an evaluation of floristic diversity in medvednica nature park (northwestern croatia)

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An evaluation of floristic diversity in Medvednica NaturePark (northwestern Croatia)I. Dobrovi a; T. Nikoli a; S. D. Jelaska b; M. Plazibat a; V. Hr ak a; R.

o tari aa Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb. Croatiab SVEN D. JELASKA Oikon Ltd. - Institute for Applied Ecology. Zagreb. Croatia

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

An evaluation of floristic diversity in Medvednica Nature Park(northwestern Croatia)

I. DOBROVIC1, T. NIKOLIC1, S. D. JELASKA2, M. PLAZIBAT1, V. HRSAK1 &

R. SOSTARIC1

1Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia, and 2SVEN D. JELASKA Oikon Ltd. – Institute

for Applied Ecology, Zagreb, Croatia

AbstractMount Medvednica (northwestern Croatia), mostly consisting of slates and marls, rises to the north, above the Croatiancapital of Zagreb, from 300 to 1,035 m a.s.l. A floristic research was carried out in the area of Medvednica Nature Park,which consists mainly of the western part of the mountain. On the whole, 1,352 taxa of vascular plants were recorded from allsources (field observations, literature and herbaria). Out of these, 48 taxa are strictly protected, 228 are protected, 67 taxa areconsidered threatened according to the IUCN categories, and 9 taxa are endemic for the Croatian flora. The life-formanalysis of the investigated flora shows the predominance of hemicryptophytes, followed by therophytes and geophytes, whilethe chorological analysis has evidenced the prevalence of Euro-Asiatic, South European and cosmopolite geographicalgroups. The biological/chorological cross-spectrum was laid out by considering the percent of every life-form for eachgeographical element. In order to evaluate the floristic richness of the studied area, the a-index was calculated and thencompared with the a-indices of similar regions in Croatia and several European countries. A floristic diversity map ofMedvednica Nature Park is presented here for the first time.

Key words: Croatia, a-index, cross-spectrum analysis, floristic diversity, Medvednica Nature Park

Introduction

Mount Medvednica is situated in the continental

part of Croatia, to the north above Zagreb (the

Croatian capital with approximately one million

inhabitants), 20 km from the Slovenian and 70 km

from the Hungarian border. The mountain stretches

between longitude 1584904500 and 1680704500E and

latitude 4584900000 and 4585900000N, in a SW to NE

direction, approximately 40 km in length and 9 km

in width (Figures 1, 3). The highest peak of Sljeme

at 1,035 m is situated in the western part of the

massif.

The geological structure of the mountain is

heterogeneous, made up of a pre-tertiary (Paleozoic

and Mesozoic) core surrounded by younger Mio-

cene, Pliocene and Quaternary layers. The funda-

mental structure of the mountain is dominated by

Paleozoic orthometamorphic and parametamorphic

rocks, especially green clay slates, waterproof and

erosion-resistant, that are spread over the uppermost

and southeastern slopes of Mt Medvednica. The

soils formed on that silicate ground are rather acid

with pH 4.5. The northern and southern slopes of

lower altitudes are made of younger sedimentary

rocks that are characterized by numerous fossil

findings, as well as several quarries that have been

initiated in these parts of the mountain. These

younger layers are mostly dominated by marls, clays,

sandstones and, sporadically, congeria limestone.

The soils formed over these rocks are more alkaline

(Sikic, 1995).

Based on observations over a 10-year period

(1991 – 2000), a climate diagram according to

Walter (1979) was prepared (Frntic, 2002) for the

Puntijarka meteorological station (988 m a.s.l.) on

Mt Medvednica (Figure 2). The studied area has a

moist mid-latitude climate according to Koppen,

with a rainfall of 1,262 mm/year, and the maximum

precipitation from September to December. The

humid period lasts from May to December and is

marked on the diagram as a black area. Mean annual

Correspondence: Iva Dobrovic, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

Tel.: þ385 14844001. Fax: þ385 14844001. E-mail: [email protected]

Plant Biosystems, Vol. 140, No. 3, November 2006, pp. 234 – 244

ISSN 1126-3504 print/ISSN 1724-5575 online ª 2006 Societa Botanica Italiana

DOI: 10.1080/11263500600756785

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temperature is 6.98C, while the absolute minimum

and maximum temperatures are 719.88C and

30.78C, respectively. On the diagram, the lower

curve indicates the monthly temperature means and

the upper one indicates the monthly precipitation

means. The coldest month is January, while the

warmest is August. The average number of days with

at least 1 cm of snow is 108 per year. The season of

vegetative growth (thick grey line above the abscissa)

lasts from April to September, with an average

rainfall of 676 mm (53.5%) (DHMZ – State

meteorological and hydrological service).

