are badjao women settlers entrepreneurial?

ARE BADJAO WOMEN SETTLERS ENTREPRENEURIAL?

Romiro G. Bautista1, Harmon C. Marcelo

2

Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Inc.

Email address: [email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract

This study intends to present the entrepreneurability of Badjao women settlers in Santiago City.

As traced on their history, Badjaos are originally business oriented sea nomads who are skilled

fishers and sea traders. Using Descriptive research, the respondents’ personal and entrepre-

neurial characteristics, as well as their business intents, were determined. Findings revealed that

Badjao women settlers in Santiago City are mostly persistent, independent and goal-setter.

Moreover, the respondents’ personal attributes, achievement orientation, risk-taking and inno-

vation are of great extent on their entrepreneurial characteristics. Results further confirm that

there is no significant difference on the entrepreneurial characteristics of the Badjao women

settlers when grouped according to age, civil status, education and origin. Concomitantly, the

Badjao women settlers intend to put-up business on livestock, buy and sell, beauty salon and

dressmaking/tailoring.

Key Terms: Entrepreneuriability, Entrepreneurial characteristics, Badjao Women.

1. Introduction

Essential to economic growth of any nation are people, defined as entrepreneurs, who realize an

entrepreneurial opportunity and take risks to benefit from it [1]. Entrepreneurship, as one of the

important characteristics of this economic participation, should be seeded in the minds of every

individual. Attitudes, personal characteristics, orientation and motivation, as well as opportuni-

ties, define a person’s entepreneuriability [2].

Bajao, also termed as Bajau and Bajaw, are associated with Sama or Samal, a seaborne lifestyle

through small wooden sailing vessels such as perahu and vinta. Originated in the southern Phil-

ippine coasts, Bajao are called as the Sea Gypsies who came from the older inhabited areas asso-

ciated with the development of sea trade. Mostly, male Badjaos, who belong to the family of

chieftains, are either fishermen (Badjaos being sea nomads are skilled fishers) or pearl vendors

(Badjaos have a steady supply of cultured pearls from Palawan and Mindanao). The women, who

used to be baby-sitter, are fruits and food vendors in their community to augment the income of

the family. Because of this niche, Badjaos are sea dependent and generally illiterate. Living off

the seashores, they live as sea traders on subsistence fishing [3].

Concomitantly, Bajao people left Zamboanga because of the wanton terrorism in the area for at

least 5 decades now. The terroristic activities in the area had caused them leave their nomadic

mailto:[email protected]

42 Bautista, R.G. & Marcelo, H.C. Are Badjao Women Settlers Entrepreneurial?

habitat and migrated to other places. Mostly, they transferred to the urban areas like Metro are-

as in Metro Manila, Cebu, Davao, Cagayan de Oro and the rest of the country. At present,

Badjaos, especially women carrying their youngsters, are often seen along the busy streets who

beg for money and foods. With these as primary notions for Bajao people, they are associated

with laziness because they would rather beg than work for money. They are also considered un-

hygienic because they wear dirty clothes with an unwashed face. However, Badjao people had

signified their intentions to participate in economic growth and practice as some of them are

now educated [3].

Concomitantly, Badjao people, being uneducated and underprivileged in the economic commu-

nity, need to be empowered by knowing their entrepreneurial capabilities and interests. The crux

of the issue is: our present bureaucracy offers meager social and economic programs for the

Badjao people especially the women settlers albeit researchers have long emphasized the im-

portance of entrepreneurship and innovativeness in providing fair economic opportunities for

everybody.

At the streamline of knowing the entrepreneurial characteristics of such groups of individuals are

2 major lines of interests: (1) personal or cognitive factors and (2) environmental or contextual

factors [1]. At the forefront of the investigation, the determinant of these characteristics is more

of economical rather than social. Accordingly, the aims of this pursuit are start-ups,

self-employment, job creation, knowledge advancement and skills development [1] [2] [4] [5].

