DOCUMEMT RESUME

ED 183 343 RC 011 903

AUTHOR Amiotter ArthurTITLE Art 8 Indian Children of the Dakotas. An Introduction

to.Art. Series One.INSTITUTION Bureau of Indian Affairs (Dept. of Interior),

Aberdeen, S. Dak. Aberdeen Area Office.PUB DATE 73NOTE 184p.: For related document see RC 011 904:Developed

by the Curriculum Development Center.c.

0 EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO8 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *American Indian Education; Ameri_can Indians:,Art;

*Art Appreciation: *hrt Educationi Art Materials;Childrens Art: Cultural Awarenessl CulturalEnrichment; Elementary Education; Pine Arts;*Nonverbal Communication: Sign Language; *Symbolic

, -Language: Tribes: Visual ArtsIDENTIFIERS *American Indian History: *Lakota (Tribe) ;

Pictogtaphs

TRACTThis first volume in a bicultur,al educational series-

designed and produced especially for use in the Aberdeen (SouthDakota) area schools has educational import for children and teacherseverywhere who have an interest in the art and culture of the Western.Siroux Tribe. This visual and 'verbal approach to art appreciation

A Emphasizes the function of lines. Lines can be used to share thoughtswith others: lines make lettors, letters make wordp, words representthoughts, and lines make images and pictographic symbols of thought's.More than 250 pictographic symbols used by the Lakota Indians areillustrated a d-accompanied by historic accounts of how they wereused as hide aintings for rotes, tipi liners, shields, and warriorsshirts. The ad ption of various media as their avilization changedas a result of its contact with white society in'descrited. Todaymany kinds of art can be produced through the use Of litany kinds ofmaterials, but the purpoSe of the art remains the sam4 as it Was for'the ancient Lakota: to make-our homes and our lives beautiful.(NEC)

4

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r RekOductions supplied by Epps are the b'est that can be made *from the origiWal.document.

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AN INTRODUCTION TO ARTSERIES NUMBER ONE ART & INDIAN CHILDREN OF THE DAKOTAS

Art And Indian Children Of The Dakotas, AnIntroduction To Art, Series One is part one' of abicultural educational series design.ed and producedespecially for use in Aberdeen Area Schools withpredominently western Sioux populations. The seriesdoes, however, have educational import for childrenand teachers everywhere who have an interest inthe art and culture of the western Sioux.

Arthur Amiotte Writer, Co-ordinatorEducation Stiecialist Cultural Arts Curriculum

Vic Runnels Graphic ArtsGraphics Designer, Illustrator.

do

CONTENTS

Introduction 5

Lines 9

hapes, Images! Symbols 40

Pictographs 55

Something Old and Something New 88

Remember 98I.

J

BU 'roma EDUCATION PROACT

LOWMAN DAY SCHOOL

OOLNA: SOUTH DAKOTA; ggii

INTRODUCTIONa

When we study art weuse a special language.There are many words weuse to learn about art.When we learn these wordswe can learn more aboutthe meaning of art

The more we learn about-the meaning of art themore we can understarldaqd see how art makes our

8

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lives beautiful.Another lAray we learn art

is _by making it Almosteveryone feels good whenthey make something all bythemselves. Almost everyone feels good when theylearn something new. Wedo these things when welearn about art.

5.

One of the really impa-tant wor& tb know aboutart is APPRECIATE To ap-,preciate is tc) like omethingbecause of the way ii-tmakes us feel.' when weknow it. Most of us knowwhat FIRETTY 'means.Things that are pretty aregood ,.to look at. We

10

6.a

appreciate, these things.There are Iniany other

words that are almost likethe word pretty. The wordBEAUTIFUL is ariother wayto say pretty. When we saysometbing is beautiful wemean i is very, very goodto see. Beautiful meansbetter than pretty.

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4,Y04 t ,v_AN!`71'.16,. . . ..to .?' `eN

There are many otherwocszls to -tell about the_things we see, touch, ,smelland hear. We will learnmore of ther words. We)will l'ea rn ,about manythings thsy Lakota people

have made.Our people have always

appreciáted beWutifulBecause they have always9pprecia:ted bedutiful thingsthey ha\ie alvvays made many

J

kinds of artwork.

148.

This book is about words.,and the language of art.This book is also .about thechanging art of our peopi.e.

Read the book vpry slow-ly. Try to remember every-thing you read on one pagebefore you read the nextpage.

WHAT IS ALINE?A line is a path traced by amoving point

POINT?1 Place your finger on the

point.Move your finger all overthis page.

