document resume cs 000 608 graphic materials: theme 2 ... · graphic materials: theme 2, reading....

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Graphic Materials: Theme 2, Reading.Education Commission of the States, Denver, Colo.National Assessment of Educational Progress.National Center for Educational Statistics (DHEW/OE),Washington, D.C.R-02-R-02Jun 73213p.Superintendent of Documents, U. S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 ($2.60)

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$9.87DESCRIPTORS Adults; Cartoons; Charts; Diagrams; Graphic Arts;

Interpretive Skills; National Surveys; *Reading;Reading Ability; *Reading Research; *Reading Skills;Signs; *Visual Aids

IDENTIFIERS *National Assessment of Educational Progress

ABSTRACTGraphic materials transmit information through

drawings, diagrams, and symbols other than words. Theme 2 of thereading section of the National Assessment was divided into foursubthemes, each representing a set of related exercises: (1)interpreting drawings and pictures; (2) reading signs and labels; (3)

reading charts, maps, and graphs; and (4) reading forms. Most of theexercises in subtheme 1 were simple pictures or cartoons, andrespondents were asked questions about the information the materialscontained. Because of their low level of sophistication, theseexercises were administered primarily to 9 and 13 year olds.Subthemes 2 through 4 covered a wide range of interaction betweenwords and diagrams or drawings. The chapters included in the reportare "Theme 2: Graphic Materials," "Summary of Results," "Results for9 Year Olds." "Results for 13 Year Olds," "Results for 17 Year Olds,""Results for Young Adults," and "Performance on Exercises OverlappingTwo or More Age Groups." (Sample exercises and some charts may notreproduce well due to type size.) (WR)

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nationalisressment I- NATfONAL AStional

REPORT 02-R-02

GRAPHIC MATERIALS

1970-71 Assessment

FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY

NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS

A Project of the Education Commission of the States

Winfield Dunn, Governor of Tennessee, Chairman, Education Commission of the StatesWendell H. Pierce, Executive Director, Education Commission of the States

James A. Hazlett, Administrative Director, National Assessment

Assessment Reports

1 Science: National Results July, 19702 Citizenship: National Results November, 19703 Writing: National Results November, 19 t 0

. 4 Science: Group Results A April, 1971* 5 Writing: Group Results A April, 1971$ 6 Citizenship: Group Results A July, 1971* 8 Writing: Writing Mechanics February, 1972

9 Citizenship: Group Results B May, 1972#02-GIY Reading and Literature: General Information Yearbook May, 1972*02-R-00 Reading: Summary (Preliminary Report) May, 197202-R-20 Reading: Released Exercises (Preliminary Report) May, 1972$10 Writing: Selected Essays November, 197202-R-09 Reading: Reading Rate and Comprehension (Theme 9) December, 1972#02-L-01 Literature: Understanding Imaginative

Language (Theme 1) March, 1973*02-L-20 Literature: Released Exercises April, 197302-L-02 Literature: Responding to Literature (Theme 2) April, 1973*02-R-01 Reading: Understanding Words and Word Relationships

(Theme 1) April, 1973#02-L-03 Literature: Recognizing Literary Works

and Characters (Theme 3) April. 19737 Science: Group Results B May, 1973

#11 Writing: Group Results A & B May, 197302-R-08 Reading: Critical Readi ig (Theme 8) May, 1973*02-L-04 Literature: A Survey of Reading Habits (Theme 4) May, 197302-R-03 Reading: Written Directions (Theme 3) May, 1973*02-R-05 Reading: Gleaning Significant Facts

from Passages (Theme 5) May, 1973#02-R-02 Reading: Graphic Materials (Theme 2) June, 1973

The project reported herein was performed pursuant to a grant from the NationalCenter for Educational Statistics of the U.S. Office of Education, Department of Health,Education, and Welfare. However, the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily re-flect the position or policy of the U.S. Office of Education, and no official endorsementby the U.S. Office of Education should be inferred.

This report was made possible in part by funds granted by Carnegie Corporation ofNew York and the Ford Foundation's Fund for the Advancement of Education. Thestatements made and views expressed are solely the responsibility of National Assess-ment of Educational Progress, a project of the Education Commission of the States.

Education Commission of the StatesSuite 300, 1860 Lincoln Street

Denver, Colorado 80203


A Project of the Education Commission of the States

REPORT 02-R-02

GRAPHIC MATERIALS

Theme 2, Reading

June, 1973

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402


James A. Hazlett J. Stanley AhmannAdministrative Director Staff Director

George H. JohnsonAssociate Staff Director

This report was prepared by the Research and Analysis Department,National Assessment of Educational Progress. The data used inthe analyses are the result of many persons working together.

Staff support was provided by:

Operations DepartmentExercise Development DepartmentInformation Services DepartmentResearch and Analysis DepartmentUtilization/Applications DepartmentData Processing Services Department (ECS)

The following members of the NAEP Analysis Advisory Committeereviewed and advised on reporting:

William E. CoffmanUniversity of Iowa

John GilbertHarvard University

Lyle V. JonesUniversity of North Carolina

Frederick MostellerHarvard University

John W. Tukey (Chairman)Princeton University

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction to the Reading Themes

Methods of Describing the Data ix

Chapter 1: Theme 2: Graphic Materials

Chapter 2: Summary of Results 3

Chapter 3: Results for 9-Year-Olds 7

Chapter 4: Results for 13-Year-Olds ?.9

Chapter 5: Results for 17-Year-Olds 85

Chapter 6: Results for Young Adults 121

Chapter 7: Performance on ExercisesOverlapping Two or MoreAge Grcups 139

INTRODUCTION TO THE READING THEMES

The results for the Year 02 assessment (Reading and Litera-ture) are the first to be reported by theme. Conceptually, atheme defines a set of existing and potential exercises thatrelate to each other in content or some central idea that ismeaningful to the subject area of concern. This format allowsthe presentation of all relevant results for each theme in asingle report. The eight Reading themes are described brieflyat the end of this introduction.

Reading, Reading Behaviors and Reading Materials

In its broadest sense, "reading" can range from a fortuneteller's reading tea leaves or a person reading another's facialexpression to more conventional notions such as reading diagramsor reading short stories. National Assessment's definition ofreading is both narrower and closer to the latter examples;National Assessment is concerned only with those reading skillsusually taught in the schools and the kinds of reading materialswe expect people commonly use.

It is not unusual for people to encounter many kinds ofreading materials (ranging from books to graphs) and read them indifferent ways for different purposes. A table or chart may beread to find a single fact, for example, a newspaper's editorialmay be read to critically appraise a point of view. Not sur-prisingly, the particular reading ski' 5 (which are also calledreading behaviors) used change with ti purpose for the readingand the materials being read. Francis Bacon summarized theissues of reading skills, purposes and materials in a passage inhis essays "Of Studies":

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, somebooks are to be read only in parts; others to be readbut not curiously; and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention. . . Reading maketha full man; . . . therefore, . . . if [a man] readlittle, he had need have much cunning, to seem toknow that he doth not.

Clearly, some reading materials neither require nor merit adeep, penetrating study involving the more sophisticated, higher

level reading behaviors. Extending the Bacon quote, we might saythat a "good" reader can discriminate between those materials thatare best read shallowly and those requiring a reading in depth.And when he finds a work that needs to be "chewed and digested,"he can do it effectively. A "poor" reader, on the other hand,can only cope with the shallower types of reading materials andcan only taste the upper layers of deeper ones.

Reading Themes

The Reading themes cover both a variety of reading materialsand the behaviors the materials require. The themes were devel-oped by members of the National Assessment staff and readingspecialists. The themes each represent a homogenous set of

Reading exercises believed to be of interest to lay persons,scholars and educators who are concerned with the reading skillsof various groups of young Americans.1 The themes have beennumbered so that lower numbers designate lower order readingskills while the higher numbers indicate high order ones. Theincreasing complexity of skills in higher numbered themes shouldbecome clear in the brief descriptions of the Reading themes that

follow. A more detailed description of each theme appears inChapter 1 of the report for that theme.

Theme 1: Understand Words and Word Relationships

Since most reading materials contain words, a reader mustknow the meanings of words and the way words relate to one anotherto form a meaningful sentence or paragraph. Understanding wordsand word relationships was examined in three ways: one requiredthe respondent to give the meaning of a word in isolation; asecond type required the respondent to figure out the meaning ofa word from its contextual use; and a third required the respon-dent to recognize when sets of words combined to form a mean-

ingful composite.

Themes 2-5

A "good" reader is able to do more than recognize words and

word relationships. He is also able to locate important facts

in many types of materials. Themes 2-5 are all concerned with theway people identify important facts in reading materials differingin both their nature and the reading skills they required.

'See Chapter 3, General Information Yearbook (Report 02-GIY).

vi

Theme 2: Graphic Materials

Subtheme A. Interpret drawings and picturesSubtheme B. Read signs and labelsSubtheme C. Read charts, maps and graphsSubtheme D. Read forms

Theme 2 uses a variety of formats other than poetry or proseto convey messages. These graphic materials can be used eitherin the absence of words and sentences, or they can be used withexplanatory or clarifying prose.

Theme 3: Written Directions

Subtheme A. Understand written directionsSubtheme B. Carry out written directions

Directions are information-giving materials that_tell how todo something. The subtheme understand written directions requiredonly that an individual indicate that he could do what the direc-tions state, given the opportunity. The subtheme carry outwritten directions required the individual to actually performwhatever the directions said.

Theme 4: Reference Materials

Subtheme A. Know appropriate reference sourcesSubtheme B. Use reference materials effectively

In order to find information in reference materials, a readermust know which type of reference to consult for a specific kindof information. Knowing where to look for particular kinds ofinformation was the basis for the subtheme know appropriatereference sources. Once the appropriate source was located, anindividual had to be able to locate the desired information, thatis, use reference materials effectively, the second subtheme.

Theme 5: Read for Significant Facts in Passages

This theme required the most concrete level of behaviortoward line-by-line prose. Some exercises in this theme requiredthe reader to extract certain facts from a passage while readingit. Other exercises required the individual to recall certainfacts from a passage he had finished reading. Still other exer-cises required a person to see the ways in which various factsrelated to each other.

vii

Themes 6-8

Anyone who can successfully locate important facts in thetypes of materials described in Themes 2-5 should be able to read

adequately. A good reader, though, goes beyond locating facts inthe things he reads; he is able to use higher level reading skillsin attacking reading materials. skills described in Themes 6-8.Most of the exercises for these themes involved line-by-lineprose, but some represented materials like those in Themes 2-4.

Theme 6: Main Ideas and Organization

Identifying the main idea of a passage or discovering thepassage's organization requires a higher level of comprehensionthan merely locating important facts. Some exercises requiredthe reader to identify the main idea expressed in a passageeither by suggesting an appropriate title or by identifying thepoint the author was attempting to make. Other exercises requiredthe individual to identify the way the author had organized the

facts in the passage.

Theme 7: Drawing Inferences

Drawing inferences required an individual to draw a conclu-sion not explicitly stated in the passage but one that could beexpected based on the organization of the passage and the informa-tion it contained. For some exercises, the individual neededonly the information in the passage to derive a conclusion; forothers, he also needed to have some additional informationbased upon his prior experiences.

Theme 8: Critical Reading

Critical reading required the highest level of readingbehavior--analysis and reasoning. In addition, it required areaction to or an opinion about the passage. Critical readingrepresents a deep interaction between author and reader that canlead to an understanding greater than the contribution of either

party.

viii

METHODS OF DESCRIBING THE DATA

How to Understand National Assessment Data: The General Informa-tion Yearbook

In order to better understand the information in this report,you may want to read about the procedures National Assessmentused in collecting, analyzing and reporting these data. Thatinformation is available in the General Information Yearbook(Report 02-GIY). The Yearbook also describes the origin, purposesand goals of National Assessment and the philosophy of assessmentas contrasted to standardized testing.

Describing the Data

This report contains results for people at four age levels(ages 9, 13, 17 and young adult, aged 26-35). Within each agelevel, we have also provided results for groups of people:persons from four regions of the country (Northeast, Southeast,Central and West),1 people of both sexes (male and female), twocolors (Black and White.), four levels of parental education (i.e.,people whose parents had no high school, had some high school,graduated from high school and obtained post high school experi-ence), and (for 9-, 13- and 17-year-olds still in school) sevensizes and types of communities (the seven are extreme inner city,extreme rural, small city, medium city, rest of big city, suburbanfringe and extreme affluent suburb). Type of community informa-tion was not available for those in the out-of-school assessment(young adults and some 17-year-olds not enrolled in school) sothat only the results for four sizes of community (big city, smallcity, medium city and urban fringe) are reported for young adults.

Results for each of the groups described in the precedingparagraph are given for each exercise. Most exercises call foranswers that can be scored as "correct" or "incorrect" whileothers have some "best" or "most desirable" answers. The genericterm for "correct," "best" or "most desirable" is acceptable, andwe use the terms rate, level or percentage of succT7Igicribe

1See the General Information Yearbook, Chapter 3 (Report 02-GIY)for definitions of terms described in this,. paragraph.

ix

the percent of the population who could be expected to give theacceptable answer tc an exercise.2 Percentages of success oneach exercise are given for an age level. (i.e., the nation as awhole at that age) and for each of the groups within the agelevel (e.g., males).

When he percentage of success for each group is comparedwith the percentage of success nationally, the :lumber obtained iscalled an effect; an effect is the difference between the percentof success for a group of people and the percent of success forthe nation as a whole. Using those living in the Northeast asan example, the Northeast effect is:

Northeast Effect = Northeast % of Success - National % of Success

A positive effect (i.e., an effect having a value greaterthan zero) means that a larger percentage of individuals in thegroup in question gave acceptable answers to an exercise than didin the nation as a whole. For example, if 74% of 13-year-oldsin the Northeast and 68% of the 13-year-olds nationally gaveacceptable answers, the Northeast effect for 13-year-olds wouldbe:


6% 74% 68%

A ne ative effect (i.e., an effect having value less thanzero) means that a smaller percentage of individuals in a par-ticular group had acceptable answers for an exercise than did inthe nation as a whole. Thus, if 52% of 9-year-olds in the North-east and 60% of 9-year-olds nationally gave acceptable answers,the Northeast effect for 9-year-olds would be:


-8% 52% 60%

2National Assessment infers the way entire groups of people (suchas 9-year-olds from the Northeast) would do based on the perfor-mances of samples of individuals. This point will be spelled outin greater detail later in this chapter under the heading Limita-tions of the Data.

Limitations of the Data

The National Assessment of Educational Progress was createdto provide data about the educational achievement of groups ofyoung Americans in 10 subject areas.3 Within the limits of errordue to measurement and sampling,4 the data presented in NationalAssessment reports describe the educational achievements of thegroups listed earlier under the heading, Describing the Data.There are limitations , to the descriptions our dataprovide. Consider tt

Even though we refer to the difference observed between theachievement for a group and the nation as a group's effect, it isnot true that a cause and effect relationship exists s-EaWen thegroup and its level of achievement. For example, it is notpossible to say that a positive Northeast effect is due to thefact that the people in the group came from the Northeast, thatliving in the Northeast leads to high rates of academic achievement.Rather, our use of the term effect comes from the word's statis-tical usage: the difference-nT;Wen the typical level of perfor-mance for one group and the typical level of performance for allgroups. National Assessment was not designed to provide reasonsfor differences between group and national levels of success; itspurpose is only to estimate such differences, leaving the inter-pretation of the differences to others--such as the readers ofthese reports.

Many factors affect the educational achievements of peoplein different groups. Consider, for example, a group whose achve-ment is well above the national level. Members of the group mayattend schools having excellent physical facilities and highquality faculties, they may be members of advantaged families,they may have access to books and magazines at home and they maybe encouraged by their parents to succeed academically. Allthese factors--and others not listed here--could contribute tothe group's high level of achievement without even consideringwhatever the group's name represents. In other words, the nameof a group is merely a label, and the characteristic it indicates

3Art, Career and Occupational Development, Citizenship, Literature,Mathematics, Music, Reading, Science, Social Studies and Writing.

4When data are obtained from samples of entire populations, it isimprobable that the numbers we obtain are exactly the same as wewould have obtained from the entire population. See the GeneralInformation Yearbook, Chapter 10 and Appendix C (Report 07=ffY7r-for a discussion of sampling error and the related concept, stan-dard error.

xi

(e.g., a region or sex) cannot be taken as the cause or even acause for the group's level of achievement.

Further, the question of causality may be confused by adisproportionately large percentage of members of one group alsobeing members of other kinds of groups (e.g., there are morepeople whose parents had no high school in rural areas than in

affluent suburbs). To what degree is the performance of ruralareas or affluent suburbs due to parental education?

We stated that the aim of National Assessment is to describethe educational achievement of entire groups of people. In

making those descriptions, we do not collect data from all membersof any group--that would be too expensive. Rather, we obtaindata from carefully selected representative samples (in a mannersimilar to those used by the Harris or Roper polls) and we makeinferences about entire groups based on the educational achieve-ments of people in the samples. Sampling statisticians have shownthat this procedure works, though data from carefully selectedrepresentative samples are subject to error. We've used statis-tical procedures to determine the probable extent of thesesampling errors. These errors are taken into account in evalua-ting the effects for each group: these errors are consideredwhen decisions are made about whether an effect is large enoughto be important. This point will be considered in detail shortly.

When we looked at a group's effects on a set of exercises,our first concern was whether the effects were positive or nega-tive: we needed to know the direction of the group relative tothe nation as a whole. And then (since the values we have camefrom samples of persons), we asked how likely :it was that the

percentage of success for the group (e.g., everyone from theNortheast) was different from the national value. This is donesimply; we assumed that if a group's percentage of success wasequal to the national value, the effect for the group would be

zero. More accurately, the sample's effects would be close tozero, with random error accounting for the sample effect not beingexactly zero. All we needed to do, then, was look to see if theeffect for the sample was close to zero: if it was, we said thatit was likely that the sample of people who took the exercise camefrom a population (e.g., the Northeast) having a percentage of

success the same as the one for the nation; if the effect wasnot close to zero (i.e., the value was large and negative orriTge and positive), we said it was unlikely that the samplecame from a group whose percentage of success equalled that for

the nation. When the latter case occurred, the population effect

was said to differ rreliably from zero. Translated into commonparlance, this meant that we believed the percentage of successfor the group in question was not equal to the percentage of

success for the nation as a whole. In the exhibits, i.e., thetables, in this report, reliable differences are indicated with

an asterisk (*).

xii

The only question that remains to be answered is "how farfrom zero must an effect be before it can be said to indicate areliable difference?" The procedure for answering this questionis based on a statistic called a standard error that can be usedto tell how likely it is that a sample came from a populationhaving an effect of zero. We believed that it was unlikely thatthe population effect was zero if the sample effect was notwithin two standard errors of zero. Conversely, we believed thatif the sample effect was within two standard errors of zero, itwas likely that the population effect might be zero. The termreliably aifferent describes groups whose effects were not likelyto be zero. We believe that there is less than 1 chance in 20that they are zero, since inferential statistics indicates only5 times in 100 will a population having an effect of zero have asample whose effect is two standard errors larger or smaller than

"zero. Finally, when effects differ reliably from zero, we lookedat the sign of the effect to determine its direction: a positivesign (which is dropped by convention from positive numbers)indicated that the group's effect was greater than zero (i.e.,the group's percentage of success was above the national value);if it was negative, the percentage of success for the group wasless than the one for the nation.

Unless an effect is reliable, it is possible that the sizeof the effect is due strictly to chance, not to a group's reallybeing above or below the nation in academic achievement.

Summarizing the Data

Summary statements about a group's performance were derivedfrom the group's specific effects on the individual exercises;however, it was often the case that such general statements didnot adequately describe all of the effects for all exercises.This means you must be cautious in interpreting summary statementsin the light of individual exercises; a group may have performedmuch better or much worse on a particular exercise than could beexpected based on the group's performances on other exercises.We have indicated those exercises where a group behaved differ-ently than we would have expected relative to its own overallperformance.

In summarizing the data for a set of exercises, we havecalculated a single statistic describing each group's overallperformance relative to the national level. The statistic wehave chosen is the group's median effect; it tells where themiddle of the group's effects is located. That is, it indicatesthe point separating the top 50% of the effects from the bottom50%. However, it would be misleading to say that a group'soverall behavior is above or below the national level if its

median effect is close to zero. As we have seen, it is possiblethat such a median differs from zero only necause of randomerror; it is possible that this group's performance is reallyabout equal to the nation's for exercises on this theme. Thequestion again becomes one of determining whether the median isfar enough from zero to consider the departure to be reliable.This question is answered by looking at individual effects.

We said earlier that we could place little weight on unre-liable effects. However, even if effects were not reliable, whena large proportion of them were either above or below zero, wehad an indication that the group's overall performance differedfrom the national level. Stated another way, we can say that thegroup's performance tended to be above or below the nationallevel. If, in addition to having a large proportion of itseffects occurring in one direction, a group had many reliableeffects, we have an indication that the group's overall behaviordiffers strongly from the national level. National Assessmenthas used several rules to indicate when a group's overall behaviortends to be about the same as the national level, tends to differweakly from the national level or differs strongly from thenational level. They are:

1. A group's overall performance on a theme tendedto be about the same as the national level iffewer than 75% of its effects for a set ofexercises occurred either above the natio 1 levelor if fewer than 75% fell below it. In otherwords, if at least 25% of a group's effects arepositive (greater than zero) and at least 25%are negative (less than zero), the group's overallbehavior is about the same as the national level.5

2. A group's overall performance on a theme tendedto be above the national level if 75% or more ofTEE7FUFFE3 were positive. In other words, iffewer than 25% of the group's effects were belowthe national level, the groups were said to havea positive tendency.

3. A group's overall performance on a theme tended tobe below the national level if 75% or morIFF7rEFeTTWEITrWere negative. In other words, if fewer

5The points designating the upper and lower 25th centiles arecalled uartiles. For a more complete description of the quar-tiles, see t e General Information Yearbook, Appendix E (Report02-GIY).

xiv

than 25% of the group's effects were above thenational level, the group was said to show anegative tendency.

4. A group's overall performance on a theme was char-acteristically above the national level if atleast 75% of its effects were positive and if morethan 50% of its effects were reliably greater thanzero, i.e., the effects are mFig-EITEr7 two standarderrors above the nation as a whole. This level ofgeneral performance is called a positive characteristic.

5. A group's overall performance on a theme was charac-teristically below the national level if at leTEE-75%of its effects were negative and if more than 50% ofits effects were reliably less than zero, i.e., theeffects were more than two standard errors below thenational value. Negative characteristic is the termapplied to this level of performance.

Atypical Exercises

Looking for directional tendencies and characteristics pro-vided a means of comparing each group's overall performance withperformances nationally. Identifying tendencies and characteris-tics disc helped locate exercises where groups scored much higheror lower than usual. These atypical exercises were located bycomparing each effect for each exercise with the median effectfor all the exercises for the group, and noting any exercise thatwas more than 2 1/2 pooled standard errors away (a pooled standarderror is based on the standard errors for all the exercises inthe theme6). Another way of looking at this situation is to saythat any effect more than 2 1/2 pooled standard errors away fromthe median effect for the group was unlike the other effects forthe group. When a group has an exceptional exercise, this reportwill contain a statement telling whether the group's performancewas unusually better or worse than would be expected--given themedian effect for the group.

6Chapter 10 and Appendix C of the General Information Yearbook(Repdrt 02-GIY) discuss the meaning and use of the standarderror. Appendix C gives the formula for the pooled standard errorwe use.

xv

1

CHAPTER 1

THEME 2: GRAPHIC MATERIALS

Graphic materials transmit information through drawings,diagrams and symbols other than words. Words may appear ingraphic materials, but they do not carry the greatest burden ofcommunication. A person who can read and understand graphicmaterials understands words and word relationships. But moreimportantly, he can comprehend the other symbols the materialscontain.

Theme 2 is divided into four subthemes, each representing aset of related exercises:

A. Interpreting drawings and picturesB. Reading signs and labelsC. Reading charts, maps and graphsD. Reading forms

Most exercises in Subtheme A are simple pictures or cartoons,and respondents were asked questions about the information thematerials contained. Because of their low level of sophistica-tion, these exercises were administered primarily tc 9- and 13-year-olds.

Subthemes B-D covered a wide range of interaction betweenwords and diagrams or drawings. Exercises in Subtheme B askedrespondents questions about information contained in signs orlabels. Subtheme C--reading charts, maps and graphs--could beconsidered as part of Theme 4: Reference Materials, since anindividual consults these materials in search of specific infor-mation. The process of finding information in these materials isa study skill. Subtheme D asked questions that could be answeredby referring to forms (such as bills) that were included in theexercises.

1

CHAPTER 2

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

The two exhibits in this chapter Summarize the results forTheme 2, results that are spelled out in detail in Chapters 3through 6.

The two exhibits summarize the results in different ways.Exhibit 2-1 shows the median effects for each group at each agelevel.1 Exhibit 2-2 indicates whether the effects for a groupwere generally below, at or above the national percentage ofsuccess. Those groups designated with a double plus (++) werecharacteristically above2 the national value while groups iden-tified with one plus (+) tended to be above that figure. Groupshaving a zero (0) had medians approximatefy at the national levelwhile those with one minus sign (-) tended to be below thenational valte, and those having a double minus (--) were char-acteristically below the national percentage of success.

Results for the subthemes are displayed in the chapter foreach age level.

1Medians, effects and groups are all defined in the chapter onMethods of Describing the Data.

2The underscored terms are defined in the chapter on Methods ofDescribing the Data.

3

EXHIBIT 2-1. Median Effects for Groups at Each Age

Age

ReportingCategory Group 9 13 17 Adult

RegionSoutheast -6.2 -4.2 -3.7 -7.2

West -.6 .1 .0 2.8

Central 3.4 2.2 2.8 1.5

Northeast 1.7 1.9 1.2 .2

SexMale -1.3 -1.4 -1.3 2.0

Female 1.3 1.3 1 . 3 -1.9

RaceBlack -15.8 -13.2 -13.2 -18.3

White 2.6 2.5 1.8 2.5

Parental EducationNo High School -7.9 -8.4 -7.8 -6.2

Some High School -3.6 -3.5 -4.3 .1

High School Graduate .5 .6 .3 3.4

Post High School 6.1 5.7 4.2 6.9

Size and Type of CommunityExtreme Inner City -9.9 -7.2 -6.6Extreme Rural -4.3 -3.7 -2.5

Small City -.1 -.4 -1.1Medium City -.2 .7 .5

Rest of Big City 2.1 1.0 .7

Suburban Fringe 1.5 2.7 1.3

Extreme Inner City 7.8 4.4 4.9

Size of CommunityBig City -3.2

Small Place .8

Medium City .8

Urban Frin e 1.5

4

EXHIBIT 2-2. Tendencies and Characteristicsfor Groups at Each Age Level

AgeReportingCategory Group 9 13 17 Adult

RegionSoutheastWest 0 0 0 +Central ++ ++ ++ +Northeast ++ + 0 0

SexMale 0 0 0

Female 0 0 0

Race Black--White ++ ++ ++ ++

Parental EducationNo High School .,. 4=1 4=1

Some High School - - -- 0

High School Graduate + + 0 ++Post High School ++ ++ ++ ++

Size and Type of CommunityExtreme Inner City --Extreme Rural - - 0

Small City 0 0

Medium City 0 0 0

Rest of Big City 0 0 0

Suburban Fringe + + +Extreme Inner City ++ ++ ++

Size of CommunityBig CitySmall Place 0

Medium City 0

Urban Fringe 0

5

CHAPTER 3

RESULTS FOR 9-YEAR-OLDS

The 9-year-olds who participated in the 1970-71 assessmentof Reading were all born during the calendar year 1961. Aboutthree fourths of them were in the fourth grade and most of theothers were in the third grade at the time of the assessment.

Generally speaking, 9-year-olds chose the acceptable responseabout 85% of the time on the 19 exercises in Theme 2, and theirpercentages of success on half of the exercises were between 74%and 89%. Another indication of their consistency can be seen intheir performances on the subthemes (see Exhibit 3-1).

EXHIBIT 3-1. Performance on the Subthemes

MedianPercentage

Subtheme of SuccessNumber ofEffects

A. Interpreting drawingsand pictures 87.6% 6

B. Reading signs and labels 84.9 7

C. Reading charts, mapsand graphs 80.2 6

D. Reading forms 0

TOTAL 85.3% 19

Nine-year-olds from different regions of the country showeddifferent median effects (see Exhibit 3-2). Children from theNortheast and Central regions showed a positive characteristic,1

1See pages xiv and xv for a description of characteristics,tendencies and exceptional exercises.

4( 7

EXHIBIT 3-2

Distribution of Effects on 19 Exercises forAge 9 by Region, Sex, Color*

.F ._ .r. .rli.4iirw,

11

W C NE M F

Group

11 W

i

*Arrows indicate group medians, blackened boxes indicate typicalexercises, open boxes indicate atypical exercises. Abbreviations:SE, Southeast; W, West; C, Central; NE, Northeast; M, male; F,

female; B, Black; W, White.

