ARCH399 SUMMER PRACTICE I

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

Gökçenur Yazar

CONSTRUCTION SITE I

Project Name: Ankara Demetevler Oral and Dental Health Care Center

Category: Government Instutional Dental Helth Care Building

Year: 2017 - …

After all the applications and the confirmations completed, the

first day of the summer training practice was mostly informative

and it required brief examinations and understanding of the

general features of the project and the construction site. I found

the opportunity to study the architectural project drawings of the

building which were produced by the related architects and

engineers. The site plan, floor plans (two basement floor plans,

a ground floor plan, two floor plans and a terrace plan), the

section drawings and the elevations were observed and tried to

be figured out. Since the drawings were quite detailed, it took

some time for me to study. All the necessary information was in

these drawings such as materials, systems, measurements, and

more. Since I did not enter the construction site on the first day,

I tried to gain general information about the project, the

construction site, the construction team, and its organization

and the construction equipment.

The architect of the construction site mentioned that since it is a governmental-institutional health care building, it does not carry artistic design features of

architecture very much. Comparing to government independent projects it needs to fit some strict rules of the requirements which are decided by the related

government institution (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health). But the core idea for this type of hospital and health care projects is circulation. In the case

of emergency, simplicity, and perceptibility of the circulation system matters a lot. So rather than an intricate system, legible patterns and comfortable

circulation is preferred. On the other hand, because it is a center for oral and dental health care, specialized materials and teams for a wide range of

systems (such as ventilation, oxygen, canalizations, medical gases, etc.) are required. For the examination units, operating room, X-ray rooms and sterilized

spaces the materials implied to the walls and to the floors are quite important.

Basically, the building rises

upon a plan that is a

combination of two squares

which also represent two

blocks. So the larger block

includes examination units and

the main entrance mainly. The

smaller block functions as the

emergency entrance and it

includes administrative offices.

The larger block is rotated and

the smaller block is attached to

it. Three fire escape stairs also

attached to the different edges

of both squares. In the previous

version of the projects, there

were two fire escape stairs but

the third one was added after

the construction began. So the

other interesting thing was that

even if the project is somehow

completed by the architects, in

the construction site till the end

of the construction process

there still may be minor or

major alterations during the

construction process. These

alterations are planned and

revised mostly by the site

architects.

17.06.2019 - 19.06.2019

• Glass Curtain-wall Facade System (Silicone)

The glass curtain wall system was used in the main entrance part and the use of a glass facade differentiates and denotes the

main entrance well since it was not implied on the other facades of the building.

Mainly, glass curtain-wall systems create almost perfectly flush-fitted glass facades since the glass panels are at the same level

as the frame in which they are mounted. This appearance is achieved by using profiles (grid construction that the panels mounted

on) which are visible only from inside.

Double glazed units are bonded to the bar by using structural silicone. After the curtain-wall grid is produced at the site, glass

units locked into the grid by special connectors. Lastly, in order to create a smooth surface silicone is applied on the vertical

and horizontal joints. Glass curtain-wall facade was already complete except some openings where the entrance doors will be

mounted. Silicone strips had not applied on some of the joints between glass panels in the lower levels and it will be completed

later. Anchorage System

• Aluminum Composite Facade System

As one of the most common facade cladding system in modern architecture and construction field, aluminum composite facade systems are preferred for

not only exterior facade of the building but also interior surfaces. These panels can be in any shape and any color by request.

Aluminum composite panels are lighter comparing to other façade cladding materials, so structural load-bearing system elements and columns do not

carry huge extra loads. Since they are easy to clean and shape, and it provides a wide range of color options, aluminum composite panel façade systems

allow architects and engineers to create flexible designs. Durability, longevity, and insulation (thermal, fire, etc.) are also make composite panels more

desirable.

First, the iron load-bearing construction grid is mounted to the exterior of the building. Then, rockwool insulation and a vapor barrier (permeable

membrane) are implied between the iron construction and the façade to provide thermal and sound isolation. A machine is used for cutting and marking

the edge lines that composite panels are going to be bend or cut from. The edges of aluminum panels are bend by a hand tool and they are screwed on

the iron construction. Lastly, compatible colored façade silicone is implied on the joint lines at the edges.

While some of the contract members who are responsible for the installation of composite panel system were creating bending lines and bending

accordingly, the rest of them were mounting these panels to the iron construction of the terrace facade.