The Medvednica massif belongs to the Illyrian

province of the Eurosiberian-North American forest

region. Phytogeographically, it is divided into two

vegetation belts: the lower forest belt of the Carpinion

betuli Isll. 1932 alliance, and the mountain vegetation

belt of the Aremonio-Fagion (Ht, 1938) Torek et al.,

1989 alliance. The predominant association within

the former belt is Epimedio-Carpinetum betuli (Ht,

1938) Borh, 1963, while some azonal acidophilous

forests are also developed, such as Querco-Castane-

tum sativae Ht, 1938 and Luzulo-Quercetum petraeae

(Hill, 1932) Pass, 1963. In the mountain belt, two

types of woods are present: Lamio orvalae-Fagetum

sylvaticae Ht, 1938 and Abieti-Fagetum ‘‘pannonicum’’

Raus, 1969 prov. Here too, several acidophiolus

associations can be found, such as Luzulo-Fagetum

sylvaticae Mausel 1937 and Blechno-Fagetum sylvati-

cae Ht, 1950. The association Ostryo-Quercetum

pubescentis (Ht, 1938) grows on the south-exposed

slopes over a carbonate stratum, while the relict

forest of the association Tilio-Taxetum (Glava�c,

Figure 1. The position of the studied area (Medvednica Nature Park), with the MTB 1/64 mapping grid. Basic MTB units are labelled with

the corresponding number (Bessel ellipsoid, Gauss-Kruger projection, 5th zone).

Figure 2. Walter’s climate diagram for Puntijarka meteorological

station.

Medvednica Nature Park in Croatia 235

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1959) is fragmentary and develops on the steep

north-exposed surface (Bohm et al., 1979; Trinajstic,

1995a; Vukelic & Raus, 1998).

On account of its developed relief, geological

structure, climatic and hydrological conditions,

biodiversity of flora and fauna and its closeness to

the Croatian capital, the mountain has always been

the object of scientific research. In 1981, according

to the Nature Protection Act, the western part of the

Medvednica massif was declared a nature park. The

oldest floristic data connected to this area dates back

to 1861 when Von Klinggraff studied the flora of the

Zagreb region. Botanists have investigated different

systematic groups (Strineka, 1929; Hrsak et al.,

1999; So�co et al., 2002; Cigic et al., 2003),

vegetation (Saric, 1902; Forenbacher, 1908; Medve-

dovic, 1990) and the flora of particular parts of Mt

Medvednica (Bulic, 1952; Brkic, 1972; Hecimovic,

1977; Mihelj, 1982; Hulina, 1994; Jelaska, 1999).

Nevertheless, a complete flora of Medvednica

Nature Park is compiled and presented for the first

time in this paper.

The aim of our work was to make an inventory

and analysis of the entire flora of Medvednica

Nature Park based on copious field observations,

available literature and herbarium data. The results

shall contribute to the overall knowledge of the

Croatian flora, and will prove useful in management

of the Park.

Materials and methods

Study area

The floristic research was performed in the Medved-

nica Nature Park, which mainly comprises the

western part of the Medvednica massif (Zagreba�cka

gora). The Park covers an area of 228.26 km2 out of

which approximately 10 km2 belong to eight special

reserves of forest vegetation. It is mostly covered by

forest (63.6%), while the rest are grasslands (6.1%),

cultivated land, settlements and roads (30.3%)

(Bohm et al., 1979).

Data sources

Data on taxon distribution within the Nature Park

were collected mainly from two sources: field

observations and literature, while only in a few cases

data were assembled from the herbaria ZA and

ZAHO.

