBorinquen, Hasam, Vahagn Petrosyan, SieBot, AOnline, Emrecanyener~enwiki, Balthazar, Brenont,Benedetto xvi, Maverick16, Sheppa28, Nihil novi, BotMultichill, Hertz1888, WTucker, Crossheart, Crash Underride, Xelgen, Seem-sclose, Til Eulenspiegel, Atanasio, Reaper 999, Xenophon777, Jsfouche, Ursusbars, Dans, Byrialbot, Colin marks, Jesus on Cheese, Light-mouse, Tombomp, Joe feyzullah, BenoniBot~enwiki, Halcionne, Psalm Tours, Werldwayd, Mitch1981, Svick, Belligero, Rocksanddirt,Bostonh8er, MosMusy, Varanwal, Kifolga, Jobas, Vonones, Karent82, ImageRemovalBot, Khirurg, ClueBot, Ararat73, Eminonuk, Rsri-giri, PipepBot, Otaci~enwiki, Kotniski, Vugardo, Almonde, Kafka Liz, Vidhaug, Paradoxicalengineer, Franamax, Andranikpasha, Drmies,Skäpperöd, JTBX, Kewaga, Niceguyedc, Armenikos, Vitilsky, Parkwells, Bob bobato, Cristi Tm, Zlerman, DragonBot, Alexbot, Pour-nick, Monobi, John Nevard, Another berean, Mfa fariz, Zaharous, Yorkshirian, Enerelt, 517design, NuclearWarfare, Jotterbot, RiccardoRiccioni, Central Data Bank, Steelmate, SoxBot, Jhum8111, Takabeg, Mickey gfss2007, SchreiberBike, BOTarate, Chaosdruid, Saman-tha555, DerBorg, Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, Nareg510, BalkanFever, Glover10, AgnosticPreachersKid, Raminkon, Joseph031164, Namsos,Cerian, Stickee, Renamed vandal 9, Testerarms, Artinis8, Mitch Ames, SilvonenBot, Doobiedoo6986, Zahidbey, MystBot, Dubmill, GoodOlfactory, Avikpram, ElMeBot, Lemmey, Gggh, Cimbom567, Jhendin, Laduqesa, Esparcadia, Narayansg, Corvus13~enwiki, Betteruser-name, Agonzalezb, Kanchelskis-it, Ironholds, CarsracBot, Heaðobards, Chzz, Debresser, LinkFA-Bot, Brufnus, Sardur, St3class, Lightbot,Jarble, Ninetoyadome, Contributor777, WikiHendrik, Fryed-peach, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Senator Palpatine, Trinitrix, Jimjilin, Gönülçe-len, Bility, Mdw0, AnomieBOT, Puertorico1, Brsh, Rubinbot, LlywelynII, TParis, ΘΕΟΔΩΡΟΣ, Bosonic dressing, Mahmudmasri, Cita-tion bot, Quebec99, Parthian Scribe, MauritsBot, Xqbot, I Feel Tired, Timir2, Azturkk, Khajidha, Taron Saharyan, HannesP, Almabot,Xashaiar, RibotBOT, SassoBot, Brutaldeluxe, Cyfraw, GhalyBot, Moxy, MerlLinkBot, Montyofarabia, FrescoBot, Russian Rocky, Cap-tainFugu, Samvelva, MontseBL, Paine Ellsworth, Tobby72, Hovik95, Abbatai, NIR-Warrior, Izzedine, Tavernsenses, Armenian King,Garant^^, Scarletpoet, Egmontbot, Overandaway, Citation bot 1, Kattapusur, Marixist101, DrilBot, TU-nor, HRoestBot, Adlerbot, Abduc-tive, Narek75, Jonesey95, Supreme Deliciousness, AmphBot, ArmOvak, Serols, Khio Khane, RyanHassall, Kgrad, FoxBot, Serpentdove,TobeBot, JMMuller, Vahey4, Rayneci~enwiki, VartanMarkaryan, Rentzepopoulos, TheMightyGeneral, Leondumontfollower, Diannaa,Tbhotch, Brumon, Forsts23, RjwilmsiBot, Bhawani Gautam, Phlegat, EGroup, Ilgar Khankishiyev, DASHBot, Steve03Mills, ArmenianHis-toryX, EmausBot, John of