Cutting/Marking Machine Bended edges

Panels mounted on iron grid construction Aluminum composite façade system

• BIMS (Pumice Brick)

As a very common material in the construction sector, BIMS has a low density due to its sponge-like porosity. This volcanic natural material is resistant to

physical and chemical effects, also it provides thermal and sound insulation thanks to its voids. Because of high elasticity both in Turkey and in other

countries, it is widely preferred as one of the favorite lightweight construction material. Because of its high elasticity, BIMS based materials are more resistant

compared to others. They can absorb and resist bending and breaking effects of seismic waves.

In order to achieve alignment and required levels while building a BIMS block wall, a string level is set. Between blocks mortar (includes cement, lime,

sand, and water) is used to stick blocks together. Each block is shifted in a way that it will load half of its weight to lower two blocks so that joints will not

be aligned in the vertical axis; which makes the whole wall more resistant to overturning.

For the walls of the building, BIMS blocks and ordinary bricks are main materials. The reason that normal bricks were also used is that resizing BIMS blocks

by cutting or shattering is harder compared to those of normal bricks. So, when smaller pieces are needed normal bricks were used rather than BIMS

blocks.

Use of Normal brick & BIMS together

20.06.2019 - 22.06.2019

• Rockwool (Stone wool/Mineral wool) Insulation

Stone wool is mainly a thermal insulation material that is widely used in today’s construction sector. Basically it is produced by melting inorganic stones

and minerals in very high temperatures and fiberization of molten stone by a spinning wheel.

Due to its fiber nature, rockwool provides sound and thermal insulation and it can be implied on both interior and exterior facades of a building. One of

the main reasons why stone wool is widely preferred is that it is highly resistant to high temperatures and is non-flammable so provides fire-safety. Although

XPS also could have been used as an insulation material, since the incombustibility of rockwool is higher, rockwool was preferred for the exterior insulation

of the dental health care center.

5 centimeter thick

stone wool pieces are

pasted on a

roughcasted surface

by adhesive plaster

mix. Then pieces are

pegged, then the

second layer of

roughcast and glass-

fiber net is applied.

The surface is ready

for exterior painting

after decorative

plaster (mineral) is

finished.

• Vapour Barrier

Vapour barrier is a waterproof breathable cloth that can be used with various façade systems. It removes moisture from the walls of the building and it

provides water vapour permeability, so it prevents being mildewed. During construction it helps thermal insulation materials (rockwool, XPS, EPS etc.) to

being kept dry. Thus it improves durability and longevity of thermal insulation materials. In the construction, vapour barrier was applied and pegged onto

rockwool insulation in the exterior.

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• Fiberglass Net/Fiberglass Mesh

Fiberglass net is a reinforcing mesh that is woven from fiber glass material and it prevents plaster to crack. It is also known as plaster mesh, and it needs

to be applied beneath the plaster layer so that it meets the tension stress that plaster cannot bear. Especially in parts where columns and beams join

together and where brick walls and concrete load-bearing elements work together (as two different systems), fiberglass plaster meshes can prevent cracks

due to tension. These nets can be produced in different sizes and weights.

• Window Subframe

Window subframe is an actual frame

that is produced by using box profile

metal components. During brick wall

building, craftsmen leave the door

and window openings wider than

window frames that are going to be

mounted. A subframe is fitted in

between the wall and the window

frame in order to achieve a perfect fit

between the wall and the main

window frame. The gaps between the

subframe and the wall are filled with

polyurethane foam. filled with After

all the installations are done the

subframe and the polyurethane foam

are not visible since it is hidden as a

component of a wall.

• Section of the Wall

BIMS

Rockwool

Rough cast

Plaster Mix Painting Layers

Mix Satin Finishing Plaster

Painting Layer

Composite Panels

Grid Construction

Outside

Interior

Rough cast

24.06.2019 - 26.06.2019

• Satin Surface Finishing Plaster

As a final coating plaster, satin plaster provides a very smooth finish for many surfaces such as concrete, brick wall and plasterboards. It covers the cavities,

burrs, and tissue deformations. After it is mixed with water by given proportions, mortar is applied to the surface with a trowel. Generally, the thickness of

satin plaster layer is 0.5 mm and after the application is done shaving with trowel improves the smoothness.