8

EXHIBIT 3-2a

Distribution of Effects on 19 Exercises for Age 9 byParental Education, Size and Type of Community*

NHS 11141 OHM- MHO 13C CP PC MC PIK W 041Group

*Arrows indicate group medians, blackened boxes indicate typicalexercises, open boxes indicate atypical exercises. Abbreviations:NHS, no high school; SHS, some high school; GHS, high schoolgraduate; PHS, post high school; EIC, extreme inner city; ER,extreme rural; SC, small city; MC, medium city; RBC, rest of bigcity; SF, suburban fringe; and EAS, extreme affluent suburb.

9

while Southern 9-year-olds had a negative one. Nine-year-oldsfrom the West had percentages of success similar to those for thenation as a whole, though they did have two exceptional exercises;they performed unusually poorly on Exercise R214, part 5 (Sub-theme C), and unusually well on Exercise R209 (Subtheme B).

Both boys and girls had levels of success generally close tothe value for the nation as a whole, though there were again twoexceptiorwl exercises. On exercises where they were asked toread labels (U202 and R209, both from Subtheme B), boys hadsuccess rates that were unusually high for them, girls had successrates lower than their performances on other exercises.

White children's effects were characteristically positivewhile Black children's were characteristically negative. Therewere three exceptional exercises where Whites performed lesswell than they usually did and Blacks performed better than theyhad on other exercises. Those exercises were R204 (Subtheme B),R209 (Subtheme B) and R210 (Subtheme A). On another Subtheme Bexercise, U213, and R205 (Subtheme A), Blacks performed less wellthan on other exercises.

The percentages of success for 9-year-olds seemed to increasewith parental education: while children whose parents had nohigh school had characteristically negative effects and thosewhose parents had some high school showed a negative tendency,children whose parents graduated from high school displayed apositive tendency and those whose parents continued past highschool were characteristically positive. Children whose parentshad some high school performed better than usual on an exercisein reading signs (R205), less well than usual on one involvingother signs (R208). Children of parents who continued theireducations past high school did unusually well on a map readingexercise (R214, parts 2 and 4), and unusually poorly on an unre-leased Subtheme A exercise (U201), a label exercise (R209), oneof the exercises involving signs (R212) and an exercise involvingfigures made out of lines (R207).

Children from the extreme inner city and extreme rural areasshowed negative characteristics and negative tendencies, respec-tively. Inner city children, further, read the dog food labelsunusually well (Exercise R209), and did unusually poorly on thesecond part of the map reading exercise (R214). Children fromsmall cities, medium cities and the inner urban fringe all hadmedian values close to the nation as a whole; suburban fringechildren showed a positive tendency, though they performed lesswell on the fifth part of the map reading problem (R214). Apositive characteristic was displayed by extreme affluent suburbchildren who performed better than usual in reading the bubblegum labels (R204), less well than they usually did reading cerealboxes (U202) and some simple traffic signs (R212).

10

The way each of the groups performed relative to the nationas a whole on each subtheme is shown in Exhibit 3-3. That exhibitdisplays the median ef.ect for each group for each subtheme. Atthe time this report was written, pooled standard errors for sub-themes were not available, and it was therefore not possible toidentify exceptional subthemes for a group in the manner excep-tional exercises were located. In looking at the subtheme medians,bear in mind that the greater the difference between two medianvalues, the more likely it is that the groups represented by thenumbers really differed from one another in their ability torespond to exercises in the subtheme; the greater the differencebetween two subtheme medians, the more likely it is that the dif-ference is not simply due to chance.

The remainder of this chapter is devoted to the exercisesadministered to 9-year-olds. Each exercise is numbered with aletter and a numeral. The letter (either R or U) indicateswhether the text of the exercise has been released or is unre-leased. The unreleased exercises are beinTEMIWed for the nextReading assessment, in 1975-76. These exercises will be usedagain, and comparisons can be made between the 1969-70 results andthe results collected during 1975-76.

The text for released exercises is presented exactly as theexercises were administered during the assessment. The accept-able answer is indicated (by a blackened oval) as is a briefdiscussion of the exercise itself and how the respondent may havearrived at the acceptable answer.2

Along with the exercise and/or its description, the percent-age of success and the effects are presented for all the groups.A histoaram is given with the percentage of success for eachgroup represented by a bar. The leftmost vertical line (whichcuts across the bar for each group) represents the national per-centage of success, and the distance from the end of a group'sbar to that line represents the group's effect--the differencebetween the performance for a group and the performance of thenation as a whole.

Starred effects (marked with an asterisk) indicate effectsthat differ reliably from zero.

2Though the correct or best answer may have been reached byguessing, guessing is not considered here as a method for reach-ing the correct answer; the mention of guessing now is suff i-cient for all the exercises.

11

EXHIBIT 3-3.

Median Effects for Subthemes

All Sub-

Group

Subtheme

themes

Region

A. Interpreting B.

drawings and

pictures

Reading

signs and

labels

C. Reading charts

maps and graphs

Southeast

-7.1

-6.0

-6.3

-6.2

West

-0.1

-0.6

-0.4

-.6

Central

3.0

2.7

3.7

3.4

Northeast

1.9

1.7

2.3

1.7

Sex Male

-2.1

0.2

-0.9

-1.3

Female

2.1

-0.2

0.9

1.3

1-.

to

Race

Black

-17.4

-14.0

-16.5

-15.8

White

3.1

2.4

2.6

2.6

Parental Education

No High School

-7.8

-6.5

-11.3

-7.9

Some High School

-2.3

-0.5

-2.9

-3.6

High School Graduate

0.7

0.6

0.4

.5

Post High School

5.1

5.9

7.2

6.1

Size and Type of Community

Extreme Inner City

-14.3

-5.7

-16.9

-9.9

Extreme Rural

-4.8

-6.3

-1.1

-4.3

Small City

-0.4

0.0

-0.3

-.1

Medium City

1.0

0.6

-1.1

-.2

Rest of Big City

1.6

1.8

2.6

2.1

Suburban Fringe

3.4

0.3

1.3

1.5

Extreme Affluent Suburb

6.9

7.5

8.5

7.8

Number of Effects

67

619

RELEASED EXERCISES

13

Exercise R203, Subtheme A

Look at the picture and fill in the oval beside the sentence

which tells BEST what the drawing shows.

(..7) The fish has already eaten the worm.

Gp The worm is probably not on a hook and line.

40 The fish looks as if he is going to eat the worm.

(..7) The fish is waiting for the worm to be put in the water.

(=> I don't know.

NO2 02 3/1 03.1203014 901041v1 9 13

S OPSOCCEgg

87.5

GROUPfncr

NATIONAL AND GROUP PERCENTAGES Of SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE OP SUCCESSGROUP

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

t

1

I

NATIONAL

fIii0t81.3 -6.2. Southeast 1

96.2 -1.3 Vest 1

90.9 3.3 Central 189.7 2.2 Northeast 8

1

1

In 1

95.5 -2.0. Male I

99.7 2.2 vemale 11

1

g2121 I

69.0 -18.5. Slack 1

91.4 2.9 White

tAIIIIII1_112221112!76.5 -11.0. Ho High School83.5 -3.6 Some High School89.6 2.1 Graduated High Sch. 991.7 4.2 Post High School 1e.

21_01121ITI69.1 -19.5. Extreme Inner Cit.80.9 -6.6 Extreme Rural85.8 -0.7 Small Ciy90.5 3.0 Medium City99.3 1.0 Best Of Big Cit. I92.0 4.4 Suburban Fringe g..93.6 6.1. Extreme Aft Suburb

14


In order to respond correctly, a child could either intuitthe feelings of the fish or eliminate the three incorrect responsesleaving only the third alternative.

15

Exercise R204, Subtheme B

If you wanted to ouy some bubble gum that would stay sweet for a

long time, which of these would you buy? Fill in the oval beside

the bubble gum you would buy.

O

O

O

cn Hon% knol.

402 16 3/1 031204011 R1000040 9 13

NATI0N41. AID GROUP PERCENTAGES If SUCCESS

% OF22ccE21

ogoorMKT MIMI: GROUP

PERCENTAGE or SUCCESS

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

66.4 NATIONAL

62.1 -3.3 Southeast63.5 -1.9 Vest66.2 0.8 Central to68.7 3.4 Northeast 1.0.0

All63.0 -2.4 Hale67.9 2.6 Female

57.5 -7.9* Black65.5 1.1 White 1'

56.3 -9.0*111111L_Ig£1/121

go High School60.7 -4.7 Some High School68.1 2.8 Graduated Nigh Sch. VI71.8 6.4 Post High School

IIII:AIR:2121MS0121111

60.2 -5.2 Extreme Inner City50.% -7.0 Extreme Rural61.3 -4.1 Small City67.4 2.1 'tedium City f69.0 3.6 Rest Of Big City64.6 -0.7 SubUrban Fringe91.2 16.81 Extreme Aff Superb

16

100


In order to see thac the third gum wrapper enclosed a pieceof bubble gum that would "stay sweet for a long time," the childwould have to understand that the preceding expression and "itnever loses its sugary flavor" were synonymous.

17


Which sign shows where you should ride your bicycle?

PEDESTRIANS

AND

BICYCLES

PROHIBITED*.

L

MOTOR

VEHICLES

ONLY

o I don't know

ant ii 1/1 04/206011 81110911

.=3

R.N

PEDESTRIANS

ONLY

k

USE

STREET

BICYCLISTS

% IF nAnlp

"CCZ.44 Efff0 IMAM__ _ 2f22f

9 13 17

NATIONAL AND GROUP PERCENTAGES OP SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE OP SUCCESS

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90801. 1.

64.4 MATIllAt i

I

1

REGIII 1

6n.s -8.3. southeast 1

6A.' -0.6 West i

/2.1 3.4 Central I72.1 3.3 Northeast fee.

I

1

2EX 1

69.1 0.2 Male69.6 -0.2 Percale

1

1

01.21 I

44.1 -211.8'' Black I

72.6 3.8* White 1I

I

V12111141_22a7321 1

61.3 -7.5. go High School I

77.1 8.3 Some 4igh School i

67.4 -1.4 Graduatel Nigh Sch. I

7s.7 6.A Post High School i

1

IIikakIIP. 1

OSMIUM I

50.4 -16.5* Extreme In ' *v I

60.6 -8.2 tarn.. Al I

0.4 0.6 Small c'ty I.

67.2 -1.6 litum city 1

73.2 4.6 Rest lf Big city vs. 'woo.77.4 3.9 Suburban !rings 179.0 10.2 Extreme Rff Suburb i

18

100


In order to respond correctly to this exercise, a childwould have had to know the meanings of pedestrians, motor vehiclesand prohibited and he would have to know that a bicyclist isone who rides a bicycle.

19

Exercise 8206, Subtheme 8

11,

8

QUI ETMO


which tells BEST what the Drawing shows.

(:) A sign is hanging by the door.

Al, A sign is hanging on the door.

(:) A sign is hanging over the door.

(:) A sign is hanging near the door.

(:) I don't know.

401 0; 1/1 02.1216011 91100090

t ofSUCCESS

19oUPEffUT VARIABLE gR19P

99.9 NATIogAL

RE-I0991.5 -5.3* Southeast96.9 -2.0 u.st91.0 4.2* Central90.5 1.7 Northeast

21196.1 -2.8* Male91.5 2.7* Female

Q21.0979.4 -18.2. Black41.3 2.6. White

11119 AI_Mallie192.1 -6.5. go High School77.9 -10.9. Some High school99.5 0.8 Graduated Nigh Sch.44.5 . 5.7" Post Righ School

§1P-m-TIESgf_ORTIIII

97.1 -8.6* Extreme Inner City89.1 0.5 Extreme Rural86.9 -1.9 Small City94.4 0.6 tedium City89.2 -0.5 Rest Of Big City89.1 0.3 Suburban Fringe99.9 7:2* Extreme Aff Suburb

9 13

NATIOgAt 3391 GROUP PERCENTAGES IF SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESS

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Ca.

i

20

t1

1

i

i

i

i

1

1

ftI1

1

i


This exercise required two things of the children who tookit. First, it required that they be able to determine wherethe sign was hanging relative to the door, and second, they hadto translate their perceptions into the proper preposition, inthis case, on.

21

Exercise R207, Subtheme C

Here are some figures with an oval below each figure. Fill in

the oval below the figure that can be made with Just three lines

that cross each other.

MI

NO3 04 3/1 03/207011 800300/0

% 01, GROUP

0 0

9

NATIONAL AND GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE OP SUCCESSsuccess

89.2

IM g IIBIAIIE_______91222

NAT/ONAt

REM%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

i

I

I

I

91.2 -9.0* Southeast I

91.6 2.4* Nest . .**ee91.1 3.9 Central .... e*90.6 1.4 Northeast e

1

I

$ Z1 I

98.5 -0.7 Male T89.9 0.7 Female P.

I

IMO I

74.0 -15.2* Black I

91.1 2.1 White 1*i

PIIII11.32241110 I

79.9 -9.2. a, High School I

91.9 1.8 Some High School e89.8 0.6 Graduated High Sch. e91.9 2.7* Post High School fee.

i

AIIIII/RMEI I

91_0311211/1 I

92.4 -6.8 Extreme inner CityI

86.1 -3.1 //tromp RuralI

89.5 -0.7 Small city f

88.8 -0.4 nedium City f

91.2 2.1 Rest If Big City a99.9 0.7 Suburban Pringe f64.1 5.0 Extreme Aff Suburb i

22


In order to determine that the only figure made of threecrossing lines was the third one, each child had to resolve eachfigure into its parts.

23

Frercise #208, Subtheme B

Some road signs tell people who are driving cars what to do.

Other signs tell people who are walking what to do.

f

If you are wilting, which sign tells you what to do? Fill in the

oval beside the correct sign.

SPEED LINT

20MILESF1w

c=, ON Stall DAYS

OR me

CHUM MEPRESENT

LEFT TURN

ALLOWED

FROM CENTER

LANE ONLY

O i don') knee

iNV

PEDESTRIANS

USE

CROSSWALK

V

MAIN STREET

EXIT ON

THROUGHWAY

500 YARDS

AHEAD

KEEP RIGHT

9c4 16 7/1 J11204011 910)0080 9

NATIONAL ANL GROUP

13

PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

i IF GROUP PERCENTAGE OP SUCCESSSI-CESS EFFECT VARIABLE _if2UP

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

97.3 RATIONAL

LEWA).7 -7.1* Southeast44.7 1.4 West to41.4 2.7 Central 134.S 2.2 Northeast

an.

tp

35.0 -1.3 Nile84.6 1.3 emale

golnR

6

73.3 -14.0. Black89.9 2.4. White

filt1111_322cAILTI

i#1.2 -6.1 No High School73.1 -14.4. Some Hioh School16.7 -0.6 Graduated Nigh Sch.93.4 6.1 Post High School

nie-AND -T tr41_42115MMTI

41./ -6.1. Betreme Inner City81.1 -4.3 tetreme Aural87.1 0.0 Small City85.1 -2.3 ',tedium City36.5 -3.8 3e9t Of Big City91.3 3.0 Suburban Fringe 1,0

95.7 8.4 Extreme Aff Suburb

24


This exercise required children to be able to determine thatonly the upper right hand sign pertained to a person who waswalking. There were two ways a child could choose the correctsign: he could know the meaning of the word pedestrians (sinceonly one sign referred to walkers), or he couTeMIETEate theother three signs by figuring out that they all pertained to cars.

25


Look at the labels from two cans of dog food. One can has more

protein in it than the other. Fill in the oval below the dog

food that contains more protein.

Ash 3%

Crude fiber 17%

Crude protein 65%

Crude fat 11%

Moisture 4%

Vitamin E trace

PREMIUM DOG FOOD

A Beef Product

C=> I don't know.

Ash 2%

Crude fiber 45%

Crude protein 20%

Crude fat 30%

Moisture 3%

Vitamin E :race

HEARTY DOG FOOD

A Balanced Meal

CD.

1104 10 1/1

N OF

011209013 R0030070

GROUP

9 13

NATIONAL ANC GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSSUCCESS E.FEC, VARIABLE GROUP

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

67.4 NATIONAL 1

I

I

PFGIOLI I


71.6 4.2* Vest roes

68.1 0.6 Central 169.1 1.6 Northeast I.

I

I

1E1 I

69.1 1.7 Male ,t Ae f.65.8 -1.6 vemale

012165.' -2.2 Black67.6 3.2 White

EAIII1ALERITAI:2165.0 -2.4 No Nigh Scmol .

65.9 -1.5 some Big. School67.5 0.1 Graduated Nigh ;ch. f69.6 2.2 Post Nigh Sc,00l les

I

2111:112:11P1 I

91_03122111 I

70.5 3.1 Extreme Inlet City es*A6.3 -11.1+ Extreme Rural I

69.A 2.2 Small City les69.5 2.1 Medium City Ise63.9 -3.6 Neat Of Big City I

64.5 -2.9 Suburban Fringe I

74.9 7.51 Extreme kff Suburb f

26

100


In order to respond correctly to this exercise, a child hadto know that 65 was greater than 20 and he had to assume thatthe HEARTY can was not more than 3 l /Ttimes larger than thePREMIUM can.

27

Exercise 8210, Subtheme A

Look at the picture and fill in the oval beside the sentence which

tells BEST what the drawinc shows.

C: The boy has two dogs on a leash.

C: The boy is walking behind his dog.

4111 The dog on the leash has spots on it.

C: The dog sitting down has spots on it.

CI, I don't know.

NOS )6 3/1 0341210011 R1000037 9 13

R Orlaccf22

85.3

GROUPIMO

NATIONAL AND GPOUP peaczwilms Or SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE Or SUCCESS

litrAing80 90 100

f

I

I

I

__V122Po 10 20 40 50 6030 70

NATIONAL

iliinN75.3 -9.0. Southeast I

89.1 3.0 Vest f90.2 4.9 Central g94.9 -0.3 Northeast f

I

I

83.4 -1.9.III

Pale I

87.7 2.0 emale rpm

I

I

Ma I

56.4 -18.8* Black I

49.7 3.4 Vbite gIMIIII_IiMIL21

75.0 -9.4. No High School78.7 -6.4 Some Nigh School87.1 1.9 Graduated Nigh Sch. g94.0 8.7 Post Blab School f

SIZI:i22:1In0_015211121

59.1 -17.0. gxtreme Inner City79.2 -6.1 glares'. Aural45.2 0.9 Small City TN

84.3 -1.0 gedium City I

86.7 1.4 3est If big City 187.9 2.7 Suburban Fringe g94.9 9.7 Extreme Aff Suburb f

28


This exercise required 9-year-olds to evaluace four differentdescriptions of a picture and decide which description was mostaccurate. The instructions to the child imply that there is nocorrect response, but only a best one. This may mean that eventhough half of the sitting dog is hidden, and the hidden partmay be laden with spots, the third alternative is preferredbecause it is more readily verifiable.

29


Pill in the oval beside the sign that a boy might look for if

he needed to take a bus home.

IPMMUMMIliD

BUSSTOP

0 I don't know

ONE

WAY

909 01 9/1 011(212111 410000V1 9

% OP§22cD2

97.0

290UPIffigi


PERCENTAGE 01, SUCCESSIIIII113-______11222

0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 90 100

NATIONAL 4

Itil2194.3 -2.7* Southeast96.3 -0.7 vest98.1 1.1 Central99.* 1.4 Northeast V

97.1 0.7 Pale96.9 -0.7* Female

012I92.3 -4.7* Black97.8 0.9 White

21111111_122012121;5.9 -1.2 No Nigh School95.a -0.5 Some Nigh School97.2 0.2 Gridaate8 Nigh Sch.99.8 1.8* Post Nigh School t

AI11:112:i12.1121 -MUIR!

34.0 -2.9 Extreme Inner City94.5 -2.* Extreme Rural96.4 -0.6 Small City96.7 -0.3 4edium City91.8 1.8 lest If Big City t94.0 1.0 Suburban Fringe99.3 2.3 Extreme Aff Suburb t

30


This exercise asked children to decide which of four signsrelated to buses. The correct response involved the only one ofthe four signs that contained the word "bus."

31

1

1


Look at the road map and read each sentence carefully. If what

the sentence says is true, fill in the oval beside "True.' If

what the sentence says is not true, fill in the oval beside

"False." If you can't decide if the sentence is true or false,

fill in the oval beside "I don't know."

A. By car Northtown is closer to Rice Lake than to Hope.

CD True

4110 False

CD I don't know.

808 06 3/1

S 1FEggi155

02.1214013 R01300Y0

G1OOP

9 13 17



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

78.5 NATIONAL

FEyjOM73.3 -5.1. Sootbeast77.7 -0.8 Vest79.2 0.7 Central81.9 3.4 Northeast 11

76.1 -2.4.1/1

Male80.0 2.4 Female ISO

C.201 1

60.781.4

-17.82.9

Blackwhite fee

EI9M/A1.122SITLIM64., -14.5. No Nigh School75.1 -3.3 Some High School$1.9 3.5 Graduated High Sch. f95.6 7.1 Post High School

21-0211/21=161.669.0

-14.9.-9.N.

Sitcoms Inner CityExtreme Rural

***

/8.6 0.1 Small City76.6 -1.0 Medium City81.5 4.0 Rest If Wig City80.0 1.5 Suburban Fringe88.8 10.3" Extreme Aff Suburb

32

008 76 9/1 0141214023 90030040

4 04 G1OUPUng

8. You can drive all the way from Northtown to Falls City onHighway 71.

41110 True

C.) False

(:) I don't know.

9 13 17



91.3

0

NATIONAL

R111 21

10 20 30 80 90 10040 50 60 70

/4.a -7.14 Southeast81.3 -0.1 Vest95.1 4.94 Central f97.0 0.1 Northeast

In82.2 0.3 Wale91.5 -0.3 Female

50.8 -21.14 Slack85.1 3.1 White

65.6 -16.34 No Nigh School19.3 -2.6 Some Nigh School82.2 0.3 Graduated Nigh Sch. 491.3 9.4' Post Hi4D-SCh99.1_ t

IIII:111:2III4f_03121121

59.5 -22.4m Extreme Inner City79.7 -2.2 Extreme Rural81.9 -0.0 Small City f80.3 -1.6 Nedium City I

93.385.4

1.44.54

Rest Of Big CitySuburban Fringe

f'f90.2 8.3* Extreme Aff Suburb t

33

C. Hope is the tour closest to Centerville.

MO True

CZ) False

(.7) I don't know.

N08 06 5/1

9 nr

011(214033 P1030093

non?

9 13 17



amana MEM MriBil 01001,0 10 20 30 90 50 60 70 80 90 190

95.9 NATIONAL

IN12474.2 -6.2* Southeast85.5 0.1 Vest89.4 3.0* Central

986.7 1.2 Northeast 8

82.9 -2.5* gale97.9 2.5 'crate

80121

67.6 -17.8" Black91.0 2.6 Cute f

E115/111_32=14177.5 -7.9* No High School75.9 -8.5" Soave High School95.9 0.5 Graduatei High Sch.93.2 7.8 Post Nigh School

2f_0512112/58.5 -16.9* Extreme Inner City03.9 -1.5 Extreme Rural83.8 -1.6 Small City83.1 0.2 Medium City88.6 3.1 Rest of Fig City t06.6 1.2 Suburban Fringe I"

92.9 7.0* Extreme Aft Suburb

34

D. Centerville is farther west than Hope.

C.: True

AD False

C.: I don't know.

SDP 06

OP;nun

A/1 02411214043 10030010 9 13 17


G ?OOP PERCENTAGE OP SUCCESS?ftEcT VAIII4L1 JROUP

0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 90 100

71.9 NATIONAL f

1

I

Inn! 1

55.3 -6.9' SosAheest 1

57.1 -4.7. Vest1

76.7 4.4. central lee..75.1 3.3' Northeast Ie

I

70.6 -1.2MI

Male1

I

73.5 1.2 Female jI

I

E010 1

56.' -15.1* Black I

75.2 2.11 White gee

I

UUEUALVOUU I

54.4 -13.4. No High SchoolI

67.1 -4.7 Some High School I

70.9 -1.0 Graduated High Sch. t81.1 9.3A Post Nigh School t

nit-1110-IlfiI

I

52_0=1111 1

62.4 -'9.3° %%trete* Inner City I

71.1 -0.8 Extreme floral t71.7 .1.1 Small City 4

69.1 -2.7 %item City 1

78.5 3.8 Beat IA Big City gee*74.7 2.9 suburban Fringe fee.81.7 9.9 !levee* Aft Suburb t

35

808 06 7/1 02 (214053 900300,0

OP G1OUP

E. Higt'way 20 runs on the south side of Rice River.

CD True

Mb False

CD I don't know.

9 13 17

NATIONAL AND GROUP PERCENTAGES 0! SUCCESS


1n4122

52.3

DEM

NATIOmAL

0 10 20 5030 40 60 70 80 90 100

f

11212!48.3 -4.0 Southeabt45.4 -6.9. West55.8 3.5 Central y56.2 3.9 Northeast 1.

1

53.1 0.8 Sale51.5 -0.0 Female

012138.9 -13.4* Black_54.9 2.2 White 1,0

EA131111-3220,112149.3 -3.0 no High School51.1 5.8 Some Nigh School52.7 0.3 Graduated Nigh Sch.59.7 7.4* Past Sigh School

_c2Al2/I2I42.5 -9.8" Extreme Inner City49.3 -3.0 Extreme Rural55.2 2.9 Small City ye.52.1 -0.2 Medium City41.4 -3.9 Rest Of Big City4/.7 -4.6 Suburban Fringe61.0 8.7 Extreme Aff Suburb

36


The five parts of this question all asked children to answerquestions using the map provided. The map reading skills involvedincluded: translating distances on a map into distances betweenplaces, determining whether particular routes existed, readingrelative distances and determing relative positions.

37

CHAPTER 4


The results described in this chapter are based on responsesfrom teenagers born during 1957. About three fourths of themwere in the eighth grade and most of the others were in seventh.

The median performance on Theme 2 exercises for 13-year-oldswas 78.9%; almost four out of five 13-year-olds chose the accept-able answer to exercises involving graphic materials. There wassome variation in median performance, though, for each subtheme.Those results are shown in Exhibit 4-1.


MedianPercentage

Subtheme of SuccessNumber ofEffects

A. Interpreting drawingsand pictures 93.7% 4

B. Reading signs and labels 83.2 12

C. Reading charts, mapsand graphs 73.5 14

D. Reading forms 74.9 20

TOTAL 78.9% 50

Median effects also varied for 13-year-olds from differentparts of the country: teenagers from the Central region showeda positive characteristic, those from the Northeast displayed apositive tendency, 13-year-olds from the West performed at thesame level as the nation as a whole and those from the Southeasthad a negative characteristic.

Teenagers from the Southeast performed better than usual onparts of two exercises (U221, part 2, and R236, part 1, both

52 39

I

EXHIBIT 4-2

Distribution of Effects on 50 Exercises forAge 13 by Region and Sex*

ME 14 C Ile Il rGroup

*Arrows indicate group medians, blackened boxes indicate typicalexercises, open boxes indicate atypical exercises. Abbreviations:SE, Southeast; W, West; C, Central; NE, Northeast; M, male; F,female.

40

EXIEBIT 4-2a

Distribution of Effects on 50 Exercises forAge 13 by Color and Parental Education*

03

NHS SHS NHS

Group

PHS

*Arrows indicate group medians, blackened boxes indicate typicalexercises, open boxes indicate atypical exercises. Abbreviations:B, Black; W, White; NHS, no high school; SHS, some high school;GHS, graduated from high school; PHS, post high school.

41

EXHIBIT 4-2b

Distribution of Effects on 50 Exercises forAge 13 by Size and Type of Community*

111

EIC ER 5C tic Risc sr EF15

Group

--4

*Arrows indicate group medians, blackened boxes indicate typicalexercises, open boxes indicate atypical exercises. Abbreviations:EIC, extreme inner city; ER, extreme rural; SC, small city; MC,medium city; RBC, rest of big city; SF, suburban fringe; andEAS, extreme affluent suburb.

42

from Subtheme D) and unusually poorly on five others (R227 andU225, part 3, both in Subtheme D; U219 and U235, part 2, in Sub-theme C; and U217, part 4, in Subtheme B). Those from the Westhad only one exceptional exercise, U226, where they performedunusually poorly. The only exceptional exercises for the Centraland Northeastern regions involved performances that were unusuallygood for those groups: teenagers from the Central region per-formed unusually well on Exercises U225 (Subtheme D) and U217,part 4 (Subtheme B); while Northeastern teenagers performedunusually well on Subtheme D Exercise R230.

Teenage boys and teenage girls performed about equally well.There were, however, some exceptional exercises. Boys had moresucc,:ss than usual on Exercise U223 (Subtheme C) and less onexercises: U217, part 2 (Subtheme B); U216, parts 2 and 3 (Sub-theme C); and U221, part 2; U222; R230; and 0218, part 1 (Sub-theme D). Girls performed unusually poorly on only one exercise,U223 (Subtheme C), while they performed unusually well on eightothers: U217, parts 2 and 3 (both Subtheme B); U216, part 2(Subtheme C); 0218, part 1; U221, part 2; U222; and 0234, parts1 and 3 (Subtheme D).

Black 13-year-olds showed a negative characteristic whileWhite teenagers showed a positive one. There were many excep-tional exercises for these two groups, and those exercises havebeen displayed in Exhibit 4-3.