4.erThis is a point.

3 Did you ri:\lake lines?

1 79.

FILM Ht /41

You digl not male Ines.You did make patib ofmovement. A .line is amark. You need to makea mark. The mark needsto, be: lighter or darj<ertha.n the paper.

All the, yvords on thispagp are made of littlelines. You can see thembecause they are darkerthan this paper.

18

Any of-these tools can bepsed to make marks. Canyou think of others?

Another namefor these tools is:NJ

MEDIA

Just one of themit by itself is a:

MEDIUM

9

-

'St

110I 20

1 1

1. Place a marker on a point

2. Now move yoiirmarker all oiter thepaper.

3. Move your marker -up, *i-)';

down, to the side and roundand rotind.

211 2,

22t,.

- 0

Fa

4. Did you mak lines?

14'.

mow 11)

Make inore lines on the paper.

Ii tat.

A line is a path traced by a moving poini.

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2815.

16. 9Q%."

*fate

N ININOPF

Lines can be thick or lines can be° 4:hin.

30

LINES C.AA1 RE LONG OR LINES CAN BE SHORT

111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 oh [1"01

LINES CAN BE LIGHT OR LINES CAN BE DARK

ci

hilllif ;

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0;iii::fei!ir

18.

LINES CAN BE STRAIGHTCZPL

LINES CAN BE MEASURED

LINES CAN BE CURVED

LINES CAN BE:ANGULAR

I.

INES CAN BECONTINUOUS

LINES CAN BE BROKEN

'\

Me MOM Me. mem me. eme !AM. .$1V OVOIM WON *0*,e IMMO eMee IMPIN 41 eleMMD feeee eMt

34

A LINE ON ITS SIDE CAN SEEM RESTFUL

L 3619.

A FALLING LINE SOMETIMESMAKES US FEEL UNEASY

37 38

A LINE STANDING ON ITS ENDMAY MAKE OUR 11HOUGHTSAND EYES MOVE UPWARD

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41)

across

A LINE CAN MOVEIN MANY DIRKTIONS:

espund

0,4 right4:7

own rightto00

down

ttdown and ar

22. 1/4 .?

LINES CAN STAND I

ALL IN A ROW'

SOME CAN BE HIGH

SeHVIE CAN BE LOW IHHHII

LINES CAN DIVIDEAND SEPARATE

t3t,23.

LINES CAN JOIN AND BRING TOGETHER

e

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24. 45

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IF ENMEDIA

CAN BE USED TO MAKE

RKINDS OF LINES

OTHER MEDIA TO USE FOR MAKING LINE:handle of brushmatchsticktwigpopsicle stickfeatherleafsoda strawGard boardspongeforklipstickcandleeraserclotheye dropperbones

Can you add to th is st?

DIFFERENT KINDS'OF ,INIES CAN

53

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LINES CAN BE USED TO mAISE4

THE EDGES OF SHAPES

HERE ARE SOME SHAPESThe edges of the shapes ode made of lines.

4

EDGE

ANOTHER NAME FOR A LINE

THAT ITIAKES AN EDGE IS

CONTOURSARE EDGES

Lines can be edges

Edges made of lines are called contours

Contours outline shapes

(PNTO&

CONTOUR

Contpurs separate shapes

This contour separates thesquare shape from the round shape

A

62 633

SOMETIMES 'LINES DO NJOIN TOGETHER

BUT STILL MAKE SHAPES4 .

aa -... ..* vaa ea a.....

.....' 4,.....

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row. a a

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a a a -a a a a

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Oa a a aOP a a a a a a a a ..... a...

a a a a 0.. .1".... a e ....

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34.

...na es,/ma

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65

01,

WHEN LINES ARE CLOSE TOGETHERBUT DO NOT TOUCH

OUR MINDS WILL JOIN THE LINES

a

THE LINES ARE CLOSE ENOUGH TO EACH OTHER

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Lines can be used in Other. ways to make shaWes. Byplacing lines close together shapes can be made; Theseshapes are made by placing lines close together.

36. 68

1-;1111111111111111!

.. llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

1111111INI11110111101Illo.ollowe'

"11101111111111111111100111 1111 1111111011111110111001111,,,,!11.1...-

;;;

69

SOITIETIMES A SHAPE CAN BE MADE LIGHTER BYPLACING THE LINES FURTHER APART

A SHAPE CAN fi MADE DARKER BY PLACING THELINES CLOSER TOGETHER

740

LINES CAN BE LIGHT OR DARK

A

means how light or/ how dark something is.