The majority of field observations were carried out

from 1997 to 1998 during multiple field trips

throughout each growth season. The vascular flora

Figure 3. Location of the compared sites (1: Risnjak National Park, 2: Lazareva Reka Canyon and Malinik Nature Reserve, 3: Plitvice

National Park, 4: Medvednica Nature Park, 5: Stiavnicke vrchy, 6: Euganean Hills, 7: Vukova Gorica, 8: Vrsa�cke planine, 9: Krapinske

Toplice, 10: Zumberak-Samobor mountains Nature Park, 11: Paklenica National Park, 12: Villacher Alpe / Schuett Nature Reserve, 13:

Bieszczadzki National Park). Medvednica Nature Park is shown with a square, while other areas are indicated with a circle.

236 I. Dobrovic et al.

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of the Park was mapped using the MTB fields of the

Central European grid for flora mapping with the

application of MTB 1/64 fields, rectangles with

average dimensions of 1.5 x 1.45 km and an average

area of 2.25 km2 (Nikolic et al., 1998). The area of

the Park is subdivided into 135 MTB 1/64 units

(Figure 1). For each, one to several field lists,

described in Nikolic & Dobrovic (2002), were

produced. The positioning and identification of the

boundaries of the MTB 1/64 units in the field were

obtained with a GPS receiver and 1:25000 topo-

graphic maps.

Literature data on the presence and distribution of

taxa within the Park area were obtained from papers

dealing with different systematic groups or individual

taxa (Gussic, 1918; Gjurasin, 1933; Kamenarovic,

1958; Horvat & Horvat, 1961/1962; Simenc, 1962;

Herman, 1969; Markovic, 1975; Pavletic, 1985;

Franjic, 1992; Vrbek, 1995; Hulina, 1998; Hrsak

et al., 1999; Tomasevic et al., 1999; So�co et al., 2002;

Cigic et al., 2003; Kranj�cev, 2005; Marekovic et al.,

2005), vegetation (Forenbacher, 1908; Horvatic,

1930; Horvat, 1938; Kramer, 1966; Hulina, 1983,

Hrsak, 1987; Vukelic, 1991; Vukelic & Orsanic,

1994; Dobrovic, 2001; Popovic, 2002; Reger, 2002),

flora (Von Klinggraff, 1861; Hirc, 1912; Horvat,

1929; Bulic, 1952; Sutic-Suhic, 1952; Tomic, 1952;

Urlic-Ivanovic, 1952; Pavlica, 1953; Gligorovic,

1955; Kuis, 1955; Bevilacqua, 1957; Brkic, 1972;

Hecimovic, 1977; Egic, 1978; Mihelj, 1982; Sugar

et al., 1993/1994; Hulina, 1994; Sugar, 1994; Jelaska,

1999) or other subjects (Bohm et al., 1979; Plavsic-

Gojkovic & Britvec, 1990; Jelaska et al., 2003).

The geocoding of the literature data was done on

the basis of locality description by using the 1:25000

topographic maps. Toponyms not precise enough for

ascribing data to a corresponding basic field were not

geocoded, and hence not used for making the

biodiversity map.

Taxa recorded during field observations were

determined using the standard determination keys

and iconographies (Javorka & Csapody, 1934; Tutin

et al., 1964 – 1980; Rothmaler, 1991; Domac, 1994;

Delforge, 1995). A floristic list is not included in the

paper, but is available from the authors on request.

The nomenclature follows the Croatian Flora Check-

list (Nikolic, 1994, 1997, 2000). The life forms are

interpreted according to Ellenberg et al. (1991) and

Pignatti (1982). One or more of the following groups

have been attributed to each taxon: P: Phanerophyta,

N: Nanophanerophyta, Z: Chamaephyta (woody

plants), C: Chamaephyta (herbaceous plants), H:

Hemicryptophyta, G: Geophyta, T: Therophyta, A:

Hydrophyta, li: Lianae, hp: Hemiparasiti, vp: Parasiti.

Chorological elements follow Horvatic et al. (1967/

1968) and, for the taxa not listed there, Pignatti

(1982) and Simon (1992). Each taxon was described

with only one of the following geographical groups:

Mediterranean floristic element (M), Illyrian-

Balkan floristic element (IB), South European

floristic element (SE), Atlantic floristic element

(A), East European-Pontic floristic element (EEP),

South-East European floristic element (SEE), Cen-

tral European floristic element (CE), European

floristic element (E), Euro-Asiatic floristic element

(EA), circum-Holarctic floristic element (CH),

widespread plants (WSP), and neophytes (adventive

and cultivated taxa) (N). In order to simplify the

chorological analysis, Atlantic and European flor-

istic elements, as well as East European-Pontic and

South-East European floristic elements, were com-

bined. Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. is the only species

that belongs to the Atlantic floristic element. The

threat levels were determined according to the Red

Book of Vascular Flora of Croatia (Nikolic & Topic,

2005).