• Dimpled Membrane/Sheet

Basically, dimpled membrane is a blistered

sheet that provides protection against the

forces and pressures, the earth causes under

the ground level. It separates the soil layer from

the components of the building and drainages

the water. By distributing the forces

homogenously, it protects water and thermal

insulation materials. It is generally used in

foundations, basement floors and parking

areas under the ground. During application, its

blistered side should face the wall.

Composite Panels

Vapor Barrier

Dimpled Membrane Rockwool

Concrete

• Lintel

A lintel is a quite significant element when it comes to providing openings like doors and windows. Supporting the upper wall of an opening and transferring

that load of the upper part to sidewalls is achieved by lintels meanly it acts as a beam. Both of the ends of a lintel should be extended into the wall at least

15 cm so that it can transfer the load. Most of the lintels in the site were made of concrete however some of them were supported by steel.

• Expansion Joint (Dilatation Joint)

Expansion or dilatation joints are actual cuts (which

have certain widths for different cases) that separate

the building two or more parts. These cuts are just

as vertical section lines. In the buildings that their

parts sit on different levels, have different geometric

shapes or are large-scaled these gaps are left

consciously to minimize the effects of seismic

movements, thermal expansion, and level-

differentiations. Basically, with these slits, the whole

building is separated into physically independent

blocks so that the negative effects of tension, level

differentiation and expansion cannot be transferred

to another block. Because after such a separation

blocks start to act as independent systems. It was

mentioned that dilatation joints are highly visible in

large scale buildings like shopping malls. The civil

engineer of the construction mentioned that they

had not planned expansion joint for the earlier steps

so the building has provided its own cracked line.

After that, they planned and supported the existing

line consciously. The expansion joint of the building

is almost the line where two rotated blocks are

coming together and these blocks sit on different

levels due to parking areas. The gaps are filled with

polystyrene foam and these parts are also supported

with fiberglass mesh before plastering applications

to prevent cracks.

• Laser Level Tool

As one of the most favorite tools in surveying and restoration, laser level device combines spirit level

and plumb-bob and it displays accurate horizontal and vertical lines by a laser beam. Since it is a

spirit level based device it basically defines a horizontal line in any level and this line is parallel to the

imaginary lines that are parallel to the ground. It is generally used for transferring points to different

surfaces, in the same horizontal line accurately.

Laser level tool, spirit level, red spray paint and cardboard that a triangle part was cut out from were

used for transferring the same level to the surfaces of, especially wet areas. For the upcoming floor

applications such as screed, ceramic and tile, craftsmen will benefit from that transferred level to

complete their work within the specific finished level. For instance, whereas screed application should

be finished at the 138 cm below the denoted level, ceramic installation should be done strictly 136

cm below that level. Thus, all the applications can be controlled by fitting denoted levels for the sake

of obtaining a perfectly and equally leveled floor.

After the laser line is overlapped with the existing standard level sign the laser level device was turned

slowly and a line was drawn by controlling with a spirit level. After, the cardboard that a triangle was

cut out from was placed in a way that the triangle will show downward, and it was painted with red

spray paint. For screed application and final level, distances from the main level were written on the

surfaces. These steps were applied especially to all the wet areas.

• Ventilation System

For the buildings as hospitals and health centers heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) is one of the most important mechanical systems in terms

of minimizing airborne contaminations, providing fresh air, maintaining humidity and temperature and, heating/cooling. Basically, this system provides

clear airflow to enclosed areas. While some of the components function for sucking fresh air to spaces, others exhust polluted air from them. The whole

system consists of square ducts, fans, air-cleaning devices and many other components that support the system. Most of the ventilation canals were included

in the same vertical passageway/gap and is called ventilation shaft. Square ducts are mounted to each other and they are distributed to different floors

with different shaped ducts. In order to increase the efficiency and the insulation of the system, all of ducts are covered with a rubber sheet and craftsmen

applied silicone to joining surfaces of ducts. It was mentioned that the size and shape of ducts can be different for different types of projects. These huge

canals which are hanged to the ceilings are hidden by suspended ceiling applications, except parking areas.

Workers who are responsible for the ventilation system installation continued to cover ducts with rubber sheets and adding these to different branches that

thrives from the main canals in the ventilation shafts in the first and second floors.

Craftsmen applied silicone to joining surfaces of ducts

Ventilation Shaft

27.06.2019 - 29.06.2019

• Lead Coating for X-Ray Rooms

Lead coating or lead

shielding refers to using

lead as a layer to provide

protection against

radiation and X-ray. Since

there will be medical

imaging rooms where X-

rays used (radiography,

tomography, etc.), lead

shielding for the walls of

these rooms is quite

important. A lead layer

basically is effective in

stopping and reducing x-

rays. These lead layers

were directly implied on

the brick walls by

mounting at the edges.