Reading, Dolescum, Santamoly, WikitanvirBot, Sahakian, Look2See1, Aregakn, Aryamahasattva, Distal24, Go-ingBatty, Rarevogel, Kkhach, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, P. S. F. Freitas, Number10a, Italiarm, Hotj, Helsinkicommission, AvicBot, ZéroBot, IdaShaw, Ali55te, Josve05a, Diranakir, AhmedBhadelia, Vitor12345, Iwanttoeditthissh, Jonpatterns, H3llBot, Supra796, Scout 007, Spork-Bot, Vlanko, HammerFilmFan, RaptureBot, Neddy1234, Demiurge1000, Δ, Brandmeister, Anastasia.Bukh, Kentronhayastan, Gold Hat,The Cowdestroyer, ElockidAlternate, Song623, David1010, Hazard-Bot, ChuispastonBot, GermanJoe, Justanotherclue, Woonhocho, Bab-baQ, KarlsenBot, Armenia81, Marshmir, FeatherPluma, Transnebula, ResearchRave, 2taha7, ClueBot NG, Phoenicians8, Saqer Quraysh,Kman665, Bright Darkness, Frietjes, Heyheyheyhohoho, TAG-A-b10, Xenophonix, HarryBowman, Widr, Preacher lad, Wllmevans,Mov25, Lionhead99, MarilynConant, Klodde, WNYY98, Sabuhi from Baku, BG19bot, Murry1975, Mohamed CJ, BorisVM, Tiksn,Arordi-hayordi, Mazandar, Robbiecda, PhnomPencil, HIDECCHI001, Captain armenia, AvocatoBot, Nicat49, Konullu, Frost778, Mid-night Green, Canoe1967, Discodancer2000, Ugncreative Usergname, Rs4815, Yerevantsi, TheShadowCrow, Zhu Haifeng, The AlmighteyDrill, Elgun.babayev, Robavilen, Robert.M, Maurice Flesier, Sprutt, Iryna Harpy, Winterbliss, Obitauri, Hablabar, HarutArmeni, Social-istguy, Shredder2012, RudolfRed, Tomh903, Nocturnal781, Cyberbot II, Spetsnaz1991, Dexbot, Joker-Syoma, Alburzador, Hmainsbot1,Agn106, Charles Essie, Mogism, Jackninja5, Makecat-bot, Ssbbplayer, OBCPO1, Giobrixton, Manger555, RPollard99, Sepsis II, Dag13,CsDix, Rob984, BreakfastJr, A Gounaris, Melonkelon, ZacharyGeorge, Jodosma, Androdin, Hendrick 99, Abrahamic Faiths, Soffredo,Penguins53, EvergreenFir, Dwscomet, Jean11, AcidSnow, LouisAragon, Hetanosyan, Mafioz123, Monochrome Monitor, Scoutguy5427,Eurofan88, Zimboras, Danielph147, Blondeguynative, Motique, Хаченци, HouseOfArtaxiad, K9re11, Ali Zifan, WikiWinters, Janavar,Andrew Gunner, Jamesincalifornia, Wwikix, TheBoulderite, Hjalnobel, Steverci, Monopoly31121993, Van.se, Tiptoethrutheminefield,Mhhossein, Ramorue, Football3434, Secretkeeper12, Kges1901, Mundopopular, Cyber-Policeman, Cyntiamaspian, LordMathe2, Alekorubin, Harut111, Unocha.visual, Wrestlingring, Emanuelito martinez, Hayordi, Cynulliad, AnulBanul, Mitsukurina, Hrachik m, Eteethan,Keg12345, 1989, Dash9Z, Krastama, Belson 303, Squiver, 92slim, Jamunal, KasparBot, Hyrudagon, Knife-in-the-drawer, Alimeherre-moff, MusikBot, Leo Freeman, Amin İsgəndərli, Oatitonimly, BD2412bot, Janbazian, MELB1110, Kevinkljyan, Tsavt Tanem, Tridek Sep,Modern Sciences, LibyanMercenary, MediaKill13, Davide Denti (OBC), Hddty., Gpapazian, Retention7, Damianmx, InternetArchiveBot,JJMC89 bot, Wq639, Anticla rutila, GreenC bot, Robot psychiatrist, Ejohn319, Jshan57, Jivebop, Motivação, Turkcumhuriyeti, Norman-lusafe, Bender the Bot, Sondrion, Nucdian, Varj26, Cynulliad3, Mehmet El Turko, Zappycat2, TurkumTurkoglu, Boylala, Green Cow andAnonymous: 679