Like 9-year-olds, successful performances for 13-year-oldswere more frequent for those whose parents had the most formaleducation, less frequent for those whose parents had less.Thirteen-year-olds whose parents had no high school showed anegative characteristic while a negative tendency was shown bythose whose parents had only some high school. Teenagers whoseparents graduated from high school showed a positive tendencywhile those whose parents had post high school educations showeda positive characteristic. The exceptional exercises for thefour parental education groups are shown in Exhibit 4-4.

Thirteen-year-olds from small cities, medium cities and therest of big city groups all performed at levels close to that ofthe nation as a whole. Extreme inner city and extreme ruralteenagers were below tat level (they showed a negative charac-teristic and negative tendency, respectively) while those fromthe suburban fringe and extreme affluent suburbs were above it(displaying a positive tendency and positive characteristic,respectively). There were relatively few exceptional exerciseswithin this reporting category. Indeed, there were none at allfor the small city, medium city and suburban fringe groups.Teenagers from the extreme inner city performed better than usualon part 1 of Exercise R236 (Subtheme D) and 0216 (Subtheme C)

43

Exercise

EXHIBIT 4-3. Exceptional Exercises forBlack and White 13-Year-Olds

Performance on the Identified ExerciseSubtheme Black White

U203U213U202

AA

Better than usualBetter than usualBetter than usual

Worse than usual

R206 Better than usual Worse than usualR208 Better than usual Worse than usualU217, part 1 Better than usual Worse than usualU217, part 4 Worse than usual Better than usualU232, part 1 Worse than usualU232, part 2 is Worse than usual Better than usualR214, part 5 Better than usualU216, part 1 Worse than usual Better than usualR219 Worse than usual Better than usualU229 Better than usual Worse than usualU235, part 1 Worse than usual Better than usualU235, part 2 Worse than usual Better than usualU221, part 3 Worse than usualU225, part 1 Better than usualU225, part 2 Better than usual Worse than usualR227 Worse than usual Better than usualR228 Worse than usualR231, part 1 Worse than usualU234, part 1 Better than usualR236, part 1 Better than usual Worse than usual

and less well than usual on R227; R231, part 1; and U217, part 4.The latter three exercises were all from Subtheme D. Thirteen-year-olds from extreme rural areas performed unusually poorly onExercises R205 (Subtheme B); U217, part 4 (Subtheme D); and U235,part 2 (Subtheme C). Thirteen-year-olds from the rest of bigcity performed poorly on parts 1 and 3 of Exercise U225 (Sub-theme D). Extreme affluent suburb teenagers, on the other hand,performed unusually well on Exercises U221, part 3, and R227(both from Subtheme D) and U235, part 2 (from Subtheme C).

The remainder of this chapter is devoted to the exercisesadministered to 13-year-olds. Each exercise is numbered with aletter and a numeral. The letter (either R or U) indicateswhether the text of the exercise has been released or is unre-leased. The unreleased exercises are being 7=ed for TEenextRea ITig assessment, in 1975-76. These exercises will be usedagain, and comparisons can be made between the 1969-70 resultsand the results collected during 1975-76.

44

EXHIBIT 4-4.

Exceptional Exercises for the Different Parental Education Groups

Performance on the Identified Exercise

Exercise

Subtheme

NHS

SHS

GHS

PHS

U203

AR210

AU213

AU202

U204

R206

BBetter than usual

U208

U217, part 1

U217, part 2

U217, part 3

BWorse than usual

4b.

U217, part 4

BWorse than usual

Ut

U232, part 2

BWorse than usual

R214, part 2

R214, part 3

R214, part 5

U219

R220

U224

U229

U235, part 1

CWorse than usual

U235, part 2

CWorse than usual

U221, part 1

R227

DWorse than usual

U221, part 3

U225, part 2

R228

R230

DWorse than usual

R231, part 1

DWorse than usual

R236, part 1

DBetter than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Better than usual

Better than usual

Worse than usual

Better than usual

Better than usual

Worse than usual

Better than usual

Better than usual

Better than usual

Better than usual

Worse than usual

Worse than usual

Better than usual

Worse than usual

EXHIBIT 4-5. Median Performances on the Subthemes

Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub-theme theme theme theme All Sub-

Group A B C D themes

RegionSoutheast -1.7 -5.4 -4.9 -4.5 -4.2West -1.3 .7 .8 -.9 .1Central 1.3 2.0 2.2 3.2 2.2Northeast 1.4 .7 2.4 2.3 1.9

SexMale -1.1 -.9 -.7 -2.2 -1.4Female 1.1 1.0 .7 2.2 1.3

RaceBlack -7.1 -12.9 -16.2 -13.7 -13.2White 1.3 2.2 2.9 2.7 2.5

Parental EducationNo High School -2.9 -10.3 -11.0 -7.1 -8.4Some High School .4 -4.9 -3.9 -4.9 -3.5High School Graduate 1.2 1.0 .9 .2 .6Post High School 2.0 4.6 6.7 6.2 5.7

Size and Type of CommunityExtreme Inner City -5.9 -6.8 -8.0 -7.9 -7.2Extreme Rural -.2 -4.5 -6.6 -2.9 -3.7Small City .5 -.7 .6 -.5 -.4Medium City .5 .7 -.3 .9 .7Rest of Big City -2.2 -.3 .7 -.7 -1.0Suburban Fringe .6 3.3 1.9 3.0 2.7Extreme Affluent Suburb 1.9 5.0 5.1 3.8 4.4

Number of Effects 4 12 14 20 50

The text for released exercises is presented exactly as theexercises were administered during the assessment. The accept-able answer is indicated (by a blackened oval) as is a briefdiscussion of the exercise itself and how the respondent mayhave arrived at the acceptable answer.1

'Though the correct or best answer may have been reached byguessing, guessing is not considered here as a method forreaching the correct answer; the mention of guessing now issufficient for all the exercises.

46

Along with the exercise and/or its description, the per-centage of success and the effects are presented for all thegroups. A histogram is given with the percentage of success foreach group represented by a bar. The leftmost vertical line(which cuts across the bar for each group) represents thenational percentage of success, and the distance from the end ofa group's bar to that line represents the group's effect--thedifference between the performance for a group and the perfor-mance of the nation as a whole.


47

Exercise 8203, Subtheme A



CD The fish has already eater the worr.

CD The worm is probably not or a hook and line.

MP The fish looks as if he is going to eat the worm.

CD The fish is waiting for the worm to be put in the water.

CD I don't know.

-11 15 3/1

1.

03X203014 4010.1013

4,0111,

9

NATIONAL AND :.HOOP

13

PEFCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

PFPCINTAGE OF SUCCESS51C/Zi." EINCI YAR.IBL! _iF002

0 10 20 10 SO 50 60 70 NO 90 too

95.1 SAIIINhE

RN110404.1 -1.7 .olitheast00,5 -1.5 Vest17,1 1.3 Central I*e7.1 I.O. Northeast I"

g5.4 -1.0. Male0.9. Female I"

01., -4.3. DlactI6.4 0.90 White T"

EAlgrAt-E2laii21giN -2.6 N. High tchool

2.0 Some High School E.06.1 3.3 Gradoatel High Sch. i4/.1 1.0 Post Nigh School I"

I

Iliel112:TIPE I

2f_COMMIII 1

72.1 -3.1 Extreme Inner CityI

02.6 -3.0. Pxtreme Rural1

96.) 0.0 Small City E96.1 0.1 Medium City I41.9 -2.2 Prat or stl city

I

03.3 1.9. Sabarban Ppilige f"u1.1 1.1 Extreme Aff Suburb I"

48


In order to respond correctly, a child could either intuitthe feelings of the fish or eliminate the three incorrectresponses leaving only the third alternative.

49

Exercise P204, Subtheme B

-f you wanted to buy some bubble gum that would stay sweet for

a long time, which of these would you buy? Fill in the oval

beside the bubble gum you would buy.

p I don't know

TO9 07 3/1 03t244011 81000040

S OF GROUP

9 13

NAT/ONAt IRO GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS


I4CCI21

95.3

VIM 11111M1-_ _____MI!

MATIOSAL

0 10 20 30 SO7040 50 60 90 100

11212191.7 -1.3 Southeast

97.1 2.2 Vest441.

95.7 0.7 Centralfo

*1.3 -1.7 Northeast

Ifi94.1 -1.0 Pale44.1 1.0 emtle f

014184.5 -10.4. Black95.7 1.4 Witte

t

ElASIIA1_32;n14391.5 -3.5 ID 41411 School

92.3 -2.7 Some Nigh School..

95.3 0.3 Graduated nigh Seb.17.1 2.1 Fist High School

illk132:1121

9.

21-COBISIXI94.7 -0.3 !strong Inner City94.7 -0.2 Extra*. Rural94.1 -0.7 small City

94.1 1.1 ledism City91.0 -3.1 lest If Rig City116.6 1.6 Suburban Fringe

.... e95.5 0.5 Satre*, Aff Suburb

50


In order to see that the third gum wrapper enclosed a pieceof bubble gum that would "stay sweet for a long time," the childwould have to understand that the preceding expression and "itnever loses its sugary flavor" were synonymous.

51

Exercise 0205, Subtheme B

Which sign shows where you should ride your bicycle'

PEDESTRIANS

AND

BICYCLES

PROHIBITED

MOTOR

VEHICLES

ONLY

c=t I don't know

C-7

PEDESTRIANS

ONLY

am

BICYCLISTS

USE

STREET

"12 01 1/1

le

34.1205011 .1000130

0,0UF

7 13 17

NATIONAL AND GROUP OERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSS,Cgfs: E?1,Er- YARIAB'S GROUP

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 7" 00

93. 9 NATIONA,1

1

PEGI24 1

41.7 -4.6* Southeast 1

00.1 0.9 Vest

99.1 -0.3 Central t

91.4 4.3 Northeast

51093.0 1.1 Male tSu., -0.1 Female

COLOR 1

77.7 -11.7* Black 1

41.5 2.1 White

1

PARENTAL pUcA/IoN 1

77.6 -11.7* No High School 1

96.0 -2.4 Some Rich School90.1 3.7 Graduated Rich Sch. 994.2 4.9. Post High School

tEIZ2:11P:11E12y conanyrt

i

1

94.1 -5.3 Extreme Inner City I

79,1 -16.0* Extreme Rural 1

99.7 0.0 Small City t.

97.7 -1.6 Medium City I

42.1 1.5 Rest Of Big City14

44.1 4.7. Slbarban Fringe v98.2 9.9 IxtreTe hff Suburb t

52

100


In order to respond correctly to this exercise, a childwould have had to know the meanings of pedestrians, motorvehicles and prohibited, and he would have to know that a bicy-c 1st s one who rides a bicycle.

53




C:) A sign is hanging by the door.

.41110 A sign is hanging on the door.

C:) A sign is ha'jing over the door.

C:) A sign is hanging near the door.

C:7 I don't know.

T03 15 3/1 02.1206011 510900,0 9 13

NATIONAL AND GROUP PUCENTAGES OP SUCCESS

S OP GROUP PERCENTAGE OP SUCCESS

100S5§ SflICT IIII121.1._______112920 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

97.9 NATIONAL

BIM!

N

I

I

i

97.2 -0.7 Southeast 1

99.4 0.5 Vest 1"

98.3 0.4 Central V'

97.6 -0.3 Northeast 1

1/197.0 -0.9' Male 1

98.9 1.0' Female N.

012196.6 -1.3 Black98.1 0.2 White V'

Eliltril_;22CATI2194.9 1.0 io Nigh School 197.5 -0.4 Some Nigh School V

98.9 1.0 Graduated Nigh Sch.97.9 -0.0 Post Nigh School

1

AM:AID:11H0_01021111 I

97.5 -0.4 Extreme Inner City 1

97.9 0.0 Extreme Rural 1

97.5 -0.4 Small City 1

97.5 -0.4 Sodium City101.0 2.1' West Of Big City 1"

98.6 0.6 Suburban Fringe97.8 -0.1 Extreme Aff Suburb 1 I

54


This exercise required two things of the children who tookit. First, it required that they be able to determine where thesign was hanging relative to the door, and second, they had totranslate their perceptions into the proper preposition, in thiscase, on.

55

Exercise B208. Subtheme B



If you are walking, whi,:h sign tells you what to do? Fill in

the oval beside the correct sign.

CD

SPEED LIMIT

20MES PM NOM

ON SCOW OATS

OR MEN

MIEN MEPRESENT

LEFT TURN

ALLOWED

FROM CENTER

LANE ONLY I

CD idoeflum.

OM

PEDESTRIANS

USE

CROSSWALK

MAIN STREET

EXIT ON

THROUGHWAY

SOO YARDS

AHEAD

KEEP RIGHT

TOB 05 3/1 03 r209011 910000r0 9 13


PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESS. OF GROUPsncuss EFFICT VANIABL. GPM

96.9 mATIJNA'

PRIION95.2 -1.7 southeast96.2 -0.7 Vest97.7 0.8 Central98.5 1.6 Northeast

0.11 -0.52Z1

Male97.5 0.6 Female

E2121qi.o -s.q* Black97.7 0.8 White

04.1 -2.997.0 0.097.9 0.994.5 1.6

91.595.995.796.595.799.499.4

-5.3.-1.0-0.70.3-1.22.5.

ELIFilll_222a1122No High School

Some High SchoolGraduei:. High Sch.

Post High School

11;2:1121IEI0_03B22111Extreme Inner city

!creme MuralSmall CitySodium City

Rest Of Big CitySuburban hinge

Extreme Aff Suburb

0 10 20 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

56


This exercise required children to be able to determine thatonly the upper right hand sign pertained to a person who waswalking. There were two ways a child could choose the correctsign: he could know the meaning of the word eedestrians (sinceonly one sign referred to walkers), or he could eliminate theother three signs by figuring out that they all pertained tocars.

57


Look at the labels from two cans of dog food. One can has more



Ash 31

Crude fiber 171

Crude protein 651

Crude fat llt

Moisture 41

Vitamin E trace

PREMIUM DOG FOOD

A Beef Product

11.

(=> I don't know.

"12 05 1/1 3141(209015 900300,0

Ash 21

Crude fiber 451

Crude protein 201

Crude fat 301

Moisture 31

Vitamin E trace

HEARTY DOG FOOD

A Balanced Meal

CZ)

9 13

t OFSOCCF'S

90.5

GGOOPuncr

NATIONAL AND GRoni. PVICENTAGES IF SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE OF SOCCFSSmum_ GROOP

10 20 30 40 SO 60 70t

NATIONAL

/MO

80 90 100

9

I

I

I

72.6 -7.94 Southeast I

92.3 1.8 vest to.

91.8 1.3 Central 994.6 4.2. Northeast v80.2 -0.4 Hale81.7 0.2 ?Neale 9

012165.4 Black92.7 2.1 /Mite

Eillia_ENA/12/69.9 -11.6* No High School/5.1 -5.2 Some Sigh School80.9 0.3 Graduatei Nigh Sch. 185.0 4.6 Post Nigh School ege4.1

IIILIA112:/12191-C2U21111

73.4 -7.1 Extreme Inner City70.1 -10.1* Extreme Rural79.2 -1.3 Small City81.9 1.4 Sodium City IS86.7 6.2 'est If Big City81.7 0.7 Suburban Fringe 991.4 11.0 Extreme Aft Suburb

58


In order to respond correctly to this exercise, a child hadto know that 65 was greater than 20, and he had to assume thatthe HEARTY can was not more than 3 1 /Mimes larger than thePREMIUM can.

59




CD The boy has two dogs on leash.

CD The boy is walking behind his dog.

41O The dog on the leash has spots on it.

CD The dog sitting down has spots on it.

CD I don't know.

206 0$ ?/1

OPlicciii

031210011 51000090

GNOOPIffic! MILS -MHZ

9 13

NATIONAL 1100 MOP PUCNOTAGES OF SOCCESS

PERCENTAG: OF SOCCESS

0 10 20 30 SO SO 60 70 SO 90 100

96.5 NATIONAL 11

1

IM O 1

92.9 -1.7 Southeast 1

95.2 0.6 Nest 195.4 1.3 Central I'94.2 -0.1 northeast I

1

i

93.3 -1.2'ill

Rule1

1

95.0 1.34 Female so OOOOOOOOOOO *mg.

1

Ole 1

46.6 -7.9., Black OOO 1

96.1 1.S4 shit. fa

rlj12AL 12110121911

1

I

41.4 -3.2 So nigh School 1

94.6 0.1 Some nigh School 1

95.0 0.4 Graduated nigh Sch. evo. 4,y96.' 2.2 Post nigh School go

I

2z ZE-11110-IIPI I

SAII211Z1IlLWarsaw 1

45.9 -9.7' inner City I

92.3 -2.2 titres, I

95.1 0.8 small City ,

4.5 0.9 %diem City i

92.2 -2.3 Rost Ot Big City 1

95.1 0.7 Suburban hinge i

97.0 2.6' Wrote Aft Suburb 1

60


This exercise required 13-year-olds to evaluate four dif-ferent descriptions of a picture and decide which descriptionwas most accurate. The instructions to the child imply thatthere is no correct response, but only a best one. This may meanthat even though half of the sitting dog is hidden, and thehidden part may be laden with spots, the third alternative ispreferred because it is more readily verifiable.

61

Exercise R214, subtheme C


the sentence says is true, fill in the oval beside "True." If


"False." If you can't decide if the sentence is true or false.


710 13 3/1 02,5211012 100300,2 11 13 1/

640 010UP PEICEMTAGES OF SUCCESS

ITOCESTIIGE OF SUCCESS% Of 0800,

A. By car horthtown is closer to Rice Lake than to Hope.

CD True

4111 False

CD I don't know.

22CU12

85.1

IMO

V6TI11111

0 10 20 30 SO SO 60 70 80 90 101

S

71.1 -6.5" Soetheast17.1 2.0 West

87.1 2.3 Central8

87.1 2.1 sortheast

sll

I

81.; -1.1 Rile85.* 1.4 female

0121178.5 -5.5* !lack87.2 2.1 White

/1111211_1?20II 075.5 -9.6. 10 sigh School81.; -1.6 Some 1i/0 School54., 1.1 Graduated Nigh Sch. S.

88.1 1.5 Post Sigh Schoolyeew

1/13:10.211/E14a-C21112111

11.5 -3.5 titre,* inner City75.5 -8.3 Extreme !oral45.7 0.6 smell City 981.1 -0.7 %odium City85.0 Best Of Sig City I45.5 I./ Suburban Fringe$9.1 5.0" !harem. 6ff Suburb

gm.

62

T10 13 4/1 01.1214023 51031110

g lr GROHS2V4 i711

45.2

;MU

92.4 -2.645.5 1.394.4 0.694.1 0.6

44.7 0.145.1 -0.1

46.4 -6.7.7.1 1.9.

47.7 -7.4.45.0 0.649.9 0.347.1 2.1

MI11/11_______1/2111

B. You can drive all the way from Northtowr to Falls City onHighway 71.

MD True

CD False

C: I don't know.

9 13 17

NATIONAL AND ;11006 PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS


3 10 20 30 60 SO 60 70 80 90 100

NATIONAL 91

1Min 1

Soetheast 4

West 1.Central

Northeast .

1

I

in I

4414 94amale 9

i

1

olo 1

Slack1

white lee

1

1

tillati1-122E111.91 1

No Nigh School1

;twee high School I.Gtadsated Nigh Sch. 9

Post Nigh School 1.4

11111112:IIti 1

2/-0211211I1 1

sq.' -c.a., nem' Inner City1

Extreme local1

Small City lelegium City 4.

hest It Dig City 9Sabetban Fringe I.

Istreae Aft Sabath gas.

01.4 -3.894.1 0.946.3 0.9.5.6 0.495.9 0.694.7 3.6.

63

T10 03 VI 01(214031 50030010

Of 4$000

C. Mope is the town closest to Centerville.

4 True

CD name

C:, I don't know.

a

t3 17

NATIMAt AN* OSOON rsectorsots or SOCCESS

PSSCISTA02 ON SUCCESS

INCAS

93.4115.4

116.496.6

II=

-2.20.3

1.0

1111/11J 01.2119

0 10 20 30 e0 SO GO 70 SO 90 100

S

S

**Timm.

MU!Sou

NestCentral

No

UI911.3 -1.0. Sale94.9 1.3 female

0.121$6.4 -7.6. Slack97.2 1.S- Skits

pASEPTSo AL SpNCATIOS40.1 -S. S Silk Scheel 000*4141.9 -0.7 Some Sisk School96.S97.e

0.11

1.7Oraftatell Sigh Soh.

Nast Sigh School

lip-an -rirg

SS.

111-2111111111192.0 -3.6 intros. Inner City112.11 -3.0. "strew total 00000 ********000094.191.$

0.7-LS

Snell CityGates City

0000000000 S1

99.1 3.00 Nest Ot Sig City96.7 1.1 Seberbea fringe 0000 0000.0 S

100.0 CS. Extreme ktt MINTS gg

64

00t

S9

...o14 6 1

*6 6

4311din in 0013111,1 obttlaj wessolois Jvta OTII 70 )91111

LIT, wpm, Ily3 ITEM

***JIBE

41.01

L'E l'f- 6'0 E*0- L'L-

9'110 E'LS etO L.60 IVES 0'0L

ALy3 sows oo*J410 9"E- 1'00 IIINilarla ITIVIIVITTI

* to*Soll flOy 1ia4 ort 6'6* .6 'Itos gess 904eltpla0 90 4'60

vimps DOTS smog V,- I'LL I0025 44711 og

lossw3a4s IVINIIVI !Et- 1'14

04 4y4i O'E O'fit

I 43vIIII W61- 6'69

1

son

1

4 4./.111.4 4.41- eV',

4 *TIM 0'0 IVES I III

I

I

.08 ******16* CZ 1'96

.* ol,

/*atm*, 41,141

6'0 11'0

LOS s'6111

I liswalzmos Vs- 'fwi.

ib TIPB

1

1

8 11160ILVO 1'E6

06 OS OL 09 OE Olt OE OE Ot 0 11113------ ilITTIVI OM! illYal

ES2,306 JO 209ittE,O1d d0019 Jo S

ESS3306 JO SIOVESJ,iti AOOSE 001I 11001311

Lt Et 6 060016011 ElOstEtO 1/9 E6 Oti

A0UX 4,110p I CD

OSTWA 4111,

11,d0H uwq4 leaw layllw; it siivauao

E. Highway 20 runs on the south side of Rice River.

CD True

411119 False

CD I don't know.

',10 11 7/1 0209214051 50310090 9 13 17

IATIONAL ASO GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

le GROUP PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESS

22n125

71.9

1111,1211_-_____MNI10 20 30 40 50 60 70

NATIONat

80 90 100

9

I

13021 I

67.5 -8.4. Southeast71.1 2.0 Vest 974.4 3.9. Central11.3 2.0 Northeast

71.8 0.8 Wale 990.2 -0.8 *male

OUP61.3 -19.7* Black75.5 4.0. Shit. f

11111/11_12MAIIII54.9 -16.10 No Nigh School54.2 -11.8" Some Nigh School72.3 1.8 Graduated Nigh Sch.79.5 8.Se Post Nigh School

21111112:LIta42_05121ln

96.4 -14.6. Maros. Inner City64.4 -6.1 Extreme Rural71.9 2.8. Small City Vt.

66.E -2.4 Sufism City78.7 S.7 Rest If Big City76.6 S.6 Suburban Fringe76.2 S. 2 Extreme Aff Suburb ISM

66


The five parts of this question all asked children toanswer questions using the map provided. The map reading skillsinvolved included: translating distances on a map into distancesbetween places, determining whether particular routes existed,reading relative distances and determining relative positions.

67

Exercise 5219, Subtheme C

Read the passage and look at the chart, than complete the

sentence below it.

This chart shows the number of fatal accidents (broken line)and the number of vehicle miles (solid line' .n California,arranged according to the hour of the day.'

:77.0.410,;:a e749/0e-e.s'eee,e 04

re-svervewows

Most fatal accidents occurred between

C...) 1 a.m. and 2 a.m.

2 a.m. and 3 a.m.

C.:, 4 a.m. and 5 a.m.

C.:, 6 a.m. and 7 a.m.

C.:, 7 a.m. and II a.m.

C.:, I don't know.

*Youth at the Wheel, RerOld T. Glenn, reprinted by permission ofChas. A. Sennett Co , Inc.

1.03 11 1/1 023219013 00130010 13 17 A

% IFAlan:

53.5

GEOCPIMO zlizipm..______tim

NAPIONAt

MOO!

NATIO4AL AND Glow PERCENTAGES OP SUCCESS


o 70 60 9010 20 30 40 SO 60

91

1

t

42.5 -10.9* Southeast 1

56.0 2.S Nest goo37.6 4.1 Central go...

56.6 3.1 Northeast rim

i

1

Ail 1

53.9 0.5 11010 951.0 -0.5 Female

71.3 -25.2* Slack55.4 5.0 skit,

?mom IDOCITIQ!

see.

37.5 -16.0* No Nigh School44.0 -9.4. Some Nigh School53.0 -0.4 Graduated Nigh Sch.44.3 10.9 Post Nigh School

1111:112111112t_SOIRM121

14.5 -MO* Ihttrtme Inner City46.1 -7.2 Extreme Rural53.5 0.1 Smell City55.4 1.9 Radium City fe49.7 -3.7 Nest Of Rig City56.6 3.3 Suburban Fringe p.63.1 9.6 Extreme Aff Suburb

68

100


Respondents were asked to find the modal group in thisexercise.

69


Read the passage and look at the chart, then answer the questionwhich follows it.

This chart shows the numbe' of fatal accidents (broken line)and the Lumber of vehicle miles (solid line) in California.AAAAA /140 ArrnrAinm to the hour of the day.*

mezier /a,/ ele /e440471 ele-ce

497 yfr-7,4 Pi- re s nxs-

Ali but one of the following factual conclusions can be reachedfrom the data presented. Which statement goes beyond the datagiven in the chart?

CD Fewer fatal accidents occur during the day than at night.

CD Driving at a time when most people would be sleepy isdangerous.

deo Eating a good lunch tends to keep drivers alert to drivinghazards.

CD Traffic becomes heavier at the end of the working day thanat the beginning.

CD Just because there are few vehicles on the road is noreason to relax one's safety precautions.

CD I don't know.

Youth at the Wheel, Herold T. Glenn, reprinted by permission ofChas. A. Bennett Co., Inc.

*04 08 3/1 03.0E220013 R00300V0 13 17 A

MATIOVAL AND MOP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSOP GROUP22gC12.1 31110

0 10 20 30 MO 50 60 70 80 90 100

16.7 NATIONAL fI

I

LIMON I

16.3 -0.4 Southeast f17.0 0.3 Vest P.17.^ 0.4 Central I.16.3 -0.3 Northeast I

I

i

ill I

17.2 0.6 Halt P.16.1 -0.5 Female I

0121 1

9.4 -7.4. Slack 1

17.8 1.1 White f.

14.2 -2.513.R -2.913.1 -3.5.22.4 5.8.

8.9 -7.8*16.5 -0.116.0 -0.615.6 -1.021.1 4.518.0 1.421.2 4.6

ElleM211_1=12141No High School

Some High SchoolGraduated Migh Sch.

Post High School f *****

21,111ealfe

'Strome Inner CityExtreme Rural

Small CityMedium city

Rest Of big City Is...Suburban Fringe to

Extreme Aff Suburb gm...

70


The respondents were asked to determine which alternativewas unrelated to the chart.

71

Exercise R226, Subtheme D

Look at the following report card. What period of time do these

grades cover?

JAM. ICAMA WAIN

Ain. MA

--1!!!=1. =1.__nlm

1140141101MAW

Ann

I. AlfAMA NAN AMMANREPORT CARO_ Alimillnlanasim.--.--AMi

CI = El 1=1:: 1F3 CZ c"."--)El EigilIBM=IINnItftAnA

AAWC SC IIR CM IMS In leWA* AAAAn It AI

AAAAAAAMAAMAIlltA

AAAreturnI. AIMAA

INWITIIMI

AM... ICIIA1111

MAIWAAAAnnealn-AMA

OA MAIM. P.M AAA. MAYAarAMAINIMID At AAA ST

AOSA N

LEGEND1010LAIffn AAA 0011I

PUMA SANIMILAIRAMAsnorninnornninnornIMAINVAMIMAASIASAAVAINAnunNISSAMAIASAIIIIMAIRAPANMISAININIAIIIIIMMAAAMANIAMAMA /MAMA SAMOAN NielAnalOnanalrISAINRIAINAAMINIIMINIAIA

AIMAINAAISIOINTIONAGAMIAISun

TO6 09 3/1 0101226013 10030090 13 17

GO The first reporting period

C.) The second reporting period

C> The entire semester

CD The entire year

CD I don't know.

% t

82.0

GROUP17110

NATIONAL AND GROIN FIRMITIGIS OF SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSIIIILILI Mgt

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

RATIONAL

70 80 90 100

79.9 -3.11111141

Sost *****74.7 Viet85.9 3.94 Central 9...

89.0 6.04.

All 1

90.1 Rale 1

94.0 2.04 Female 91

MEI 1

70.1 -11.94 Black 1

94.3 2.3 White V

tARIOTIL swum1

1

70.5 -11.54 Eo Nigh School 1

14.6 2.5 Some Nigh School82.8 0.9 Cr aaaaa ed Nigh Sch.15.2 3.20 Post Nigh School 911.