Biological and chorological spectra, as well as the

cross-spectrum, were prepared by considering the

number of taxa of every life-form for each geogra-

phical group (Buffa & Bracco, 1995; Villani et al.,

2003). In the latter analysis, Nanophanerophyta (N)

have been comprised in Phanerophyta (P), while

Chamaephyta (woody plants, Z) have been joined

with Chamaephyta (herbaceous plants, C). Due to

their low percentage, Hydrophyta, Lianae, Hemipar-

asiti and Parasiti were excluded from the cross-

spectrum analysis.

In order to evaluate species density, the a-index

was calculated, and then compared with the

a-indices of other similar regions in Croatia and

several European countries (Hlavacek, 1985;

Panjkovic-Matanovic, 1989; Sostaric, 1994; Lakusic

et al., 1996; Alegro, 1998, 2004; Jungmeier &

Schneidergruber, 1998; Len & Winnicki, 2000;

Segulja, 2000; Villani et al., 2003) (Figure 3). This

index can be used as an indicator for species diversity

of different area sizes (Hobohm, 2000).

The formula of a is: a¼ log S7(z log Aþ log c);

with S¼ species number; A¼ area size (in km2);

z¼ slope of the log S7log A relationship; c¼ inter-

cept of the slope.

The floristic diversity map was made using Arc

View 3.2 software combined with the CROFlora 2.0

database (Nikolic et al., 2001), where all the

collected data were previously recorded.

Results

The analysis of data collected from all sources (field

observations, literature and herbaria) shows that the

flora of Medvednica Nature Park consists of 1,352

taxa of vascular plants. The presence of 1,162 taxa

(85.9%) was previously reported in the literature,

while the occurrence of 923 taxa (68.3%) was noted


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by present field observations. In the case of 49 taxa

(3.6%), data was collected from the herbaria ZA and

ZAHO. The presence of Carex serotina Merat was

recorded only from the herbarium ZA. A large part of

the literature data (about 742 taxa, i.e., 63.9%) was

confirmed by herbaria samples and field observations,

which means that data on the presence and distribu-

tion of 420 taxa in total (31.1%) were obtained only

from the literature. Out of these, more than one-third

(147 taxa) is considered doubtful due to one of several

reasons discussed later. Field observations (1997 –

1998) revealed the presence of 189 hitherto unrec-

orded taxa in Medvednica Nature Park.

The taxonomic analysis included 1,205 taxa, the

doubtful species having been left out (Table I). The

most abundant families are Asteraceae (107 taxa),

Poaceae (101), Fabaceae (80), Lamiaceae and

Rosaceae (59), Scrophulariaceae (55), Brassicaeae (49),

Cichoriaceae (48), Caryophyllaceae (41), Cyperaceae

(40), Ranunculaceae (37), Apiaceae (36), Orchidaceae

(33), Liliaceae (29) and Euphorbiaceae (20). The

genus with the highest number of taxa is Carex (36),

followed by Euphorbia and Vicia (17), Veronica (15),

Hieracium and Trifolium (14), Lathyrus and Bromus

(13), Festuca, Potentilla, Rosa and Senecio (12),

Galium, Geranium and Viola (11), Cardamine,

Epilobium and Ranunculus (10).

According to the Wild Plants Collection Act

(Ministry of Culture; NN 100/2004), 48 taxa of the

investigated flora are strictly protected, while 228 are

protected. Based on IUCN categories, 67 taxa are

considered threatened; two taxa are regionally

extinct (Botrychium matricariifolium (Retz.) A. Br.

ex Koch and Cuscuta epilinum Weihe), four are

critically endangered (Anemone sylvestris L., Galium

uliginosum L., Vaccaria hispanica (Miller) Rauschert,

Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss.), 10 are endangered,

26 are vulnerable, and 25 are near-threatened.

