do eco-communication strategies provide a road to sustainability? evidence from the passenger...
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Do eco-communication strategies Do eco-communication strategies provide a road to sustainability? provide a road to sustainability?
Evidence from the passenger Evidence from the passenger vehicle marketvehicle market
Mario F. Teisl, Jonathan Rubin Mario F. Teisl, Jonathan Rubin andand
Caroline L. NobletCaroline L. Noblet
Project funded by U.S. EPA Science to Achieve Results Project funded by U.S. EPA Science to Achieve Results (STAR) program; Grant number 83098801 (STAR) program; Grant number 83098801
Presentation outlinePresentation outline
Motivate & describe projectMotivate & describe project
Motivate & describe paper objectivesMotivate & describe paper objectives
ResultsResults
Future directionsFuture directions
Why worry about vehicle exhaust?Why worry about vehicle exhaust?
Air pollution is common and vehicle Air pollution is common and vehicle exhaust is a major culpritexhaust is a major culprit
Health effects of exhaust Health effects of exhaust
Irritates the eyesReduces lung functionDamages lungsAggravates respiratory problems – (e.g., asthma, emphysema bronchitis) Potentially causes cancerReduces flow of O2 in bloodstreamDecreased lifespan
Eco-effects of exhaust Eco-effects of exhaust
Acid rain
Visibility: 320 kmVisibility: 320 km 48 48 kmkm
Haze
Why use information approaches?Why use information approaches?
Current C&C policies relatively Current C&C policies relatively ineffectiveineffective– e.g., shift from cars to light duty truckse.g., shift from cars to light duty trucks
Research can design more effective Research can design more effective programsprograms– Several states planning or Several states planning or
implementing eco-labelingimplementing eco-labeling
Project objectiveProject objective
Design and test an eco-marketing & Design and test an eco-marketing & labeling strategy for vehicleslabeling strategy for vehicles
Project descriptionProject description
Baseline (test) data Baseline (test) data collectedcollected– Survey and market-Survey and market-
basedbased
Eco-marketing & Eco-marketing & labeling designed/usedlabeling designed/used– Split ‘sample’ design Split ‘sample’ design
(treatment-control)(treatment-control)
Retest data collectedRetest data collected
Marketing componentsMarketing components
LabelsLabels
BrochuresBrochures
WebsiteWebsite
Newspaper Newspaper
Radio adsRadio ads
How we measure effectsHow we measure effects
Study of vehicle dealersStudy of vehicle dealers
Campaign website activity Campaign website activity
Consumer mail surveyConsumer mail survey
Study of vehicle dealersStudy of vehicle dealers
Visit 134 car/truck dealers from 24.6 to Visit 134 car/truck dealers from 24.6 to 22.7, 2005. 22.7, 2005. – 89 visited for a 66 % visitation rate. 89 visited for a 66 % visitation rate.
Recorded whether dealer displayed:Recorded whether dealer displayed:– eco-labels on qualifying vehicleseco-labels on qualifying vehicles– eco-brochureeco-brochure
Recorded salesperson awareness:Recorded salesperson awareness:– about relevant websitesabout relevant websites– about the Campaign in generalabout the Campaign in general
AnalysisAnalysis
Document level of dealer participation Document level of dealer participation – descriptive statistics: help determine the descriptive statistics: help determine the
relative importance of dealer-based eco-relative importance of dealer-based eco-labeling versus eco-marketinglabeling versus eco-marketing
Analyze factors influencing dealer Analyze factors influencing dealer participation and staff knowledgeparticipation and staff knowledge
KNOW = α + LBL + BROC + TRT KNOW = α + LBL + BROC + TRT
Campaign website activity Campaign website activity
The website (The website (www.levforme.comwww.levforme.com) ) consisted of a several content areas consisted of a several content areas
Distribution of newspaper Distribution of newspaper eco-messageseco-messages
%%Eco-vehicles cheaper to buy or driveEco-vehicles cheaper to buy or drive 2121
Driving contributes to air pollutionDriving contributes to air pollution 2020
Vehicle emissions harm human healthVehicle emissions harm human health 1818
Air quality worse than you thinkAir quality worse than you think 1212
Eco-vehicles have good performanceEco-vehicles have good performance 88
SUVs & trucks generate more pollutionSUVs & trucks generate more pollution 77
Selection of eco-vehicles availableSelection of eco-vehicles available 44
AnalysisAnalysis
Use descriptive statistics to analyze Use descriptive statistics to analyze the following:the following:– number of unique visitorsnumber of unique visitors
– number of hitsnumber of hits
– length of visit length of visit
– pages visitedpages visited
Consumer mail surveyConsumer mail survey
Sample Sample – 1.4 million vehicle registrations in Maine1.4 million vehicle registrations in Maine– Samples of Samples of 1,148 (2004) and 1,163 1,148 (2004) and 1,163
(2005)(2005)
Survey Administration Survey Administration – Three-round Dillman Three-round Dillman – 60 and 64% response rates 60 and 64% response rates – SECs representativeSECs representative
Consumer mail surveyConsumer mail survey
Instrument designInstrument design– Sections I and II: perception variablesSections I and II: perception variables
– Section III: current vehicle type and useSection III: current vehicle type and use
– Section IV: search/use of eco-informationSection IV: search/use of eco-information
– Sections V: label test experimentSections V: label test experiment
– Sections VI: vehicle choice experimentSections VI: vehicle choice experiment
– Section VII: SECs. Section VII: SECs.