12.2 Images• File:11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg License:

Public domain Contributors:• Uploaded from en.wikipedia en:Image:11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg Original artist: (loader in english wikipedia): en:MarshallBagramyan• File:2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-8.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/2010_Moscow_

Victory_Day_Parade-8.jpeg License: CC BY 4.0 Contributors: http://www.kremlin.ru/news/7686 Original artist: Presidential Press andInformation Office

• File:2014.06.23._Charles_Aznavour_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_09.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/2014.06.23._Charles_Aznavour_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_09.jpg License: CCBY 3.0 Contributors: Ownwork = KmariusOriginal artist: Mar-iusz Kubik, http://www.mariuszkubik.pl

• File:ATC_MAB_Graduates.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/ATC_MAB_Graduates.JPG License:CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Narek75

• File:Armenia_Export_Profile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Armenia_Export_Profile.svg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: The Observatory of Economic Complexity http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/arm/ Originalartist: Alexander Simoes

• File:Armenia_locator_map_ITA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Armenia_locator_map_ITA.pngLicense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Vilnius

28 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Armenia_template.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Armenia_template.svg License: CCBY-SA3.0 Contributors:

• Armenia_map_numbered.svg Original artist: Armenia_map_numbered.svg: Bastique• File:ArmenianDiaspora.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/ArmenianDiaspora.png License: CC BY-

SA 3.0 Contributors: en:Armenian population by country Original artist: en:User:Yerevanci• File:Armenian_Empire.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Armenian_Empire.png License: CC-BY-

SA-3.0 Contributors: Self-made; loosely based on the map found on page 132 of George A. Bournoutian’s A Concise History of theArmenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present ISBN 1568591411 Original artist: Aivazovsky

• File:Armenian_cuisine.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Armenian_cuisine.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: en.wikipedia Original artist: Ketone16

• File:Armenianarmya.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Armenianarmya.jpg License: AttributionContributors: http://armeniadiaspora.com Original artist: http://armeniadiaspora.com

• File:Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg License: CCBY-SA 3.0 Contributors: http://armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=File:Armeniapedia-dance_1171.jpg Original artist: Raffi Kojian

• File:Armenien_topo.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Armenien_topo.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors: Own work Original artist: Captain Blood

• File:Arshakuni_Armenia_150-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Arshakuni_Armenia_150-en.svg License: FAL Contributors:

• Topographic background : NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM3 v.2) (public domain) Original artist: Sémhur• File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_

projection%29.svg License: GFDL Contributors: National Geographic. Map by SsolbergjAquarius.geomar.deOriginal artist:Koyos + Ssolbergj (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ssolbergj' title='User talk:Ssolbergj'>talk</a>)

• File:Capture_of_Erivan_Fortress_by_Russia,_1827_(by_Franz_Roubaud).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Capture_of_Erivan_Fortress_by_Russia%2C_1827_%28by_Franz_Roubaud%29.jpg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: Покоренный Кавказ (очерки исторического прошлого и современного положения Кавказа с иллюстрациями), Книга I-IV,СПб.,1904 Original artist: Franz Alekseevitch Rubo (1856-1928)

• File:Carte_du_Conseil_de_l'Europe.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work by uploader, based on Image:Euro 2008.png Original artist: JLogan

• File:Cilician_Armenia-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Cilician_Armenia-en.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:

• Topographic background : NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM30 v.2) (public domain)Original artist:Sémhur• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svgLicense: Public domain Contributors: extracted AI File from yeraguyn.com Original artist: this coat of arms is based on the one created byAlexander Tamanian and Hakob Kojoyan for the Democratic Republic of Armenia, 1918—1922

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-nal artist: ?