The value of a lin!. or many linesmeans the lightness or darknessof that line or those lines.

75

AN IMAGE IS fflARKS THHTLOOK LIKE SOMETHING

To represent means:to stand for.This image stands, fora 'man's head.

41.

.1

AN IMAGE IS MARKS THATLOOK LIKE SOMETHING

MANY KINDS OFIMAGES ARE MADEFROM CONTOURS

7879

This is a contour draw-ing like those done longagp by Lakota artists. It isa, drawing of a man. \I:tshows how 'a mah drewan:image of himself'

This image,is \the way along agp Lakota,wrote hisname.

Such kinds of drawingst.hat re4presenI Reople,

,places or, things arecalle

, d.

PICTO,GRAPHS

'ta

This man's narne is Spqttp.d E k.,

07 1 43.

\ SOME IMAGES ARE SYMBOLS

44.

A SYMBOL ISSOMETHING THAT

REPRESENTS SOMETHING

0

9 4

1

14

SOME SYMBOLS DO NOT LOOKLIKE THE THINGS THEY REPRESENT

A SYMBOL MAY SOMETIMES REPRESENTSOMETHING' THAT CANNpT BE ,SEEN

4r

1'

SOME IMAGES ARE SYITIBOLS

4

I.

9

f

THIS IMAGE IS A SYMBOLTHAT LOOKS LIKE

THE THING IT REPRESENTS

90

,P4

*.*

*

This photograph is not a

little girl. It is an image ofa little girl who lives atKyle, South Dakota.

Whenever this little girl'srelatives or friends see thissymbol of her, they thihkof hdr.

49.

i

THIS IMAGE IS A SYMBOLTHAT ALMOST LAOKS LIKETHE THING IT REPRESENTS

50\p

A DRAWINGCAN BE A SYMBOL

This drawing is not a littlegirl. It is an image of L'a

little girl. It shows us thatshe has curieYNIair' and isweariag a skirt. it. alsoshows us,. that *she has .. no . .

, 0,::-74' nose and her bpdy, aimsand : legs are very d .skiriny.- .

93

SOW LINES BECOME SYMBOLS THAT HARDLYLOOK LIKE. THE THINGS THEY REPRESENT

Which of these symbolsdo you suppose couldbe: a git'l? Which ofthese symbols do ydusuppose could be aboy??0,,

WHY?

Which *8 of these is .a

b9y?. Which the girl?WHY?

94 95

A WORD IS A SYMBOL MK DOES NOT LOOKLIKETHE TFONG IT REPRESENTS

These words are not a little girl.Ttfey are symbols that meanlittle girl, any Iritleo girl. When-ever any of us read tifese word§we:think of a little girl, any\little

v

We use lines in manyways to make images andsymbols. Many d iffe rentkinds of images and sym-bols can be mlade by usinglines in many differentways.

*43

The more we know a-bout lines, the better wecan tell our thoughts toothers. We can tell aboutourselves, others and theworld in which we live.

BILINGUAL EDUCATION PROACT

ONIMAN DAY SCHOOL

OIUALA, SOUTH DAKOTA 5776.4

The main reason forknorAiing about lines is sowe con use them as toolsto share our thoughts withothers.

We 14se lines to makeletters.

We use letters to makewords.

We -use yvor&. to repre-/

00g

54 .

seat our thoughts.When we end a note to

someone we send themwords that represent our:thoughts.

Another way to share our.tpøughts is :to use lines tomake images and picto:'graphic ,syThbols of ourthoughts.

4

s

That long ago our people.had a kind of writing. in-stead of using words they'used little pictographs. .(

If you don't .remember-.what a pictograph is, turnback to page . On page

is one way the long 'agoLakota used lines.

'II

0

The following 15ages aretaken from the Dover bookIndian Sign Language Writ-ten by William Tomkins.A copy of Tomkin's bOok isavailable in the master setof resources accompanyingthese materials. The .entirebook is a suggested readingfor a mpre *completeunderstanding of 'sign andpictographic languagq.

/q4

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*

a

These pictographs werecollected by a man namedWilliam Tomkins. He grewup and lived near theCheyenne Eagle Butte andFort Thompson Reserva-tions from 1884 -to 1894.Since then he spent manyyears studying sign andpictographic language of

,the Sioux and other tribes.

Atnerican

4

1

*

Antelope

,

i 1v

Pirrows

0

I..--

. \Bad , 'Bear alive

41

Beal-

.

gi,dead

I

,

Bear sad heart

-:

Bear glad heart

\

A k

%. ---,

Beaverin his house

, .