Theory of Planned Behavior. This theory explains that behavioral intentions are influenced by

the attitude about the likelihood of a behavior to have an expected outcome and the subjective

evaluation of its risks and benefits. It is an envisaged that one’s behavior is a function of beliefs

purported not only to be relevant but related to behavior. This theory posits that an individual

generally forms a favorable attitude towards those behaviors purported to have desirable out-

comes and is negatively inclined towards unfavorable consequences. To this end, it is argued that

while one’s decision to become an entrepreneur is assumed to be premeditated having been

preceded by an intention to do so. In other scenarios, this intention is conceived only shortly

before the actual decision [6]. On the other hand, it is also argued that the entrepreneurial in-

tention may never translate into actual behavior. However, on the whole, it is assumed that en-

trepreneurial intentions largely influence, although unwholesomely, an individual’s decision to

establish an enterprise [6]. Furthermore, it was said that motivations for business start-ups

among potential entrepreneurs are driven mostly by self-achievement desire, need for more

money and desire for a higher social and professional status [7].

Socialization and Family Role in Business Mindset. This study puts forward the assumption that

socialization plays a great impact and influence to individual’s entrepreneurial intentions. An in-

dividual may be socialized formally and informally at home, at school, and to other spheres of

interaction. Eminent researchers and authors claim that family background and parental

role-modeling are the most prominent factors that affect early socialization; hence, formation of

attitude towards entrepreneurship. In fact, it is propound that an individual’s “entrepreneurial

Journal of Technology, Business Education and Interdisciplinary Studies 43

preparedness and entrepreneurial career expectancy” is largely influenced by the presence of a

role model in their life as well as the role models’ perceived entrepreneurial performance. Ap-

purtenant thereto, it is concurred that individuals who desire to be business enterprise owners

are most likely to have parents as role models. It is therefore plausible to argue that an individu-

al’s family plays an important role in assisting an aspiring entrepreneur with opportunities as

well as financial and networking resources. Aptly, role models, especially the family, play a sig-

nificant factor in the development of one’s entrepreneurial personality, future career attitude as

well as their entrepreneurial intentions [8]. On the other hand, the negative response could be

attributed to lack of the entrepreneurship element or thrust in the education systems. This phe-

nomenon has inadvertently led to negative mindset in terms of confidence, initiative and crea-

tivity and negative perception towards entrepreneurship as a career choice [8] [9].

In view of the foregoing, women are considered as an important human resource of any nation.

Aptly, every state should try to utilize them as mediators of economic growth and development.

One of the ways of achieving this is encouraging women to get involve in entrepreneurship. Un-

fortunately, the traditional mindset of the society, and negligence of the state and respective

authorities hinder the act of empowering the minorities particularly women towards entrepre-

neurship development. In fact, major part of national economic development is contributed by

rural economy. Rural women need to step out of home and take responsibilities in the society.

Entrepreneurship is considered a key for women empowerment especially in rural areas. Hence,

there is a need for a continuous attempt to inspire, encourage, motivate and cooperate women

entrepreneurs: promotion of women entrepreneurs must be prompted by the government.

Awareness programs should be conducted on a mass scale with the intention of creating aware-

ness among women on the various areas of establishing business [5].

Researchers conducted along this line introduced micro-financing as a mean of developing mi-

nority people to start their own business [9]. Micro-finance has evolved as a key instrument to

afford financial and non-financial facilities among poor people in developing countries. It focuses

on micro-credit, savings and insurance, and other financial and nonfinancial services to the

low-income people of a country. More than 13 million micro-entrepreneurs worldwide have

benefited through microcredit: using loan facilities in order to improve their wealth and their

families. However, 200 million families remain to work hard although they cannot access afford-

able credit. Astutely, micro-financing institutions help poor people particularly women in effec-

tive ways in order to create income generating activities [10]. Aptly, micro-finance facilities cre-

ate more job opportunities in a variety of economic activities, improve household education,

family welfare, and empower women themselves. Micro-finance scheme under the framework

of women empowerment and rationalization of indigenous people is a strategy in increasing

women entrepreneurs to enlighten the women entrepreneurs on record keeping, building assets,

managing risk and increasing savings. These are identified as the best strategies for helping poor

women entrepreneurs’ access on financial and non-financial services. It is often argued that the

formal financial sector and informal financial sector in developing countries have failed to serve

the poorer section of the community. Collateral, credit rationing, preference for high income cli-


ents and large loans, and bureaucratic and lengthy procedures of providing loan in the formal

sector keep poor people outside the boundary of the formal sector among the financial institu-

tions of developing countries [1] [2] [3] [4] [5].