• File:Decrease2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Decrease2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:Own work Original artist: Sarang

• File:Djivan_Gasparyan_2009.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Djivan_Gasparyan_2009.jpg Li-cense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sebmarouani

• File:Dmitry_Medvedev_at_Armenian_Genocide_memorial-1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Dmitry_Medvedev_at_Armenian_Genocide_memorial-1.jpg License: CC BY 4.0 Contributors: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/photos/2008/10/208177.shtml Original artist: Presidential Press and Information Office

• File:Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: TheSign 1998

• File:Etchmiadzin_cathedral.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Etchmiadzin_cathedral.jpg License:CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Echmiadzin cathedral church. October 3, 2008 Original artist: Butcher

• File:Europe_green_light.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png License: Publicdomain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aegean Boy

• File:Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_(with_borders).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors:Derived from File:Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg and File:Europe on the globe (red).svg. Original artist: Rob984

• File:Flag_of_Abkhazia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Abkhazia.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work , see URL http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty/flag_b.jpg Original artist: Drawn by User:Achim1999

• File:Flag_of_Adjara.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Urmas

• File:Flag_of_Adygea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg License: Public domainContributors: Drawn by Conscious using Image:Flag of Russia Adygeya.png and specifications at [1]. Original artist: Conscious

• File:Flag_of_Albania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

12.2 Images 29

• File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Originalartist: SKopp and others

• File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svgLicense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: The flag of Bulgaria. The colors are specified at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Dagestan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domainContributors:

• File based on the specification given at [1].Original artist:User:Verdy p, User:-xfi-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi, User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Original artist: User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domainContributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)

• File:Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mysid

• File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contrib-utors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.htmlOriginal artist: Various

• File:Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hellerick

• File:Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Based on Image:Francophonie 1987.png. Original artist: Denelson83

• File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: vector coat of arms image traced by User:Nameneko from Image:Moldova gerb large.png. Construction sheet canbe found at http://flagspot.net/flags/md.html#const Original artist: Nameneko and others

• File:Flag_of_Nagorno-Karabakh.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Flag_of_Nagorno-Karabakh.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg License:Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan

• File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-nal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domainContributors: From http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/o_skupstini/simboli/simboli.asp. Original artist: sodipodi.com

• File:Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg License:Public domain Contributors: The law on State flag of South Ossetia Original artist: Various

• File:Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg License:Public domain Contributors: http://www.stavkray.ru/law/flag-p.html and http://www.stavkray.ru/law/gerb-p.html (the website of StavropolKrai government) Original artist: Hellerick

• File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domainContributors: Turkish Flag Law (Türk Bayrağı Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of theTurkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)

• File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domainContributors: ДСТУ 4512:2006 — Державний прапор України. Загальні технічні умови Original artist: Government of Ukraine

• File:Flag_of_the_CIS.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg License: Public domainContributors: ГОСТ 30470-97 Флаг Содружества Независимых Государств. Технические условия.[1] Based on an image at Flags ofthe World. Original artist: Denelson83

• File:Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lokal Profil

• File:Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

30 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• Решение№ 76 «Об утверждении Положения о символике Евразийского экономического союза»Original artist:Eurasian Commission• File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:

PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?• File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-

sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?• File:Garni_Temple_02.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Garni_Temple_02.JPG License: CC BY-

SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gnvard• File:Gnome-globe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg License: LGPL Contributors:

http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-themes-extras/0.9/gnome-themes-extras-0.9.0.tar.gz Original artist: David Vignoni• File:Government_building_of_the_first_Rep._of_Armenia_(1918-1920),_Yerevan.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/

wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Government_building_of_the_first_Rep._of_Armenia_%281918-1920%29%2C_Yerevan.jpg License: CCBY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomasfrederick/165354724/in/set-72157594163055945/ Original artist: ThomasFrederick

• File:Gubernias_del_Caucaso.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Gubernias_del_Caucaso.png Li-cense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Shliahov

• File:Gyumri_in_2013,_from_the_Vartanants_square.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Gyumri_in_2013%2C_from_the_Vartanants_square.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/81399520@N00/15830766701/ Original artist: Spetznaz1991

• File:Herodotus_World_Map.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Herodotus_World_Map.jpg License:Public domain Contributors: http://www.meer.org/ebook/herodotus-world-map-1a.jpg Original artist: Cush

