DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 419 756 SO 028 871

AUTHOR Latzinger, Joel P.TITLE Mexico in Transition. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad

1996 (Mexico).SPONS AGENCY Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC.PUB DATE 1996-00-00NOTE 16p.; For other Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1996

reports, see SO 028 863-874.PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; Cultural Awareness; Foreign Countries;

Geography; Higher Education; *Latin American Culture; *LatinAmerican History; Latin Americans; *Mexicans; MulticulturalEducation; *Social Change; Undergraduate Study

IDENTIFIERS *Mexico

ABSTRACTThis one semester course syllabus entitled, "The Integration

of Mexico and the United States: Societies in Transition," isinterdisciplinary and taught by the Departments of Geography, Management,Foreign Language/Spanish, and Sociology/Archaeology at the University ofWisconsin-LaCrosse Institute for Latin American Studies. The course focusesprimarily on placing in context events and processes occurring in the UnitedStates and Mexico that are pressing social issues for both countries. Thecourse addresses specific transitional processes and issues in both societiesalong with the responses to the social issues raised by the transitionalprocesses. (EH)

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Mexico in Transition. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1996(Mexico).

by Joel P. Latzinger

Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC.

Published: 1996

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Report to the Department of Education:Mexico in Transition

f'ulbright -Hays 1996 Summer Seminar

ByJoel P. Lazinger, Ph.D.

The ITniversity-of Wisconsin -Ls Crosse

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Introduction

The theme of the Fulbright Mexican Summer Seminar for 1996 focused on social changeand the} transition to democracy in that country. T stated in my application for the Seminar that Iwould inilize it to "...create a section on Mexico..." in an interdisciplinary course that theUnivei4ity of Wisconsin-La Crosse Institute for Latin American studies would offer in the Spring1997 Rimester. The proposed course's title is: "The Integration of Mexico and the UnitedStotes:i Societies in Transition," and it will be offered through the cooperation of the Collegesof Science Liberal Studies and Business. The four departments participating in the course will bethe Departments of Geography, Management, Foreign Languages/Spanish andSocioleigy/Archaeology. The course is being designed to assist our students in:

Learning about the complex issues related to the social changes occurring in NorthAmerica, and specifically the social and economic changes occurring in Mexicoand the United States.

2) Enhancing their critical thinking skills that will enable them to better assess newsand media discussions about issues affecting people and environments acrossborders.

'My specific contribution to the above mentioned course will focus on three general areas.The fiat part of the course will focus on placing in context events and processes that areoccurrihg in the U.S. and Mexico, and which are pressing social issues for both societies. MycontribUtion to this section of the course will be a presentation on the historical and sociologicalissues Belated to both countries' development. I will clarify several sociological concepts that arerelated Ito social change and development. This would also include a brief presentation ofdevelopment theories and how they have been applied to each society's situation. Concepts thatwill be explored will include: social change, development, corporate and.civil society, socialinstitutions and social structure. Modernization, world system, dependency and neo-liberaldevelopment theories will be presented and discussed. The students will be engaged in theinteractive learning process to absorb this material. The students will be asked to define in theirown terms the meaning of these concepts and give examples of how they and/or their friends arebeing affected by them (for example! have they any knowledge of people who have lost or gainedemployment as a result of NAFTA or have they had any contact with Mexican immigrants).

In addition to a discussion about general concepts and theories regarding social change Iwill also define and discuss the basic concepts related to social inequality and stratification.Concet is such as class, status and power will be explored and defined and their relevance tocurrent social issues explored. For example, both Mexican and U.S. middle-classes haveexpericpced downward mobility. What are the causes of this downward mobility and what are the

ces and similarities between Mexican and U.S. downward mobility? How do the varioussocial theories discussed above explain the downward mobility of the middle class?

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The second section of the course will focus its attention on specific transitional processesand issiiies. Contemporary political change and development in both societies will be the primarytopic *seated in this section. The breakdown in political legitimacy of the dominant politicalparties and the rise of political opposition parties will be discussed. Calls for election reforms inboth societies and the rise of conservative/right wing political groups in both societies will beexplorejd and discussed along with the failure of the political processes in each country toeffectively deal with its economic and political crises Immigration and the globalization of eachcountry's economy are also important processes that must be explored by the course. Theresponses of social movements in each country to the problems created by immigration andglobalization will be presented and the connection between globalization and immigration will beexplored. This section of the course will also present a discussion of the actors who are playingleading roles in defining the solutions to the problems created by the previously mentionedprocesses. For example, what role do nongovernmental organizations, social movements andtraditiopal political elites play in addressing the problems and their solution?