1.1 Objectives of the Study

This study is designed to determine the entrepreneurial characteristics and business intent of Badjao

women settlers in Santiago City.

Specifically, it aimed to present the:

1. personal characteristics of Badjao women settlers;

2. entrepreneurial characteristics of Badjao women settlers;

3. significant difference on the entrepreneurial characteristics of Badjao women settlers when

grouped according to:

a. age;

b. civil status;

c. education; and

d. regional origin.

4. types of business intents of Badjao women settlers.

2. Methodology

The Descriptive Research design was used in this study as it tried to gather data on the preva-

lence of entrepreneurial spirit and intention of Badjao women settlers. The comparative design

was also used as it also tried to ascertain a comparative analysis on the respondents’ behaviors

towards entrepreneurship as influenced by their age, civil status, educational training and re-

gional origin. The respondents of this study were the Badjao women settlers in Santiago City. A

total of 100 Badjao women settlers were used through quota sampling procedure. A question-

naire on the determinant of the entrepreneurial characteristics of women Badjao settlers was

constructed and validated. Expert pooling was done among the Business Faculty members in

CVCITC. The revised instrument was field tested to a group of 30 women Business Administra-

tion students. The items were analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha. It was found out that the materi-

al had an alpha value of .689. Eminent researchers claimed that an alpha value that exceeds

0.6 signifies acceptable reliability [12]. Hence, a valid and reliable instrument. Data were col-

lected among the Badjao women settlers in Santiago City through the validated questionnaire

constructed by the authors. The researchers personally floated the questionnaire among the re-

spondents in their resettlement areas: Mabini and Calao East; both are barangays of Santiago

City. Data were tallied, treated and analyzed to give shed on the formulated research problems.

The frequency counts, ranking, mean and ANOVA were used in the study. Data were treated us-

ing SPSS.


As shown in the Figure 1, the study puts forward the assumptions that age, civil status, educa-

tion and regional origin of the Badjao women settlers, together with their personal characteris-

tics and business mindset, are related to their entrepreneurial characteristics. The assertion of

entrepreneurial characteristics is coined through an understanding on the traced respondents’

entrepreneurial characteristics based on their history and origin. These intents are further ex-

plained through theories on planned behaviors and socialization, and family role in building in-

terests. Aptly, these interests are either (1) personal or cognitive factors, or (2) environmental or

contextual factors.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 The Personal Characteristics of Badjao Women Settlers.

Presented in Table 1 are the personal characteristics of the Badjao women settlers in Santiago

City. It presents that their prevailing characteristics are persistent, independent and goal-setter.

It has been said that attitude, personal characteristics and motivations, as well as social and

economic opportunities and privileges, define a person’s entrepreneurability [1]. Moreover,

Badjao, as history claims, were originally sea nomads who were skilled fishers and sea traders

although they were illiterates [3].

Table 1. The Personal Characteristics of Badjao Women Settlers

Personal Characteristics Frequency Rank

1 I am independent. 124 2

2 I am persistent. 127 1

3 I am a goal-setter. 123 3

4 I am self-reliant. 121 4.5

5 I am an action-oriented person. 121 4.5

Aptly, the need for continuous attempt to inspire, encourage, motivate and cooperate women en-

trepreneurs is highly wanting if the government is serious in its pursuit of providing equal oppor-

tunities to its populace towards economic growth and development: promotion of women entre-

preneurs must be prompted by the government [5]. The foregoing results can be construed then

that entrepreneurship is seeded in the schema of the respondents since time immemorial but left

unaided for their total development as there are too meager opportunities for them to succeed.