Plaster and any kind of

painting cannot be

implied on that layer so

prefabricated plaster

boards are mounted on it.

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erboard

• Quantity Survey for Plasterboards

In order to hide the pipes that go through floors vertically, prefabricated plasterboards will be used and generally, two boards in an L-shaped formation

will be enough way because the pipes are mostly at the corners of rooms. Except for the ventilation units and medical gas pipes, waste/drain pipes, fire

pipes, and iron pipes are hidden. With the construction technician, all the floors were checked and by measuring the perimeter of an approximate area

that covers the pipes, are written down. So quantity survey of plasterboards that are going to be ordered, is completed.

• Fire Fighting Installation

The system elements that I gained some information about were galvanized (red painted) pipes and sprinklers. Galvanized pipes are not suitable for

transferring clean drinking water because after long years it can have some negative effects on water but are preferred for fire fighting units. Sprinklers are

the elements where the water is sprinkled in any case of emergency. During the internship, the thin pipes that sprinklers are connected, and the sprinklers

were being tested. Sprinklers are connected to each other with a thin pipe then the system is activated, and controlled if there is water leakage.

Sprinkler

• PVC and PPRC Pipes

PPRC and PVC pipes are probably the most preferred pipe types in the construction field. Unlike galvanized pipes that are preferred for fire fighting systems,

PPRC and PVC pipes are suitable for cold/hot clean water transport both in the buildings and the underground parts of the system. These pipes are quite

resistant to corrosion that affects the quality of drinking water in terms of taste, smell, and color. According to the distance from the main distributor, pipes

in different perimeters are used. Pipes are mounted to walls by using the component which is called clamp. Wastewater that comes from air conditioners

is also transferred with these pipes.

• Medical Gas System

The medical gas system is another complex system that is housed in the construction of oral and dental health care center. The team that installs the pipes

and all kinds of system components to the building is a specialized team other than the teams responsible for mechanical systems such as water transport

and fire fighting system. There are five different gasses for medical purposes and for transferring galvanized thin pipes are used. At some points, these

pipes are connected to the gas releasing units that are connected to the gas tubes inside control rooms.

Med

ical G

as

Pipes

01.07.2019 - 04.07.2019

• Screed for Wet Floors

In order to achieve a smooth and flat surface, a layer that is a mix of sand and cement is laid over on a concrete subfloor and is called screed. This

concrete-like layer is equally leveled with the help of a screed board that is basically a wooden stick. This implication is very important for upcoming

installations like ceramics, tiles, and parquet. To install ceramics for wet floors afterward such as toilets and baths 5 cm screed layer is implied. The

necessary inclination for water to flow to filters can be also provided in this layer but it was mentioned that the inclination will be achieved in the ceramic

layer. The screed layer got almost completely dry a day later.

• Concrete Base in Boiler Room

A boiler room is a mechanical room where boilers and other heating/cooling associated mechanical equipment are housed. Since the boiler rooms are

on the underground floors, to protect this mechanical equipment from any case of water accumulation on the floor a 10-centimeter thick layer of concrete

was poured in a formwork. The surface was smoothened and the level was balanced with the help of a wooden stick and spirit level. The main idea here

was to elevate the part that the equipment will be standing on. After a day concrete base was watered intermittently for preventing crackings.

• Underfloor Socket Box Installation

Rather than mounting plugs/sockets to walls, underfloor socket boxes were installed on the floors and their connections were set. After screed and other

implications, the covers of these boxes will be in the same level as the finished level. Especially in the office part, these boxes will be making access to

sockets for electronic devices easier. While the underfloor socket boxed are mounted, their locations were determined by considering the organization of

desks planned in the project.

• Ceramic Implications on Wet Floors

In order to place ceramic tiles to the surfaces in a way that leftover parts will be minimum and aesthetically proper, the placement of 30x60 ceramic tiles

with 3-millimeter joint lines is planned and drawn digitally. After the water insulation chemical got dried adhesive mortar was spread by notched trowel.

Ceramic tiles were placed by tapping it gently with a soft tip mallet. 3-millimeter tile spacers were put at the corners and edges of tiles. These steps continued

to be applied both on the floors and the walls. Spirit level was used frequently to achieve the finished level. By providing a slight inclination towards the

filters on the floor, the water flow direction was controlled. When resizing was necessary ceramic tiles were cut with a tool.