2111=1.112=LLEIftE0111.11111

I

I68.7 -13.34 'stream Inner City 1

79.5 -3.5 Extreme Renal 1

83.5 1.4 Small City 181.8 -0.2 Rediem City 1

'1.0 -11.04 Seat Of Rig City 1

89.1 6.34 Sollerban Fringe yelresymeg.mwo82.6 0.6 'stress aft Suburb S t

72


This exercise required the respondent to locate the phrasecontaining the words "period" and "time" and note the numbersassociated with them.

73

Exercise 8227, Subtheme D

bock at the follouina report card. This student is improving

his work in which subject area'

.ipef : 0.000 1000070477 10 01131,000. twee. WNW ree. epe.

REPORT CARDfet 1.0.001000. M.TIMMTWMA

se 7s

ft 7

Z.%

CIS.110010100

.70511001170

1uCl1E01

111Cimileaaftitf.ems

I 0717Is

1 00ne

I17e ,

LS

I 7

.445. lemeat

set. .1105017077

11,0004600.

0 nod Morn 7 eafewsiimeitiel

TO MI Itoestle7110. IC.07.777 .0 e se

07 05 5 03505

LEGENDSOOXASTKmaily OTIMMMOOMOOWSCOM

0105.10.0.4000

C Wresi.000.7.talc1.0.11,01.0

MOM? 021.1Altial,000flublare a 060.1210.0171110.1.00ste007400.100.600700111111.0110140000111110001emian Yaw,000.001111.12.1107.100e0s0 T0Cl01

.0010111 0110010,1 MI cemPeltkIY.LeatIr

me pa** eneenCI 40.0014100004 100

Co ow40.ow Ine.0.034.00

(NW ..1117.1.119.1Ra,stmelnael Nam*01.100,00Ce Me. 4,070

.000

""71 39 1/1 00.1,227014 903300.0

S n GROUP

13 17 a

NATIONAL AND G0000 PERCENTAGES IF SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE Of SUCCESS

English

Foreign language

CD Mathematics

D Science

CD I don't know.

SUCCESS

52.9

cum 111/120 ____ '2Eo 10 20

447InNA1.

60 50 100SO 9060 70

1.210281.2 -11.6. Spathe...et

55.6 2.4 Rest yd.

Ss.1 8.0 Central5.4 3.6 Northeast 9

211Male

55.8 3.0 Female

i2L23

roof

'4.S -28.3. Slack

S1. 5.6 White

11111/A_142AII2211.4 -21.4. 00 stgh School14.4 -141.1w Some Nigh School

1.6 Griduatel High Sch. Ie44.14 11.5 Post dish School

21-C21122in11.3 -23.9. nftlr**4. Inner City

44.1 -8.0 Extreme Surat4., -3.2 Small Cite$1.8 -3.0 Nedium City61.8 9.0 Out Of Rig city58.9 6.0 Suburban fringeS5.3 12.S. Extreme Aff Suburb

74


This exercise required the respondent to look up a code inthe legend provided at the bottom of the report card.

75

txercise R228, Subthere D

Look at the following report card. In which class does this

student appear to have a problem?

3. s cum:PlAilet /ads/

1 ee11 1 1115Mogan ammo Gaye /sof

REPORT CARO-K.,. .. +a +0111 as

t .r7LI-_ '''. ,..../ ,././

.... Ir..SU WAD

..../

on/ /

1 /2 1. C. /, 12, PI 12711 1( /,./A Cvir1. 4L 1 7

i

2-t

i '1

I

{

1

1{111C11*0/1211..1.121

CSas t

ca11.11 t

WS. ICOW.:fvol 111Ovaya

6 2.11*n1111S./22 I 5/1 01. HA.

LEGEND1001/11110C YOU CnIn5eCaniIMOS011111

everranDoc 1411"C 0WWW4MONNUMMYWAIMMW,C SaideC I111141011mMus

INOMemmomMWUM.MO.WNCIAM10611102C.1 mitC0/41130/ctur Wnoblm

ftUNC1MWMNACWW.M1110.4/0amMi,f.msg.

908 11 3/1 011228013 23230070 13 17

mATIOIAL AID .100? 1782CVNTA487 OP soccEss

S 7P 11001 PLICENTAGE OP SOCCUS

iggag, MCC/ /1114111____-_-2122!

91.1 DATIOVAL

algetra

CDCD Physical Educati,r,

CD Science

CD I don't kro.

0 10 20 30 50 SO 60 70 It 90 100

!/111275.2 -8.14 SSoutheast

I

1

44.. 1.2 Vest 9.

47.0 3.7 Central Ise.

44.1 2.7 vorteast 1..

1

1

Iti1

d2.7 -0.4 Isle 1

44.0 0.6 Penal*

C2121sq.+) -26.3. slack46.1 3.6 mate

76.672.446.741.8

A4.471.92.779.1019.9

84.59.4

-6.7-10.64

2.37.5

-10.5.-4.6-0.6-6.06.26.26.04

11121:11-1'22i1Ii1140 ni46 School

Sem* 9104 SchoolGcaduael Nigh Sch.

Post no, School

11/1:111:I11191_11211n

flacon* Inner Citytxttene

Snell CityIelisn City

Vest Of Dig CitySuburban fringe

litreme Aff Suburb

76

1f

t


A respondent answered this question acceptably if he under-stood that "assignments not completed regularly" is a problem.

77

Exercise n230. Subthere D

Look at the chart and answer the question whie, fol ows it. You

have planned to do the following things this seek:

Monday 9:00 a.n. - 4.30 p.m. SchoolMonday 5:00 p.m. 6:15 p.m. Cheerleader practiceTuesday Vacation from schoolWednesday 9:00 a.m. - ::30 p.m. SchoolWednesday 7:00 p.m. BowlingThursday 9:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. SchoolThursday 10:00 p.n. SluMer partyFriday 9:00 a.m. 11:30 a.m. School. 1/2 daySaturday 4:30 p.n. 7:00 p.m. Birthday party

Which one of the following additional things could you go to on

time if you wanted to?

CD Monday 6:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. Concert at theAdam's Theater

CD Wednesday I:30 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. Little TheaterMeeting

CD Thursday l0:00 a.m. - 11:00 a.m. Free popcorn atEanson's store

40, Friday 7:30 p.m. - 11:00 p.n. Spring Formal

CD Saturday 5:00 p.m. - 7:30 p.m. Movie. Tarzan

C:, I don't know.

T,* 79 i/1 44.1210011 40131019 13

maTIOVAL AID ;0011P aPCIPTAGES or SUCCESS

t

12::II!

25.4

OFO1P

nIn: IIIIIIII___-___Mlfo 10

vAtIoatt

UHT!

20

PLICEOrliE Or SUCCESS

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

6

22.1 -1.5 Southeast71.a -*.S. Best26.4 -1.S Central15.) 4.1' so

172.9 -1.0* rale 129.) 3.2 Female 114

012!15.; -10.11. Elect21.1 2.4 'Mite

E13117:11_112011214.1 -17.6. go Sigh School24.1 O.* Sur Ilia% School ,22.S - 4* Grailated 4141. Sch. 1

It./ 9.3. Pest liab School

O_LOJAIIITI21.5 -2.8 Extreme Inner City19.4 Extreme er41121.4 -2.4 Small city24.6 0.9 Medium City24.127.411.2

2.23.6S.3

best 16 Sig CitySuburban fringe

Ext.reme %herb

f.S.9....

78


The respondent needed to check each alternative againstthe schedule in order to locate the acceptable answer.

79

Exercise R231, Subtheme 0

Look at tie following report card. Accorcing to the report card,

in what subject area did the student do BEST?

.IS I Coo.:ST.00 10.02441 001SSO

Sluents WAIN MON MOM

REPORT CARO0 12.41.0

po... SS ftS M0ftooMfausos-01 S..% SO f11et :Jr. SC.0) I OWSo STIS OS 10SS! SOC.*l 1 41.1 II tO

c Ic is

t I

815808 1 eacOISOWT0)0S8858ItSo

teCats-SC",S. v.v.lk10101I10S

,..0.1.moOs2).06 ),/0211.2)

010, 0.014

0.00001.00 tC 0.ILITS0

TO 710060.10,1C00:

7. Welty ITs. 10101 CO S

LEGENDle.l.01111C MAWS CISIM1011.1, 00110MTS CODS

STWOMT00641CALlte Mao10.01400001111.010r0000300,MN. Otani.. *nos 0MOM, NaoOSS0,010 000.0o

olotry03.1.000001 10 0.1S410com00001.10C0SCAA...

ar01.0KI Sam41.104Pg. 2)111140.00004.00001104110100.tot.so 0001.101.44,004CO.W.

T09 10 1/1 02412311/13 R00300,0 13 17

RATIONAL A40 GROUP PERCENTAGES nP SUCCESS

% 4P $OUP PERCENTAGE OP SUCCESS

0 EnglishOp Foreaan lanquaoe

Matneratics

C2) Scitnce

C2) I don't knot..

sugn52

44.4

Iff3c1

VATIORA:

0 'r, 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1/2101177.9 -2.5 Southeast79.4 -2.3 Vest34.2 5.8° Central74.2 -2.1 gortheast

1=179.5 -1.4 Rale42.2 1.9 Female 9.

EOM61.4 -18.8* Slack04.6 4.2* White 90

E101211.122c111054.2 -21.2* Po Nigh School74.0 -6.3* Poop Riot School Ode84.1 0.5 Gralustei Nigh Sch. 000.88.1 7.6* Post Nigh School

2111:A22:L1n12-C21M21111

62.1 -18. 1 Extreme Inner City77.9 -2.5 Extreme Rural77.2 -3.1 Small City41.4 1.0 !bedtime City 978.4 -1.0 It Of Sig City47.2 6.8 suburban Fringe45.9 6.5 Extreme Aff Suburb

80


To respond acceptably, a respondent would have to know thatan "A" is the best possible grade and "Spanish" is a foreignlanguage.

81

Exercise 523(, Subtheme D

Below is an excerpt from an automobile insurance policy. Look

at it careful)/ and then answer the questions which follow it.

. 0.................WOMMOONoWo4O.Oftaw....................... ............Ww ... wii so. woo W. or a WO Ow .Mw' le O Ot Wm O W OW NW WNW WO

OW.. -. .4 OWNY M.I. W. r KO. °, WSro I WWID WOW

Wil. WOO WIII. 1 MOM mmmn---tro mmme 'pool

OW-1Mm100111MWM

IIfA OW 7 00.121..um 4001441/024M; OW , UM . 111111,

Mm 0=411M7, wwW011 Kft0 2 UR UR ,ROM,KOM0i

WNW

1

$25 $50 210 2.000 1100 $10 111001001011

117 00 115 00 09.00 320 5+ $45 10 $0 00 I $103 40

A. What is the maximum amount for which this policy coversmedical bills?

op $ 1,000

C.7.) S 5,000

O $10,000

C.7.) $25,000

C=1 I don't know.

113 11

S OF

1/1 01.7236010 01131040

GROnr

NATIONAL AND GROUP

13 17 A



1107ES1 EffgCT VARIIILE 2f2uP0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

4

83.6 NATIONAL11

1

EfiI21

1

74.6 -5.0* Southeast 1

83.4 -0.2 Vest 4

95.6 .- 2.0 Centralgas

96.6 3.0 Northeastes.

SPX92.4 -1.0 Rale94.; 0.9 Female

c2121

l*

64., -14.0 black84.1 2.5. Nhite

lip

71.1 -12.5. No High School

83.5 -0.2 Some High School83.5 -0.0 Gra4iate5 High Sch.89.0 4.9e Post High School

ff_0312112/

911.4.4.

71.2 -12.5. Extreme Inner City77,0 -F.6e Extreme Aural84.1 0.4 Small city84.5 0.9 qedium city to

91.1 7.9. Rest Of Big city eet

84.4 0.7 Suburban Fringe to

89.1 4.4 Extreme Off 5:Ouch

82

100

B. What :s the maximum amount this policy would pay in caseyou injured another person in an automobile accident'

CD 5 25

CD 5 1,000

3 5 5,000

41111 $25,000

3 I don't know.

711 10 4/1

l OF

04411236020 01030080

NATIONAL

GROUP

AND GROUP

13 17 A



SUCCESS 'EMI VARIABLE GROUP0 10 20 30 140 50 60 70 80 90 100

8.1 NATIOIAL 9

I

I

1.0121 I

4.6 1.5 Southeast 97.9 -0.3 West V

7.9 -0.3 Central 9

7.3 -0.8 Northeast V

I

SEXI

1

8.4 0.3 Pale V7.4 -0.3 Female V

I

lelEt

1

i

10.1 4.9 Black Io.7.1 -0.84 White V

1

1

1.5EIBIIILIOVITL211

No High School eleaVi

7.2 -0.9 Some High School 9

7.8 -0.3 Graduated Righ Sch. I.

9.1 0.0 Post Nigh School V.1

AIII:AIR:III22 I

2LSOB211/1 I

13.1 5.0 Extreme Inner City f..6.3 -1.8 Extreme Rural I

7.2 -0.9 Small City 9

10.8 2.7 4edium City 9...11.3 3.2 Rest Of Big City 1..5.4 -2.2 Suburban Fringe I

7.6 -0.5 Extreme Aft Suburb 9

83


The acceptable response could be located by locating theonly column in the table containing the word "medical" or byknowing that medical payments cover medical bills.

84

CHAPTER 5


The 17-year-olds who participated in the Reading assessmentfell into two groups: in-school (those who were enrolled in apublic or private school) and out-of-school (teenagers who hadeither dropped out of school or completed high school early).In-school 17-year-olds were all born between October 1, 1953,and September 30, 1954. About three fourths of them were inthe eleventh grade at the time of the assessment, with theremaining teenagers being split between the tenth and twelfthgrades. Out-of-school 17-year-olds were divided into two groups.One group was made up of teenagers who were not enrolled inschool in January, 1971, and were born between October 1, 1953,and September 30, 1954; the second group was composed of peoplenot enrolled in March, 1970, and born between October 1, 1952,and September 30, 1953. The latter group was included in orderto increase the representation of out-of-school teenagers in thesample. The belief, in adding them to the sample, was that oneyear's difference in age would be unimportant--that the way theyresponded would still be due to the fact that they were out ofschool.

Type of community information was not collected from theout-of-school 17-year-olds. This meant that the size and typeof community information reported in this chapter bears only onthe in-school teenagers.

Almost 86% of the 17-year-olds responded acceptably toTheme 2 exercises, though the levels of success varied with theparticulai-subthemes the exercises appeared in. The median per-centages of success are shown in Exhibit 5-1.

Performances for the regions were as follows: teenagersfrom both the Northeast and West had levels of success close tothe value for the nation as a whole. Seventeen-year-olds fromthe West performed less well than usual on four exercises fromSubtheme A (U221, part 3; U225, part 1 and 3; and U237, part 1)and one from Subtheme B (U217, part 4), while those from theNortheast performed unusually poorly on only one (U218, part 2,Subtheme D), and unusually well on three from Subtheme C (U216,part 1; R220; and R238). Teenagers from the Central regionshowed a positive characteristic though they performed unusually

85


Subtheme

MedianPercentage Number ofof Success Effects

A. Interpreting drawingsand pictures

B. Reading signs and labels

C. Reading charts, mapsand graphs

D. Reading forms

TOTAL

83.2% 1

86.3 8

85.5 12

87.6 19

85.8% 40

poorly on three Subtheme C exercises (R214, part 1; 0216, part 2;and 0238) and unusually well on two from Subtheme D (U221 and

U225). Finally, Southeast 17-year-olds showed a negative char-

acteristic. They also performed unusually well on four SubthemeB exercises (U217, parts 2 and 4, and U232, parts 1 and 2) andunusually poorly on five others (Subtheme C: 0217, part 1;R219; R220; 0224; and R227).

Teenage boys showed a negative tendency in their rates ofacceptable responses while teenage girls showed a positive one.The exceptional exercises for both groups are displayed in

Exhibit 5-3.

Black effects were characteristically negative while those

for Whites were characteristically positive. Exceptional exer-cises for these two groups are shown in Exhibit 5-4.

As in the case of 9- and 13-year-olds, percentages of

success increased with increases it. parental education levels.Seventeen-year-olds whose parents had no or only some high

school both showed negative characteristics while those whoseparents graduated from high school had percentages of successthat were approximately equal to those for the liation as a

whole. Teenagers of parents who had post high school educations

had a positive characteristic. Exceptional exercises for these

groups of teenagers are shown in Exhibit 5-5.

Three size and type of community groups had levels of suc-

cess approximately equal to the value for the nation as a whole:extreme rural, medium cities and the rest of big city. Extreme

86

EXHIBIT 5-2 r--%

Distribution of Effects on 41 Exercises forAge 17 by Region and Sex*

41P

11111.

"I&

SE NEGroup

*Arrows indicate group medians, blackened boxes indicate typicalexercises, open boxes indicate atypical exercises. Abbreviations:SE, Southeast; W, West; C, Central; NE, Northeast; M, male; F,female.

87

EXHIBIT 5-2a

Distribution of Effects on 41 Exercises forAge 17 by Color and Parental Education*

HMO OHO MHO PHI

Group

*Arrows indicate group medians, blackened boxes indicate typicalexercises, open boxes indicate atypical exercises. Abbreviations:B, Black; W, White; NHS, no high school; SHS, some high school;GHS, graduated from high school; PHS, post high school.

88

EXHIBIT 5-2b

Distribution of Effects on 41 Exercises forAge 17 by Size and Type of Community*

IOC CP SC me sac sr CPS

Group

*Arrows indicate group medians, blackened boxes indicate typicalexercises, open boxes indicate atypical exercises. Abbreviations:EIC, extreme inner city; ER, extreme rural; SC, small city; MC,medium city; RBC, rest of big city; SF, suburban fringe; EAS,extreme affluent suburb.

89

EXHIBIT 5-3. Exceptional Exercises for17-Year-Old Boys and Girls

Exercise SubthemePerformance on the Identified ExerciseMales Females

R205U217, part 1U217, part 2U217, part 4U232, part 1U232, part 2R214, part 5R216, part 2R219U225, part 2U225, part 3R227U236, part 2U237, part 1

BBBBBBCCCDDDDD

Better than usual

Worse than usualWorse than usualBetter than usualBetter than usualBetter than usualWorse than usualBetter than usualBetter than usualBetter than usualWorse than usualBetter than usualWorse than usual

Worse than usualBetter than usualBetter than usualBetter than usualWorse than usualWorse than usualWorse than usualBetter than usualWorse than usualWorse than usualWorse than usualBetter than usualWorse than usualBetter than usual

Black teenagers showed a negative characteristic on Theme 2exercises while White teenagers showed a positive characteristic.The exceptional exercises for these groups are listed in Exhibit5-4.

EXHIBIT 5-4. Exceptional Exercises forBlack and White 17-Year-Olds

Exercise SubthemePerformance on the Identified ExerciseBlacks Whites

U223U217, part 2U217, part 3U232, part 1U232, part 2R2 39

R214, part 1R214, part 2R214, part 3R214, part 5R219U224U238U221, part 3U225, part 28227U234, part 1U237, part 1

ABBBBBCC

CC

CCDDDDD

Worse than usualWorse than usualBetter than usualWorse than usualWorse than usualBetter than usualBetter than usualBetter than usualBetter than usualWorse than usualWorse than usualWorse than usualBetter than usualWorse than usualWorse than usualWorse than usualBetter than usualWorse than usual

Better than usual

Better than usualBetter than usualWorse than usualWorse than usualWorse than usualWorse than usualBetter than usualBetter than usualBetter than usualWorse than usual

Better than usualWorse than usual

90

Exercise

EXHIBIT 5-5.

Subtheme

Exceptional Exercises for the Different Parental Education Groups

Performance on the Identified Exercise

NHS

SHs

GHS

PHS

R205

BWorse than usual

U217, part 2

BBetter than usual

U217, part 3

BWorse than usual

U217, part 4

BWorse than usual

Better than usual

U232, part 2

BWorsd than usual

Worse than usual

Better than usual

R239

BWoise than usual

v:o

FA

R214, part 1

R214, part 2

C CBetter than usual

Worose than usual

Worse than usual

R214, part 3

CWorse than usual

R214. part 5

CWorse than usual

U216, part 2

CBetter than usual

R219

CWorse than usual

Worse than usual

Better than usual

U220

CWorse than usual

Better than usual

U224

CWorse than usual

Worse than usual

Better than usual

U235, part 2

CWorse than usual

U218, part 1

DWorse than usual

U221, part 2

DBetter than usual

Worse than usual

U221, part 3

DWorse than usual

Better than usual

U225, part 1

DWorse than usual

U225, part 3

DWorse than usual

R227

DWorse than usual

Better than usual

U234, pir.:t 1

DWorse than usual

inner city and small city 17-year-olds displayed negative ten-dencies while only one group, the suburban fringe, showed apositive one. The extreme affluent suburb was the only groupshowing a characteristic once again, the characteristic waspositive.

The extreme inner city teenagers performed unusually poorlyon two exercises, 0221, part 3 (Subtheme D), and R219 (SubthemeC). Small city 17-year-olds had unusually high percentages ofsuccess on two exercises (U217, part 2, Subtheme B, and U236,part 2, Subtheme D) and an unusually low percentage on Subtheme D(U225, part 2). There were three exercises (U217, part 2,Subtheme B, and U225, part 2, and R227, both from Subtheme D)having unusually high rates of success for suburban fringe teen-agers. Those from the extreme affluent suburbs performed unusu-ally well on three Subtheme C exercises: 0216, U219 and U220.

The median performance for each group on each subtheme isshown in Exhibit 5-6. Since pooled standard errors for sub-themes were unavailable when this report was written, there wasnot enough information available to identify exceptional sub-themes the way it was possible to identify exceptional exercises.In examining the values in Exhibit 5-6, remember that the largerthe difference between two medians, the more likely it is thatthe difference does not reflect random error and does indicatethat a reliable difference exists between the two groups interms of their performances of the sibtheme(s).

The remainder of this chapter is devoted to the exercisesadministered to 17-year-olds. Each exercise is numbered with aletter and a numeral. The letter (either R or U) indicateswhether the text of the exercise has been released or is unre-leased. The unreleased exercises are beingFin-Med for Wenext Reading assessment, in 1975-76. These exercises will beused again, and comparisons can be made between the 1969-70results and the results collected during 1975-76.

The text for released exercises is presented exactly as theexercises were administered during the assessment. The accept-able answer is indicated (by a blackened oval) as is a briefdiscussion cl the exercise itself and how the respondent mayhave arrived at the acceptable answer .1

1Though the correct or best answer may have been reached byguessing, guessing is not considered here as a method forreaching the correct answer; the mention of guessing now issufficient for all the exercises.

92

EXHIBIT 5-6. Median Effects for Each Groupon the Subthemes

Group

Sub-themeA

Sub-theme

B

Sub-theme

C

Sub-theme

DAll Sub-themes

RegionSoutheast -5.4 -4.7 -3.7 -3.4 -3.7West 1.6 -1.4 .1 -1.1 .0

Central 2.8 3.8 1.1 3.1 2.8Northeast -.4 2.4 1.4 .4 1.2

SexMale -1.3 -1.7 -.4 -1.6 -1.3Female .3 1.6 .4 1.5 1.3

ColorBlack -20.2 -10.7 -9.7 -14.9 -13.2White 2.7 2.3 1.3 1.9 1.8

Parental EducationNo High School -11.0 -8.0 -7.8 -7.7 -7.8Some High School -4.7 -3.4 -5.3 -4.6 -4.3High School Graduate 1.1 .5 -.4 .3

Post High School 4.3 2.5 4.3 4.1 4.2

Size and Type of CommunityExtreme Rural -3.3 -5.8 -1.0 -1.2 -6.6Extreme Inner City -7.7 -4.5 -3.3 -7.3 -2.5Small City -1.1 -.9 -.8 .9 -1.1Medium City 2.1 -.8 -.4 .9 .5

Suburban Fringe 2.3 2.0 1.2 5.0 .7

Extreme Affluent Suburb 2.8 5.2 5.9 4.4 1.3Rest of Big City 0.0 1.1 -.1 .6 4.9


Along with the exercise and/or its description,' the per-centage of success and the effects are presented for all thegroups. A histogram is given with the percentage of success foreach group represented by a bar. The leftmost vertical line(which cuts across the bar for each group) represents thenational percentage of success, and the distance from the endof a group's bar to that line represents the group's effect--thedifference between the performance for a group and the perfor-mance of the nation as a whole.


93


which sign shows where you should ride your bicycle'

PEDESTRIANS

AND

BICYCLES

PROHIBITED

MOTOR

VEHICLES

ONLY

1=1 14ou9 ksow

509 01 3/1 041205011 81000090

PEDESTRIANS

ONLY

BICYCLISTS

USE

STREET

9 13 17

9 IFEMMA

96.1

GSOUP11111111- _MU

SATIO9AL

NATIONAL AND GROOP PESCIVTAGES OF SOCCESS

PERCEVTATE OF SOCC2SS

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 90

9

100

t

I

I

91.4 -4.7* Sostheast I

97.5 1.4 Nest V96.1 0.2 Central 999.2 2.1 lortheast 9

xxx1

1

97.3 1.24, Na le 994.9 -1.2* Female

96.2 -9.9* Black97.4 1.3 'kite f

11111111 IRPcaiow91.1 -5.0* No Nigh School91.4 -1.7* Sone Nigh School96.7 0.6 Graduated Nigh Sch. 997.6 1.5 Post Nigh School 196.3 NATIONAL(17/9 OILY) 9

i

1111:11P-alt1 I

4tS411121111 I

94.1 -2.2 tutrene Inner City I

96.6 0.3 ?strop:* Rural 995.2 -1.1 Small City I

94.5 -1.9 Sodium City I

96.1 1.9 Rest Of Sig City 997.6 1.3 Suburban Primps 194.7 3.3 Extreme Aff Suburb f?

94


In order to respond correctly to this exercise, a childwould have had to know the meanings of pedestrians, motor vehiclesand prohibited, and he would have to know that a bicyclist isone who rides a bicycle.

if r

Exercise R214 Subtheme C

Look at the road Map and read each sentence carefully. If what

the sentence says is true, fill in the oval beside "True." If

what the. sentence says is not true, fill in the oval beside

"False." If you can't decide if the sentence is true or false.


A. By car Northtown is closer to Rice Lake thar to Hope.

CD True

41110 False

.

CD I don't know.

S96 16 3/1 021214013 401301V0 9 13 17

NATIONAL AND GhouP PERCENTAGE3 OF SUCCESS

% OF GoOlr PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSS9CCES Emu MIMI ____ ___21221!

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

95.1 NATIONAL i

I

!NM 1

91.1 . Southeast95.9 0.1 west95.1 0.0 Central96.1 1.4 Northeast 1

2ZI99.9 -0.4 Male95.8 0.4 9emale

co122

1

90.4 -4.041 Black96.3 0.7 White I

EAM/11_122CAII2191.2 -5, 1 No Nigh School95.9 0.0 Some High School96.6 1.1 Graduated Nigh Sch. 1996.1 0.9 Post Nigh School 195.3 NATIONAI(17IS ONLY)

2IVI:1/12:IIII2f_psmusIII

gc.9 1.4 Extreme Inner CIA), 195.8 0.4 nteme tural t94.b -0.8 Small City94.9 -0.14 tedium City93.7 -1.7 Rest Of Big City96.6 1.1 Suburban Fringe96.0 0.f Extreme Aff suburb 1

96

S06 76 4/1 01X214023 80030090

% nF 41109PS=ESS EFECT vARIVILi______-0-221

B. You car drive all the way from Northtown to Falls City onHighway 71.

OW True

C...) False

C...) I don't know.

9 13 17

NATIMIAL AMD GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 81 90 100. . . . .

98.2 841104AL 81

II

11

Hi122 II97.8 -0.3 Southeast 1198.1 0.1 Vest ti97.7 -0.5 Central 4.1, II

99.9 0.7 Sortheast tI

II

li

211 II97.9 -0.7

M:1:11

98.5 0.3 Female fl

II

il

01211 II

97.9 -0.3 Black II

98.4 0.2w White fl1

MENTAL EDUEA.I21 I

97.6 -0.5 No High School II

99.1 -0.1 Some High School II

98.4 0.2 Graduated Nigh Sch. t198.4 0.2 Post High School 11

96.2 NATION1L(17IS ONLY)

lUgmilklIE!