The following nine taxa in Medvednica Nature

Park are endemic of the Croatian flora (Nikolic

1994, 1997, 2000): Achillea virescens (Fenzl) Hei-

merl, Cardamine kitaibelii Becherer, Cardamine

waldsteinii Dyer, Dianthus giganteus D’ Urv subsp.

croaticus (Borbas) Tutin, Euphrasia illyrica Wettst.,

Helleborus atrorubens Waldst. et Kit., Helleborus niger

L. subsp. macranthus (Freyn) Schiffner, Iris croatica

Horvat et Horvat M. and Sesleria tenuifolia Schrad.

subsp. kalnikensis (Jav.) Deyl.

The life-form analysis reveals the predominance of

Hemicryptophyta (45%), followed by Therophyta

(19%) and Geophyta (14%) (Figure 4).

The chorological spectrum indicates that the

predominant chorological units are the Euro-Asiatic

(EA), South European (SE) and cosmopolite (WSP)

floristic elements (Figure 5).

The biological/chorological cross-spectrum

(Table II) was prepared by considering the percent

of every life-form for each geographical element. The

analysis shows that hemicryptophytes are the domi-

nant form in all chorological groups, except the

neophytes and the Mediterranean floristic element.

The a-index was calculated in order to compare

the species richness of Medvednica Nature Park with

some similar regions in Croatia and other European

countries (Table III; Figure 6).

The spatial distribution of taxon number per

square unit (MTB 1/64) is presented in Figure 7.

This is a simple representation of the floristic

richness of Medvednica Nature Park.

Discussion

With 1,352 species and subspecies of vascular plants,

registered from all sources (field observations,

literature and herbaria), Medvednica Nature Park

shows a remarkable floristic richness. The studied

area is characterized by a specific phytogeographical

location, different associations of forest vegetation,

various habitats and soil types, and human influence

especially near the Park boundaries. As can be

expected, all these conditions have had positive

effect on plant taxon number. Besides, situated just

above the capital of Croatia, the Park has frequently

been studied in the last 150 years. This might be an

additional reason for the large number of taxa.

The records concerning plant taxa within Med-

vednica Nature Park were mostly obtained from the

literature (1,162 taxa, i.e., 85.9%). During an

intensive floristic research conducted mostly be-

tween 1997 and 1998, 63.9% of the literature data

Table I. Number of taxa (families, genera, species and subspecies) in the major divisions, subdivisions and classes of the flora of Medvednica

Nature Park.

Level Family Genus Species Subspecies Speciesþ subspecies

Pteridophyta 10 15 33 0 33

Coniferophytina 3 6 8 1 9

Magnoliophytina

Magnoliopsida 87 367 888 45 933

Liliopsida 9 87 220 10 230

Total 109 475 1,149 56 1,205


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(742 taxa) were confirmed, and 189 hitherto

unrecorded taxa were identified for the first time.

This means that 420 records (31.1%) were obtained

only from the literature, sometimes even older than a

century (Von Klinggraff, 1861), and not confirmed

later. A difficulty derives from authors of earlier

papers having used a different taxonomic nomencla-

ture or inaccurate determination of some plant

specimens. In our opinion, the presence of 147 taxa

in Medvednica Nature Park is debatable due to the

following reasons: (i) the taxon may have a dubious

status in the Croatian flora (e.g. Pulmonaria montana

Lej. was mentioned for Mt Medvednica by Fore-

nbacher (1908), but in Flora Europaea (Tutin et al.,

1972:101) this taxon has an endemic distribution in

western Europe); (ii) the taxon may no longer grow

within the Park area (e.g. Adiantum capillus-veneris L.

has previously been recorded near Podsused on the

thermal spring (Von Klinggraff, 1861; Forenbacher,

1908; Horvat 1929), but, due to the loss of its only

habitat, the species has vanished from the Park); (iii)

false quotation or misdetermination – phytogeogra-

phically or ecologically, may result in the taxon not

fitting within the studied area (e.g. Betula pubescens

Ehrh. (Von Klinggraff, 1861) is a bog peat species,

and these habitats were never present on Mt

Medvednica); (iv) the taxon may grow outside

the Park boundaries (e.g. Adonis aestivalis L.

(Von Klinggraff, 1861) is a weed in cereal cultiva-

tions, which are not present inside the Park).

Consequently, the exact number of species and

subspecies in Medvednica Nature Park amounts to

1,205. Comparing Medvednica’s flora with that of

Croatia, which comprises 5,347 taxa (Nikolic, 2001),

it emerges that the former represents 22.5% of the

national flora, even though Mt Medvednica occupies

only 0.4% of the Croatian territory. As much as 59%

of all families and 44% of all genera of the Croatian

flora are present here. The 15 most numerous

families contain as many as 65% of all taxa. These

families, in a slightly different order, are the largest of

the Croatian vascular flora as well (Nikolic, 2001).