`Rielly, this section of the course will address the impact that the transitional processes arehaving n major social institutions and culture. Cultural changes brought on by increasedcorn cation and contact either through immigration and/or the media will be explored alongwith changes in family organization and gender roles within the faintly. Language issues and&angel; in cultural norms will be explored along with how popular culture in both countries arebeing iifluenced by each other.

The third section of the course will focus on the response to the social issues raised by thetransitional processes. The response of the each country's political institutions to the increasingdeman4 being made upon them will be explored. Issues such as Proposition 187, English only,trade relations, maquiladoras and declining living standards are all being raised in each country'spolitick debate. These issues have given rise to the development of social movements which arebecoming increasingly important actors in the political process that is addressing them.

Week I(Jan. 2 i-24)

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Week 2(Jan. 27-31)

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The Course Outline

Introduction to the course, course requirements and assessment of studentknowledge. Using the Internet as an educational tool. An introduction to Mexico.Basic statistics on size and demographics and geographical phenomena.

Class feedback and interaction related to movie entitled "Emerging Mexico."

Establishing the context

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Week 4

(Feb. j, -7)Brief presentation of each country's development history.Colonization and its cultural legacy

Week 4 Nation building and cultural identity(Feb. 10-15)

Week 5(Feb.1-21)

Week(Feb. 24-28)

Week(Mar. 1-7)

Week $(Mar. 7-21)

Week(Mar. 24-28)

Week 10(Apr. 1-4)

Week 11(Apr. 7-11)

Week(Apr. 14-18)

The conquest and ethnic relationsDominant and subordinate groups--caste and class

SomosMexicaizos and the American Melting Pot?

Transitional Processes and Issues

The process of economic development

The expansion of national frontiers and resource basesThe Mexican and American models of early development

Contemporary social and political issuesThe crisis of political legitimacyState and Civil Society

Contemporary social and political issues (continued)Women and gender roles

Industrial and environmental issuesMaquiladoras

Industrial and environmental issues (continued)NAFTA, national self-interest and migration

Transitional processesPolitical reformInstitutional and extra-institutional pressuresSocial movements and NGOs

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Week 13(Apr. 1-25)

Transition processes (continued)Globalization and the search for identityIts cultural and economic dimensions

Week 14(Apr. ti-May 2)

Time

Wrap-up and conclusions

LeadingFacilitator

Themes/7'asks/Readings

Week 1 All Introduction- AllReview of Syllabus-Expectations/Grades-Pre-test/Assessment- Leticia

Week 2

Week 4

Virgil/ Mexico intro (Social statistics/geography)Joel Map exercise/slide-lecture, Internet exercise

Virgil Video ("Emerging Mexico")Small group discussions- MI

Joel/ Historical cultural context: Mexico & U.S.Virgil Mexican development- Joel

Other Native cultures of Mexico-VirgilHistorical geography of Mexico- Virgil

Reading: Crockcroft, pp. 71-100

Week 4 Joel/ Nation building and ethnic relations- JoelLeticia The nature of perception- Leticia

Culture defined-Culture in context: The labyrinth ofSolititude- IsoldaThe meaning of time - two perspectivesCulture in transition

Reading: La Botz, pp. 2142, Octavio Paz

Week 4 Isolda/ Somos Mexicanos and the U.S. melting potJoel Dominant and subordinate groups - Joel

The conquest and ethnic relations - Joel

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Week

The significance of conquest for literature,art and religion- Isolda.