81

it

21-0M21121 I

97.2 -1.0 !xtreme Inner City I

97.2 -1.0 Extreme Rural I

97.7 -0.5 Small City I

98.5 0.2 tedium City 8198.1 -0.1 Rest Of Big City tI99.3 1.0 Suburban Fringe tI99.0 0.7 Extreme Off Suburb VI

97

86

4 gamins ;14 uloal44 41'1 9'66

4 46u1a4 mgartgus 4.0 E'66

4 km 611i ;o 4s*a L'O- 4.86

I ilTD 41111094 CO- 4'44

i tall II9w$ 4'0- Z*46

4 twang 4444a149 t'0- 4'86

A

i

1

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taT3 iauu/ awbaJzza IiIIMIWN larrarmyt

1'0- 6'86

A (11No sitAivhouirm 9'86

4 Tootios ybyn ;sod 4t't L'66

I .1129 4610 polittpe35 4'0- 1'86

I loops 46TH oulos 6'0- 9'L6

1 ;004as 46T4 OM L't- 4'96

1

OTIV31147-11111Wil3

1

1

r 01T44 WO 4'96

1

i

i

i

431TO 0153

Z*Z- E'96

4 oprwai r.o 4'86

i 6188 Z*0- t'96

1

i

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i

IIK

lsw4q1a04 CO- Z'66

44 yeatuea 44'1 9'66

li ;sail 1'0 9'06

II ;41latttnos E't- Ut6 II

07311

II

if

14 1110I4V11 S'66

001 06 08 OL 09 OS 04 OE OZ Ot 0 azur------mmtvi EXIII M5-53K

SS3330S ZO 754;423426 anoho 40 A

SS23311S JO M4;023929 0095 011V ifkOzIVM

Lt Et 6 0A00E000 EEO6lEX10 1/0 90 900

moux a,u0P I CD

asIva CD

anaj,

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006 06 6/1 02412111043 80030040

S OF GROUP

D. Centerville -s farther west than Pope.

CD True

4110 False

CD I don't knew.

9 13 17

NATIONAL AND 0800P PERCENTAGES OF SOCCESS

PERCENTAGE of SUCCESSEncllo IfilcI

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

94.9 NATIONAL t

I

1

89.8 -5.15216121

Southeast I

94.3 -0.5 VeSt I

97.5 2.6 Central 146.2 1.3 Northeast 9

I

1

III i

96.8 -0.1 Rale 495.0 0.1 Female 9

1

I

97.2 -7.7403211

Black1

95.9 1.0 Vhite 41

1

EIIIII11_122SUI21 1

89.0 -5.90 No High School1

94.0 -0.9 Some High School1

95.5 0.6 Graduated High Sch. 9

97.0 2.1 Post High School Ia.

95.1 NATIONAL(17IS ONLY) 4

1

-SOBRIIII91.1 -3.9 Extreme Inner City96.7 1.6 Extreme Rural 193.9 -1.1 Small City93.3 -1.8 Medium City97.2 2.2 Nest Of Nig City95.9 0.8 Suburban fringe 499.7 3.6 Extreme Aff Suburb SO..

99

Slc 06 7/1 02.4214053 800300,0

E. Highway 20 runs on the south side of Plc, River.

CZ) True

False

CD I don't know.

9 13 17


8 OF121

GROUPIZZELS VAIII1LE _11221


0 10 ?0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

85.5 NATIONAL

21a112177.7 -7.8. Southeast84.1 -1.2 Vest89.1 3.8 Central

I88.0 2.5. Northeast

1

87.1 1.6211

Male83.9 -1.6. Female

MOE54.9 -30.6. Black89.5 4.0 White

'a...

PABENTILEnEATLON70.2 -15.3. No High School78.0 -7.5. Some Nigh School08.3 2.8. Graduated 8106 Sch. IS.90.a 5.0. Post Nigh School

ISO**

85.9 NATIONAL(17IS ONLY)

2Ii/z112:2111

78.9 -7.1 Extreme Inner City86.2 0.3 Extreme Rural85.8 -0.1 Small city87.2 -3.7 gealum City87.2 1.3 Rest Of Big City t89.4 2.5 Suburban Fringe91.9 5.9. Extreme Aft Suburb * 'a...

100

4


The five parts of this question all asked children to answerquestions using the map provided. The map reading skillsinvolved included: translating distances on a map into distancesbetween places, determining whether particular routes existed,reading relative distances and determining relative positions.

101


Read the passage and look at the chart, then complete the sentencebelow it.

This chart shows the number of fatal accidents (broken line)and the number of vehicle miles (solid line) in California,arranowd Arrureilnu n he hnur of the daN.$

Pvlc2B-,-eiAe/ c:%,404?-4'4%i c:46./e.

le,Pelstit)c.-Verrs


(:) 1 a.m. and 2 a.m.

OD 2 a.m. and 3 a.m.

(:) 4 a.m. and 5 a.m.

(:) 6 a.m. and 7 a.m.

(:) 7 a.m. and 8 a.m.

(:) I don't know.

'Youth at the Wheel, Harold T. Glenn, reprinted by permission ofChas. A. Bennett Co.. Inc.

SOS 15 3/1 0201210013 R0030050 13 17 A

II OP

5ACI22

73.7

GROUP1121c: MIMI__ HMI

NATIONAL AND GROUP PERCENTAGES 0P SUCCESS

PERcENUGE OP SUCCESS

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NATIONAL

final60.4 -13.3' Southeast75.0 1.3 Vest 1080.0 6.3' Central75.9 2.2 Northeast y00

13175.9 2.2* dale71.3 -2.4' Female

Oaf41.2 -32.5' Black78.0 4.3* White

49.9 -23.8'PillllNo_Niigh6Sc4hoo

l

59.2 -14.55 Some Nigh School72.0 -1.7 Graduated High Sch.85.2 11.55 Post High School

74.4 MATIOIAL(17IS ONLY) I

II74:1121-111192A4112 1III

54.3 -20.10 Extreme nner City .66.1 -8.3 Extreme Rural73.6 -0.8 Small City73.6 -0.8 Medium City78.6 0.1 Rest Of Big City 1$078.7 4.3 Suburban Fringe IWO84.8 10.40 2 ff Suburb

102


This exercise required respondents to find the highestpoint on a line graph.

103

Exercise :220. Subtheme C

Read the passage and look at the chart. then answer the questionwhich follows it.

This chart shows the number of fatal accidents (broken line)and the number of vehicle miles (solid line) in California.arranged according to the hour of the day.

n-7 ez-Ve4-3.7 efe eVe-ee_

%,9 MA

All but one of the following factual conclusions can be reachedfrom the data presented. Which statement goes beyond the datagiven in the chart?

(:) Fewer fatal accidents occur during the day than at night.

(:) Driving at a time when most people would be sleepy isdangerous.

410 Eating a good lunch tends to keep drivers alert to drivinghazards.


CD Just because there ale few vehicles on the road is no reasonto relax one's safety precautions.

CD I don't know.

Youth at the Wheel, Harold T. Glenn. reprin . by permission ofChas. A. Bennett Co., Inc.

SOS 01 3/1 031220013 R00300,0 13 17 A

1 IF21.1c.c122

34.9

GROUP

NATIONAL



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

i

1.49.I9/ 1


17.1 3.0 West 137.4 2.5 Central a40,6 5.7 Northeast 1.

i

i

2/1 I

35.0 0.1 Male f

34.8 -0.1 Female f

I

IOM 1

22.3 -12.6* Black I

37.0 2.0. White 1EA1112AL_122KITI21

23.1 -11.8. No High School21.1 . -14.8. Some High School36.0 1.1 Graduated Nigh Sch.43.1 3.2. Post Nigh School


91_0212111123.1 -11.5. Extreme Inner City27.4 -8.1* Extreme Rural31.4 -4.0 Small City35.7 0.3 Medium City41.3 C.9 Rest Of Big City37.3 1.9 Suburban Fringe y1.151.9 15.4 Extreme Aff Suburb

104



105



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411, The first reporting pe.iod

C77 The se:ond reporting periol

C.) The entire semester

CZ) The entire year

CZ) I don't know.

13 17



22cc122

91.5

AUNT milieu MOP0 10 20

NATIONAL

Ergo!84.A -6.9' Southeast89.9 -1.6 Vest95.0 3.5 Central94.5 3.0 Northeast

All90.9 -0.6 Male92.1 0.6 Female

0]I2R91.6 -9.9' black93.0 1.5 MAC,

ERNE _ho

*

82.3 -9.24 No School85.5 -6.0* Some Nigh School92.2 0.7 Graduated Nigh Sch.95.2 3.7 Post Nigh School

91.9 NATIONAL(1RIS ONLY)

11/1:112:117.12.1-01111EIZI

84.7 -7.3 Extreme Inner City9001 -1.5 Extreme Rural90.5 -1.4 Small City92.1 0.2 Medium City94.8 2.9 West Of Big City93.9 2.0 Suburban Fringe95.1 3.2 Extreme Aff Suburb

30 50 50 60 70 80 90 100

9

I

901

I

I

I

I

11.1..

106



107


Look at the following report card. This sudent Is ImprovIna

his work In which subject area?

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13 17 A

NATIONAL AIM GROUP FERCEsTAGES OF S'-CCESS


O FnglIsh

410 Foreign lanouage

CD Mathematics

CD Science

CD I don't know.

22111 ITIECI TATUM__ -_9124/0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

80.0 ATIosAt f

I

1

LIME 1

67.1 -12.94 I

60.6 0.6 West f

84.9 4.9 Central 1.4443.6 3.60 So

ER

114

i

i

76.0 -4.0e Na:e I

83.5 3.5 Femala yus.

I

I

010.1 1

53.1 -26.94 Slack I

93.6 3.6 Whits _4le0,0

Emma ;IMAM!52.6 -27.44 Po Nigh School73.9 -6.1* Some Nigh School 1491.1 1.1 Graduated Nigh Sch. f37.4 7.40 Post Nigh School I

90.4 NAT1ONAL(1715 ONLY)

2!_;2112112169.4 -10.94 Extreme Inner City61.3 -19.04 Extreme Rural79.4 -0.9 Small City81.9 1.5 Sadism City 9.85.4 S.0 Rest Of Big City /000066.8 6.59 Suburban Fringe84.8 Extreme Aft sobsrb 1110

108



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S OF GROUPBc055 EFFECT

13 17

NATIONAL AND GROUP PERCENTAGES OE SUCCESS


40 Algebra

CD English

CD Physical Education

CD Science

CD I don't know.

90.5 NATIONAL

II2121

0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 90 100

93.9 -6.6* Southeast40.0 -0.5 West93.392.9

2.82.3

CentralNortheast

500010.

AEI88.5 -2.0' Hale92.6 2.0 Female f'

1

OLON 1

73.4 -17.1* Black92.7 2.2 White

PIIIIIIL-222GIII21 1

85.0 -5.5* No Nigh School85.9 -4.6* Some High School91.7 1.2 Graduated Nigh Sch. 10

94.1 3.6* Post Nigh Schoolsee.


lizs-oo-Pusor commain

ii

i

1

85.1 -5.7 Extreme Inner City I

91.5 0.7 Extreme Racal e

99.2 -2.6* Small City I

91.7 0.9 Medium City /

89.1 -1.7 Rest Of Big City I

94.4 3.5 Suburban Fringe so.

93.6 2.8 Extreme Aff Suburb 50*

110



111


Look at the following report card. According to the report card,

in what subject area did the student do BEST?

A., .IC" 10000)0491 le 0010MOM, MA IN $7110010 *INN MOOT Mall MOM

REPORT CARD.t..t.., 011.4 ........... UPI,'" 10 140001,' .1140

.....000 aMa

,... ...... , I....4.1... ......al ma., = Sal pC.D........

1

Ot0)Ca25

0...

SPak 59/ allIll scl

I r T I rS 1 aArt Pt leSI /CO IloCaTSaLs 10 1

C

e 3

GIS

10U0P7010SIISO

041)30

ZyCSE aWK',

VIM.Las.Pai.vITZa MO S

M.S. a ICH41/010040994)1

Vu0.1 huts STUOSNYoaes

TO TM MOWS OP

4PA 11.1 MAO NO ONCS 110.00Pa

T)) INralT STSaMTa OU Cl OS04

LEGENDIIMNASTIC Wan MUNN*, =WITS COOS

SWOON, 0000MO." ISPROGOOMIO. IATHWTOOOTMORNS r{1.10.14 Toe COPSE

STUOtot ogoavoN1011.09/ MPANNT PaalavNMI Oh YarlOuLs NOT ailOyforl Tea..

A194000001 oof WI CO1PLITS0 0.0anAOLvP000 allSOCAPICS 0 off ICT04141004.00011MOT 4Mellwa00 l000rmooWow ow *SOS osPoOVOIG

MN. COOTK,L4Cata TH001.100c0m0.1.0o

SO1 02 3/1 0240231013 40030090 13 17

CD English

40 Foreign language

CD Matnematics

CD Science

CD I don't know.

% OP

224022

93.8

GROUP

ME_:


PFICENTAGE OF SUCCESSIllliA/E GINUE

0 10 20 30 40 7050 60

NATIONAL

EMU

80 90 100

92.3 -1.6 Southeast94.5 0.7 Vest 994.893.3

1.0-0.5

CentralNortheast

S.

SjX91.7 -2.1. Male95.7 1.8. !Female VOIS

OWE85.2 -8.6. Black94.9 1.0 White 1`

EAIINTAI EMILE!92.5 -1.4 No Hips School89.9 -4.0. Some High School91.5 -0.3 Graduated High Sch.96.6 2.8 Post High School 1.94.5 NATIONAL(17I5 ONLY)

2111:1112:1121M12211/1

92.5 -2.0 Extreme Inner City90.7 -3.8 Extreme Rural93.6 -0.9 Small City94.8 0.3 Medium City

197.3 2.8 Rest Of Big City95.6 1.1 Suburban Fringe96.0 1.5 Extreme Aft Suburb I

112



113

Exercise P236, Subtheme D


at it carefully and then answer the questions which fellow it.

4 the 1444. *WA 4. .0 .444.et Os swell 41 Wm 44141m4 ton.. 41 ye alkatell 4, 0444.. On.44.44474 4, .144 144..... 00 ......... at ,. No 1144 1444 mrtaft 444 44 as ina./111.... 4.4.4K e44y.....441,......44.44.1.41.114.41.

-..- r--4 MI4,444.44 . PAZ" 7 E EEEE.r. ' =1; 1001111) , IMMOtna, . 1.4.11.14/} .131.101. , MMUS

Tvvsie 4-t.W6 I..) 4 'marl mar ,cut. 1.1 L. E. II ACE1. up. mu, KT. CAW WO It UP WI 1 1.1Md. caWWI PINV EEIVA. ET SECED In , MOB I

$25 ISO 510 55000

537.40 $2500 ! 59 00 $20 so

WWI

IRK -$106 210 $20

$4.00 I 404 40

A. What is the maximum amount for which this policy covers

medical bills/

$ 1,000

CD S 5.000

O '10,000

CD $25,000

CD I don't know.

SO4 19 3/1 01,01236010 U1030040 13 17 A

% OPV/C5:21

88.0

G3OUP1.7./.10



1.111011-.A12111'.0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

NATIONAL

REGION

90

1

I

I

I

86.4 -1.6 Southeast I

48.1 0.1 Best 1

88.7 0.7 Central T.89.4 0.4 Northeast I.

I

I

RI 1

87.8 -0.2 Male 1

89.2 0.2 ?emote 11I

I

77.7 -10.3*ULU

IllscktI

89.4 1.3 White i.I

I

LAIMIARIOM21 I

80.9 -7.14 go Nigh School I

86.7 -1.3 Some Nigh School I

89.8 1.8 Graduated Nigh Sch. 9..

90.0 2.0 Post Nigh School gs

88.2 NATIONAL(111S ONLY) 1

;IZE-4110-PIPP

22-01111111.11111

I

ii

19.8 -8.4. Miami* Inner City I

89.5 1.4 !stream Rural Ii.

91.6 3.114. Small OA, fie,86.2 -1.9 Sodium City I

86.1 -2.0 lest Of Big City I96.9 -1.3 Suburban Fringe I

90.6 2.4 Sztreme 411 Suburb 1

114

100

B. What is the maximum amount this policy would pay in case

you injured another person in an automobile accident?

CD $ 25

CD $ 1,000

(=> $ 5,000

MD 525,000

(..7.) I don't know.

804 09 4/1 04.1236020 01030080 13 17 A

NATIONAL AND 0200P PLICENTAGTS OF SUCCESS

% OF GROOP PEICENTAGE OF SUCCESS

22M22

19.2

Z!1.100 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 90 100

F

1

1

1

NATIONAL

ILCI2114.5 -4.7* Southeast I

16.8 -2.3 Most I

25.5 6.3 Centrul f17.7 -1.5 Northeast I

22.1 2.9' Male S016.0 -3.2*

9.8 -9.89 Slack20.6 White

mum EDUCATION

9

13.4 No Nigh School14.9 -4.3 Some Nigh School18.6 -0.6 Graduated Nigh Sch.22.9 3.7 Post Nigh School too.

18.9 NATIONAL(17IS OLT)

IIII-111D-TILTgLimuni9.3 -9.6* Extreme Inner City '.17.7 -1.2 Nztrome .20.2 1.3 Small City P.21.8 2.9 Radium City SO13.2 -5.7* Rost Of Sig City17.5 -1.4 Suburban Fringe23.3 4.1. Extreme Aff Suburb PS

115



1.16


This chart shows the number of fatal accidents (broken line) aid

the numbar'01''vehicle miles (solid line) in California, arranged

according to the hour cf the day. Look at the chart, then

answer the question below it.

:1414 Mf. **IOM'S

T

omoomv.cagm"

FT 7-7

-41 - -4

NO

:AO

AA Il

Given the information that California bars close at 2 a.m., what

may one conclude from the graph?

C.7) Many drivers who drink are on the road from 2 to 3 a.m.

C.7) Drivers who drink cause many auto deaths between 2 and3 a.m.

C.7) There is little relation between drinking and traffic deaths.

CD There is a sharp increase of traffic on the road 3ust after2 a.m.

4 While drunk driving may be related to auto deaths, theinformation given is inconclusive.

CD I don't know.

'Youth at the Wheel, Harold T. Glenn, reprinted by permission ofChas. A. Bennett Co., Inc.

503 11 3/1 05E238013 00030050

S OP 01001.

=El !Agnate__ GPM

26.426.323.532.0

27.1 WATIOWAL

Alin/-0.7-O.@

4.9

SoutheastNest

Centralwortheast

211126.4 -0.6 Hale27.7 0.7 resale

Okal22.5 -4.6 Slack27.8 0.8 White

24.019.625.431.4

-3.1

-1.74.1

- 1.8-6.7-2.40.9

-1.00.08.11

27.5 WtiOsAL(17I5 OIL!)

29.820.825.1

26.527.536.3

211111AL gammaPo Sigh School

Some High SchoolGraduated High Sch.

Post Nigh School

AIM112:11122! -01121411

marine Inner CityExtreme Rural

small CitySodium City

lest or Big CitySuburban ?tinge

Sitcoms Aft Suburb

17

MAT2OSAi AID GROUP PESCESTAGES Of SUCCESS

PSSCISTAGE OP SUCCESS

10 20 30 60 SO 60 70 80 90 100

117

R

i

I

9

VO


The right answer required that the respondent determinethat the first four alternatives were unrelated to the graph.

118

Fxercise 9239, Subtheme B

Which sign shows where walking is permitted?

PEDESTRIANS

AND(=,

BICYCLES

PROHIBITED

MOTOR

VEHICLES

ONLY

o I don't know

PEDESTRIANS

ONLY

BICYCLISTS

--,

USE

STREET

505 02 3/1

% of

03i239111 81000090

GROUP

17 A


PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSSUCCESS ..FECI VARIABLE G.OUP

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

97.8 NATIONA,

BM12197.1 -D.7 Southeast97.8 0.0 West98.7 0,9 Central 9*97.3 -0.c northeast

97.7 -0.1 Male97.9 0.1 Female

0122 I

99.0 -2.0. BlackI

99.1 0.3 White 9I

I

12212111-122a112295.9 -1.9 No Nigh School

I

96.9 -D.9 Some High School t97.2 -0.6 Graduated High Sch. t99.2 1.4 Post High School 999.1 NATIOIAL(17IS ONLY) el

III311JR=1In2/-03B21111 I

94.9 -3.2 treme Inner CityI

96.6 -1.5 Extreme RuralI

90.2 0.1 Small City I.99.0 0.9 Medium City

1".97.9 -0.2 Rest Of Big City

t99.4 0.3 Suburban Fringe I'99.3 1.2 Extreme Off Suburb 9

119


This exercise required that the respondent understand themeanings of the words "pedestrians" and "prohibited."

120

CHAPTER 6

RESULTS FOR YOUNG ADULTS

The young adults described in this chapter ranged in age

from 26 through 35 at the time of the Reading assessment: they

were born between April 1, 1935, and March 31, 1945. Thereporting categories for young adults are identical to those

for the other age levels with one exception: size and type ofcommunity has been limited to size of community only. NationalAssessment did not collect type of community data for young

adults.

Almost 84% of the young adults responded acceptably toTheme 2 exercises, though the percentages of success varied fromsubtheme to subtheme. The percentages for each subtheme areshown in Exhibit 6-1.

Subtheme

EXHIBIT 6-1. Percentages of Success forYoung Adults on the Subthemes

MedianPercentage Number ofof Success Effects

A. Interpreting drawingsand pictures

B. Reading signs and labels

C. Reading charts, mapsand graphs

D. Reading forms

81.8% 1

84.1 7

58.7 5

83.8 13

83.8% 26

The percentage of success for the Northeast did not differ

reliably from the national value. However, the Southeast showeda negative characteristic while the Central and Western regionsboth showed positive tendencies. The Southeast performed less

121

EXHIBIT 6-2

Distribution of Effects on 26 Exercises forAdults by Region, Sex and Color*

4111.

ZS-

IE.

N.

-111L.

411!

111!

-2M.

4

SE 14 C NE N F 5 W

Group

*Arrows indicate group medians, blackened boxes indicate typicalexercises, open boxes indicate atypical exercises. Abbreviations:SE, Southeast; W, West; C, Central; NE, Northeast; M, male; F,female; B, Black; W, White.

122

EXHIBIT 6-2a

Distribution of Effects on 26 Exercises forAdults by Parental Education and Size of Community*

Group

*Arrows indicate group medians, blackened boxes indicate typicalexercises, open boxes indicate atypical exercises. Abbreviations:NHS, no high school; SHS, some high school; GHS, graduated fromhigh school; PHS, post high school; EIC, extreme inner city; ER,extreme rural; SC, small city; MC, medium city; RBC, rest of bigcity; SF, suburban fringe; EAS, extreme affluent suburb.

123

well than usual on three exercises (R219 and U224, both fromSubtheme C, and R227, Subtheme D) while the West scored betterthan usual on one of those exercises (R224) and less well on adifferent exercise, U217, part 2 (Subtheme B). Exceptionalexercises for the Northeast and Central regions all showed per-formances higher than usual for those groups. The Northeast didunusually well on part 3 of Exercise U225 while the Centralregion performed unusually well on R227 (Subtheme D) and U217,part 2 (Subtheme B).

Men and women did about equally well on Theme 2 exercises.Exceptional exercises for those two groups are shown in Exhibit6-3.

.XHIBIT 6-3. Exceptional Exercises forYoung Adult Men and Women

Exercise SubthemePerformance on the Identified ExerciseMen Women

U217, part 2 B Worse than usual Better than usualU217, part 3 B Worse than usual Better than usualU232, part 2 B Worse than usual Better than usualR219 C Better than usual Worse than usualR220 C Worse than usualU236, part 1 D Worse than usual Better than usualU236, part 2 D Better than usual Worse than usual

Black young adults showed a negative characteristic whileWhite ones showed a positive characteristic. Blacks did unusu-ally poorly and Whites unusually well on Subtheme D ExerciseR227. Similarly, Blacks performed unusually poorly on Subtheme BExercise U232, part 1, while Whites did unusually well on Sub-theme D Exercise R227.

Young adults in the no high school parental education groupshowed a negative characteristic. They also performed unusuallypoorly on Exercises U225, part 2 (Subtheme D) and R219, R220and U224 (all three from Subtheme C). The some high schoolgroup, which performed at a level equal to that for the nationas a whole, had only one exceptional exercise, U217, part 4(Subtheme B). Two groups had levels of success resulting inpositive characteristics: high school graduate and post highschool. There were no exceptional exercises for the formergroup while the latter had five: Subtheme C Exercises U224,R220, R219, all of which had levels of performance that wereunusually high; Subtheme D Exercise R227 also had an unusuallyhigh p rformance level; and U217, a Subtheme B exercise with anunusually low level of success.

124

Because type of community information was not collected foryoung adults, results are reported only for size of communitygroups. There was only one exceptional exercise for any of the

size of community groups: U232, part 1. Young adults from bigcities performed unusually poorly on that Subtheme B exercise.The big city group, further, was the only one to show a tendency;it showed a negative tendency while all the other groups hadpercentages of success that did not differ reliably from thevalue for the nation as a whole.

EXHIBIT 6-4. Median Effects for EachGroup on the Subthemes

Group

Sub-themeA

Sub-theme

B

Sub-theme

C

Sub-theme

DAll Sub-themes

RegionSoutheast -7.4 -9.6 -8.6 -6.8 -7.2

West 5.2 2.7 4.7 2.9 2.8

Central .8 -2.6 4.3 .7 1.5

Northeast 1.0 .3 -2.3 -.5 .2

SexMale 1.0 .6 3.9 .7 2.0

Female -1.1 -.5 -3.7 -.7 1.9

ColorBlack -13.0 -21.6 -18.4 -18.0 -18.3

White 1.5 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.5

Parental EducationNo High School -5.1 -7.1 -12.6 -5.6 -6.2

Some High School .2 -1.4 .4 .2 .1

High School Graduate 4.7 3.4 5.4 3.2 3.4

Post High School 4.8 -8.3 13.7 6.6 6.9

Size of CommunityBig City -1.6 -3.6 -.4 -3.4 -3.2

Small Places -.8 1.4 -2.1 1.0 .8

Medium City -1.5 .3 2.5 .4 .8

Urban cringe 4.7 1.4 2.7 1.1 1.5


The remainder of this chapter is devoted to the exercisesadministered to young adults. Each exercise is numbered with a

125

letter and a numeral. The letter (either R cr U) indicateswhether the text of the exercise has been released or is unre-leased. The unreleased exercises are being for 177-next Reading assessment, in 1975-76. These exercises will beused again, and comparisons can be made between the 1969-70results and the results collected during 1975-76.

The text for released exercises is presented exactly as theexercises were administered during the assessment. The accept-able answer is indicated (by a blackened oval) as is a briefdiscussion of the exercise itself and how the respondent may havearrived at the acceptable answer.1

Along with the exercise and/or its description, the percent-age of success and the effects are presented for all the groups.A histogram is given with the percentage of success for eachgroup represented by a bar. The leftmost vertical line (whichcuts across the bar for each group) represents the national per-centage of success, and the distance from the end of a group'sbar to that line represents the group's effect--the differencebetween the performance for a group and the performance of thenation as a whole.


1Though the correct or best answer may have been reached byguessing, guessingis not considered here as a method for reach-ing the correct answer; the mention of guessing now is sufficientfor all the exercises.

126

RELEASED EXERCISES

127


Read the passage and look at the chart, then complete the sentence

below it.

This chart shows the number of fatal accidents (broken line)and the number of vehicle miles (solid line) in California,arranood errnrAi, tn the hniir nf the day.

fr-7-7ezpierva/ 4./e. ?ea/ exieee

A y-

re'svi le,41ores


CD 1 a.m. and 2 4.M.

4110 2 a.m. and 3 a.m.

CD 4 a.m. and 5 a.m.



CD I don't know.

*Youth at the Wheel, Harold T. Glenn, reprinted by permission ofChas. A. Bennett Co., Inc.

RO6 10 3/1 02.1(219013 R0030040 13 17 A


4 IF GROUP PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESS50CCE2S

71.6

mac/ mum. HO?

NATIOVAL

1121011

0 10 4020 30 50 60 70 80 90

1

I

I

5..5 -17.1" Southeast 1

79.1 4.7 West gem93.1 6.7^ Central 974.1 0.5 NOTthe44t I

i

I

AEI I

79.1 5.5* Male 169.1 -5.3" Female

012046.9 -27.1^ Slack77.9 3.4^ Whitt

fi1i11IlL-32101/211

I61.5 -13.1" eo Nigh School69.3 -4.6 Some Nigh School79.2 5.6 Graduated High Sch. yo99.5 15.9 Post Nigh School 1

I

I

IIii-H-033VIIT1 1

71.2 -0.4 ,ig City i71.7 -1.0 Small Place I

76.9 3.3 Medium City Iwo.75.8 2.2 Schen fringe e ye.

128

100


This exercise required respondents to find the highestpoint on a line graph.

129



This chart shows the number of fatal accidents (broken line)and the number of vehicle miles (solid line) in California,arranued according to the hour of the day.

tr74a4srvol el40/1eKe,

4v/d,ie vie h7i-

rest4)C4.-/ nos



C.: Driving at a time when most people would be sleepy isdangerous.

Eating a good lunch tends to keep drivers alert to drivinghazards.

(..: Traffic becomes heavier at the end of the working day thanat the beginning.

(..: Just because there are few vehicles on the road is noreason to relax one's safety precautions.

CZ, I don't know.

youth at the Wheel, Harold T. Glenn, reprinted by permission ofChas. A. Sennett Co., Inc.