In order to evaluate the floristic diversity of

Medvednica Nature Park, the a-index was calculated

and compared with the a-indices of some similar

regions in Croatia and several European countries

(Table III). In Figure 6 the a-values above the

Figure 5. Chorological spectrum of the Medvednica Nature Park

flora (EA: Euro-Asiatic floristic element; SE: South European

floristic element; WSP: widespread plants; EþA: European and

Atlantic floristic elements; CE: Central European floristic element;

CH: circum-Holarctic floristic element; EEPþSEE: East

European-Pontic and South-East European floristic elements;

N: neophytes (adventive and cultivated taxa), M: Mediterranean

floristic element; IB: Illyrian-Balkan floristic element.

Table II. Cross-spectrum of the flora of Medvednica Nature Park.

EA SE WSP EþA CE CH EEPþSEE N M IB

T % 18.2 16.8 35.9 13.1 4.9 8.0 15.5 43.1 35.0 5.3

G % 14.8 12.7 8.5 15.0 16.1 32.0 19.7 10.3 17.5 36.8

H % 51.7 50.0 45.8 46.2 58.0 54.6 53.5 24.2 27.5 47.4

CþZ % 5.6 9.0 4.9 10.6 7.4 2.7 7.1 1.7 10.0 10.5

PþN % 9.7 11.5 4.9 15.0 13.6 2.7 4.2 20.7 10.0 0.0

Abbreviations: Geographical groups are: EA: Euro-Asiatic floristic element, SE: South European floristic element, WSP: widespread plants,

EþA: European and Atlantic floristic elements, CE: Central European floristic element, CH: circum-Holarctic floristic element,

EEPþSEE: East European-Pontic and South-East European floristic elements, N: neophytes (adventive and cultivated taxa),

M: Mediterranean floristic element, IB: Illyrian-Balkan floristic element. Life forms are: T: Therophyta, G: Geophyta, H: Hemicryptophyta,

CþZ: Chamaephyta (herbaceous plants) and Chamaephyta (wooden plants), PþN: Phanerophyta and Nanophanerophyta.

Figure 4. Proportion of different life forms of the Medvednica

Nature Park flora as a percent of total taxon number

(H: Hemicryptophyta, T: Therophyta, G: Geophyta, P: Phanerophyta,

N: Nanophanerophyta, C: Chamaephyta (herbaceous plants), li:

Lianae, Z: Chamaephyta (woody plants), hp: Hemiparasiti,

A: Hydrophyta, vp: Parasiti).


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regression line are positive and refer to areas with

species diversity above average, while the values

below the line are negative. As can be seen in the

graph, the a-value of Mt Medvednica is positioned

above the regression line, meaning that the floristic

richness of the researched area is above average. The

a-value of 0.05073 (Table III) is among the highest

values, and it evidences notable floristic richness and

diversity which is conditioned by diverse morphology

(analysed by Jelaska et al., 2003) and microclimates,

different geological strata, numerous types of soils,

and human influence.

As far as the biological spectrum is concerned

(Figure 4), the predominance of hemicryptophytes

(45%) is evident, which agrees with the prevalence of

a moderate continental climate on Mt Medvednica

(cf. Walter, 1960). The relatively high percentage of

therophytes (18%) can be an indication of human

disturbance, because this life-form is usual in

anthropogenic habitats. Geophytes embrace 14% of

all taxa, and they are mostly found within the mixed

deciduous woods. Phanerophytes (nanophanero-

phytes included) also have an important role in the

biological spectrum, obviously because of the pre-

valence of forest vegetation (63.6%) in the Park. The

most abundant and distinctive forest communities in

the Park are certainly Epimedio-Carpinetum betuli

(Ht, 1938) Borh, 1963, Lamio orvalae-Fagetum sylva-

ticae Ht, 1938 and Abieti-Fagetum ‘‘pannonicum’’

Raus, 1969 prov. (Bohm et al., 1979). The least

Table III. Floristic diversity of some localities in Croatia and several European countries with respective a-index values.