3.2 The Entrepreneurial Characteristics of Badjao Women Settlers.

Table 2. The Entrepreneurial Characteristics of Badjao Women Settlers

Mean Descriptive

Interpretation

Personal Attributes 4.138 Great Extent

Achievement Orientation 3.875 Great Extent

Risk-taking 3.951 Great Extent

Innovation 3.966 Great Extent

Composite Mean 3.983 Great Extent

Presented in the foregoing table is the extent of the respondents’ personal characteristics

on their entrepreneuriability. It presents that the respondents’ entrepreneurial character-

istics are greatly influenced by their personal characteristics: mean of 3.983 and inter-

preted as great extent. Among the indicators of personal characteristics that influence

their entrepreneuriabilities, the most is their personal attributes (4.138), followed by in-

novation, risk-taking and achievement orientation: mean of 3.966, 3.951 and 3.875, re-

spectively.

Personal attributes are measured in terms of their independence, persistence, goal setting,

self-reliance and their being action-oriented person. Achievement orientation, on the other

hand, is measured by the following: My life’s conditions challenge me to dream for some-

thing definite, I am inspired of seeing successful businessmen in the area, I am willing to be

trained on putting up small business and livelihood projects, I am eager to start a small

livelihood project even with meager capital, and I set plans of actions to realize my dreams.

Their risk-taking characteristics were known through the following: I immediately consider

a new plan when my first move does not materialize, I use all what I have once I get into a

business, I am willing to try new methods, techniques, strategies to improve my business, I

am willing to get into new business although I am not sure about it, and I use new

knowledge and information immediately. Lastly, innovation, or their ability to feature new

ideas and methods, is known in the following attributes: I am willing to try new methods,

techniques, strategies to improve my business, I am willing to attend livelihood training

and seminars to gain new ideas in doing a new small business, I can try new commodities

and introduce it to my colleagues and friends, I am open to cooperative partnership, and I

am artistic.

Based on the foregoing, it can be said that Badjao women settlers are entrepreneurial;

however they are bombarded with little opportunities and privileges (if not no opportunity

at all) as nobody believes and trusts them in their entrepreneurial and economic capabili-

ties. The absence of opportunities and privileges (both social and economic) make them

continuously in their clout as economically challenged and underprivileged individuals


who prefer to beg along the streets. In an interview with the respondents, they claimed

that in as much as they want to become useful economically and uplift their conditions in

life, nobody wants to mingle and trust them. Furthermore, they made an appeal to the

government that they are also Filipinos who need its caress towards economic and social

engagement for them to participate in its economic growth and development. Concomi-

tantly, it has been said that start-ups, self-employment, job creation, knowledge advance-

ment and skills development are key factors on the development of entrepreneuriability of

an individual [1] [2] [4] [5].

3.3 The Entrepreneurial Characteristics of Badjao Women Settlers when grouped ac-

cording to Age, Civil Status, Education and Origin.

Table 3. The Entrepreneurial Characteristics of Badjao Women Settlers when grouped

according to Age

Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square

F Sig. Decision

Personal

Attribute

Between Groups 0.806 2 0.403 1.506 0.226 Insignificant

Within Groups 33.982 127 0.268

Total 34.788 129

Achievement

Orientation



Total 38.101 129

Risk Taking



Total 34.085 129

Innovation



Total 37.131 129

Presented in the foregoing table are the test results on the entrepreneurial characteristics

of the respondents when grouped according to age. Age, as used in this study, is classified

as below 20, 20 – 40 and 41 – 60. It presents that there is a comparable entrepreneurial

characteristics among them as indicated by the F-test results: F-values of 1.506, 2.278,

2.330 and 0.628, and p-values of 0.226, 0.107, 0.101 and 0.535, respectively for personal

attributes, achievement orientation, risk-taking and innovation, at 0.05 level of significance.

These results imply that there is no significant difference on their perception towards their

entrepreneurial characteristics. Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted.