P4.44 k

kir*r....Beaver tail

.

Big

.

IvoiceBeaver

Bird tracks

1

(pi

.

Black deer Blanket Headless bodies Bow and arrow

,

Boy .

-

Bro ers

..

' e

Buffalo White Buffalo Indian camp

a.

. CanoeCanoe

and warriors

.

Cheyenne

..014,

_J

(., Cloud Cold

.

.

Come or call for Plenty cornC

Whooping

.

Cough,and snow

96

4.

169 57

58.

Big crow..

White crow v Calumet Darice

\,

Council

...7.

Crane Lakota .or Sioux

Day Death Deer tracks

, 0,

Deer, Moose Direciion

o .

.

Lakotas andCheyennesMake Peace

_

Duck

V'I

Eagle

..t*.

Eagle tail

e

.

1

r/Eat

.

DogDiscovery

"IfEncampment

.. 'A,

.

Evening . Fear Fear

f,44/.74,

Fire

.1

Famine

A(\AI ,

. Campfire

... .

0.4.

Grave flag

$

1 , ,.

Plenty food

111V1 AntlEitilL,

Fort .

mrivkVI:iv

Peace flagFish.

1 9,

.

. .

''.1(--....,

----4----., .

.

Fox

# .. -

N,...

Slack fox

I. hi,

4

Froze to death

.'

.

- Girl

,

.

Goose

ill Ili

MINSRIM),-

'Goods

,

.'411r

Grasp Gun White hawk

.

Heart

. .. .

.

,.

Hard__ .

,.

.. .

Hear

ut#

,.

,

Horse Spotted

t) (Inn1 o n

Horse tracks

,

Hungry.

ccc-

Stole horses...................

horse- .Hit

Fast horse

onn(Nr'

.

Ropes horses

.

Hunt

-...&--A----

Island

.

Knife Lake

Wild horse . . Legging6

.

Life .

..P

..... , .

Lightning Long hairLariat

0

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59.

4

60.

4

.

Lynx

.

Man an horseback

0 .

.9

Man holding gun

..

Man . - Tall whiteman

\

Man ,

. i ,- ___ -

Wise man

.

Man grieves

,

Man holding bow

..,

Man disabled Mandan . Measles

,..

..._.

Many, cache, heap

N;

Medicine man Medicine Man Medicine man Medicine tipi

,(,,,-,,,,,,,,i,

Medicine lodge

lirwvir .

Plenty meat

40400- `'

Moon (night sun)

. .

Moose

):\

Negation

>,----- '--.,.

Morning, sunrise Mountain.

A:,-- --,,\o zs,, ;.4' \

°

Night

11;4.11

0(101

Three nights Noon

,,

/

OldNight Omaha Indian

113

a

4

ft

.

Making peace

,

Peace pipe

,

eipe .

r---7------tAl

Pipe

, ,

.

'Medi mai plants

N

Thunder pipe

_..,_ \ ,,,..., ,,H,,..\

--,-.:2,-,-;.-,;-, N,,,,,,,

Porcupine

,

71/ -

Power

1

Prisoners

..

rabbit

,lq))

Rain and cloudy Ran.)ack

Rattle snake I Rest ,

----

2

River

1P + of

1

River fight

1 ;/ /Xi

Riyer flood _.---

"..--.......

Road

See Shell . Mountain Goat Sidk

,

Sky,

---.----77

-

Sea -

,.

Small pox Snake Deep

1

.

snow

,

Deep snow

t.

.

. Sociability Sqldier

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v.

62.

4 4",' ...

V* or

Spotted face

4110-

Spirit

4),

4).

,§

/Spirits above

J4-

....'"aj",-,

Bad spiritmaclicine

,

(41?-1.,-

SpeaksGreat" SpiritEverywhere

,."zt.,. .

. :: .:f',..:,

It struck Starvation

1- 1..-t- +i- t + ,

r ++ 4t i .4.,

+ -I- 1

Stars

>'-'-----

Sunrise

/-ThSunset

_.

4

Storm and windy

,

Sun Sun\ Swallow

t cO .tH,

Talk together

I

i..

Tipi (man reached)Talk

.

Tipi ' Thirty

11(11111

11111111

ll lilli

Thunder bird

VTree Same tribe

.... row ROY WC

... leo or* ram

Tracks

Trade Treaty

....................---/

Top man

-6-6-6-

Three years Wading birdsTomahawk

117

Walked

...

.,

.

..

War bonnet .

t,. .

1%

- .,'Raising'war p prty

.

,\.

, War

.