Reading. Clava pp. 17-92; NACLA (Vol 28 #1)

Joel Dependence and development theoriesCycle of underdevelopment

Reading: Mar& & Bossert, pp.3-34, 109-123, 195-233

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Week 7 Virgil/ Expansion of national frontiers and resourcesi Leticia American and Mexican models ofi development

Week 8 Joel/ Contemporary social and issues, politicalIsolda legitimacy, and the state and civil society

The Chiapas Rebellion -IsoldaReading: Cornelius, pp. 51-120, Fulbright Summer

Seminar Notes

Week Isolda Women and gender rolesMovie "Die Water for Chocolate"Frida Khaki

Week 10 Leticia/ Industrial development- JoelJoel The Maquiladora program- Leticia

Movie, "The Global Assembly line"The environment- Virgil

Reading: Clava. VoL I

Week 11 Leticia NAFTA

Week 2 Virgil/ Migration VirgilThe third country-

Isolda Borderlands/La Frontera- IsoldaLeticia Proposition 187

SelenaMigration to-Mexico/Golden Ghettos- Virgil

Week 13 Joel/ Political reform and social movements- JoelIsolda Battles in the Desert/ Los rituales del caos

Reading; Latin American Perspectives

Week t4 All Globalization and the search for identity

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NAFTA. likely future scenariosConclusions

Topic Presentations

(This is a list of topics that I will develop)

!The Internet has made the task of finding information about Mexico much easier thanbefoh. Ahe advent of computer technology. Today's students have much more readily available

don at their finger tips than any other previous generation. The fallowing information iscop r directly from "web pages" and it illustrates the high quality information available tostudent . This course will encourage students to take advantage of the benefits of the web inlearni about Mexico. Information about Mexico and how to access it will be presented throughout the urse. In addition to obtaining documentation via the Internet, students participating inthis co se will acquire Mexican student electronic pen pals with whom they will share ideas.Tentatite arrangements for this activity were made during my Futhright assisted visit to theUniverfty of Guanajuato during the summer of 1996.

Con information: Mexico

OW-grAPAITotal land area 1,972,550 sq km (less than three times the size of Texas)Coastline 9,330 kmLand use = 12% arable land

1% permanent crops39% meadows and pastures24% forest and woodland24% other

pemoaraphics= 93,985,848 (July 1995 est.)

Ag7. "cture0-14 yoars = 37°/o15-64 years = 59%65 & over 4%

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Population growth rate = 1.9% (1995 est)Birth rate: = 26.64 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)Death rate: = 4.64 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)Net migration rate: -3.03 migrants/1,000 population (1995 est.)Life expectancy at birth:

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!Social

(source: CIA

total population = 73.34 yearsmale = 69.74 yearsfemale = 77.11 years

Total fertility rate; 3.09 children born/woman (1995 est)

dataLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population = 88%male = 90%female = 85%

Labor force by occupation:services = 31.7%agriculture, forestry, hunting & fishing 28%commerce =14.6%manufacturing = 11.1%construction = 8.4%transportation 4.7%mining & quarrying = 1.5%

World Faclbook, 1995:www.odcigov/cia/publicatIons/95fact/nrchunl)

Conteixtual Information: The United States

TAYTotal landCoastlineLand use

1DemogaphicsPopulation = 263,814,032 (July, 1995 est.)Age Structure

0-14 = 22%15-64 = 65%65 & over = 13%

Population growth rate = 1.02% (1995 est.)Birth rate = 15.25 births/1,000 population (1995 eat.)Death rate Mb 8.38 deaths/I,000 population (1995 est.)Net migration rate = 3.34 migrants/1,000 population (1995 est.)Life expectancy at birth:

total population = 75.99 years

area= 9,372,610 sq km= 19,924 km= 20% arable land= 0% permanent crops= 26% meadows and pastures= 29% forest and woodland

25% other

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male = 72.8 yearsfemales 79.7 years

Total fertility rate 2.08 children born/woman (1995est.

Social data. Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1979)

total population = 976/.male = 97%female 97%

Labor force by occupation:managerial & professional = 2704,twAmical, sales & administrative support = 30.3%services 13.7%manufacturing, mining, transportation, and crafts = 25.5%farming, forestry, and fishing = 2.9%

(sourci: CIA World Factboolc 1995:www.odci.govicia/publications/95faceus.html)

Mexio: Social characteristics

1990 Census informationThe census showed that 7.9% of the population speaks one of Mexico's 68

(indigenous languages; 80.8% of that proportion is concentrated in eight states.'Indigenous peoples, migrant workers, and small landowners from the core of the!impoverished rural population.