• Suspended Ceiling Installation

Suspended or dropped ceiling is a secondary ceiling that is hung below the main concrete ceiling (floor slabs) and it provides a void for mechanical and

electrical systems components above it. After the level that the ceiling planned to be installed was decided, the lines were drawn on the walls and controlled

carefully by spirit level. Wall angles, that are long L-shaped pieces to support runners and other grid components, were sized accordingly and mounted on

the drawn level lines all around the room. Hanging wires with a hook-like part on the end were also mounted to the actual ceiling for carrying tiles and

runners from above. Plasterboard panels were placed on the edge parts of the grid construction. Runners and panels were connected to hanging wires. In

the upcoming steps, the middle parts of the grid construction are going to be completed and square tiles will be placed till the whole ceiling is covered.

CONSTRUCTION SITE II

Project Name: Suit ÇAYYOLU

Architect: Evren Yiğit Architects

Employers and Developers: Nesam İnşaat & Uzunali İnşaat

Construction Site: 12,592 m2

Category: Housing

Year: 2016 - …

Suit ÇAYYOLU is a private sector based housing project and the architectural project of it was drawn

by Evren Yiğit Architects. Realization and construction of the project were undertaken by Nesam İnşaat

and Uzunali İnşaat cooperation. The 25-floor project offers 22 apartments, 3 car parks (2 of them

are indoor) and 8 street shops that face the main road. There is only one 4+1 apartment on each

floor and the net area for an apartment is 180 square meters. There are also social areas such as a

common hall, a fitness center, an indoor playing area for kids and green areas for picnic (barbeque)

events. At first glance, the asymmetric circumferential balconies of each floor draw attention. Windows

from floor to ceiling also draw a modern look especially on the facade facing the main road.

When the floor plans are studied, in an apartment there is an entrance hall connected to the corridor

that the other programmatic spaces are located around. The main living room, a secondary living

room, a kitchen, two bedrooms (one has a bathroom in it) and a master bedroom with a cloakroom

and a bathroom in it are the main spaces for users. Then the service spaces such as common

bathroom, laundry room, and a cloakroom were placed in the linear zone that is adjacent to the floor

hall. Two elevators and two staircases are connected to the floor hall. The balconies encircle the 3

sides of the apartment except for the side where the floor hall, staircases, and the elevators located.

The continuous asymmetric shape of the balconies creates narrower and wider parts. The

asymmetricity of the balconies changes through floors. After the 18th floor, balconies are not

asymmetrical but in a rectangular shape.

05.07.2019-08.07.2019

• Leveling Instrument and Leveling Rod

Very similar to the laser leveling device, the leveling instrument is an optical tool also used to verify the points on the same horizontal plane. The leveling

rod is the complementary equipment for measuring the height of these points from the ground and it can be thought of as a very large version of a ruler.

Unlike the laser leveling tool, three regulating arms (since the device sits upon a tripod) are should be set accordingly in a way that the bubble will be in

the center of the denoted center. So the idea of keeping the bubble in the center is about achieving a 3-directional spirit level. After it is set, someone looks

through the eyepiece of the telescope and another person holds the leveling rod in a way that it touches the ground. At this point, the leveling rod should

be hold vertically. The one who looks through the eyepiece tries to see the numbers on the level rod and denote the levels considering the center point of

two intersecting lines on the eyepiece. So as a group of 4 after we set the leveling instrument we examined the area (where the outdoor car park is going

to be) and used the equipment one by one.

• Subcontracted Worker Teams

In the construction site, there were three teams for different or related fields of the construction process. These teams were electricians, concrete formwork

team and ironworkers. 10 ironworker, 8 concrete formworker and two electricians continued to work.

• Tie Holes

Tie holes can be seen on brut/naked concrete and they are the actual holes that are significant during the concrete pouring process. After the formworks

are made, in order to prevent the formwork to be deformed especially in the bottom parts due to major pressures that poured concrete creates, these tile

holes enable workers to push the plywoods against the pressure. Holes are drilled on plywoods and a PVC or a steel pipe is put inside the formwork. A

threaded rod is put through these holes and pipes. If the formwork is overtightened towards inside, it is controlled by a plumb-bob. The tightening process

is achieved by using special pieces such as knock-on wing nuts that are set on either side of the threaded rod. After the poured concrete gets dry, the

formwork and the rod is demounted. What is left is the tie holes. Afterward, the holes are filled with a filling material.