: War.c

,

.

.

W ater carrier,

past

Calling for

...

rain

.

, 004

Whirlwind Whiteman's horse

.

'136-P3ar)

,

White beaver

, .

Weather stormyWeather clear

White hawk

,.

.-. 11

.

Whooping cough

,c,..___?

---._;----------- )tWind Woman

/White man )Nolf

,

Woman

A b

Dead

OAWirkter

Drum snd stick

..i

04 I

Cactus

Drumstick

ii-

Christian .

Geese

1

. Corn

ivadLtaz

Grass

i

Canyon '

.

0 o, .

Earth lodge

At

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.

Stone hammer I _did

.

it Hidden, obsure Hotise . i or me

44.44.41.14,4,44R414146.414,

Inspired

.

Meteor

,

Moon (new hung); NI o o n

(reached half)

.

.

.

Moon (full)

.,

Old

'13----'

Mouse

,

. enPrayer Prisoner

.

Moon Et sunshining, bright Singing

S.

.

SnowOtter

,

Strong

,

e(5--

Rising sun

,

Suivlication Intense talk

.

Thunder bird

,

Travois

Old tree ,

\

Turkey . Turtle

ail,

Walk War Woods

120a

4

or4.

1.21:

F9SNOW MOON

January

::---,4p--

HUNGER MOONFebruary

,, -,

.

y

CROW MOONMarch

11.!!ILL.4,is.

GRASS MOONApril .

PLANTING MOONMay

ROSE MOONJune

.

HEAT MOONJuly

HUNTING MOONSeptember

A

FALLINGLEAF MOON

OctoberBEAVER MOON

November

cLONG NIGHTMOON

DecemberTHUNDER MOON

August

The twelve pictographsabove are the ways longago Lakota wrote thetwelve months of the year.The 9bove pictographs arenot ihe same for every

Zs2,2

band of Lakota. Somegroups had different namesand ttherefor different picto-graphs for the months ormoons of the year.

65.

66.

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1111

A., .

1k ,,,,

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P! all sl LI \\

Holds The Arrow Little Dog High Eagle Caught The Enemy Spotted Elk 'Two Eagles

.

s42 .00114 ,

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ChiefStand'ng Bear Drags the Rope Big Chief Swimming Swan Loud Talker -Takes Prisoner

HE TWELVE PICTOGRAPHS ABOVEARE THE WAYS LONG AGO LAKOTA

WROTE THEIR NAMESgor.

J,

2.

1. Little Elk size is indi-cated by the relative prb-portion.

2. Food was scarce andthey had to live onacorns.. Cloud Shield'swinter for year 1787:

3. "Your own tongue killyou." Bitter words de-noted by an arrowpointed towards *self.

4. Two ways of exr'essingitime. A circle representsone year, each, devicerepresents 3 years.

Stories told in picto- tories. They were recordsgraphs were usually painted -of important events thaton tanned hides. Some of happened to a group ofthese paintings were his- people over many years.

epresented theos!A4430/0./ tpso most important

ow, thing that happened4-, ) N..) to the people that year.

A,._CO 9 Auer the most importantB e() (D) 1.,5% event was agreed upon bya)

... (1) .f 4..° the elderly leaclers, a good-3. e

.xe)(tr artist was chosen to paint

C)tP a n 6 . the new pictograph.

, c)w

(te

0it./) sc\''

Sometimes the short storyof each pictogr ph .fromthe beginning was told.When thi's was finished thenewest story was told whilethe artist painted the newsymbol for it Sometimessacred songs were ungwhile he painted. These thingswere done to help all thepeople remember what hap-pened during the past yearand long ago.

During the winter timeNwhen people stayed insideat night old men retold thelong stories of the icto-graphs. The picto'graphshelped them rememberthese stories. In these waysour people remembered andtaught their Ohildren. Thiswas how yourig people likeyou learned the history oftheir family, relatives andband.

69.

70.

THESE ARE PHOTOGRAPHS OF VERY OLD HIDE

Photograph: U.S. Department of Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Sioux Indipn Museum and Crafts Center

133

.--

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The pictographs from the robe onthe opposite page are reproduced here.

What do you think'they _tell?tV,,

.

.'

.721

Sometimes old pictographhides tell only pne story.Here is an example of sucha story. Follow around the

1 Two brothers, one of them achief,

2 by the name of Spotted Elk3 and White Beaver, together with

their tribe4 experienced a severe winter of

deep snow5 and stormy weather,6 and three members of the same

tribe7 froze to death.8 They suffered a famine9 and their wives

10 were very hungry11 and their little girl,12 two years old,

136

circle of pictographs on thenext page as you readwhat each represents be-low.