A01 13 3/1 03X220013 800300/0 13 17 A

NATIONAL AND GIOUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

S OF GROUP PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESS

amona Mfg/ MIMI -DOM30 10 20 30 NO SO

41.2 NATIONAL 9

1

1

119.191 1

34.6 -6.5. Southeast I

44.1 0.9 Vest 9

42.2 -1.0 Central 1

47.4 4.2 Northeast Imes

1

I

al I

1103.4 5.2 male ,..38.1 -s.tv. Female I

012124.7 -18.4. Slack45.6 2.5 White

1

'OS1

1

nunuJuono I

30.6 -12.6. No Nigh School I

44.i 1.6 Some High School f*3.9 0.7 Graduaed Sigh Sch. 9

60.1 16.9 Poet Nigh School f1

I

unALonnux 1

42.1 -1.0 Sig City 1

*0.6 -2.5 Small Place r45.6 2.5 Sodium City gee

49.0 4.9 Urban ?ring. goes

130

60 70 ISO 90 100



131


Look at the following report card. This student 15 improving

his work in which subject area?

AMC, 1C1111,moue' mac

WILL40 PIMPSeNSOl NAYS

10010211231111001,111MI

F01100

REPORTMa.

f

10 041SCM OS Ai. WO

CARDTO11nl WOKS.."1 *I MIME

maws ... ....", --.1 ...we ....--1 ... mon

01020104OSof

sPsft .....WC SC11. ,.. ) 4 .112TS n 10ILICIA ..... S0.1 Ai El S

G1S110

PT0)051150

I11CmfleWM.,11 SC..R411010ITIOSNAS

TOT11110610

!Inf. 111C*400 11........1. . S. AIMS. .1cmAnt,,,,, ...... , 0111S NNW. 11 ICKE STMOMS WM. ..... 1 C SS O

LEGENDIMOLAI! NIAI15I CSTIZININCOSIAIMITS 5101

oursuraomo0000

C STCTOO0 EMMY/ C14.1.7

I MOVOLSTI

WM.{CM .NOS

40114011163oris IlloPAIONG

S

mammon onu,' MIMISTAMM 114 CTONLMOM 4111100 MI I11011401SIVISIXIT ADINI1111124 AMUR! AMA,010301550081011101155150514186111111/11Al MT 0311MO In.111 AffIC.0 KNOCA ISMsTuo awns was onorma101.410116051110MAY COW., moo. 'wow. opumaLoo

402 IR 1/1 0444227013 40130010

IF C200PSUCCESS 1f71/0 !Ulla; ..... __UNE

13 17 A

NATIONAL A4D GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS


CD English

411, Foreign language

CD Mathematics

CD Science

CD I don't know.

/5.9 SATIO4111.

0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 90 100

1

1.1212159.1 -16.8- Southeast/9.1 3.2 Jest i84.8 8.9 central74.7 -1.1 Northeast

79.8 2.9 Rule feum

73.2 -2.7 regale

1

01.2141.6 -14.3* Black91.6 4.74 White ea.*

IIIM/11_1220.112264.2 -11.74 go gig,' School77.4 1.7 Some Nigh School is41.2 5.34 Gradaated nigh scb. tern39.1 13 2. Post High School

1111ALS.211LIIIIII67.0 - 7. Big City77.9 2.0 Small Place t79.2 3.3 gediam City i77.5 1.6 urban Fringe 1

132



133



at it carefully and then answer the questions which follow it.

III rMw MUMn aw, ma nee., us o, soss..1 wren P.ewit, wool tad uot s.s. I w WWI Iwo. *pa Iso tfts ON1a, Mq lm= 1111

OW, MIT I MONNIT II

1 4011,- ./11111 ' :11111111 " . .'75........ I *OW ' = I 411111111WWiI

taVAVO TioNlaill NOM=

WM It:WM 1 CCOMIKILK. LW tCx NMI Or $ie

UP ' . *Mk cm NM , Win gin MI II01 01:11 , IOW36 RUM KOMI

MINIM

$251

$50 , $10 $1000I

$100 $10 I $20

4- t DIOLVal

$37 So I $25 00 l $9 00 $20 50 I $45 10 4 00 $143 40

11.111

A. What is the maximum amount for which this policy covers

medical bills?

41110 $ 1,000

CD $ 5,000

CD $10,000

CD $25,000

CD I don't know.

406 06 3/1 011236010 010300e0 13 17 A


% nP GROUP PPRCENTAGE OP SUCCESS

1Mgcg51 brt1ci Mani GROUP0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

90.1 NATIONAL /

I

I

ONR3.7 -6.4. southeast I

90.5 0.3 Vest /

93.6 3.5 Central /90.5 0.4 Northeast

I

I

R4.5 -1.6.211

Male I

91.7 1.6 Female Is

I

I

Ma I

76.4 -13.8. Black I

91.9 1.8 White /I

I

IIIIRAI_IngAlL41 I

86.9 -3.3. No High School I

90.2 0.1 Some Nigh School91.8 1.6 Graduated Nigh Sch. f.

93.8 3.7 Post Nigh SchoolI

IIIIALSOA21/11 I

90.5 0.3 Big City91.3 1.2 S4411 Place /*

89.4 -0..7 Medium City87.3 -2.8 Urban Fringe I

134

A06 06 4/1 04.0236026 010300V0

B. What is the maximum amount this policy would pay in case you

injured another person in an automobile accident?

C.D S 25

) 1,000

C.D $ 5,000

41110 $25,000

C.D I don' snow.

13 17 A

% OfMUM

92.5

G7OUPififg7 IMMO -HOT

NATIONAL

II2121



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

i

36.2 -6.47 Southeast41.7 -0.8 Vest42.3 -0.3 Central f47.6 5.1 Northeast yeas.

I

I

VI I

56.0 13.5 Male f29.6 -12.9. Female

21.4 -21.17 81ack45.3 2.7 Shit. f

11111/A1_122SAIL2111.0 -11.54 No High School41.0 -1.6 Some High School50.6 8.1 Graduated Higb Sch. f

51.4 8.9 Post High School t

5I1122!_03511IZI

I

i

39.7 -2.9 Pig City I

42.6 0.1 Small Place f49.4 7.4 Medium City t11.7 -3.8. Urban Fringe I

135



136



PEDESTRIANS

AND

BICYCLES

PROHIBITED

MOTOR

VEHICLES

ONLY

O I don't know.

PEDESTRIANS

ONLY

:".-BICYCLISTS

USE

STREET

A02 02 3/1

% OFMEDI

03'1(233011 81000080

GROUP1:1111I MIMI G1221

17 A

NATIONAL AWL ROUP PERCENTAGES OP SUCCESS


0 10 20 30 80 50 60 70 80 90 100

95.1 NATIONAL t

112121

1

i

99.3 -6.4* gout he Cut

99.2 2.5" West98.4 2.7 Central IS94.9 -0.9 Northeast

11194.1 0.6 Male95.2 -0.5 Female

1212184.9 -10.8 Black47.0 1.3 White t

111/1/11_12211112/ 1

94.2 -1.5 No High School98.4 2.7 Some Hiah School 1.096.4 0.7 Graduated High Sch.97.9 2.1 Post digh School

1IIIAL0111111192.1 -3.6 Rig City 1

96.5 0.8 Small Place94.2 0.5 Medium City97.1 1.6 Urban Fringe t

137



138

CHAPTER 7

PERFORMANCE ON EXERCISES OVERLAPPINGTWO OR MORE AGE GROUPS

Many of the Theme 2 exercises were administered to peopleat two or more age levels. These exercises, which are said to:erlap the age levels in question, can be used to show dif-ferences in performance between the two groups. In general, theolder the group, the higher the percentage of acceptable responses.

Not all overlapping exercises were administered at all ages.Some were given to 9- and 13-year-olds; others were given tothree groups, such as 9- through 17-year-olds or 13-year-oldsthrough adults. In Exhibit 7-1, the median differences betweengroups of people are shown for each subtheme and over the entireTheme 2. Be sure to note the number of exercises each medianis based on; the number differs from subtheme to subtheme, andfrom age level to age level.

One further warning needs to be presented here: it is notpossible to determine why groups differ from one another interms of their levels of success. It is not possible to say, forexample, that 13-year-olds performed better than 9-year-oldsbecause the former group is older, because the former group hashad four more years of schooling or because the two groups havehad different experiences before they were 9 years old (lesstelevision, perhaps, for the 13-year-olds). It is simply notpossible to determine which causes account for the differences- -we do not have the information available to tease out the causesand effects of the differences shown in the exhibit. Thenumbers in the following exhibit can only be interpreted asindicating differences, without any indication of how those dif-ferences came to be.

139

EXHIBIT 7-1. Median Differences Between AgeLevels on Overlapping Exercises

Median Differences Between Age GroupsSubtheme 9-13 Effects 13-17 Effects 17-Adult Effects

A 8.5 3 17.1 1 -1.4 1

B 11.3 6 7.4 9 -2.1 9

C 12.0 5 12.5 12 1.0 5

D - 0 12.0 16 3.5 11

TOTAL 9.9 14 11.1 38 1.8 26

The remainder of this chapter is devoted to the results ofoverlapping exercises. Each exercise is shown along with theresults of the administrations and the differences in percent-ages of success for each age.

140

RELEASED EXERCISES

141

Exercise k203, Subtheme A

Exercise Administered at Ages 9 and 13



C The fish has already eaten the worm.

CD The worm is probably not on a hook and line.

411, The fish looks as of he is going to eat the worm.

CD The fish is waiting for the worm to be put in the water.

CD I don't know.

NO2 02T13 05

3/1 01I203014 100010803/1 031E203014 80004080

AGE PERCENTAGE

LII/L 41_12U

9 139 13


PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE OP SUCCESSputeomg

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

497I04A1 9 197.5 9

NATIONAL 13 96.0 9-->13 8.5

1

1E122 1

Southeast 9 81.3 mem 1

13 96.3 9-->13 12.9Nest 9 86.2

13 94.5 9-->13 8.3Central 9 90.9 tees

13 97.3 9-->13 6.4 f fNortheast 9 81.7

too

13 97.8 9-->13 8.1 t t1

1

Bale 9 05.513 9S.0 9-->13 9.5 fss*9 09.7

i13 96.9 9-->13 7.2 f f

142

NO2 12 9/1 03E20301 R0004090 9 13T13 OS 3/1 031203014 10004090 9 13

AGE

1111PERCENTAGE01_22S012

WATIONA/ AND GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSpimppic;

0 10 20 30.

40 50.

60 70 80 90 100. .

NATIONAL 9 87.5 f

I

NATIONAL 13 96.0 9--)13 8.5 9

I

c9.121I

Black 9 69.0I

13 91.7 9--)13 22.7 ,.White 9 90.4 y

firmaL nnicA1121

13 96.9 9--)13 6.5 y

No Nigh School 9 76.513 93.5 9--)13 17.0

Some Nigh School 9 83.913 98.0 9--)13 14.1 oo 0000

Graduated Nigh Sch. 9 89.6 f13 96.3 9--)13 6.6

Post Nigh School 9 91.7 V*13 97.9 9--)13 6.1

IIII:111:11ZI21_949PUNITI

Eitle Inner City 9 68.113 92.9 9--)13 24.9 .10*

Elamite Rural 9 80.913 92.6 9--)13 11.7 00.00

small City 9 86.813 96.0 9--)13 9.2 1,0.

Medium City 9 90.5 Oa13 96.1 9--)13 5.5

Rest Of Rig City 9 89.313 93.8 9--)13 4.4

Suburban Fringe 9 92.0 40013 98.0 9--)11 6.0

Extreme Aff Suburb 9 93.6 0005013 97.1 9--)13 3.4

143



In order to respond correctly, a child could either intuitthe feelings of the fish or eliminate the three incorrectresponses leaving only the third alternative.

144



If you wanted to buy some bubble gum that would stay sweet for

a long time, which of these would you buy, Fill in the oval

beside the bubble gum you would buy.

C7

C7

C7

t=t I don't know

NO2 06 1/1 0391204011 111000090 9 13T09 07 3/1 011(204011 P1000090 9 13


NATIONAL

AG?um9

PERCENTAGEOF SUCC;12

PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSlatrztligs

50 6C0 10 20 30 40 70 80 90 100

f65.1

9ATIONAL 13 95.0 9-->13 29.61

t1

1 I

!11121 1 I

Southeast 9 62.0 1 I

13 93.7 9.-)13 31.6 f fVest 9

13

63.697.1 9-->13 33.6

1 I9 v..

Control 9 66.2 f I

11 76.7 9--)13 29.5 1 fNortheast 9 68.7 so.

11 93.1 9-->13 21.6 91

1

III 1

Nal* 9 63.0 1

13 91.0 9-113 31.0 1female 1 67.9 see 1

13 96.0 9-->13 28.1 9 1

145

802 06 3/1 0340204011 11000010 9 13709 07 3/1 0340204011 81000080 9 13


AG!

LIIILPERCENTAGE91_1LICC.121

PERCENTAGEDirremo

0 tO 20

PEICENTAGE OF SUCCESS

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

4ATI0NAL 9 65.4 y

I

NATIONAL

gPIT2

13 95.0 9-->13 29.6 y 9

Black 9 57.513 44.5 9-->13 27.1 9

Whit 9 66.5 9.13 96.7 9-->13 30.2 9

11/121i1_122c11121go Nigh School 9 56.3

13 91.5 9-->13 35.1Some High School 9 60.7

13 92.3 9-->13 31.6Graluated High Sch. 9 68.1 9

13 95.3 9-->13 27.2 9Post High School 9 71.8 9....

13 97.1 9-->13 25.3 9 91 i

MI:112.-.111Z 1 1

Or cowman1 1

Extreme Inner City 9 60.2I I

13 94.7 9-->13 34.5 1 1Extreme Rural 9 58.4

I I

13 94.7 9-->13 36.3 1 1Small City 9 61.3

I I

13 94.3 9-->13 33.0 1Pediam City 9 67.4 9

13 96.1 9-->13 28.7 1 1Pest Of Big City 9 69.0 9

I

13 41.0 9-->13 22.0 1 I

Seherban Fringe 9 64.6I I

13 96.6 9-->13 31.9 1 9...ammo 411 Suburb 9 81.2 1 I

13 95.5 9-->13 14.3 V f'

146



In order to see that the third gum wrapper enclosed a pieceof bubble gum that would "stay sweet for a long time," the childwould have to understand that the quoted expression and "itnever loses its sugary flavor" were synonymous.

147


Exercise Administered at Ages 9, 13 and 17

Which sign shows where you should ride your bicycle?

PEDESTRIANS

AND(=>

BICYCLES

PROHIBITED

MOTOR

VEHICLES

ONLY

PEDESTRIANS

ONLY

BICYCLISTS

USE

STREET

0 I don't know

N92 11 3/1 04.1(205011 81000040 9 13 17

T12 01 3/1 041205011 810000V0 9 13 17

S06 01 3/1 041(205011 81000040 9 13 17


AGELIM

PnICENTAGEOF S9CCE22

PERCENTAGEMILLEIKE

0 10 20


30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

MATIONAL 9 68.8 t

I

NATIINAI 13 89.3 9-->13 20.5 tI

NATIONAL 17 96.1 13-->17 6.8 1.1.1t0 --)17 27.3 I

8EGIQNSoutheast 9 60.5

13 84.7 9-->13 24.217 41.4 11,->17 6.7 V.

9-->I7 30.9West 9 68.2

40.1 9-->13 21.917 97.5 13-->I7 7.3 feet,*

9-717 29.2 I I

Central 4 72.3 I

89.1 9-->I3 16.8 I I

17 96.3 II-->17 7.29-->I7 24.0 I I

Northeast 9 72.1 Ise I I13 03.4 9-->13 21.3 f I17 98.2 13-->17 4.8 VtsiTi

9-->17 26.1

ILIIsle 9 69.1

13 89.5 9-->13 20.4 t17 97.3 13-->17 7.8

9-->I7 28.3Female 9 68.6

13 99.2 9-0,13 20.617 44.9 13-717 5.7 v*

9-->17 26.3

148

NO2 11 3/1 045206011 910000,0 9 13 17T12 91 3/1 04.5205011 91000080 9 13 17006 01 3/1 04.5205011 111000010 9 13 17

AGE

innPERCENTAGE(2!_22c0.21

NATIONAL AND GFOUP

PERCENTAGE

RIMEIBLA


PERCENTAGE of SUCCESS

0 10 20 30 4U 50 60 70 80 90 100

NATIONAL 9 68.8 . f

1

NATIONAL 13 49.3 9--LO 20.5 f

I

NATIONAL 17 96.1 13-->17 6.8 f f...f

guiLlf

9-->17 27.3 1

Flack 9 44.013 77.7 9-->13 33.717 86.2 13-->17 8.5

9-->17 42.1White 9 72.6

13 41.5 9-->13 18.9 f.17 97.4 13-->17 5.9 9...f.

9-->17 24.8

EAR11/1/_120CIT/ONNo High School 9 61.3

13 77.6 9-->13 16.3 f17 91.1 13-->17 13.4 f f.

9-->17 29.8 1

Some High School 9 77.1 ...,13 86.9 9-->13 9.8 o f17 94.4 13-->17 7.5 f f...

9-->17 17.3 1

Graduated High Sch. 9 67.4 I 1

13 90.1 9-->13 22.6 t17 96.7 11-->17 6.7 t f..f.

9 ->17 29.3 1 I I

Post High School 9 75.7 f I I

11 94.2 9-->13 19.6 f f...1

17 97.6 11-217 3.5 t 9...f9-->17 22.0 I I I

NAT/OPAL 9 68.8 f

1

NATIONAL 13 99.3 9-->13 20.5 t

1

NATIONAL 17/9 96.3 13--217 7.0 f f...f9-->17 27.5 1

1

212:112::/f I

2f01221III 1

Extreme Inner City 9 50.4 1

13 44.1 9-->13 33.7 f17IS 94.1 13-'17 10.0 f f

9-->17 43.7 I

Extreme Rural 9 60.6 1

13 73.3 9-->13 12.7 f.1710 96.6 13. >17 23.2 t

9-->17 36.0 1 1 ISmall City 9 69.4 f I 1

13 89.7 9-->13 20.3 t t I17/5 95.2 13-->17 5.5 t

9-->17 25.8 I

Medium City 9 67.21

13 97.7 9-->13 20.5 f17I5 94.6 13-->17 6.8 f f..

9-->17 27.3 I

test Of Dig City 0 73.2 'S..13 92.9 9 - ->13 19.6 t f.017IS 98.1 13-->17 5.3 t

9-->17 24.9 1 I I

Suburban Fringe 9 72.8 v.I I

13 94.1 9-->13 21.3 f. ,...117IS 97.6 11-->17 3.5 t fSS I

9-->17 24.8 1 I I

Extreme Aff Suburb 9 79.0 f I I

13 98.2 9-'13 19.2 ......, f0.0f..1715 99.7 13-->17 1.5 f f.f,

9-'07 20.7 I 1 1 1

149



In order to respond correctly to this exercise, a childwould have had to know the meanings of pedestrians, motor vehiclesand prohibited, and he would have to know that a bicyclist isone who rides a bicycle.

150


Exeise Administered at Ages 9 and 13

QUII.ET



CD A sign is hanging by the door.

AMO A sign is hanging on the door.

CD A sign is hanging over the door.

CD A sign is hanging near the door.

CD I don't know.

103 02T03 15

3/1 02'1206011 110000003/1 0251E206011 81000010

AGEum PERCENTAGEOF SUCCUI

9 139 13


PEECEUTAG! PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSRJEFEIENCt

0 10 20 30 40A

50 60 70 80 90 100

VATIONAL 9 88.8 .55 t

I

NATIONAL 13 97.9 9--)13 9.1 ...Se t1

LULUSoutheast 9 83.5

13 97.2 9--)13 13.7Neat 9 86.8

I

13 98.4 9--,13 11.6 tCentral 9 93.0 loss

13 98.3 9--)13 5.3 tNortheast 9 90.5 Iv

13 97.6 9--)13 7.2 t

Rale 9 R6.013 97.0 9--)13 10.9

Female 9 91.5 es.13 98.9 9--)13 7.5

151

901 02 1/1 02E206011 81000780 9 13703 15 3/1 024E206011 81000090 9 13

AGE

MEIPERCENTAGE01_22012

NATIONAL AND GROUP

PERCENTAGERIFF/11E4CE



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

IATIONAL 9 88.8 t 1

I I

NATIONAL 13 97.9 9--)13 9.1 t1

1

tipppp

Unit 1 II

Black 9 70.6 I 11

13 96.6 9 - -)13 26.0 t II

White 9 91.3 t4 11

13 98.1 9--)13 6.8 t t1

1 II

EVIIIIII _ MMOII911

I

II

li

40 High school 9 82.2 I 1113 98.9 9 - -)13 16.7 t ' t1

Some High School 9 77.9 I 11

13 97.5 9--)13 19.6 t II

Graluaed High Sch. 9 89.5 1 11

13 98.9 9--)13 9.4 t t1Post High School 9 94.5 14444 II

13 97.9 9--)13 3.4 t tl

1 11

21/3:1112.:1121 I II

21-0111911.11 I 11

Extreme Inner City 9 80.1 I II

13 97.5 9--)13 17.3 t II

extreme Pural 9 89.3 t. II

13 97.9 9--)13 8.6 t t1Small city 9 86.9 I II

13 97.5 9--)13 10.5 t 11

Hedium City 9 89.4 t II

13 97.5 9--)13 8.2 t 11

,"49i Of Big City 9 88.2 t II

13 100.0 9--)13 11.8 t ttSuburban Fringe 9 89.1 t 11

13 98.6 9--)13 9.5 t t1Extreme Alf Suburb 9 96.0 t 11

13 97.8 9--)13 1.8 t 11

152



This exercise required two things of the children who tookit. First, it required that they be able to determine where thesign was hanging relative to the door, and second, they had totranslate their perceptions into the proper preposition, in thiscase, on.

153





If you are walking, which sign tells you what to do? Fill in

the oval beside the correct sign.

SPEED LIMIT

20NILES PER NOM

ON SCRIM OATS

MEN

MUNN MENESBIT

ILEFT TURN

ALLOWED

FROM CENTER

LAME ONLY

0 I don't know

PEDESTRIANS

USE

CROSSWALK

MAIN STREET

EXIT ON

TNROUONWAY

500 YARDS

AHEAD

KEEP RION

404 06 3/1 03.'2209011 810000V0 9 13708 IS 3/1 03.02208011 410000V0 9 13

EIGIOR

VAT/OVAL ARO GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

AGE PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESS1/171 21'..21M22

4ATIOMAX. 9

NATTONAL 13

Southeast 913

Vest 9

UCentral 9

13Northeast 9

13

Male 913

Female 913

97.3

o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 00 90

46.9 9-713 9.6

I

a0.2I

95.2 9-713 15.1 P88.7 996.2 9--)13 7.5 f90.0 to.97.7 9-7,13 7.7 f89.5 sm.98.5 9 - -)13 9.0 P

I

I

I

46.0I

96.4 9 - -)13 10.4 f88.6 f*97.5 9 - -)13 8.9 f

154

NO4 36 3/1 03.1208011 81000090 9 13T09 05 3/1 03.1208011 81000090 9 13


NATIONAL

AGE1/1/1,

9

PERCENTAGE2f_SUCCE11

87.3

PERCENTAGEDIFFERENCE


0 30 40 50 60 7010 20 80 90

3

100

NATIONAL 13 96.9 9-->13 9.6

22121Black 9 73.1

13 91.0 9-->13 17.6 leWhite 9 89.8 300

13 97.7 9-->13 8.0

EIVIMALIPEIII2INo High School 9 81.2

13 94.0 9-->13 12.8Some High School 9 73.0

13 97.0 9-->13 24.0 F

Graduated High Sch. 9 86.7 t13 97.9 9-->13 11.1

Post High School 9 93.4 '13 98.9 9-->11 5.0

117,1=112://13OE_CONMINITE

Extreme Inner City 9 81.013 91.6 9-->13 10.6 8000

Extreme Pural 9 83.1 1

13 95.9 9-->13 12.8 f

Small City 9 97.4 f

13 96.2 9-->11 8.8 9

Nedium City 9 85.0 1

13 .6.6 9-->13 11.5 8

Fest Of Sig Cit 9 86.5 I

13 95.7 9-->13 9.2 f

Suburban ringe 9 90.3 1,....

13 99.4 9-->13 9.1 ,.,

Extreme Aff Suburh 9 95.7 f I

13 99.4 9-->13 3.7 f f'T

155



This exercise required children to be able to determinethat only the upper right hand sign pertained to a person whowas walking. There were two ways a child could choose thecorrect sign: he could know the meaning of the word pedestrians(since only one sign referred to walkers), or he could eliminatethe other three signs by figuring out that they all pertained tocars.

156

Exercise R209, Eubtheme B


Look at the labels from two cans of dog food. One can has nore



Ash 3%

Crude fiber 17%

Crude protein 65%

Crude fat 111

Moisture 4%

Vitamin E trace

PREMIUM DOG FOOD

A Beef Product

(.7) I don't know.

Ash 2t

Crude fiber 45%

Crude protein 20%

Crude fat 30%

Moisture 31

Vitamin E trace

HEARTY DOG FOOD

A Balanced Meal

O

NO4 10 3/1 01*1209013 90130070 9 13T12 05 3/1 01X209013 80030010 9 13

NATIONAL AND GROUP PERCENTAGES OE SUCCESS

AGEam PERCENTAGEOf RUCEI22

PERCENTAGEFIFFRIURCI

0 10 20

PEKENTAGE OP SUCCESS

30 SO 50 60 70 PO 90

NATIONAL 9 67.4

NATIONAL 13 00.5 9-->13 13.0

EMUSoutheast 9 60.6

13 72.6 9-->13 11.9 t....

Vest 9 71.6 roe t...

13 92.3 9-->13 10.6 t.Central 9 69.1 1

1

13 01.9 9-->13 13.7 t 1aottheast 9 69.1 to

13 OS.6 9-->13 15.6 t.1

In 1 1

Rale 9 69.1 t I

13 90.2 9-->13 11.1 t t

Female e 65.0 I I

13 00.7 9-->13 14.9 aos V V

157

10

404 10 3/1 01E209013 10330010 9 13012 OS 3/1 0101209013 90030010 9 13


NATIONAL

AGE

9

111CVITAGE

2LI2SILE

67.4

PERCENTAGErifflinEt

0 10

PERCENTAGE 0? SUCCESS

20 30 60 7040 SO 60 90

NATIONAL

c9.1.21

13 80.5 9-->13 13.0

Olack 9 65.213 66.4 9-->13 1.3

White9

67.613 82.7 9-->13 15.1

21M111_122EITIOgo Pigh School 9 65.0

I

13 64.9 9-->13 3.8 /Sox Nigh School 9 65.9

I

13 75.1 9-->13 9.2 9Graduated Nigh Sch.9

67.5 /13 80.8 9-'13 13.3 / i

Post Nigh School 9 69.6 gm.13 95.0 9-->13 15.4 9 1

I

217/:131:11Z3 1OP CONSUOITZ

I

Extreme Inner City 9 70.5 gem13 73.4 9-->13 2.9 gene.

Extreme feral 9 56.3I

13 70.3 9-->13 14.0 'seSmall City 9 69.6 ge

13 79.2 9-->13 9.6 9Refits* City 9 69.5 gee

13 @I.@ 9-->13 12.3 3 9Rest elt Sig City 9 63.6

13 86.7 9-->13 22.8Seberban Fringe 9 60.5

13 81.2 9-->13 16.7 9thrrme Af Ssbarh 9 74.913 41.4 9-->13 16.5

158

100



In order to respond correctly to this exercise, a childhad to know that 65 was greater than 20, and ne had to assumethat the HEAPTY can was not more than 3 17Ttimes larger thanthe PREMIUM can.

159



Look at the picture and fill an the oval beside the sentence


CD The boy has two dogs on a leash.

C.) The boy as walking behind has dog.

4110 The dog on the leash has spots on at.

C.) The dog sitting down nas spots on at.

CD I don't know.

1105 06 3/1 03E210011 210000110 9 13T06 14 3/1 03..11210011 01000090 9 13

NATIOYAL AID GROUP PERCENTAGES OP SUCCESS

AGELIM

PERCENTAGP2? rims&

PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE Of SUCCESSrirrEIMI

0 10 20 30 10 50 60 70 90 90 100

VATIoNAL 9 65.3 1

1

RATIONAL 13 91.9 9--V13 9.3

1

!HIM 1

Sostaeast 9 76.3 1

13 92.6 9-213 16.5 1Vest 9 66.3 1.

13 95.2 9-213 6.9 1central 9 90.2 f

13 95.6 9-213 S.7 1ott 9 54.9 I

13 94.2 9--)13 9.3 1

1

1

Ell 1

tale 9 63.4 1

13 93.3 3-213 10.0 1female 9 67.2 1

13 95.0 9 - -)13 0.6 1

160

" , 7/1 71771-T11 .10)),73 9 li7.JA ,u 1/1 1.x210011 11010103 1 13

NA1.1,441. 147 aP4UP PF/4.7ENTAS Or 24CCF.SS

1h71,4ht

A1AInn

PnCA4TA-AOA 11CCEs,

7A9C39-AGE1IFFEREACF

PERCENTAGr SuCCESS

0 10 30 40 50 rJ 70-'80 , ISO

44.71144t 11 14.5 1-'11 9.1

1

1

Pl.ck 611.41

17 46,F f-->13 20.2 t1.111.7 44.4 t .

11 1..1 4-->11 7,4

14,A4,11 fnich713940 010 -chool 1 75.1

14 41.4 7-->13 15.1. t....10/0 Afoh School 9 T9.4

13 14.. 1-->14 15.7-raiust.71 digt, )ch. 9 97.1 S.