Region A S a-index

1 Risnjak National Park (pers. comm. Park management) 64.10 1167 0.12970

2 Lazareva Reka Canyon and Malinik Nature Reserve (Lakusic et al., 1996) 10.00 720 0.05583

3 Plitvice National Park (Segulja, 2000) 294.82 1267 0.05380

4 Medvednica Nature Park 228.26 1205 0.05073

5 Stiavnicke vrchy (Hlavacek, 1985) 776.30 1455 0.04308

6 Euganean Hills (Villani et al., 2003) 222.00 1158 0.03615

7 Vukova Gorica (Alegro, 1998) 3.20 530 0.00611

8 Vrsa�cke planine (Panjkovic-Matanovic, 1989) 170.00 1007 70.00568

9 Krapinske Toplice (Sostaric, 1994) 3.00 492 70.02148

10 Zumberak-Samobor mountains Nature Park (pers. comm. Park management) 333.00 1050 70.03669

11 Paklenica National Park (Alegro, 2004) 102.00 809 70.06340

12 Villacher Alpe / Schuett Nature Reserve (Jungmeier & Schneidergruber, 1998) 24.00 594 70.09174

13 Bieszczadzki National Park (Len & Winnicki, 2000) 292.02 780 70.15618

Abbreviations: A: size of area in km2; S: species number.

Figure 6. Species-area linear regression for the vascular flora of some comparable localities in Croatia and several European countries.

Numbers correspond to those of Table III.


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represented life-form, if the Hydrophyta, Lianae,

Hemiparasiti and Parasiti are excluded, is that of

chamaephytes. This life-form is common in the

herbaceous layer of woods.

Situated between the south-eastern Alps and

north-western Dinarids, Mt Medvednica, together

with the Samobor Hills nearby, represents a phyto-

geographical bond between the two massifs

(Trinajstic, 1992, 1995b) which is suitable for the

development of a rich flora characterized by various

floristic elements (Figure 5). Different geographical

groups in Mt Medvednica grow close to each other,

thereby conferring a specific phytogeographical

feature to this area. Euro-Asiatic, South European

and cosmopolite floristic elements, that are the most

abundant in the flora of Medvednica Nature Park,

are expected here due to the position of the studied

area (southeast Europe); thus, they do not represent

a peculiarity of the region. On the other hand,

Illyrian-Balkan and East European-Pontic groups

reflect a certain sequence of ecological conditions

during the recent geological past. Tertiary relicts,

such as Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC., Cardamine

waldsteinii Dyer, Dianthus giganteus D’ Urv subsp.

croaticus (Borbas) Tutin, Epimedium alpinum L.,

Helleborus atrorubens Waldst. et Kit., Lamium orvala

L., Lilium carniolicum Bernh. ex Koch, Sesleria

tenuifolia Schrad. subsp. kalnikensis (Jav.) Deyl and

Vicia oroboides Wulfen, are widespread within Med-

vednica Nature Park, indicating that Mt Medvednica

was an important refuge during the last ice age where

different species found shelter.

The Mediterranean floristic element also empha-

sizes the uniqueness of the region, even though it is

represented by only 3% of taxa. The investigated

area is situated in the continental part of Croatia

where Mediterranean species are not expected;

nevertheless, a thermophilic association of Ostryo-

Quercetum pubescentis Ht, 1938 has developed on the

south-exposed slopes of the mountain, over a

carbonate stratum, with the presence of some true

Mediterranean species, such as Ajuga chamaepitys

(L.) Schreb., Colutea arborescens L., Crepis nicaeensis

Balb., Iberis umbellata L., Medicago rigidula L.,

Securigera cretica (L.) Lassen, Sinapis alba L.,

Thesium divaricatum Jan. ex Mert. et Koch. The

question arises as to how these species arrived here,

given that they are usually spread in the coastal part

of Croatia, and that the Dinarids and the mountains

of Gorski Kotar divide their area of distribution. The

answer lies in the recent geological past, when this

region was submerged by the Paratethys Sea during

the Cenozoic era. The fossils of rudist bivalves,

Congeria spp, different kinds of algae, and layers of

Tertiary limestone with the genus Lithotamnium are

the physical evidence of the past of Mt Medvednica

(Herak, 1984). In that geological era, Paratethys had

a direct connection with the Mediterranean, deter-

mining milder climatic conditions, and the

consequent development of a different flora. The

retreat of the Paratethys Sea in the Neogene period

led to the formation of the Pannonian basin, which

influenced the vegetation in this region till the end of

Sarmat, when it finally vanished. Today’s residue of

Figure 7. A floristic diversity map of Medvednica Nature Park. The circle diameter is proportional to the number of species and subspecies

per mapping unit. Empty squares on the edge of the Park were not included in the mapping due to their urban character.