13, had the whoOping cough.14 They sent for the Medicine Man15 but he did no good and the

little girl died.16 Everybody grieved greatly.17 Then -the top man of the tribe

had a conference with the wiseman Of the village

18 who told them19 that the sun would soon come

out,20 the weather would get warm,21 the rivers would run22 and the buffalo would come

near to their camp23 and they would have plenty of

food.24 What he said came true, and in

three, 25 days

26 the lookout on the hill signaledthat he had discoverpd

27 the buffalo.28 They secured a large quantity of

meat which they cured on thedrying poles

29 and were quite happy,30 but they did not forget to place

a flag of sorrow31 on the little girl's grave.

The above story and pictographic information foundon pages 56 to 67 and on page 73 are from the book,Indian Sign Language by William Tomkins, a 1969Dover pLiblication by Dover Publications, New YorkCity, New York.

137

Abt

Si-

13

28

1

goo*N 401'

ow°

447138

A PICTURE ISAN !INGE OF: people

animalsplantsplacesor things

PICTURES CANBE MADE Y:

139

drawingpaintingor photography

A PICTURE IS A VERY CLEAR IMAGETHAT GIVES US

I VERY CLEAR IDEA OF SOMETHINCAnother word for very clear is vivid.

Sometimes PICTURE sto-ries were painted on robes,tipi liners, shields and war-rior's shirts. These were notdone in a circle like a

winter count skin painting.These were made much the'same way as some paint-ings are made today.

This page shows aman's shield. It tellsa story of a battlewith the enemywho ,were otherIndians.

The more reallooking a linedrawing be-comes, the lessit is a picto-graph and themore it be-comes a picture.

A picture isa clear imagethat gives us a

vivid idea.Battle scene between Sioux and Bladtfeet(?). Feathers on lances indicate coups.

Paintod leather shield covering. Sioux (Plains). 19th centUry.

tipi liner was a longpiece of tanned hide orcloth hung around the in-side wall of the tipi. It .wastied to the tipi poles 8nd

The women madedecorations and sew-

, ed them on the tipiliner. The men paint-ed pictures or pic-tographs on the tipi

78.

was a way of insulating(making warmer) and dec-orating the inside of the

a .00.

St

'7--

THIS IS A PICTURE OF PART OF A TIPI LINER

AV 'Viet4 # VONWOMEMMAt64Jibl

I V

z

T4'

r

,

4,40401Josegr

,4,e

Photograph: W. S. Campbell CollectionWgstern History CollectionsUffiversity 'of Oklahoma Library

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.411t9

79.

A robe was a tannedhide and was worn as ashawl or body covering whenthe weather was cool. Somerobes had the hair left onwhen they were tanned.Some had the hair removed.

These robes were oftengood surfaces on whichmen and_ women practicedtheir skills of painting pic-turés and designs.

During coolweather the hairside of the robewas worn on thQinside. The paint-ing then showedon the outside.When the

weather was warmthe painted sidgwas worn on the

On the page to the rightis a photograph of a paint-ed robe.

150Painted Hide by Herman Red :Elk

Photo eaph:U.S. Department of Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Sioux Indian Museum and Crafts Cent4r51

-tset.kers.

I" '1.; I'A .4q

4 . Z..."

41 10-it.o..lit,ftex,....i,. .. ,

.=*- 4 '""eP-1..-414i7li'

-: 11--57# 1"'s]r44c:.--- -1,e:.., --- .,-4

_

4,47.4=ef

1.'Y1". re-o-or

- la o

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'i. :,1,' ?,;-f-s, 2 ..., ,..,- :r.,...

.1 vi., ,xi-i ..;- . ,_.- ...., .4...ki, ,- tti, -A .,,:.41. "--,-I

4.t,.,-4' e-.,, ',Al v --is, ___1'-' c ,..4 , -,F.:,-. 4., -..., +A

-4.- I 5" t-..,, ! ,-374-_,T- 14-w - =

177sL

!4,9) ,Ar3d,

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IIPPVNe *404,*

A warrior's* shirt is pic-tured at the left Theseshirts were sometimes dec-orated with painted pictures.Such shirts were ownedand worn by men who hadwon many honors for braV-ery.

Some of these men be-longed to clubs or societiesof men with similar honors.These groups 'of men own-

ed certain kinds of clothingand other items decoratedto show they were mem-bers of that group. Suchitems were worn and car-ried by the leaders of thesesocieties during special oc-casions. A special occasionwas when members 'wereto appear in public, con-duct or participate in a

ceremony.