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The three leading causes of death among males in the group aged 15-64 arelaccidents, homicide, and cirrhosis, whereas among females they are malignant neoplasms,heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Tuberculosis is frequent among adults in all regions ofthe country. The five leading causes of death among the indigenous populations in1542 municipalities were intestinal infectious diseases, heart disease, accidents,!influenza and pneumonia, and measles. Malnutrition was 131.8% more prevalent in!rural areas than in urban areas. The population that lacks care because of geographic,[economic or cultural accessibility problems is estimated a 6% of the total. It is!recognized that both the coverage and the quality of health care among indigenous groupsis deficient.

In 1992, coverage with drinking water services in urban areas was estimated at190.4% and was over 95% in areas with more than 80,000 inhabitants. Coverage in ruraltarns 66.%. Sewer system coverage in urban areas is 81.4% and rural sanitation'coverage is 28.7% The Federal District has the highest proportion of dwellings.connectedIto wastewater disposal system (93.8%) and the state of Oaxaca, which has a high degreelot-impoverishment, has the lowest (29.8%).

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(sourch: Pan American Health OrganizatIonneww.paho.oreenglishlmextco.htm)

;The students will be presented with this information and then asked to produce otherinformOon related to the topics being covered in class, and which will then be analyzed andccmciu4ions will be drawn.

Lecture Outlines

Mexcan Development: Past and Present Strategies

Conquist and extraction of wealth: establishing patterns of exploitation1Land Grants, encomiendas and wealth'Building an historic elite and cacique powerColonialism and dependencyCultural legacies: personalism°, compadrazgo, mestizos and ornagifismo

Bui ldit a modem corporate stateInterest group politicsThe party of institutionalized corruptionSelective repression

Econonic strategiesIThe Economic Commission on Latin America (ECLA)'Economic nationalism: import substitution.1982 debt crisis: the emergence of neo-liberalism1

ilThe ec nomic crisis: 1994Opportunities for transitions: Political economy revisitedNAFTA, maquiladoras and the ties that bindThe ignition of the Mexican volcano

The V.S. Colonial experience and nation building

Colon* and conquestIndian removalColonies as economic production units fueling British industrialization!Economic HistoryLathe Faire government

Stratification: The product of social and economic procesies. .

Econonlic Nationalism and Stratification

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plow but steady growth of an urban middle classAgricultural self sufficiency

The internationalization of the Mexican economydebt crisis of 1982: economic and social turmoil

Neo-liberalism, NAFTA and the crisisISocial movements, NGOs and the search for alternativesChiapas as a bellwether

U.S. 4ratiratkaliow...,.

BuildinaLa middle7class societyEconomic issuesMiddle class. as.lifestyle

Di a middle-class societyng expectations?

Tb lievelopirnent

Neo-h' raisin

Mexko in transition?

Politics hegtpiporni or pluralistic democracy?11IUD as challengers or old wine in brand new bottles?

Zipatisms: new wine in brand new bottles

The coliporate state or civil society?Challenging the elites or cooptation7Social movements, can they be contained?

PRONASOL as a model for containment?

NAFTA: issues and Controversies

NAFT in the context of the World Economic SystemThe co i sequences-of NAFTA for MesitO and the U.S.

n,":, as'a belhvether`

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!Perot and Buchannan and economic nationalism

Bibliography

Barkini David, "The Specter of Rural Development," in NACLA: Report on the Americas, Vol.

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XXVIII #1, July-August 1994.

Bejar, Alejandro Alvarez and Gabriel Mendoza Pichardo, `Mexico 1988-1991: A Successful!Economic Adjustment Program7"in Latin American Perspectives. Vol. 20, 43, Summer1993, pp. 32-45.

Calve, rose Luis, La Disputa Por La Tierra: La reforms del Artienlo 27 y I t nueva LeylAgrarin. Mexico City, 1993: Fontamara, SA

Calva, 'Jose Luis. "Prologo." in Calva (ed.) Distribucion del Ingreso y Politico Sociales TomoII. Mexico City: Juan Pablos Editor, S.A. 1995, pp. 11-16.

Carmolta, Fernando, "Propuestas de economia politica para la transicion a la democracia." inIfigenia Martinez (ed.) Economia y Democracia: Mexico City, Editorial Grijalbo, 1995,pp. 27-34.

Cornelius, Wayne A. Mexican Politics in Transition: The Breakdown of a OneParty-Dominant Regime. San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University ofCalifornia-San Diego, 1996.