The foregoing results are supported by the tenets of entrepreneurial characteristics of pro-


spective entrepreneurs as advanced to the framework of Stewart, Watson and Carland as

cited in the study of Chavez [2]. This further confirms that Badjao women, despite their ge-

ographical origin, are entrepreneurial. These characteristics are known based on what the

literature is revealing [3]. Therefore, Badjao women can really participate in the economic

development of the society.


according to Civil Status

Levene's Test for Equality of

Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df Sig.

(2-tailed)

Mean

Diff.

Decision

Personal

Attribute

Equal variances

assumed

0.163 0.687 -0.894 128 0.373 -0.0862 Insignificant

Achievement

Orientation

Equal variances

assumed

0.006 0.941 -1.537 128 0.127 -0.1540 Insignificant

Risk Taking Equal variances

assumed

0.733 0.393 0.012 128 0.990 0.0012 Insignificant

Innovation Equal variances

assumed

0.512 0.475 0.038 128 0.970 0.0038 Insignificant

Presented in Table 4 are the test results on the entrepreneurial characteristics of the re-

spondents when grouped according to civil status. It presents that equality of variances was

determined through Levene’s test: F-values of 0.163, 0.006, 0.733 and 0.512, and p-values of

0.687, 0.941, 0.393 and 0.475, respectively for personal attributes, achievement orientation,

risk-taking and innovation, at 0.05 level of significance. Hence, equal variances are as-

sumed on the 4 indicators.

Corollary to this test results are the t-test results: t-values of -0.894, -1.537, 0.012 and 0.038,

and p-values of 0.373, 0.127, 0.990 and 0.970, respectively for personal attributes, achieve-

ment orientation, risk-taking and innovation, at 0.05 level of significance. This means that

there is no significant difference on their entrepreneurial characteristics when grouped ac-

cording to civil status. Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted.


spondents when grouped according to education. Education, as used in this study, is classi-

fied as Primary and Elementary levels. It presents that equality of variances was determined

through Levene’s test: F-values of 2.777, 0.817, 3.530 and 0.292, and p-values of 0.098,

0.368, 0.063 and 0.590, respectively for personal attributes, achievement orientation,

risk-taking and innovation, at 0.05 level of significance. Hence, equal variances are as-

sumed on the 4 indicators.



according to Education


Variances


F Sig. t df Sig.

(2-tailed)

Mean

Diff.

Decision

Personal

Attribute

Equal variances

assumed

2.777 0.098 1.722 128 0.087 0.1566 Insignificant

Achievement

Orientation

Equal variances

assumed

0.817 0.368 -0.268 128 0.789 -0.0258 Insignificant


assumed

3.530 0.063 0.666 128 0.507 0.0605 Insignificant


assumed

0.292 0.590 0.012 128 0.990 0.0011 Insignificant

Corollary to this test results are the t-test results on the entrepreneurial characteristics of

the respondents when grouped according to education: t-values of 1.722, -0.268, 0.666 and

0.012, and p-values of 0.087, 0.789, 0.507 and 0.990, respectively for personal attributes,

achievement orientation, risk-taking and innovation, at 0.05 level of significance. This

means that there is no significant difference on their entrepreneurial characteristics when

grouped according to education. Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted.


according to Origin


Variances


F Sig. t df Sig.

(2-tailed)

Mean

Diff.

Decision

Personal

Attribute

Equal variances

assumed

0.001 0.997 -0.109 128 0.913 -0.0106 Insignificant

Achievement

Orientation

Equal variances

assumed

1.195 0.276 -0.096 128 0.924 -0.0097 Insignificant


assumed

2.290 0.133 -0.563 128 0.574 -0.0538 Insignificant


assumed

0.037 0.849 0.038 128 0.970 0.0038 Insignificant


spondents when grouped according to origin. Origin, as used in this study, is classified as

Sulu and Mindanao. It presents that equality of variances was determined through Levene’s


test: F-values of 0.001, 1.195, 2.290, 0.037, and p-values of 0.997, 0.276, 0.133 and 0.849,

respectively for personal attributes, achievement orientation, risk-taking and innovation, at

0.05 level of significance. Hence, equal variances are assumed on the 4 indicators.