DIThat long ago Lakota artists

used dried bones from thehump of the buffalo forpaint brushes.

On the next page arepictures of some kinds ofbone brushes.

What is a medium?

I 156

Colored earth and juicesfrom plants and berries weremixed with glue made froma beaver's 'tail or hide scra-pings. These mixtures wereused for paint.

Brighter pigments wereobtained from white traders

i58

at an early time and grad-ually replaced the naturalpigments.

A pigment is a color or .

substhnce that has muchcolor in it and is used tomake ayes and paints.

?0

As the lives of our peoplechanged, they could no long-er have and use the thingsfr:om the old way of life.

The Lako-tepeople beganpain-drib on cloth and innotebooks of paper. Somemen drew many pictures inthese books. The pictureswere made in the samestyle .as the hide paintings.They were drawn or ppinted-with lead and colored pencils,watercolor paints or crayons.

On the page to the rightare photographs of old stylepaintings done on paper.

86160 161

,

I .

.IX

b

.

Skirmish between Sioux and two Arikaras. Lines ontArikara bodies indicate discharge of gun.Identity of mounted Sioux indicated as Running Antelope, below horse.

Sioux (Plains). 19th century.

162

You have seen how a line begins with amedium.

You have seen how shapes can be made with

You have seen how our long a o .relativesused lines.

-You have seen how our long ago relatives. began, to use newer media to make lines intopictures,

Today you know of molly kinds of media_which can be used to make lines into pictures.

Yoti know somethirig 6ici and something new.You are learning about our people and aboutyourself.. .

1s3

We no longer live as thelonge'ago Lakota did.

We no longer use thesame things they did ex-cept ai special times. Aspecial time is when wehave dances or ceremonies

/and we wear our costumes.We no longer decorate

our homes with tipi itnersand painted robes and con-tainers.

Our ideas about art havechanged very much also.Long ago the Lakota peo-ple hKI many good ideasabout how to make their

164

homes, clothing and toolsbeautiful. Many of theseideas and ways to makethe old things have, beenforgotten and changed.

These changes did nothappen overnight. The peo-ple had been gradually ac-cepting and adopting thetools and materials of thepew way of life. They hadbeen doing this for manyyears and were familiar withmany things obtained fromtraders and trading posts atthe forts. Such things ascloth, iron kettles, knives,

65

beads, hatchets, and gunshad been used for a longtime along with many ofthe older things.

As our people wereforced to settle on thereservation and the landwas allotted, they movedon to their own pieces ofland. They gradually be-came separated from theonce _close village life. Peri-odic trips by foot, by horseand by wagon were thenmade to the agency wheremonthly rations were col-lected. These trips were

90.

also very special becauseone could visit and ex-change news with friendsand relatives he had notseen for a long time. Laterthey traveled to tradingposts and stores in thedistricts where utensils, gro-ceries, tools, cloth andbeads could be bought.

Since our people nowlived in one place .for along time and could nolonger depend on huntingfQr a living, they quit usingmany of the old. rriaterials.Many of the older kinds of

167

materials were from animalskilled in the hunt. Our peo-ple learned to use more ofthee new materials and tosubstitute some of the newfor the old.

When a new way ofdoing something turns outto be better than the oldway, people will tiuit usingthe old way. The old vNiayis then no longer done andsometimes forgotten. Thismeans that one's thinkingis changed and: he is morewilling io change the nexttime he sees or tries some-

thing new that is easier ordoes a job better than anold way. The white manhad many new things tooffer the Lakota. The La-kota Willingly accepted thosethings and ways that theythought were better. Somethings and ways they didnot like and had to beforced to change; manytimes they had to do cer-tain things or starve todeath.

Another cause of changeswere The schools that werebuilt by the churches and

government. These schoolshad white people for teach-ers and were to teach theLakota children the white-man's way of life. ManyLakota people did not wanttheir children to go to theseschools. The parents, .how-ever, would be, punished bybeing sent, to jail if they didnot send their children -to

schools. They finallygave in, but many timeschildren would run away.Rather than see their ownchildren ,punished and hurt,the parents would return

92. .

them to thp school. some-times an Indian policemancaught and returned run-a-ways. Upon their return theywere sometimes whipped andpunished. At these schoolschildren like yourself weretaught to speak English andto read and write but onlyabout those things in thebooks. The books were onlyabout the whitemanfs wayof life and the way he sawthe world..