Cociccrioft, James D. neighbors in turmoil: LATIN AMERICA. St. Louis, Harper & RowPublishers, 1989.

Dressel, Denise, "'Me Impending Elections: The Only Certainty is Uncertainty," in NACLA:Report on the Americas, Vol_ XXVIII #1, July-August 1994, pp. 22-28.

Frank, ndre Gunder, "The development of Underdevelopment," in Klan% and Bossert (eds.),ilPromise of Development: Theories of Change in Latin America Boulder: WestviewPress, 1986, pp. 111-123.

n, Ricardo and Maxwell Cameron, "Mexico: the wages of trade."in NACLA: Report onthe Americas, Vol. XXVI #4, February 1993, pp. 32-37

Gutmaii, Jorge Castaneda, "El TLC y las relaciones M6dco-Estarlos Unidos." in Losicompromisos con la Nacion: Mexico City. Plaza and James, 1996, pp. 59-80 .

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1HarveT, Neil, Rebellion in Chiapas: Rural Reforms, Campesino Radicalism, and the Limitsto Salinismo: San Diego, University of California-San Diego Center for U.S.-MexicanStudies, 1994,

Hellmn, Judith Adler, "Mexican Popular Movements, Clientelism, and the Process ofDemocratization' in Latin American Perspectives. Vol. 21, #2, Spring 94, pp. 124-42.

ernielidez, Luis and Laura Carisen, "Political Storms of 1994," in NACLA.: Report on theAmericas, Vol. XXVIII #1, July-August 1994.

Isaac, laudia B., "Class Stratification and Cooperative Production among Rural Women in1 Central Mexiconn Latin American Research Review. Vol. 30 #2, 1995, pp. 123-150.

lUarenl, Peter F. and Thomas J. Bossert (eds), Promise of Development: Theories of Change inLatin America. Boulder. Westview Press, 1986.

La Boiz, Dan, Democracy in Mexico: Peasant Rebellion and Political Reform. Boston: SouthEnd Press, 1995.

Lipset. Seymour Martin, "Values, Education, and Entrepreneurship,"in Martin and Bossert (eds),Promise of Development:Theories of Change in Latin America. Boulder: WestviewPress, 1986, pp. 39-75.

MacE4ran, Arthur, "Banishing the Mexican Revolution." in Monthly Review. Vol. 43 #6,November 1991, pp 16-27.

McCa4ghan, Edward J., "Mexico's Long Crisis: Toward New Regimes of Accumulation andDomination." in Latin American Perspectives. Vol. 20, #3, Summer 1993, pp. 18-22 ,

Middlelbrook, Kevin J.. The Paradox of Revolution: Labor, the State, and Authoritarianismin Mexico. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.

Moguell, Julio, "Salinas' Failed War on Poverty," in NACLA: Report on the Americas, Vol.XXVIII #1, July-August 1994, pp. 38-41.

Otero, Sanchez, "Neoliberalism and its Discontents." in NACLA: Report on theAmericas, Vol. ,CKVI #4, February 1993. pp. 18-22.

Ramirelz, Othon Baiios, "Neoliberalismo y reprivatizacion de la agroindustrial Henequenera deYucatan," Regiones: Revista Interdiseiplinaria en Estudios Regionales; Universidadde Guanajuato. Vol. IT #4, April-July 1994, pp. 51-70.

Rionda, Luis Miguel, "Detenninantes FEstoricos en la migracion campesina Mexicana a los

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!Estados Unidos. El agrarismo en una comunidad Michoacan," Regiones: RevistalInterdisdpiinaria en Estudios Regionales; Universidad de Guanajuato. Vol. II #4,lAirtil-July 1994, pp. 109426.

Santiblfiez, Juan Jose, "Globalizacion de la agricultural Mexican y globaliiacion del debateagrario," Regiones: Revista Interdistiplinaria en Estudios %technics; Universidad de!Guanajuato. Vol. II #4, April July 1994, pp. 11-36.

Wiarda, Howard I., "Social Change, Political Development, and the Latin American Tradition, inKlaren and Bossert (eds.), Promise of Development: Theories of Change in LatinAmerica. Boulder. Westview Press, 1986, pp. 197-218.

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