09.07.2019-12.07.2019

• Honeycombs in Concrete / Segregation

The word "honeycomb" refers to the voids in concrete due to the concrete mix cannot reach and fill the spaces between aggregate particles. While the

concrete is pouring to the formworks it may not flow every part to fill the gaps. If it is not vibrated properly these voids remain and they may expose not

only the aggregate parts but also the reinforcement bars. The exposed bars mean water passage and so corrosion which leads to a serious reduction of

the strength in columns and beams. The end result can be dangerous for the whole structure if these segregated parts do not fix with a mix called repair

mortar.

• Sample Apartment for Showing

The sample apartment is more about the marketing part of the construction site and it is a complete apartment ready to live in. To possible buyers this

completed sample apartment is presented. The sample apartment on the second floor also provides an earlier trial and error for the finished work and can

control the upcoming problems and/or future alterations for the other apartments. Especially the underfloor heating/cooling system, the colors of the doors

and the locations of sockets were testing in this apartment during my internship.

• Sample Apartment Plans

• Slab Reinforcement (21st Floor)

All the concrete elements in the construction include iron bars and their specific connections, that are strictly denoted static project. Basically these iron

bars or rods provide strength and reinforcement against compression and tension stresses. In the slab reinforcement, the aim is to transfer loads of the slab

to columns and shear walls through beams and being able to carry the cantilever parts such as balconies with the main slab. Basically a grid system is

produced in multiple layers with iron bars in different thicknesses, and most of the intersection point of each bar with another is connected with a wire and

fixed. Iron pieces that are called "chair rebar" are often put under the grid for preventing it to bend through downward. A series of thicker and longer bars

are put in a crosswise manner in order to meet extra stress at these zones where the balconies (cantilever parts) are placed. These unique bars are called

"şapo" in Turkish. In order to keep the reinforcement in place (in concrete) pieces of stones were used as spacers between the reinforcement and the slab

plywoods

• Grounding/Earthing

Since Suit Çayyolu is a high building project for possible cases of lightning grounding strips is applied upon the slab reinforcement. These strips act as

lightning rods.

13.07.2019-17.07.2019

Açıklama Adet En Boy Yükseklik G11 1 0,25 1,55 3,18 1,23225

G10 1 0,25 0,95 3,18 0,75525

G8 1 0,25 1,2 3,18 0,954

G6 1 0,25 1,2 3,18 0,954

G3 1 0,25 1,2 3,18 0,954

G1 1 0,25 2,65 3,18 2,10675

F10 1 0,25 1 3,18 0,795

F7 1 0,25 2,4 3,18 1,908

F2 1 0,25 4,75 3,18 3,77625

E11 1 0,25 1,55 3,18 1,23225

E10 1 0,25 2,65 3,18 2,10675

E6 1 0,25 2,65 3,18 2,10675

E3 1 0,25 2,65 3,18 2,10675

E1 1 0,25 1,45 3,18 1,15275

Ç.P. 1 0,25 40,05 3,18 31,83975

K2211 1 0,25 33,8 0,38 3,211

K2213 1 0,25 3,4 0,6 0,51

DÖŞEME 1 334,55 0,22 1 73,601

D.M. 1 -2,5 0,22 1 -0,55

D.M. 1 -6,37 0,22 1 -1,4014

D.M. 1 -5,635 0,22 1 -1,2397

D.M. 1 -3,57 0,22 1 -0,7854

D.M. 2 -7,05 0,22 1 -3,102

D.M. 4 0,894 1,25 1 4,47

128,694

• Concrete Quantity Survey (21st Floor)

In order to be able to order a adequate amount of concrete concrete quantity survey

should be done for each floor. In this construction, columns, beams and the slab that

they support poured all at once. So the quantity survey includes columns, shear walls,

beams, a slab, stairs and parapets of balconies. Calculations are done by

multipleying the height, thickness and length of the components. At some parts,

calculating parts as a whole and then substracting the necessary part is the easy way.

The en result showed that 128,694 m3 concrete is needed.

• Concrete Pouring (for 21st Floor)

A hydraulic mobile crane was called and the pipelines for transporting concrete that is going to be pumping from the ground level. The formworkers and

the ironworkers had completed their job. With the help of the mobile crane, the concrete distributor (spider) was put on the reinforcement. Spider is used

for distributing pumped concrete that comes from the pipelines generally due to high floor levels.