Corollary to this test results are the t-test results entrepreneurial characteristics of the re-

spondents when grouped according to origin: t-values of -0.109, -0.096, -0.563 and 0.038,

and p-values of 0.913, 0.924, 0.574 and 0.970, respectively for personal attributes,

achievement orientation, risk-taking and innovation, at 0.05 level of significance. This

means that there is no significant difference on their entrepreneurial characteristics when

grouped according to origin. Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted.

The foregoing results could be attributed to the Theory of Planned Behavior. This theory ex-

plains that behavioral intentions (entrepreneurial characteristics in this study) are influ-

enced by the person’s attitude about the likelihood that behavior will have the expected

outcome and the subjective evaluation of its risks and benefits. It is an envisaged that one’s

behavior is a function of his beliefs purported not only to be relevant but related to the be-

havior. This theory posits that an individual generally forms a favorable attitude towards

those behaviors purported to have desirable outcomes and is negatively inclined towards

unfavorable consequences [6] [7]. However, this is dependent on the personal or cognitive

factors and environmental or contextual factors to which the person is raised [1] [2] [3] [4]

[5].

Realizing the economic potentials of women, particularly the minorities like the Badjao,

calls a judicious mediation and complementation towards economic growth and develop-

ment. One of the ways of achieving it is encouraging women to get involve in entrepre-

neurship. Unfortunately, the traditional mindset of the society and negligence of the state

and respective authorities hinder the act of empowering the minorities particularly women

towards entrepreneurship development [5]. In the neglect of the state of providing such is

the sublime roles of NGO’s, academe and micro-financing institutions: a collaborative effort

towards building a culture of economic and social development [1] [5] [9] [10].

3.4 Types of Business Intents of Badjao Women Settlers

Table 7. The Business Intents of Badjao Women Settlers

Business Intents of Badjao Women Settlers Frequency Rank

1 Poultry and Livestock (Manukan, Bibihan, kambingan, etc.) 73 1

2 Buy and Sell (Sari-sari store, eatery, barbequehan) 41 2

3 Beauty Salon (Panggugupit, Manicure at pedicure, Pangungulot) 30 3

4 Tailoring and Dressmaking 12 4

Presented in the foregoing table are the business intents of the Badjao women settlers in

Santiago City. As it can be gleaned on the foregoing table, most of them intend to put-up a

livestock business. Next to this intent are buy and sell, beauty salon and tailoring and dress


making. The foregoing poses a great training and development among them so that their

business intents would be a success. Among their wantings were trainings on technical

know-how in business, good grooming so that they will look hygienic and pleasing to the

eyes of their customers (for food, beauty salon and dress making), and other ways and

means of establishing a small-scale business. They also appealed for the compassion and

attention among non-governmental organizations and institutions to help in their odds to-

wards a better life; unlike the life that they have as unhygienic and beggars along the

streets. Awareness programs should be conducted on a mass scale with the intention of

creating awareness among women about the various areas to conduct business [5].

Aptly, micro-financing will play an important role in realizing this economic equality espe-

cially among the marginalized people like the respondents. Hence, micro-finance is an im-

perative mean of developing minority people to start their own business [9]. Micro-finance

has evolved as a key instrument to afford financial and non-financial facilities among poor

people in developing countries. It focuses on micro-credit, savings and insurance, and other

financial and non-financial services to the low-income people of a country [10] [11].

Implications to Theory and Practice

The foregoing results and findings pose the following implications:

1. Since the respondents were found to be entrepreneurial but financially incapable, it im-

plies that the government and other non-government agencies need to extend their ser-

vices particularly on their financial intermediation services, social intermediation ser-

vices, enterprise development services, social services and micro-financial services;

2. Since there are limited services offered among the respondents particularly on honing

their capabilities in entrepreneurship, it is wanting that academic institutions offering

Business Education will extend seminar and training programs in entrepreneurship. Such

services will definitely improve their business or entrepreneurial acumen in making

them successful;

3. Since most of the respondents intended to engage in having entrepreneurial ventures,

micro-financial services should be made available in the society especially the marginal-

ized people like the respondents. The presence of these services will leverage such con-

ditions especially to those who really want to put-up their business but financially inca-

pable;

4. The government and other institutions need to rationalize and rebrand the image of the

Badjao people if this entrepreneurial intent is to be realized. Rationalizing and rebrand-

ing their image is tantamount to enabling them participate in nation and economic

building of the country.