AnalysisAnalysis
DEP = α + YEAR + MKT + ΣSEC + ΣRECDEP = α + YEAR + MKT + ΣSEC + ΣREC
Exposure to the Campaign (SEE)Exposure to the Campaign (SEE)
Behavioral measure (SEARCH) Behavioral measure (SEARCH)
Perceptual measures Perceptual measures – LIKE, DLR, IMPLIKE, DLR, IMP – CONC, AQUALCONC, AQUAL– LSTYLE, 2HARD, LAWS, MOST, WTP, TRST LSTYLE, 2HARD, LAWS, MOST, WTP, TRST – ALLS, LPERF, and COST ALLS, LPERF, and COST
ResultsResults
Participation by vehicle dealers Participation by vehicle dealers
11 % displayed eco-stickers 11 % displayed eco-stickers
11 % had eco-brochure available11 % had eco-brochure available
4 % had both4 % had both
Sales personnel knowledgeSales personnel knowledge
2% and 4% of salespeople knew 2% and 4% of salespeople knew about campaign or DEP websitesabout campaign or DEP websites
25 % had some Campaign 25 % had some Campaign awareness awareness
15 % knew about CA emission 15 % knew about CA emission standardsstandards
What explains sales person What explains sales person awareness?awareness?
VariableVariable ParameterParameter
InterceptIntercept - 1.72***- 1.72***
LBLLBL 2.42***2.42***
BROC BROC 1.65*1.65*
TRTTRT 0.260.26
Campaign website activity Campaign website activity
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Jan.
05
Feb.
Mar
chApr
ilM
ayJu
ne July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
06
Feb.
Hits
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Visitors
Hits
Unique Visitors
Length of website visit Length of website visit
%%
Less than half a minuteLess than half a minute 7474
Thirty seconds to two minutesThirty seconds to two minutes 66Two to five minutesTwo to five minutes 66
Five to fifteen minutesFive to fifteen minutes 88Fifteen to thirty minutesFifteen to thirty minutes 22Thirty minutes to an hourThirty minutes to an hour 33Greater than an hourGreater than an hour 22
Website areas visitedWebsite areas visited
%%
the environmental problemthe environmental problem 4747
the media campaignthe media campaign 1616the project cooperatorsthe project cooperators 1313
suggested eco-behaviorssuggested eco-behaviors 1010additional information availableadditional information available 99the eco-labelthe eco-label 55
Perceptions and experience with Perceptions and experience with eco-information eco-information
VariableVariable Desired signDesired sign Sign met?Sign met? PP
SEESEE ++ YesYes 0.0050.005
SEARCHSEARCH ++ YesYes 0.2950.295
LIKELIKE ++ YesYes 0.4790.479
DLRDLR ++ YesYes 0.2650.265
IMPIMP ++ YesYes 0.7620.762
General eco-perceptionsGeneral eco-perceptions
VariableVariable Desired signDesired sign Sign met?Sign met? PP
CONCCONC ++ YesYes 0.3950.395
AQUALAQUAL -- YesYes 0.0000.000
LSTYLELSTYLE ++ NoNo 0.2960.296
2HARD2HARD -- YesYes 0.9200.920
LAWSLAWS -- YesYes 0.0420.042
MOSTMOST ++ YesYes 0.3700.370
WTPWTP ++ YesYes 0.0900.090
TRSTTRST ++ YesYes 0.0380.038
Perceptions of vehicles Perceptions of vehicles
VariableVariable Desired signDesired sign Sign met?Sign met? PP
ALLSALLS -- YesYes 0.7200.720
LPERFLPERF -- YesYes 0.3790.379
COSTCOST -- YesYes 0.5380.538
Did it work? SomewhatDid it work? Somewhat
Increase in recognitionIncrease in recognition
Changes in psychological precursorsChanges in psychological precursors– FIO and PCE increase FIO and PCE increase
– TRST in government increasesTRST in government increases
– No change in CONC; decline in No change in CONC; decline in perceived air quality perceived air quality
– No change in ALLS perceptionNo change in ALLS perception
Next steps: projectNext steps: project
Survey (consumer segmentation)Survey (consumer segmentation)
Measure change in Market behaviorMeasure change in Market behavior– Market changes >> emission changes Market changes >> emission changes
>> health impacts>> health impacts
– Explain dealer behaviorExplain dealer behavior
– Spatial analysis of information Spatial analysis of information disseminationdissemination
DealersDealers
Spread of hybrids (word of mouth)Spread of hybrids (word of mouth)
Questions?Questions?