do now hand in your outlines and get with your partner to begin lab
TRANSCRIPT
DO NOW
• Hand in your outlines and get with your partner to begin lab.
DO NOW
• What similarities do you see in the following molecules?
THE MOLECULES OF CELLSChapter 3
OBJECTIVES
• To understand what constitutes an organic compound and why carbon is essential to life.
• To identify the 6 functional groups important in the chemistry of life.
• To explain a dehydration synthesis reaction and how it is used to construct polymers.
CARBON
• Lets draw a molecule of carbon!
• What is so special about it?
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons and therefore can form 4 covalent bonds, allowing branching in 4 directions!
• Any molecule containing carbon= ORGANIC COMPOUND
HYDROCARBONS
• Compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon.
• The structure effects the properties of the molecule
• Hydrocarbons are nonpolar molecules due to their nonpolar C—H bonds.
CARBON
• Carbon Skeleton Types• Unbranched• Branched• Contain double bonds• Rings
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• An organic compound has unique properties that depend upon– The size and shape of the molecule – The groups of atoms (functional groups) attached to it
• A functional group affects a biological molecule’s function in a characteristic way• Ex: OH (hydroxyl group) is polar and therefore soluble in water, which makes
compounds it is attached to Hydrophilic. • CH4 (methyl group) is non-polar and can make compounds it is attached to
hydrophobic.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• The functional groups are– Hydroxyl group—consists of a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen– Carbonyl group—a carbon linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom– Carboxyl group—consists of a carbon double-bonded to both an oxygen and
a hydroxyl group– Amino group—composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and
the carbon skeleton– Phosphate group—consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen
atoms– Methyl group—consists of a carbon atom bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms
REAL WORLD APPLICATIONS
• An example of similar compounds that differ only in functional groups is sex hormones
– Male and female sex hormones differ only in functional groups
– The differences cause varied molecular actions
– The result is distinguishable features of males and females
PRACTICE
• Get with a partner to complete the worksheet on organic compounds and functional groups.
DO NOW
• Identify the functional groups in the following compound and take out your hw worksheet.
OBJECTIVES
• To understand the general structures of the 4 main biological molecules.
• To determine how smaller molecules join to form larger molecules.
MACROMOLECULES
• Lets review. What are the 4 macromolecules our bodies need to survive?• P.C.F. NA
• Proteins• Carbs• Fats (lipids)• Nucleic Acids
THE BUILDING BLOCKS
• Each macromolecule is a type of “polymer” made up of smaller “monomers”. • Carbs- Monosaccharides• Proteins- Amino Acids• Nucleic Acids- Nucleotides• Lipids- Glycerol + Fatty Acids
POGIL ACTIVITY
• Lets take a closer look at some of these molecules!
• Get with your assigned group and complete the “Biological Molecules” activity.
TEST
• Lets go over your last test!
• While we do this, think about the following• Did I do as well or as poorly as I thought I would?• Why did I get questions wrong? – go through each question and pick one of
the following reasons as to why you got it wrong…• 1. I didn’t understand the question• 2. I made a silly error• 3. I did not study this specific material• 4. Something else?
LETS REVIEW
• What does benedicts solution indicate?
• What do you need to do to initiate a reaction for benedicts?
• What does iodine indicate?
• Take out your lab from last week!
OBJECTIVES
• To determine the structural differences of mono, di, and polysaccharides and provide examples of each.
• To determine which types of carbs are present in common foods.
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES LAB
• Today we are going to be doing part B “Testing unknown substances”.
• Each table will need a hot plate with a beaker of water on it, a test tube rack with test tubes, and the indicators.
• Please wear Goggles, gloves, and an apron as safety precautions.
DO NOW
• What 3 elements make up macromolecules?
• What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
• How do these monomers come together to form a polymer?
HOW CAN WE FORM MACROMOLECULES?
Look at the following diagram and hypothesize how these molecules come together.
HYDROLYSIS AND DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
HOW DO WE GET THESE MACROMOLECULES?
• Monomers are linked together to form polymers through dehydration synthesis reactions, which remove water
• Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis, the addition of water
• All biological reactions of this sort are mediated by enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions in cells
A CLOSER LOOK AT CARBOHYDRATES
• Carbohydrates range from small sugar molecules (monomers) to large polysaccharides
– Sugar monomers are monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose– These can be hooked together to form the polysaccharides
CARBS
• The carbon skeletons of monosaccharides vary in length– Glucose and fructose are six carbons long– Others have three to seven carbon atoms
• Monosaccharides are the main fuels for cellular work– Monosaccharides are also used as raw materials to manufacture other
organic molecules
Glucose(an aldose)
Fructose(a ketose)
DISACCHARIDES
• Two monosaccharides (monomers) can bond to form a disaccharide in a dehydration reaction
– An example is a glucose monomer bonding to a fructose monomer to form sucrose, a common disaccharide
POLYSACCHARIDES
• Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides
– They can function in the cell as a storage molecule or as a structural compound
POLYSACCHARIDES
• Starch is a storage polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers and found in plants
• Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide composed of glucose, which is hydrolyzed by animals when glucose is needed
• Cellulose is a polymer of glucose that forms plant cell walls
• Chitin is a polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton
PARTNER PRACTICE
• Complete the carbohydrates worksheet with your partner. You may move to a lab table if you wish.
DO NOW
• Please clear your desk for your quiz.
OBJECTIVES
• To understand how to test for lipids using two different methods.
• To identify the structure of lipids.
EMULSION TEST
• Read the intro to your lab after your lab quiz and answer the following questions:
• 1. Why is ethanol used in this lab?
• 2. Explain how emulsion works.
LIPIDS
• Lipids are water insoluble (hydrophobic, or water fearing) compounds that are important in energy storage
– They contain twice as much energy as a polysaccharide
• Fats are lipids made from glycerol and fatty acids
LIPIDS
• Fatty acids link to glycerol by a dehydration reaction
– A fat contains one glycerol linked to three fatty acids
– Fats are often called triglycerides because of their structure
TYPES OF FATS
• Some fatty acids contain double bonds
– This causes kinks or bends in the carbon chain because the maximum number of hydrogen atoms cannot bond to the carbons at the double bond
– These compounds are called unsaturated fats because they have fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens
– Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens are called saturated fats
UNSATURATED FAT
TRANS FATS