13 15.0 9-7.17 7.4S1o/ Affh School / 14.0

13 96.7 4-114 7.7

1

n -9 /WITYitrwr rttr 9 I

1

13 85.4 9-->14 17.5 rase*41.44e natal 70., 04.11.

13 92.1 1-->13 13.2small 7tty 46.2

11 95.1 1-.7)13 8.97110, 711y 84.1

11 as. A 9 - ->l3 11.2 t.Salt of 91; ,.7t4 9 91..7S. 1

13 12.2 4-->11 5.501hurlan ?Tiny. 4 97.1 1

13 16.1 9-7)13 7.3 thff I/bun, a AUL*,

13 97.0 1-->13 2.0 1

161



This exercise required 9- and 13-year-olds to evaluate fourdifferent descriptions of a picture and decide which description..was most accurate. The instructions to the child imply thatthere is no correct response, but only a best one. This maymean that even though half of the sitting dog is hidden, and thehidden part may be laden with spots, the third alternative ispreferred because it is more readily verifiable.

162




the sentence says is true, fill in the oval beside *True." If


"False." If you can't decide if the sentence is true or false,


A. By car Northtown is closer to Rice Lake than to Hope.

CD True

4110 False

408 06 3/1 024.1214013 R0030090 9 13 17TI0 03 3/1 027(214013 100300V0 9 13 17506 06 3/1 024.1214013 10030090 9 13 17

CD I don't know.


AGEinn

PERCENTAGE27 00cC002

PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSNUZ/LNI

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 103

NATIONAL 9 78.5 I

1

NATIONAL 13 85.1 9-->I3 6.6 ems,1 1

NATIONAL 17 95.3 13-->17 10.2 1....,9 - - >l7 16.8 1

11E121Southeast 9 13.3

1

13 78.1 9-->13 4.817 93.3 I3-->17 15.2 11.14.4.01,

9-->I7 20.0 I I

Vest 9 77.7I I

13 87.1 9 - - >13 9.4 14.'117 95.4 13-'17 8.3 11

9 - - >17 17.7I I

Central 9 79.2 / I

13 87.4 9 - - >13 8.2 fe.oefo17 95.3 I3-->17 8.0 f,

9 - - >17 16.2 1 INortheast 9 81.9 1.

13 87.4 9 - - >13 5.6 1..4.1.17 96.7 13-->I7 9.2 f**00.9

9 - - >17 14.8I

I I

I

I I

Male 9 76.1I

13 83.6 9-->I3 7.6 po17 94.9 13-->I7 11.2 t ,

9 - - >l7 18.8 I I

Female 9 80.9 1.13 86.4 9 - - >13 5.5 im0.1,01,0

17 95.8 13-->I7 9.3 1.1,9 - - >17 14.8

1 I

163

5). 13" 3/1 :,..(:13019 '1)3)011 . 11 17t0 n1 3/1 173214019 ,))1'1,,70 q 13 17

-4 , lr '/1 02.7214113 39931009 1' 17

akTIORAL AVD GROUP 19,iCE4,kGES op SICCESS

°A,T08k1

630LIVSL

1

.E.CT4TU.r93. S1P-,7S

71.5

PERC54-AGE1IFFEPE8cr

20

PESCulr'AGE r? 3-1CCESS

,0 40 50 7'1 of, inn

4a719431 13 ,3 ..........I

4ATI)843 17 ,S.i 14-->17 10.2 / */9-->17 16.43

1

1

1

Black 9 50.7 O

13 1,,, 14..17 90.4 14-->17 14.9

9-->17 25.7 1

Una') 9 91.413 47.) 9-->13 5.717 95.0 13-->17 8.4 /"/

9-->17 14.5

53071T4L 5DUCATI0L1Vo Hlah School '7 64.3

11 75.5 9 -->13 11.417 90.2 13-->17 14.7

9-->17 26.1 1

So,. High School 9 75.1 1 1

13 113.5 9-->11 8.3 1 " 117 95.4 13-->17 11.9 t/

9-->17 20.2 1 1

Graduated Sign Sch. 9 81.9 14.4.

13 96.2 9-->13 4.2 11..417 96.6 13-->17 10.4 14

9 - - >I7 14.51 1

11010 High School 9 .5.5 1..44-->13 3.0

17 95.1 13-->17 7.79-->17 10.7 1 1

IATIONAI 9 78.5

1

VAT104AL 13 45.1 9-->13 8.6I I

NATIONAL 17IS 95.3 13-->17 10.39-->17 16.9

51,2-AND-TYPE

2f_2211222:1 1

xtr91le Tuner City 9 63.513 91.6 9-->13 18,P 1.1710 96.9 13-->17 15.. , ,

9-->17 33.2 I I.xtrame Pural 4 59.) I 1

13 76.9 9--)13 7.81 1

1719 95.9 13-->17 19.0 1..49-->17 26.7 I 1

Small City 9 78.6 1

13

171S89.794.6

q-->1313-->17

7.18.9

f4f.4

31-->17 15.91

ilium City 9 76.61 1

11 94.4 9-->19 7.8 1.0.4494.9 11-->17 10.6 114

9-->17 18.4 1 1

Rest Cf Baq City 9 92.511 96.0 9 - - >l3 3.5 f4171S 93.7 13-->17 7.7 11.4.44

9-->17 11.21 1

S9burban 'range 9 '30.0 / 1

111.3.5

99.5 9 - ->11 8.596.6 13-->17 8.1

9-->17 16.6 I 1

extreme Aff Suburb 9 88.8 110111 90.1 9-->13 1.1 , ,171S 96.1 13-->17 5.9

9-->17 7.2 1 I

164

408 06 4/1 019E214023 90030080TIC 03 4/1 014E214023 900300E0SO6 16 4/1 014,11214023 90030080

Rig/12N

§24

NATIONAL

NATIONAL

NAT/944L

Southeast

Rest

Central

Northeast

Female

1

1

9 13 179 13 179 13 17

B. Yo,.. can drve all the wa} free %orthtown to Fal:s City onHighway 71.

Mt True

CD False

0 I don't know.

NATIONAL AND GPGUP PERCENTAGES or SUCCESS

AGE MICENTAGE PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSJAM WI-VINDI PIMA=

9 81.9

0 10 20 30 40 90 60 70 80 90 100

1

II 95.2 ..-->I3 13.3 1 1

t 117 98.2 13-->I7 3.0 *V

1 lel9-->17 16.3

1

1

1

9 74.81

13 92.6 9-->13 17.8 1'17 97.8 13-->17 5.3 1' 1

9-->17 23.01 1

9 81.8 1 1

13 96.5 9-->13 14.7 I It17 98.1_ 13-->17 1.8 1 111

9-->17 16.5 I 1 1

9 86.8 9 I I13 95.8 9-->I3 9.0 1 1 1

17 97.7 13-->17 1.91' 81

9--:.17 10.9I 1

8-0 1 1 1

11 95.8 9-->13 13.7 1 t 1

17 98.9 II-->17 3.1 119-->17 16.8

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

9 82.2 1" 1

13 95.3 9-->13 13.0 1 117 97.9 13-->17 2.6 t 11,

9-->17 15.71 1

9 81.6t 1 1

13 95.1 9-->13 13.5 1 1 1

17 98.5 13-->17 3.41 PI

9-->17 16.91 1 1

165

1108 06 4/1 0141214023 90030080 9 13 17

T10 03 4/1 01.0214022 800300110 9 13 17

106 06 4/1 0149E214023 80030070 9 13 17

NATIONAL AND GROUP PERCENTAGES Or SUCCESS

AG!11131

PERCENTAGE21_11=3

PERCENTAGE2IfillINCE

PERCENTAGE Or SUCCESS

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NATIONAL 9 91.9

NATIONAL 13 95.2 9--)13 13.3

sATIONAL 17 98.2 13--)17 3.0 11 I*19--)17 16.3

V2121Black 9 50.8

13 86.4 9--)13 25.6 8001.

17 97.9 13--)17 11.59--)17 37.1

Vhite 9 85.1 1.00

13 97.1 )--)13 12.0 9. 11" 98.4 13--)17 1.3 9

9--)17 13.3

Pialin-n201121110 High School 9 65.6

13 87.7 3--)13 22.117 97.6 13--)17 9.9

9--)17 32.0

Some High School 9 79.313 96.0 9--)13 16.7

17 98.1 13--)17 2.1 8.8

9--)17 18.8 I

Graduated High Sch. 9 82.2 V. I I

13 95.5 9--)13 13.3 f I

17 98.4 13--)17 2.9 fV9--)17 16.2 I I

Post High School 9 91.31$.

13 97.3 9--)13 6.0 r 1.1

17 98.4 13--)17 1.1 9 If9--)17 7.1 I I

NATIONAL 9 91.9

NATIONAL 13 95.2 9--)13 13.3

NATIONAL 1715 98.2 13--)17 3.1 f9--)17 16.3

IL E21112111!xtreme InJr City 9 59.5

13 89.3 9--)13 29.917I5 97.2 13--)17 7.9 f

9--)17 37.7

Extreme Rural 9 79.713 91.4 9--)13 11.61715 97.2 13--)17 5.9 V

9--)17 17.5

Small City 9 91.913 96.1 9 - -)13 14.21715 97.7 13 - -)17 1.6 1 9

9 - -)17 15.9 1

Medium City 9 1 1

13 06.0 9--)13 15.7

1715 96.5 13--)17 2.4 r V.

9--)17 18.1 1

Seat Of Big Caty 9 83.3 9. 1

13 95.6 9--)13 12.31715 98.1 13--)17 2.6 I1

9--)17 14.6 I I

Suburban fringe 9 86.4 I I

13 95.9 9--)13 9.5 I

1715 99.3 13--)17 3.4 1.1

9--)17 12.9 I I

Extreme Aff Suburb 9 90.2 I' I I

13 99.7 9--)13 8.5 9.,

17I5 99.0 13--)17 0.2 ff9--)17 8.6 I I

166

C. Hope is the town closest to Centerville.

4111 True

CD False

CD I don't know.

808 06 5/1 0101214033 20030090 9 13 17110 03 5/1 0101214033 60030090 9 13 17506 06 5/1 0101214033 80030090 9 13 17


NATIONAL

AGE

LZIIL

9

PERCENTAGE

ILSOCIESI

85.4

PERCEITAGE

DIUMES0 10 20


30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NATIONAL '3 95.6 9--)13 10.2

NATIONAL 17 98.5 13--)17 2.9 ** f*f9--)17 13.1

HMISoutheast 9 79.2

13 93.4 9--)13 14.217 97.2 13--)17 3.7 1108100111111,

9--)17 17.9Vest 9 65.6

13 95.9 9--)13 10.417 98.6 13--)17 2.7 fof

9--)17 13.1I I 1

Central 9 88.4 1" I 1

13 96.4 9 - -)13 8.0 1.114.1.04.11 I

17 49.6 13 - -)17 3.2 foff9--)17 11.2

I 11Northeast 9 86.7 to I 11

13 96.6 9--)13 9.9 1°1117 98.2 13--)17 1.6

9--)17 11.5

Rale 9 82.913 94.3 9--)13 11.317 96.3 13--)17 4.0 1,11

9--)17 15.4I I 11

Penal. 9 87.9 1° I II13 96.9 9--)13 9.017 98.7 13--)17 1.8 tot,

9--)17 10.61 1 11

167

908 16 6/7 01.5214037 01430700 9 13 17

-10 11 5/1 0183214031 .0031730 9 13 17

,,, 1, 5/1 11.5214033 80330000 9 11 17

NATIONAL AND 00005 PE CEN7'AGES of soccEss

Al! E9CENTAGE PERC0NTA..E PE.CENTA0E OF SuCCFSF!AV.!. 0' SUc0."9 DIFFE9F4c°

10 20 30 40 50 60 71 9C 90 170

NATIONAL 85.4 f

1

NATIONAL 13 95.6 0-->13 10.2 f f

1 1

NATIONAL 17 99.5 13-->17 2.9 8 9999-->17 13.1 1

COLORBlack . 67.6

11 89.0 9-->13 20.4 #17 06.1 13-->17 8.3 t 9

0- ->17 28.7 I I

White 9 88.0 e--- 1 1

13 97.2 4-->13 9.1 9 9917 98.8 13-->17 1.6 9 99

9-->17 10.7

0AR09TAI FIWCATI1490 Nigh School 9 77.5

13 90.1 9-->13 12.617 96.8 11-->17 6.7 r f

9-->17 19.3 1 1

Som., Nign School 06.9 # 1 1

1 94.9 9-->13 18.0 9 I

17 47.6 13-->17 2.6 r f9-->17 20.7 I I

Graluated Nigh Sch. 9 85.9 9 I13 96.5 9-->13 10.6 9 to17 98.1 13-->17 1.6 9 1°1

9-->17 12.2 1 1

?ost High School 9 93.2 t 1 1

13 47.4 9-->1) 4.2 r 1I17 99.7 13-->17 2.3 11e1

9-->17 6.5 I I I

NATIONAL 9 95.4i

NATIONAL 13 45.6 9-->13 10.2 9 9

I INATIONAL ills 98.6 13-->1' 2.9 i 1 1

9--)17 13.1 I

1

2IZE:114itlifl 1

2f_01112f1/1 1

Extreme Inner City 9 68.S 1

13 92.0 9--)13 23.5 ,171,7 98.5 13-'17 6.5 1 I'

9--)17 30.0 I

Txtreme Fural 9 51.9 I I

13 92.6 9--)13 8.7 1 I

ins 98.4 13-->17 5.8 1 /*/9-->17 14.5 I I I

Small ,ite 9 83.6 I I

13 96.4 9-->13 12 6 1 / I

171S 98.2 13-->10 1.8 f 1./9-->17 14.4 1 I I

Nelium City 9 85.7 9 I

13 91.4 4-->13 8.1 ... f I I

17IS 97.9 13-->17 4.1 i 1419-->17 12.2 1 I I

Rest Of Big City 9 98.6 mm .. II I

13 99.1 9-->13 10.5 i /*I17IS 99.4 13-->17 -0.7 9 101

9--)17 9.8 I I

Suburban Fringe 9 86.6 9' I I

1' 98.1 9-->13 10.1 i 1.11715 '9.3 13-->17 2.7 i 1.11

9--)17 12.8 1 I II

Extreme Aff Subaru 9 92.4 i I II

13 100.8 9--)13 7.6 1 1.111719 99.6 13-->17 -0.4 1. 1.11

9-->17 7.3 1 I II

168

O. Centerville is farther west than Hope.

CD True

400 False

CD I dor't know.

1106 06 6/1 02..1216043 10030090 9 13 17710 03 6/1 021214043 10030010 9 13 17S06 06 6/1 0201214043 80030090 9 13 17

NATIONAL ARV GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

AGELim

PERCENTAGEor succts;

PERCENTAGEirrsiong


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 TO 80 90 100

6ATIOVAL 9 71.6 91

NATIONAL 13 63.6 9 - -)13 12.0 oe 1I

RATIONAL 17 94.9 13 --)17 11.1 99 - -)17 23.1 1

1

1

1111121 1

out neast 9 65.3 1

13 79.6 9 - -)13 14.3 917 69.6 13 - -)17 10.2 9 loos.

9 - -)17 26.5 I

rest 9 67.1 1

13 64.5 9-213 17.5 . 917 96.3 13 - -)17 9.6 9

9 - -)17 27.3 I

Central 9 76.2 9

13 86.7 9 - -)13 6.6 ei17 47.5 13 - -)17 12.6 9 Iwo

9-217 21.4 I I I

Northeast 9 75.1 lee I I

13 66.1 9 - -)13 10.9 9 to17 96.2 13 - -)17' 10.1 9 9

9 - -)17 21.0 1

1

I

Isle 9 70.6 1

13 63.6 9 - -)13 13.2 ., 917 94.8 13 - -)17 11.0 9 .4141.0.1.1.0of

9 - -)17 '4.2 1

female 9 73.0 to13 61.7 9 - -)13 10.7 917 95.0 13 - -)17 11.3 9 t 9e

9 - -)17 22.0 1

169

109 06 6/1 021214043 83030050 9 13 17T11 13 6/1 n2.1218083 90031180 9 1! 17S06 n6 6/1 02.1214043 901110i0 9 13 17

NATIONAL AND GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SPCCESS

AGMIgy!L

P19[EN'AGEOr succ!ss

PERCENTAGE

21!fERM0 10


20 7050 60'?

40 dO 90 100

VATI1NAL 9 71.9 V

1

NATIONAL 13 33.4 9-->13 11.0 V V

1 1

MA1108111_ 17 94.8 13-7,17 11.1 V V

9 - ->17 23.1

C9,09Black 9 56.7

13 69.1 9-->13 12.317 97.2 13-->17 18.2 9

V

9-->17 30.5 1

White 9 74.7 91

13 96.8 9-7,13 12.6 9V

17 95.9 13-->17 9.1 V 99-->17 21.7

PAnNTALEDUCATIONso migh School 9 59.8

13 71.1 4-7,13 12.9 V

17 99.0 13-->17 17.8 9V

9-->17 30.6 1

Some 9191. School 9 67.1 1 1

13 77.0 9-->13 9.9 917 94.0 13-->17 17.0 V V

9-7,17 26.9 1 1

Griluited Nigh Sch. 9 70.813 88.4 9-->13 13.6 V

17 15.5 13-'17 11.1 * V I9-->17 24.7 1 I 1

.ost 171. School q 81.1 1

13 90.8 9-7,13 9.7 V 1

17 97.0 13-->17 6.2 V V 19-->17 15.9 1 1 1

NATIONAL 9 71.8 V

NATIONAL 13 83.8 9-7,13 12.1 91

911211061. 1705 95.1 13-->17 11.3 89-->17 23.3

1

1

1

fitt.me liner City 9 52.4 1

13 90.1 9-->13 27.7 V

17I5 91.1 13-->17 11.0 99-->17 38.7 1

Extreme 'seal 9 70.9 V

13 76.1 9-->13 5.1 917I5 96.7 13-->17 20.6

9 - -317 25.7 1

Small City 9 70.7 1

13 81.4 8-->13 12.817I6 93.9 13-->17 10.5 V

9-->17 23.3Medium City 9 69.1 1 1

13 84.7 9-->13 15.717IS 93.3 13-->17 8.6 V

9 - -317 26.2 1

est Of Sig City 9 75.6 91

1317I5

81.797.2

9-->1313-->17

6.015.6

1

V

9-->17 21.6 1 1

8168rtal Triode 9 78.7 1 1

13 97.5 9-313 12.8 V ,17I5 95.9 13-.417 9.4 V

9 - -317 21.2 1 1

Extr5ove Aff Suhurt 9 90.713 88.5 9-7,13 7.9 .8 11715 88.7 13-'17 10.1 V 1

9--)17 18.0 1 I

170

E. Highway 20 runs on the south side of Rice River.

C: True

4110 False

C: I don't know.

101 06 7/1 021214053 100300T0 9 13 17710 03 7/1 021E214053 110030070 9 13 17106 06 7/1 021214053 600300T0 9 13 17

NATIONAL AND MVP PLICENTAGIA oF SOCC1AS

6401ITIL

PtICEITAGEOF SVCCSIS

1,2110ENTAGE PZICESTAGT OP SOCCA6A

0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 00 90 100

NATIONAL 9 52.3 I

ATIONAL 13 71.0 9-->13 18.7

VATIoNAL 17 OS.5 13-317 14.59-->17 33.2

In/2ISoutheast 9 48.3

13 62.6 9-->13 14.317 77.7 13-->17 15.1

9-->17 29.4Vest 9 45.4

13 73.0 9-'13 27.5 I.17 04.3 13-->17 11.3 I I

9-->17 38.8Central 9 55.8

13 74.9 9-->13 19.1 I us.17 09.3 13-317 14.4 I o

9-->17 33.5Northeast 9 56.2 le

13 73.0 9-->13 16.0 4. I17 88.0 13-->17 15.0 I SO

9-->17 31.8

InNile 9 53.1 I

13 71.8. 9--,13 18.7 I17 87.1 13-->17 15.3

9-'17 34.'Female 9 51.5

17 70.2 9-->13 18.717 83.9 13-->17 13.6 I

9-->17 32.4

171

408 16 7/1 0291214093 40030010 9 13 17

TIO 03 7/1 0291214053 10030010 9 13 17506 06 7/1 0241214093 10030010 9 13 17

RATIONAL AND GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

A42

LIMEPERCENTAGE22 22S;112

PERCENTAGEpirrepewcz

PEICENTAGE Or SUCCESS

0 10 20 30 41 SO LO 70 8C 90 100

NATIONAL 9 S2.3 9

1

NATIONAL 11 71.0 9-->13 11.7 9

1

NATIONAL 17 89.9 13-->17 14.9 9

9 - -)17 33.2

0121Black 9 38.9

13 S1.3 9-->13 12.417 S4.9 13-->17 3.6 9

9 - ->I7 16.0 1

White 9 54.5 V.13 79.0 9-->13 20.S 9...

17 89.9 13-->17 14.4 rod.

9 - -)17 38.0

MUM MainsNo Nigh School 9 49.3

13 94.9 9-->13 S.6 917 70.2 13--)17 15.3 9

9-->17 20.9 I

Some Nigh School 9 S8.1 9..11 99.2 9-->11 1.0 y17 71.0 13-->17 18.8 9

9-->17 19.9 I 1

Graduated Nigh Sch. 9 S2.7 9 1

13 72.6 9-->13 20.1 e 617 118.3 13 - -)17 18.8 9 9

9 - -)17 35.6 I

Rout fish School 9 S9.7 9.00.0II 79.8 9......)13 19.6 117 90.0 13--)17 11.0 9 9

9 - ->17 30.8 1

NATIONAL 4 52.I

NATIONAL 13 71.0 9-->13 18.7 9

1

NATIONAL 17I5 88.9 13--)17 14.9 99 - -)I7 33.6 1

1

2121:A11:2121 I

21_C0661/ITT I

Extreme Inner City 9 42.9 1

13 S6.4 9-->13 13.9 917IS 76.9 11...747 22.4 9

9-7,17 36.3 I

Extreme Mural 9 49.3 I 1

13 64.9 9 - - >13 15.7 1 1

1725 86.2 13 --)17 21.3 9 19-al7 36.9 I 1

Small City 9 55.2 913 73.9 9--313 11.7 1 9.17I5 15.1 13--)17 12.0 9

9--)17 30.7 I 1

Medium City 9 92.I I

13 68.6 9-1,13 16.5 9 1

17IS 82.2 13-al7 13.6 t9--)17 30.1 I 1

Vest Of Rig City 9 SC! I

11 76.7 9--)13 28.4 9 60001715 87.2 13-1.17 10.4 9 9 I

9-)17 38.1 I 1 1

Suburban Fringe 9 47.7 I 1

13 76.6 9--)13 28.9 9 .....900.01

17I9 SSA 13-'17 11.1 f 19--)17 40.7 I 1 1

Enrolee Aff Suburb 9 61.0 9 1 1

II 76.2 9-1.13 15.2 9 90.01

1715 91.1 13-.417 15.7 1 99--)17 30.8 1 1

172



The five parts of this question all asked children toanswer questions using the map provided. The map reading skillsinvolved included: translating distances on a map into distancesbetween places, determining whether particular routes existed,reading relative distances and determining relative positions.

173


Exercise Administered at Ages 13, 17 and Adult

Read the passage and look at the chart, then complete the sentence

below it.

This chart shows the number of fatal accidents (broken line)and the number of vehicle miles (solid line) in California,arranged according to the hour of the day.

et.-Ver;gal c/e Az-ifeel .0eez

1.-41";4-7c$1,


C: 1 a.m. and 2 a.m.

40 2 a.m. and 3 a.m.

C: 4 a.m. and S a.m.

C: 6 a.m. and 7 a.m.

C:, 7 a.m. and 8 a.m.

C:, I don't know.

Youth at the Wheel, Marold T. Glenn, reprinted by permission of

Chas. A. Sennett Co., Inc.

203 11 3/1 0241(219013 50030090 1i 17 A504 15 3/1 0251219013 **03Oe10 13 17 AA06 10 3/1 0251219013 00030040 13 17 A

VATIO0A1 AMD 0500t PEOCUTACES Of SUCCESS

OA7I99A1

ACEingl

13

PERCENTAGE9T SVCCISI

53.5

PtOCCIITACTJar/0119U

0 10 20

feRCERTAGt Of SUCCESS

30 *0 60SO 70 00 90 100

9A1100A1. 17 73.7 13-717 20.21

MATIOVAL Ad 73.6 17--7Ad -0.113-->Ad 20.2

11191.91Sostheast 13 *2.5

17 60.4 13--717 17.8 VAd 56.5 17-->Ad -3.8

13--7Ad 14.0lest 13 56.0 3..

17 75.0 13--717 19.0 V V.A4 78.3 17--7Ad 3.3 1*

13--7Ad 22.3Central 13 57.6 fee.

17 90.0 II--717 22.4 V 1.000Ad 00.3 17-744 0.4 V 110000

13-->Ad 22.8Mort7east 13 56.6 100.

17 75.9 13--717 19.3 1*Ad 74.1 17-744 -1.8 3 V

13--7Ad 17.S

tale 13 53.9 V.17 75.9 13-717 22.0 V°Ad 79.1 17-->Ad 3.2 IO

13--7Ad 25.2Female 13 51.0

17 71.3 13 - -317 10.3Ad 69.3 17--7Ad -3.0

13-->Ad 15.1

174

SLt

6 11 . Ltc--11 0'90 SUE.

6 1'19 Et 966q6s 09 6096660 6 6'10 LIC--11 COL SILL ...6 O'OS Et oftuElj usciamps

II 6 D'OZ LIC--El 9"9L SILL I L'66 Et .11.) OIS JO 114. 6 1'61. LIC--Et 9'EL SILl 96 SS Et 14E3 0pIP611 6 0'0Z LIC--A1 9"16 SILI 6 YES Et 41, mon 4 9'61, LIC--El 1-99 SILl 1 E 9* Et 19394 a0a5454 .6 6'St Lt(--Et 0**S SILt I S'O1 it 1010 limul ammizia I liadomicrIo 1 YIII=111=1113 i

6 6'0Z LIA--11 9'61_ SILl 111101199 1

6 S'ES Et 11111CILV6

Z'SZ PV<--El E's PVC--Ll 9'69 PV

6'0Z LIC--Et Z'SO E**9 Et

ti

100135 96I11 150c 1 Z*90 PVC - -Li

Z"L PVC--Lt Z"61_ iV 4 0'91 L1A--11 001- Li

O'ES Et '925 0111 P0.**P*50 6'97 PVC--Et L'6 PVC--Lt 0'69 Pt

....6 ZSt LIC--11 0'65 Lt 0'** Et T00925 46I11 0005

1 O'EZ PVC--Et 9'Ot PVC--Lt 5'09 PV 0-01 LIC--Ft 6'6*

SLE LI

it 100935 96111 06

9'91 PVC--Et 6Soo. 0'1- PVC--Ll O'LL EV

6 9'61 O'OL Lt "soli 9.99 tt

E'91 PVC - -Et E'S PVC--Ll S'99 46 6'01 Ll(--El rle LI

El 42IPIE WG1T3

ZOZ PVC--Et PVC - -LL 9'LL PV 161101.166

0'07 LIC--Et CIL

S'ES

Lt

Et

1940ILVK

lucriva

001 0. 09 CL 09 OS Co OE OZ 01 0 INITRITI

smaos do 196.11136626 asusualaz

s$3,0s zo s3500.3assa MOS 099 1610I066

LE El LE El

V LI. El

F1:331ffTo 259192.7.,EId 209

0A001005 1106105.00 1/1 01 909 0A001006 1106LZI.Z0 t/E St *OS CA00ECO4 0106105.70 1/1 11 EOL



Respondents were asked to find the modal group in thisexercise.

_._

176




This chart shows the number of fatal accidents (broken line)and the number of vehicle miles (solid line) in California,arranged according to the hour of the jay.

1 I4T-04;., 4E1 de // Pleet/ celee

iv 417 h )4.



CD Driving at time when most people would be sleepy isdangerous.

MP Eating good lunch tends to keep drivers alert to drivinghazards.


CD Just because there are few vehicles on the road is noreason to relax one safety precautions.

CD I don't know.

*Youth at the Wheel, Harold T. Glenn, reprinted by permission ofChas. A. Bennett Co., Inc.

T04 08 3/1 03,11220013 80030080 13 17 ASO8 01 3/1 031122.013 80030080 13 17 AA03 15 3/1 03.11220013 R0030080 13 17 A


vATIONAL

AGE

11121

13

PERCENTAGE2I-POCC4/1

16.7

PERCENTAGE

PIM/1M0 10 20


10 40 50 60 73 80 90 100

NATIONAL 17 34.9 13-317 18.3

RATIONAL Ad 43.2 17--)Ad 8.213--)Ad 26.5

1

1

Southeast 13 16.317 22.2 13--)17 5.9 so...Ad 36.6 17--,Ad 14.5 Mee two

I3--)Ad 20.3Vest 13 11.0

17 37.9 13--)17 21.0 , roc.Ad 44.1 17--)Ad 6.2

13--)Ad 27.1Central 13 17.0

17 37.4 I3--)17 20.3 'soAd 42.2 17--)Ad 4.8

13-->Ad 25.1Northeast 13 16.3

17 40.6 13-'17 24.3 feesAd 47.4 17--)Ad 6.8 *OS

13--)td 31.1

EllPale 13 17.2

17 35.0 13--,I7 17.8Ad 48.4 17--)Ad 13.4 11

13--,Ad 31.2Female 13 16.1

17 34.8 I3--)17 18.7Ad 38.1 17--)Ad 3.3 fs

13--,114 22.0

177

104 38 3/1 03..3220013 11010090 13 11 ASOS 31 3/1 03.1220013 40030090 13 17 AA03 15 3/1 03.0220013 30030090 13 17 A

NATIONAL AND GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SnCtSS

AG!