References

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framework. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Development, 7 (1), 32 – 39.

[2] Chavez, G.S. (2004). Are women micro-entrepeneurs of Paliparan, Dasmarinas Cavite entre-

preneurial? ENEDA Journal, 1(1), pp 23 – 38.

[3] Campo, L.G. (2013). The Badjaos: their real story. The Freeman.

http://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2013/02/18/910267/badjaos-their-real-story

[4] Mwasalwiba, E.S. (2010). Entrepreneurship education: a review of its objectives, teaching

methods and impact indicators. Education and Training, 52 (1), 20 – 47

[5] Meenakshi, S.P., Subrahmanyam, V. & Ravichandran, K. (2013). Entrepreneurship as a tool

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[6] Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Deci-

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[7] Badulescu, A. & Dodescu, A. (2010). Entrepreneurial training and attitude toward entrepre-

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national Conference on Economy and Management Transformation, 2, 21 – 30.

[8] Reynolds, D.P. (2001). The global entrepreneurship monitor: Executive report.

[9] Rathiranee, Y & Semasinghe, D.M. (2014). Empowering women entrepreneurs through mi-

cro-finance in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka: challenges and scenarios. Journal of Social Science, 3

(4), 549 – 562.

[10] Chowdhury, M.J.A., (2008). Does the participation in the microcredit programs contribute

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Development, World Institute of Development Economics Research (WIDER), United Na-

tions University, Helsinki, Finland.

[11] Fitzsimmons, J.R. & Douglas, E.J. (2005). The impact of overconfidence on entrepreneurial

intentions. Proceedings AGSE Entrepreneurship Exchange, Auckland, N.Z. Accessed from

http://eprints.qut.edu.au

[12] Bautista, R.G. (2014). Research Procedures and Guidelines. Santiago City: CVCITC Publica-

tions.

AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHY

ROMIRO G. BAUTISTA

Dr. Romiro G. Bautista holds a straight degree programs in science education and an academic

excellence awardee when he finished his bachelor's degree in education. Having been in the re-

search and college instruction for a decade now, he has been recognized for his eminence as a

researcher, instructor and junior manager. Moreover, he has presented and published research

Citation: Bautista, R.G. & Marcelo, H.C. (2015). Are Bajao women settlers entrepreneurial? Journal of

Technology, Business Education and Interdisciplinary Studies, 1 (2), 41 – 53.

http://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2013/02/18/910267/badjaos-their-real-story

http://eprints.qut.edu.au/


articles across the US and the Europe and became a guest scientific paper reviewer and evalua-

tor in various international journals and international organization for research presentation in

the US, Europe, Middle East and South Africa. Hailed from the ranks as a faculty at the College of

Education and Director for Research and Planning in the Philippines, and a shared professor of

Natural Sciences and Mathematics in an international university, Dr. Bautista is currently a Re-

search and Thesis Writing Professor, and a Director for Research, Planning and Publication.

HARMON C. MARCELO

Mr. Harmon C. Marcelo is a 2015 graduate of Business Administration major in Marketing Man-

agement at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Inc. Mr. Marcelo has

presented this paper to the 2015 JTBEIS Conference. At present, he is now a field distributor and

collector at Grupo Marilen, Inc.

Article's contents are provided on a legal copyright transfer under non-commercial agreement. Readers are allowed to copy, distribute and communicate article's contents, provided the au-

thor's and journal's names are included. It must not be used for commercial purposes.

R Published by the CVCITC Research, Planning and Publication Office.

are badjao women settlers entrepreneurial?

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