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arch 2007

the past epicontinental sea is Lake Balaton in

Hungary (Herak, 1984).

From a biogeographical and structural point of

view (Buffa & Bracco, 1995), the floral analysis

shows that hemicryptophytes are the dominant form

in all chorological groups except the Mediterranean

floristic element and neophytes (Table II). Ther-

ophytes are predominant within the Mediterranean

floristic element and neophytes, and are greatly

represented in the cosmopolite geographical group

as well, which indicates the existence of disturbed

habitats. Bearing in mind that the studied area is

situated very close to Zagreb, and that the marginal

zones of the Park are populated and under cultiva-

tion, the human impact on the flora becomes

obvious. Human settlements are spreading, espe-

cially in the southern parts of the Park, and

consequently the appearance and expansion of alien

species increases from day to day. Recent land use

and urbanization in these areas of the Park has even

led to a new proposal, made by the State Institute for

Nature Protection together with the Ministry of

Culture, to change the Park boundaries, i.e., to

reduce the Park area. The human impact on the Park

is not only obvious through illegal construction and

building, but is also visible through changes in

floristic structure. Within the Park area, 52 alien

species (4.3%) have been recorded till now, and

some of them, e.g., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)

Swingle, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Conyza canadensis

(L.) Cronquist, Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F.Blake, G.

parviflora Cav., Impatiens balfourii Hook.f., I. glandu-

lifera Royle, I. parviflora DC., Robinia pseudoacacia

L., Solidago canadensis L., S. gigantea Aiton, are very

aggressive, and therefore able to invade and change

the natural habitats (Cigic et al., 2003; Dobrovic

et al., 2005). Proper protection of the Nature Park

should ensure stability and normal development of

the present, mostly forest, ecosystems, and should

attempt to reduce any negative human impact.

Within the Mediterranean chorotype, the percen-

tage of therophytes is lower than usual, meaning

that this life-form which often characterizes Medi-

terranean areas, is here mostly present because of

intense human interference. Geophytes have an

important role especially among Illyrian-Balkan,

circum-Holarctic and East European-Pontic spe-

cies, while the highest percentage of phanero-

phytes is within neophytes and European, Central

European and South European floristic elements

(Table II).

The map of floristic diversity presents the number

of taxa per MTB 1/64 unit (Figure 7), which is

represented by a circle of corresponding diameter. In

the central part of the Park, Jelaska (1999), Dobrovic

(2001), Popovic (2002) and Reger (2002) carried out

intensive investigations lasting several years; the high

floristic diversity of the central mountain profile may

be the result of the frequency of their field work.

Bearing this in mind, we can conclude that the

eastern and south-western parts are, in general,

floristically richer than other parts of the Park. They

have a higher diversity of habitats with a more intense

mosaic landscape structure which obviously leads to

higher plant diversity per MTB 1/64 square unit.

Besides this, in this area mixed deciduous woods of

ass. Epimedio-Carpinetum betuli (Ht, 1938) Borh,

1963 are developed, and it is well known that these

communities are richer in species than beech and fir-

beech forests of which broader Park surfaces are

comprised (Dobrovic, 2001; Popovic, 2002; Reger,

2002). The MTB 1/64 units on the edges of the Park,

which are left unmarked or that have a very low

floristic diversity, were not included in the field work

due to their urban character.

This investigation of the flora of Medvednica

Nature Park is useful from a conservationist point

of view as it points out the environmental values of

the Park. According to Hrsak et al. (1999), MTB

1/64 fields are appropriate for mapping the flora

of protected areas. Such mapping is precise enough

to achieve a realistic distribution of taxa within the

protected area, and it enables the use of these data

in conservation planning. So-called ‘‘hotspots’’ can

be distinguished on the floristic diversity map

(Figure 7), which is useful for Park management

and in situ protection. After obtaining this type of

data, all future research, e.g. chorological analysis,

succession monitoring, spreading of neophytes, etc.,

becomes easier.

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