LZIZIPERCENTAGE111_2=1

PERCENTASEWillOgl


10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

.111,10NAL 13 16.1 t

I

gAT1ONAL 17 34.9 13 - -)17 18.3 9

I

NATI091 Ad 43.2 17-->Ad 8.2 t

c21423.

13-->A4 26.5 I

Slack 13 9.317 22.3 13-->17 13.1Al 24.7 17-->Ad 2.4 V

13--144 15.5White 13 17.8 V

17 37.0 13-->17 19.2 V

Al 45.6 17-->Ad 8.713-->Ad 27.8

PAP:NTAL /DUcITIONgo High School 13 14.2

17 23.1 13-->17 8.9 fAd 30.6 17-->Ad 7.5 V

13-->Ad 16.4Some High School 13 13.8

17 20.1 13 - -)17 6.3Ad 44.8 17-->Ad 24.7 V

13-->ld 31.0Graduated High Sch. 13 13.1

17 36.0 13-717 22.9 VAd 83.8 17-->Ad 7.8 V

13-->Ad 30.7Post High School 13 22.5 V

17 43.1 13-->17 20.7 9Ad 60.1 17-->Ad 16.9 9

13-->Ad 37.6

gATIOOAL 13 16.7 V

gATIOMAL 171S 35.4 13-->17 18.8 V V

2/L.-99D-TIVtr....conning!'

extreme Inner City 13 8.41715 23.9 13-->1/ 15.0 V

Extreme Rural 13 16.5 V171S 27.4 13-->17 10.8 V

Small City 13 16.01715 31.4 13-->17 15.4 V

Redium City 13 15.6.

1710 35.7 13-->17 20.1Rest Of Big City 13 21.1 9

171S 41.3 13-->17 20.2 V fSuburban Fringe i3 18.0

171S 37.3 13-->17 19.3 VExtreme Aft Suburb 13 21.2 98

1735 50.9 13 - -)17 29.7 OSV

178




179




grades cover?

S ..IIrum, owe

villas SCSI

100101001TOW II 0011

WNW IOW MOM

REPORT CARDmwoorms IiIISI TO faii imam.

.... .... =l.. .... =4=1.. = :v." I = mow.

011OSClOSOa

SPAY IS /i111lift SCII *V DK 1SUSS II 10St /CIAl C IS SS

1

S

HMISISOIn.7010SIISOIESO

I

!WillaMM.,S.CVISt*NOS

10KS !CRASS100001017

110110101. STIAMINT WAY.

ti100 I SO0 111JAWS. 15005711 _SC, STSA.. 051 CA 9340

LEGEND10101ASTIC5allil1 crimson. comottas coot

MOW 1.0.611RIKIAR WOOSSTOW 41110011010101014111R:="MOOR ACIOSSIMMOVI NANO, A."NM anniwAsmor Aro* VO CANS160101AIN IIR COMATHIANuailtIOU ATOM.. AFOKTIii Men MuMOO AMMON..

NUSISINNYVII1.1110 =MCI 0 TRIM. MOM.

T06 09 3/1 0101226013 00030090 13 17SO4 09 3/1 0101226013 80030090 13 17


ARA The first reporting period

CD The second reporting period

CD The entire semester

CD The entire year

CD I don't know.

AGEULU

PERCENTAGE2LiEfail

PERCENTAGEPIELIESEI


0a

10a

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NATIONAL 13 82.0 T I

I

NATIONAL 17 91.5 13-->17 9.5 TI

I

MEI I

Southeast 13 76.9 I

17 84.6 13-->17 5.8 ?orVest 13 74.7 t

I

17 89.9 13-717 15.2 fCentral 13 e5.9 fa

17 95.0 13-->17 9.1 T

NOrtheatt 13 ee.0 1,

17 94.5 13-->17 6.5 T

I I

III 1 I

Male 13 50.1 1 1

17 90.9 13-->17 10.8 f fFeesle 13 64.0 11,

17 92.1 13-->17 6.1 t

180

TOG 39 3/1 11/226013 80130091 13 17934 36 3/1 01I226013 80030080 13 17

AGE

LIMPERCENTAGE2E3i4iil

NATIONAL AND GROUP

PERCENTAGE21111//f21

o



10 20 37 80 50 66 70 80 90

NATIONAL 13 82.0 r1

NATIONAL 17 91.5 13-->17 9.5 I I1

MCA1

Black 13 70.11

17 81.6 13-->I7 11.5 1'

Witte 13 88.3 9.17 93.0 13 - ->17 8.7 I I.

N

Dilillil-MCATIOHo nigh school 13 70.5

17 82.3 13-->17 11.8 V.Some Nigh School 13 88.6 9..

17 d5.5 13 - -317 1.0 9...Graduated Nigh Sch. 11 82.8 I.

17 92.2 13-->17 9.8 I V'Post Nigh School 13 95.2 9...

17 95.2 13-'17 9.9 I 9.RATION_ II 82.0 9

I

NATIONAL 17I5 91.9 13-->17 9.9 9

Sin:AM= I

2F COENUNITII

Extreme Inner City 13 68.7 I

1725 84.7 13-->17 15.9 9Extreme Rural 13 78.5

17I5 90.8 13-->17 11.9FSmall City 13 93.5 I.

17IS 90.5 13-->17 7.0 IMediu? City 13 81.8 I

17/5 92.1 13-->17 10.3 I/est Of Rig City 13 71.0

1

17I5 96.8 13--',I7 23.8 I 9Suburban Fringe 13 88.3 I I

171S 93.9 13-->17 5.6 I 9Extreme Aff Suburb 13 82.6 V. I

1725 95.1 13-->17 12.5 I 9

181

100




182

Exercise R227. Subtheme D


Look at the following report card. This student is improving

his work in which subject area?

IS 10.1fa-M11 1024M471 SO SOISP.M.... Ma.

REPORT CARD11411 NDINNOINSIsm

.17S

Stiff SCt

S 1.1 Cof0. Siff 01 10

sC/CIM C.7524 4. II 71

M1Mte

OMNICS,*S1SS21715

.C11SaitI

Casa,alas:*+117.Son

ICM 10.07.71Musar Stuns Tomi

mon-Mime10.1$24

1.4 AMIS. a1COMS177 ogees SIMINTS MA CA 01.4

LEGENDIICNOUWIL111 0/111PCOM117111C

OVM.Mixt 1.1.SMIUMISSO1.0 11.11111.141.0660msm1101.011IMMCfeNari111 .14/M

111.11Mr MOMS24100.40110161MstINMOILM.,adOINOW9 CIN101011

02. CNMSDIVOION2170.rum. Me, MOH TOMIANWONIMallsaila

mama

107 09 3/1 041227013 P0030050509 15 3/1 04.1227013 10030090A02 16 3/1 04.1227013 90030010

13 17 A13 17 A13 17 A

NATIONAL AND MOP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

AGE PECINT4G2 PERCENTAGE1,H11, 92_22c05.2 2117essoct

SATIOlAt 13 52.8

0

NA.IINAL 17 80.0 13-'17 27.2

NATIONAL Ad 75.9 17--,Ad -4.113--,d 23.1

111.61.22Southeast 11 41.2

17 67.1 11-'17 25.9Ad 59.1 17--)Ad -7.9

13--,Ad 18.0Vest 13 55.6

17 80.6 13-'17 25.0Ad 79.1 17--,Ad -1.5

13--,Ad 23.6Central 13 56.8

17 84.9 13-'17 28.1Ad 94.6 17-->Ad -0.0

13-->Ad 28.1Northeast 13 56.4

17 83.6 13-->17 27.2Ad 78.7 17-->Ad -8.9

13-->Ad 18.3

211Bale 13 49.6

17 76.0 13--)17 26.4Ad 78.8 17-->Ad 2.7

13-->Ad 29.2Female 13 55.8

17 63.5 13-'17 27.6Ad 73.2 17-->Ad -10.3

13-->Ad 17.3

10

183

C:, English

RIP Foreign language

C:, Mathematics

C:, Science

(7) 3 don't know.

PNIC29TANE OF SUCCESS

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

-

9.500

9est

seal

I I

to.1 1

9*,..tot..1 I901 1

S 90080..

g9

I I

1 1 I

03T

.01.0 i S'61 Lg<--Et 8'68 SILO.

I i E'S9 El gauges 1611 0188s6:7 i i 0'81 Lt<--Et 8'98 SRI

.0...6 8.86 Et 6603.1 uvoN84118

....11 6 9"Ei Lt<--Et 11'S0 Mg I i 8.19 Et 010 08 JO 1636 .4 6 O'ZE Lg<--E1 6'18 810

I 0'66 Et 1453 oNSpod 4 i 8'61 L1 < - -E1 11'61. Mg

1 9'0 Et 1453 II8016 6 O'Lt L1< - -E1 E.19 "'El 1 COO 14116 60.8,662 6

1

9'LE Lt<--Et H.69 VIE

Mg it 1153 attuul array:/

I 161188803 Jo 1 Iarrlii7ITIf 1

4 i

6

S'LE Lt<--Et 6'00

ll'iS

SILI.

Et

1011014V8

11110II1N

I I I L'11 PV<--E1 i..& i L't 80<--L1 1'66 PV 6..4 6 O'Ei Lt<--Et 9'60 Li.

I I 6 6'69 Et T00435

46T1 1106 I I I 9'92 PV<--Et

.11..11 6 1'0 PV<--Lt VIII Pt olio.' i

.6 L'9i L1 < - -E1 1'19

o'es LI Et '435 461N Pviv1 Tits5

I 6'9E PV<--Et i 9'E PV<--Lt 9'LL PV i VS( Lt<--Et 6'EL LI I LYE Et 10042S 46TH 3610E 1 E'ZE PV<--E1 i 9'11 01<--L1 i'69 Pt 6 CO/ L1<--11 9'E5 Li.

1 6-14 Et 10083S 11011 04

t"ii PV<--Et

101663006 UNTIII

4.. 6 0"E- pV<--L1 9'09 Pt ...6.. 6 Z'S/ L1< - -E1 9.01 Li.

....4 1 1'L1 pV<--E1

11'85 Et 01811

1 9'11- 0<--Li. 9-go Pt 6 L*8/ L1 <--11 t'ES Li.

S'O/ Et 4208

I t'Ei PV<--Et

Tolo 5

4 l'e- PVC--Ll 6'SL Pt 114014116

1

6 6 i'Li L1< - -E1 0'00 Li. 11801118 1

6 0'/S Et 1,1101LVII

001 06 011 OL 09 OS 011 OE 01 01 0 {30E02414 §113306 .0 Ifni

SS2330S JO 1OV31431126 NOV1113686 NOV/62311d :DV

5823305 JO S20V111231124 40010 ONV 19110119N

LI Et LI Et LI Et

0100E001 EgOLZ/8.40 g/E 91 ZOV

0100E008 EgOLZ11.40 g/E SC 60S 01100E006 EtOLEZI. 0 1/5 60 60L




185





1.1CS. 1C 1117 SO 011irr_,,.....,..

1.770101

Stu.......REPORT

.......

C.a. MIME MEV

eAfID...7, 7101141MM.

C:2.-......7

.......... 1."....... .... ..".. ......

IS07

5.ISle

1747. 311,0,It SC,I. 04 767.S I SSSlat* TIKSus se PS

00 Ii

C I

iC i

I

I

I

A

IsS40ISSN.COIN,710)SIISO01730

itc...loC11. Sot TC7011,1711100$

J1.1. 1tIN 11,700ATuDaff NAM 007

04 .41011111701.1

7004MKS. ICraf .1160 ST

S C S404

SPOILASTIC Wain

LEGEND010211101110. COMM{ C001

4a16111101MOW 171700WNW 400100170411101047MCI5,410101 0"7111ANA alMcmiscmgMOM MINISTf110/1061417.0C1010=11111.

*08 11 3/1 0171228013 80030040 13 17SO2 12 3/1 018221013 80030040 13 17

NATIOVAL ANO GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

411, Algebra

CD English

CD Physical Education

CD Science

CD I don't know.

NATIONAL

AGELim

13

PERCENTAGE0' SVCCZ

83.3

PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSDurum;

0 10 20*

30 MO 50 60 70 80 90 100

8

NATIONAL 17 90.5 13--)17 7.2 lama

Iran!Southeast 13 75.2

17 83.9 13--)17 8.7vest 13 88.5 f

17 90.0 13--)17 5.5 1*****Central 13 87.0 a

17 93.1 13--)17 6.3 81Northeast 13 86.0 a

17 92.9 13--)17 6.8 a*******

1

111 1

Male 13 82.717 88.5 13--)17 5.8 f

Female 13 84.0 9*17 92.6 13--)17 8.6 'mat**

185

Tla ft 3/1 01.1221013 11130091 11 17102 1' 3/1 01,11229013 81130111 13 17

AND CROUP PERCENTAGES OF SICCESS

NATIONAL

AS!WEL

11

PENCENTAGE0I. WM§

PERCENTAGE2=12112.1


V. SOI 10 20 30 60 73 EL 90 100

943.3

NATIONAL 17 90.5 13-->17 7.2 11....1

_ I

221,23Black 13 58.0

17 73.6 13-->17 15.4Vhite 11 86.9 taloa

17 92.7 13-->17 5.9 two.. OS

PA'12214_112£l712111 76.6lo High School17 45.0 13-'17 8.4 9

Some Nigh School 13 72.617 85.9 13-->17 13.4 11

5raluated High Sch. 13 85.7 ff.17 91.7 13-->17 6.0 9....,.

'out High School 13 90.8 1.00141017 94.1 13-->17 3.3 1.0401000

NATIONAL 13 83.1 9

NATIONAL 1713 90.8 13-->17 7.5

0r_0111I1ITYExtreme Inner City 13 66.8

3715 85.1 13-- 17 18.3 f.txtreue ural 13 78.9

171S 91.5 13-->17 12.6Small City 13 82.7

1715 88.2 13-->17 5.6Medium City 13 79.3

17IS 91.7 13-->17 12.4Neat Of 810 City 13 69.5

17IS 89.1 13-->17 -0.4 9.... ,Suburtan Fringe 13 99.5

1715 94.4 13-->17 4.9 .9_ 9Extreme Aff Suburb 13 89.

1715 93.6 13-->17 4.2 f

187




188

Exercise 8231, Subtheme El


Look at the following report card. According to the report card,

in what sutlect area did the student do BEST?

11. 1,.. IONE,. / 00111111110...11 111000 MAIM. 6.116 4111100

REPORT CARO.11.11 NI. 1.1111.. 10001..05Mak 11010 011100

.... .." ....... .....01IP01SIG.

1.,1 SO/.11. 1G1t. C. 11. of 10SI /CIA C.0.46 1 TS

1 IC

CC S

4190

101141111

6110..ISM.MCICS.. Hof 14C.01001.AOS

J1011. 01C.0.10011TOT /

AMMO . 0100.C010

. T0.1101/0.0

0Hen. C0411111 sSAWS Ca 110

LEGEND1SOAlelba C111110151nit 0111.NM 111101.0110011100161.1.0.10.

MAWC 1 0.1401110011P1001001110.01111111110 M0T

I /.f 01111111.100..1.1.100 MC.01I 011ft Waltawum,061 Na110

Cm Men -11.14l4 NOM COW.11010,00.106./NS.

S.

T09 10 3/1 02011231013 0030070SO1 02 3/1 02.11231013 20030010

13 1713 17


AGE PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE FFICIRTAGE OF SUCCESShZ/Z1 27 SUCCESS

NATIONAL 13 80.4

0 10

NATIONAL 17 93.8 13--,17 13.5

HMISoutheast 13 77.9

17 92.3 13--717 14.4'WI! 13 78.0

17 94.5 13--)17 16.5Central 13 46.2

17 911.8 13--)17 8.6Northeast 13 78.2

in

17 93.3 13--)17 15.1

Salt 11 78.617 91.7 13....717 13.1

female 13 82.217 95.7 13)17 13.1

CD English

Foreign language

CD Mathematics

CD Science

C1 I don't know.

20 30 $0 SO 60 70 80 90 100

189

t

I

1

419 10 3/1 0241231013 91030011 13 175n1 12 3/1 0241231013 90030051 13 17

NATI5NAL AND GROUP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

NATIONAL

AGE

LIILL

13

PERCENTAGE

4f_5244325

10.4

PERCENTAGE211112IICI


0 10 20 30 SO 50 60 73 80 40 100

4ATI08AL 17 93.1 13--)17 13.5

Placa Il 61.617 95.2 13--)17 23.6

White 13 44.6 V.00

talliikERUCATIO

17 94.9 13-'17 10.3

Vo High School 13 59.217 92.5 13--)17 33.3

Some High School 13 74.017 89.8 13--)17 15.8

Graiaated High Sch. 13 80.9 617 93.5 13-'17 12.7

Post nigh School 13 88.017 96.6 13-'17 8.6 q

IATIONAL 13 80.4 9I

NATIONAL

2Ilkinz1111

1715 94.5 13-'17 14.1 i

i

2!_cnquIll'Y I

?strew, Inner City 11 62.21715 92.5 13-'17 30.3 1.

extreme Peril 13 77.9 1

1715 90.7 13--)17 12.8Small City 13 77.2

1725 93.6 13--)17 16.84edsum City 13 81.6

17154 94.8 11-->17 13.5 1Pest Pf lie City 13 78.6

1715 97.3 13-'17 18.65sharbaa Fringe 11 17.2 .11

1715 95.6 13-'17 8.4Pitrene AEI Smherb 13 16.9

1715 96.0 13-'17 9.1 t

190




191

Exercise 823t, Subtheme 0



at it carefully and then answer the questions which follow it.

. 1................4...,..101,,.....n.....provartsw..04114wAtalmo. nelINIM ...MO..,....m...a......momef...nut, ........0.o...7.1.11.1.........

.640".M-°1- ;1

t6."461a16

r'oSt=i., 1

c..111.',406116 " 1

T

I GO MiEr4

0.'Alrr, KNO11.01.111 MIA 04.11111111

.0UMW1001 11M,111I011MM41I4'

MOO , 1.0, NM.. Ix.MIN '11110111100;

MOOCCOANDX

00111.1011 tll MO US$ MINN 140/610

1MYR

Mk MINI

$23 r $50 $10 $1000 $1001111R11Y1

j $10 $201

6143 40$37 10 ' $25 00 $9 00 $20 50 $45 10 I $6 00

A. What is the maximum amount for which this policy coversmedical bills?

Olt $ 1,000

5,000

CZ) $10,000

CD $25,000

CD I don't know.

.11 10 3/1 011 /236010 10300V0SO4 09 3/1 011(236010 U10300V0A06 06 3/1 011(236010 010300V0

13 17 A13 17 A13 17

NATIONAL AEU 080UP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

NATIONAL

AGE

WIL

13

PERCENTAGEWLINgcCs§

83.6

PERCENTAGE21=Jfl

o 10

VATIOVAL 17 88.0 13-->17 4.4

4ATIO4AL Ad 90.1 17-->Ad 2.113-->Ad 6.5

RI2121Southeast 13 78.6

17 86.4 13-->17 7.8Ad 83.7 17-->Ad -2.7

13-->d 5.1west 13 83.4

17 88.1 13-->17 4.7

*a to.s 17 -->Ad 2.313-->Ad 7.0

Central 13 85.617 88.7 13-->17 3.0Ad 93.6 17-->Ad 4.9

13-->Ad 8.0

4ortheast 13 86.617 80.4 13--N17 1.8Ad 90.5 17-->Ad 2.1

13-->Ad 3.9

U!male 13 82.6

17 87.8 13-->17 5.2Ad 88.5 17-->Ad 0.6

13-->d 5.8

Female 13 84.517 88.2 13-->17 3.7

Ad 91.7 17-->Ad 3.413-->Ad 7.1


20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

192

T13 10 3/1 01)1236010 01030090 13 17 A504 09 1/1 011236010 31030080 13 17 A

406 06 3/1 01,1236010 111130090 13 17 A


AGEuvel

PERCENTAGEor_sucoll

PERCENTAGE2Iff5REIEZ

o

PEPCENTGE OF SUCCESS

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NATIONAL 13 83.6 f

I

NATI,,1AL 17 88.0 13--)17 4.4 a,1 1

NATIONAL 44 90.1 17--)Ad 2.1 fff13 - -)Ad 6.5

C0109Black 13 69.6

17 77.7 13--)17 8.1Ad 76.4 17--)Ad -1.4

13--)Ad 6.7White 13 86.1 5 I

17 89.4 13--)17 3.2 fffAd 91.9 17--)Ad 2.5 fff

13--)Ad 5.7

PARFN:AL EDUCk/I/NNu High School 13 71.1

17 80.9 9.8Ad 86.9 17--,Ad 5.9 f 1

13--)d 15.7 1 1

Some High School 13 83.5 1 1

17 86.7 13--)17 3.2 f 1

Ad 90.2 17--)Ad 3.5 fff13--)Ad 6.7 I 11

Graduated High Sch. 13 83.6 f 11

17 89.8 13--)17 6.2 }ftAd 91.8 17--)Ad 1.9 fff

13--)Ad 8.1 1 11

Post 1110 School 11 88.6 ffl17 90.0 13--)17 1.4 fffAd 93.8 17--)Ad 3.8 v ,,

13--)Ad 5.2 I 11

NATIONAL 13 83.61

mAnomt 17/5 98.2 13--)17 4.5

1111.1110-TI erOf-Extreme Inner Cat), 13 71.2

1715 79.8 13--)17 8.5Extreme Pural 13 77.0

1715 89.5 13--,17 12.5 fs.

Small City 13 94.1 f I

1715 91.6 13--)17 7.5 f fMedium City 13 84.5 f I

1715 86.2 13--)17 1.7 f I'est Of Rio City 13 91.5 f1

1715 86.1 13--)17 -5.4 I ISuburban 'range 13 84.4 f I

1715 36.9 13--)17 2.5 v1Extreme Aff Suburb 13 88.0

1715 90.6 13--)17 2.5 5 1

193

H. What is the maximum amount this policy would pay in caseyou injured another person in an automobile accident''

O $ 25

O $ 1,000

O $ 5,000

8.11 $25,000

C.) I don't know.

T13 10 4/1 04x236020 01030040 13 17 aSO4 09 4/1 041236070 01030090 13 17 AA06 06 4/1 041236020 01030090 13 17 A

NATIONAL AND 68008 PEIICENTAGES OF SUCCESS

AGEum PERCENTAGE0? SUCCESS

PERCENTAGECE

0 10 20 30


40 50 60 70 80 90 100

RATIONAL 13 8.1 lRATIONAL 17 19.2 13-->17 11.1

I

9 9

1 1

RATIONAL Ad 42.5 17-->Ad 23.3 9 913 - -)Ad 34.4 1

1

1

1113dI011 1

Southeast 13 9.6 917 14.5 13-->17 4.8 tomAd 36.2 17-->Ad 21.7 9 9

13-->Ad 26.5 1 I

West 13 7.8 1 I

17 16.8 13-->17 9.0 9 1

Ad 41.7 17-->Ad 24.9 9 9

13-->Ad 33.9 1 I

Central 13 7.8 I 1

17 25.5 13-->17 17.8 9 fAd 42.3 17-->Ad 16.7 9 9

13-->Ad 34.5 I 1

Northeast 13 7.3 I I

17 17.7 13-->17 10.4 9 I

Ad 47.6 17-->Ad 29.9 9 913-->A4 80.3 1 I

I 1

1 1

In 1 1

Rale 13 8.4 ..eI

17 22.1 13-->17 13.7 9 TeeAd 56.0 17-->Ad 33.9 9 9

13-->Ad 47.6 I I

Female 13 7.8 1 I

17 16.0 13-->17 8.2 9 1

Ad 29.6 17-->Ad 13.6 f t13-->Ad 21.8 I I

194

113 10 4/1 04.1236020 01030080 13 17 1SO4 09 4/1 04.1236020 71030080 13 17 A116 06 4/1 04.1236020 01030080 13 17 A

NATIONAL AID AMP PERCENTAGES OF SUCCESS

AGEIan

PERCENTAGEEq_succns

PERCENTAGEkIELEIllil

PERCENTAGE Of SUCCESS

300 10 20 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NATIONAL 13 8.1 fI

NATIONAL 17 19.2 13-->17 11.1 f f

I

NATIONAL Ad 42.5 17 - -)Ad 23.3 f 913--)Ad 34.4

29121?Black 13 13.1 98

17 9.8 13--)17 -3.3 9Nd 21.4 17 - -)Ad 11.7 f

13--)1d 8.4uhite 13 7.3 ......1

17 20.6 13--)17 13.3 I.Ad 45.3 17--)Ad 24.7

13 - -)Ad 38.0

EAVAIAI_MALTIONo Nigh School 13 9.6 f'

17 13.4 13-->17 3.8 fNd 31.0 17--)Ad 17.6 9 9

13--)Ad 21.4Some High School 13 7.2 I 1

17 14.9 13--)17 7.7 a 1Ad 41.0 17--)Ad 26.1 9

13--)141 33.8 I

Graduated High Sch. 13 7.8 I

17 18.6 13--)17 10.8 * ea

Id 50.6 17--)Ad 32.0 9

13--)Ad 42.8 I

Post Nigh School 13 8.1 9

17 22.9 13--)17 14.8 9Ad 51.4 17--)10 28.5 saws,

13--,Ad 43.3 1

NATIONAL 13 8.1 9

I

NATIONAL 17IS 14.9 13--)17 10.8 9

SIZE-AU:MEI

f

21._OnMUNITII

Extreme Inner City 13 13.1 as.1715 9.3 13--)17 -3.8 9

Extreme Rural 13 6.3 1

1715 17.7 13--)17 11.4 9

Small City 13 7.2 I

1715 20.2 13--)17 13.0 9

Medium City 13 10.8 too1715 21.8 13--)17 11.0 9 V.

Rest Of Big City 13 11.3 sae1715 13.2 13--)17 1.9 foss

Suburban Fringe 13 5.9 I

17I5 17.S 13--)17 11.7 1Extreme Aff Suburb 13 7.6 I

17I5 23.0 13--)17 15.3 f5

195




196


Exercise Administered at Ages 17 and Adult


Gr

PEDESTRIANS

AND

BICYCLES

PROHIBITED

MOTOR

VEHICLES

ONLY

0 I don't know.

PEDESTRIANS

ONLY

BICYCLISTS

USE

STREET

SC5 02 3/1 03.1239011 91000090 17 A602 02 3/1 03m1239011 510000,0 17 A


AGEIZIA

PERCENTAGE9F soccIli

PEICENTAGEWILIJISI

o 10 20 30


MO 50 60 70 80 90 100

NATIONAL 17 97.8 fI

NATIONAL Ad 95.7 17-->14 -2.1 91

II

II

111L41 IISoutheast 17 97. 99

Ad 89.3 17--)Ad -7.8 IIVest 17 97.8 89

Ad 98.2 17--)A4 0.4 99.Central 17 98.7 99

Ad 98.4 17--)Ad -0.3 99Northeast 17 97.3 99

II 94.8 17--)Ad -2.4 ip IIli11

Male 17 97.7 IIftAd 96.3 17--)14 -1.4 if

Penal* 17 97.9 11118 95.2 17--)Ad -2.7 fl

197

SOS 02 3/1 0301239011 61000060 17 A

Al2 12 3/1 0341239011 61000060 17 A


AG? PERCENTAGEgr SUCCESS

PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE OP SUCCESS

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NATIONAL 17 97.8 f

1

NATIONAL A4 95.7 17-->115 -2.1 9111

11

MO 11

Black 17 95.0 11

Ad 84.9 17-->Ad -10.1 11

White 17 98.1 ff.

Ad 97.0 17-->Ad -1.1 ff11

11

EifIllilgaZIIIA II

No High School 17 95.9 f1

Ad 44.2 17-->Ad -1.7 11

Some High School 17 96.9 ff

Ad 98.4 17-->Ad 1.5 tfGraivated Nigh Sch. 17 97.2 ff

Ad 96.4 17-->Ad -0.9 fl

Post High School 17 99.2 ft*

Ad 97.8 17-->Ad -1.3 ff

NATIONAL 1710 i8.1 f

1

SW-AND-TYPE 1

91_0132E31 I

Extreme Inner City 17IS 96.9 I

Extreme Rural 17IS 96.6 I

Small City 17IS 98.2 f

9e4ium City 17IS 99.0 f

vest Of Rid ctty 1'IS 97.9 f

Suhurban rringe 17IS 49.4 9

Extreme Aff Suburb 17IS 99.3 7

198


Exercise Administered at Ages 17 and Adult


199

*U.S. Government Printing Office: 1973-783. 339/184 Region 8