Some of those childrenwere our grandpas, grand-mas, and great grandpar-

'71

-

-- --

4T

________ II-

I

'-

jt

p

;11

*n

2

)t/

-

__L:

a ., e a,,..

K P(ttV--'se

%1 S'

:!'j

''41

Alt1 )

I -i

-

:

:

p-$:,7

'c

: ;4 4

#'-',

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t

: -: -L. L lr)

'-.1'_ -

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I "

-- r

":"__,*_ -t- 'i;'

a '! ' a

94.

ents who are 70, 80, and90 years old today. Eventhough they were punishedat school and preventeclfrom living, talking and be-lievingAike :old Lakota peo-ple they remembered andstill did and believed in Aheold ways.

As time pasied their,children and grandchildrenwere sent to the -same'schools. Thest schools stilltaught children that the oldLakota. ways were. Oad andthat only the whiteman'sways were good. They were

a

taught to forget and leavethe old ways behind nomatter how many goodthings their Lakota familyand relatives taught the

By this time some paents had changed -enoughto believe in the white-man's ))vays and beliefs.These p4prrts began teach-ing their children the.Seways.. This is why manyLako.O.people today do notspeak Lakota.- Soine of :theparents and most -cif theschools had forbidden the'cbilciren to yen' speak the

Lakota language.As each generation was

born and went to schoolmore and inore of the oldways were forgotten andmore and more of the white-man's ways and languagewere learned'. \

One of the good thingsthat gradually began to dis-appear was the art of thepe ple. This is a sad thingbe ause it was the handysorhe painting and finebead and quill work thamade the homes of theolder. ,Lakota beautiful and

vvell designed places to live.Peoplo did not stop and

completply quit making the,older kinds of art.-orated clothing or co8tumesbecame .1 treasured otposses-sions. Much time and effortwas spent in making suchpieces for special occasionsthat requirqd the wearing ofone's best clothes. The La-kota considered traditionalouifits as their best clothes.It was these few beautifulbdongings that were care-fully made, repaire'd andworn with dignity and pride

1'77/95.

which reminded everyonehow beautiful -thg old waywas. Such 'clothing wasmade in the old way andwas only worn on occa-sions that celebrated ideasand ceremonies from theold way of life.

These are 'the things wesee at dances and 'We-brations today. These arethe kinds of art our pebplestill make today. Our ideasabout how a bosturneshould look have changedvery slc\wly which showsthat people do appreciate

96.

and w6nt to keep. the beau-ty of some of Our bldways.

Long ago ipeople caredvery much about the beau-

. ty of their homes and howthe #iings in it appeared.They spent many: hours,cl6ys and months makingthese things .beautiful withpaint, quill N./vork and beads.They were *very careful a-bout keeping theit tipis cleanor someone might criticizethem.

Our homes today ai-e dif-ferent from the old:- style

tipi. Ways of decorating ourhomes seem not to beimportant any more. Wenow live in houses, pat-terned after whitemen'shouses. We use differentkinds of materials to do ourdaily tasks. We make .ourliving in many differentways than the' old Lakota.We no longer use the oldstyle materials° to make ourhomes beautiful. This doesnot mean we cannot makeour homes beautiful placesin which to live and be.

180

One of the many pur-poses of art is tot make theplaces we spend most ofour lives beautiful so wewill feel good while we livethere.

The more we learn aboutart the more we will learnabout ourselves and whywe need beauty in ourlives. The more we learnabout urselves the betterwe can understand what todo to make ourselveshappy.

97.

You have already learnedmuch about art. The firstpart of this book is aboutlines. Lines are one of themost exciting things to usein making art. You havealso learned about some ofthe old ways the Lakotapeople used tines. You havelearned some of* the waysthe Lakota people havechanged and how this

98.

6

changed their art.Today a person can make

maw kinds of art and use. many kinds of materials ormedia. Remember, one ofthe purposes of art is tomake our homes and our,lives beautifyl. The long'ago Lakota people knewthis 4nd it is still a goodthingrth believe today, evenif we don't live in tipis.

I.

is3

CULTURAL ARTSCURRICULUM 'DEVELOPMENT CENTER

Manderson, South Dakota 57756

The logo of the Cultural Arts CurriculumDevelopment Center depicts three pictographicfigures representing two children and en adult,the teacher and the students in the center of the'

.hoop or circle. The symbol thus depicts unityand solidarity of the people through educationof, by and for the Lakota people.

S4

- Rpm - -

.84140.411AL 4DUCATION PROJICT'1.114 DAY SCHOOL

iNkiiMA, MTh DAKOTA -57761-

99,