When all the equipment is ready, concrete

started to be pumped but to ease concrete to be

pumped through pipelines, at the beginning a

little amount of water is mixed to the tank. As a

very natural result of this action, concrete comes

first was more liquid and this is called the slurry

layer of concrete. Even most people suggest that

this part should not be used in the construction,

it was poured to the slab part. After the slurry

layer of concrete was poured, columns and

shear walls were filled with concrete first. After

finishing pouring an element, another worker

vibrated that part carefully. Vibrator basically

vibrates the poured concrete and ensures that

the voids inside the formwork are filled. While

excessive vibrating causes fluidity, insufficient

vibrating results in segregation (honeycomb) of

the concrete element. The concrete poured on

the slab part was smoothen by different tools so

that a flat floor surface is provided.

For the parapets and stairs, it was mentioned

that a more rigid version of concrete is poured

since these are the parts that wanted to be got

dried fast.

Pouring the columns and the shear walls

Vibrating the poured concrete in the columns and shear walls

Pouring the slab Vibrating the slab

More solid concrete poured in stairs More solid concrete poured in stairs and vibrated

• Occupational Health and Safety Training & Exam

For the new workers and interns (for us) who are attending the construction site, the expert gave a short informative lecture about the construction site and

its safety preventions, the actions should and should not be taken in the site and the specific signs. We took the exam prepared to evaluate the knowledge

of safety rules and actions.

• Formwork Disassemble/Undo

After the day concrete pouring for the 21st floor was completed, the six workers of formwork

team started to undo the formworks of columns, beams, and shear walls. The nails on plywoods,

on timber studs, on double wales, on braces, and on stakes were removed by an iron hand

tool named "manila" in Turkish. All the timber pieces (5x10 and 10x10) were gathered to be

used for the next floor.

• Water Curing of Concrete and Shrinkage Cracks

Water, cement, sand, and gravel are the components of ordinary concrete and it is known that

the chemical reaction between these components, in fact, completed in approximately 28 days.

Which means concrete reaches its ideal strength after a month. During this process since the

reaction is exothermic one can feel the warmth of the columns by touching. Concrete, in this

period, loses moisture due to hydration. Quick water evaporation from the surfaces can lead

to stress and shrinkage cracks. So concrete slabs need to be watered frequently, especially the

first 5 days after pouring. So the 21st-floor slab was watered by caretaker at the night, and by

the formworkers during the day.

• +1 Level

For the formworks and reinforcement of the 22nd floor, the +1 meter level was marked on the extensions of vertical reinforcement rods. These extension

parts (120-130 centimeter) of the iron rods are left on purpose in order to be able to continue installing the vertical reinforcement by following these

extensions for the upper floors and are called "filiz" in Turkish. Again by using the leveling instrument and leveling rod we assigned +1 levels for workers

to take reference while they are building formworks.

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• Aluminum Plaster Laths

For the 3rd, 4th and 5th floors plaster implications started by installing the aluminum plaster laths whose function is to denote the thickness of the plaster

layer and maintain the same levels for having a flat surface at the end. All the laths were controlled with a spirit level and a straight edge one by one and

in a sequential manner. The ones need to be fixed were marked. By overlapping two straight edges at the corners of the rooms, perpendicularity of the

imaginary lines, that laths created, were checked. Especially in the long corridor part, plaster laths should denote the same perfect plane. In order to fix

the former mistakes of the brick walls, different amount of plaster can be used under these laths for the sake of achieving a perfectly aligned and

perpendicular surface in the horizontal and vertical axis.

• Adhesive Plaster Primer

Adhesive plaster primer is a chemical that was applied on the surfaces of brut concrete for increasing the adhesiveness of upcoming implications on the

surface. Since the plaster implications have started on the lower floors, workers implied this material with roller to the surfaces of ceilings, columns, and

shear walls.

• Plaster Implication

After the aluminum plaster laths are controlled and fixed, the team that is responsible for the plaster implications started to work. By using a machine,

that mixes powder plaster with water proportionally, prepared plaster is sprayed on the surfaces. Then workers used trowels to spread the plaster all to

the surfaces. In order to achieve smoothness, a long metal (box profile) straight edge was used.

22nd Floor Formwork & Reinforcement (21.07.2019-25.07.2019)

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• 22nd Floor Concrete Pouring