• File:Increase2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Increase2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:Own work Original artist: Sarang

• File:Ireland_Armenia_teams.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ireland_Armenia_teams.jpg License:CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/smemon/6236922455/ Original artist: Sean MacEntee

• File:Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: RaffiKojian http://www.armeniapedia.org

• File:Kohrvirab.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Kohrvirab.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:self-made. This image was also published under a different license at found at http://www.andrewsevag.com/p185679495/h2774cbc7#h2774cbc7 Original artist: Andrew Behesnilian (MrAndrew47)

• File:Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg License: CCBY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/karpidis/6319418131/ Original artist: Andreas Kontokanis

• File:Mer_Hayrenik_instrumental.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Mer_Hayrenik_instrumental.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mer_Hayrenik_instrumental.ogg Original artist: [1]

• File:Morgenthau336.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Morgenthau336.jpg License: Public domainContributors: Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story Doubleday, Page p314, (http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/morgenthau/images/Morgen50.jpg) Original artist: Henry Morgenthau

• File:Moscow,_embassy_of_Armenia_(2).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Moscow%2C_embassy_of_Armenia_%282%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work by the original uploader Original artist: NVO

• File:Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Սէրուժ Ուրիշեան (Serouj Ourishian)

• File:NKR_war.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/NKR_war.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contribu-tors: Own work Original artist: Jalpeyrie

• File:Old_Persian_a.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Old_Persian_a.png License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Ivan Štambuk

• File:Old_Persian_i.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Old_Persian_i.png License: Public domainCon-tributors: Own work Original artist: Ivan Štambuk

• File:Old_Persian_mi.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Old_Persian_mi.png License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Vahagn Petrosyan

• File:Old_Persian_na.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Old_Persian_na.png License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Vahagn Petrosyan

• File:Old_Persian_ra.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Old_Persian_ra.png License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Ivan Štambuk

• File:Overdone_house_in_Yerevan.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Overdone_house_in_Yerevan.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sjdunphy/5211791302/in/set-72157625055630012/ Originalartist: Shaun Dunphy

• File:Parliament_Yerevan_building.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Parliament_Yerevan_building.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 cz Contributors: http://www.en.wikipedia.org Original artist: Kevorkmail

• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0Contributors:Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:Tkgd2007

• File:September_21,_2011_parade,_Yerevan.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/September_21%2C_2011_parade%2C_Yerevan.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Janbazian

12.3 Content license 31

• File:Sirusho_Harutyunyan_at_Eurovision_2008_8.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Sirusho_Harutyunyan_at_Eurovision_2008_8.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: DSCF1048 Original artist: Daniel Aragay from Vacarisses,Catalunya

• File:Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg License:CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:

• Caucasiamapussr.gifOriginal artist:Caucasiamapussr.gif: Original uploader was Artaxiad at en.wikipedia• File:Speakerlink-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg License: CC0 Contribu-tors: Own work Original artist: Kelvinsong

• File:Tsaghkadzor_Olympic_Sports_complex.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Tsaghkadzor_Olympic_Sports_complex.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: File:Zachatztor aus dem Lift.JPG Original artist: Dec53

• File:Vanadzor.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Vanadzor.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors:Own work Original artist: Artur Tsaturyan

• File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.

• File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use official Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded bySimon.

• File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur

• File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Original artist:Nicholas Moreau

• File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License:CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky

• File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AleXXw

• File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dan Polansky based on work currently attributed to Wikimedia Foundation but originallycreated by Smurrayinchester

• File:Yerevan-summer88_-_020_(1).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Yerevan-summer88_-_020_%281%29.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: FHen

• File:Yerevan_State_Medical_University.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Yerevan_State_Medical_University.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Serouj

• File:Zabel_return.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Zabel_return.jpg License: Public domain Contrib-utors:This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author’s life plus70 years or less.Original artist: Vardges Surenianc (1860-1921)

• File:Գեղարդ.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Սէրուժ Ուրիշեան (Serouj Ourishian)

• File:Երեւան.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Սէրուժ Ուրիշեան (Serouj Ourishian)

• File:Էջմիածնի_Մայր_Տաճար.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Areg Amirkhanian

12.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0