dna biosensor review and principle

8/3/2019 DNA BIOSENSOR Review and Principle

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PRINCIPLE AND REVIEW ON

DNA BIOSENSOR

Nor Azah Yusof (PhD)

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, UPM


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OUTLINE

Review on development of differenttypes of DNA based biosensor(Optical/Electrochemical/Magnetic/

Piezo)

Advantage and disadvantages of

different types of DNA basedbiosensor


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Introduction

Biosensor-small device employingbiological recognition properties fora selective bioanalysis.

Biosensor-eliminate the need of thesample preparation, hence offer

great promise for onsite analyticalapplication.


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Introduction

The sensing element maybe wholecells, antibodies, enzymes or DNA.


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Introduction

DNA biosensors are of major interest due

to tremendous promise for obtainingsequence specific information in a faster,simpler and cheaper manner compared tothe traditional analysis.

The current method for the identificationof specific DNA sequences are based onisolation of double stranded DNA and

further PCR to amplify the targetsequence of DNA. The target DNA isexposed to labeled probe DNA.


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Optical sensors

Fluorescence (quantum dot,conjugated polymers, nanowires,graphene)

Surface plasma resonance


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Optical sensors - Fluorescence Molecular Beacons (MB) oligonucleotides with stem

and loop structure labeled with fluorophore at one endand a quencher on the other end.

MB probes offer high sensitivity and specificity Costly


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Optical sensors - Fluorescence

Quantum dot (QD)

- An ultrasensitive nanosensor based on fluorescenceresonance energy transfer (FRET) Quantum dots (QDs) are nanocrystals made of

semiconductors, which exhibit intriguing electronictransitions that resemble single atom behavior (CdSe,CdS, ZnO)

Toxic, limit invivo usage Silicon based QD ease this concern


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Nanowires

nanowires functionalized with DNAto specific regions of a

photolithographically patternedsubstrate.


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DNA-tagged assembled

nanowires have beenexposed to complementaryDNA that is tagged withfluorescent dyes.

The complementary DNAattached to the nanowiresshows that the wiresassembled in the properlocations.


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A graphene-DNA biosensor

would detect diseases by fishing for molecules involved indisease. Like stringing a worm on a hook, scientists wouldplace DNA from a gene that's known to contribute to adisease's development onto a piece of graphene.

The researchers would then dip the biosensor hook intotreated blood, saliva or another bodily fluid. If DNA fromthe disease-causing gene is in the fluid and takes the bait,the biosensor gives off a signal that scientists can detect.


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How fluorescent-tagged DNA interacts withfunctionalized graphene.

Both single-stranded DNA (A) and double-strandedDNA (B) are adsorbed onto a graphene surface, but theinteraction is stronger with ssDNA, causing thefluorescence on the ssDNA to darken more. C) Acomplimentary DNA nears the ssDNA and causes theadsorbed ssDNA to detach from the graphene surface.

D) DNA adsorbed onto graphene is protected frombeing broken down by enzymes.


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Conjugated polymers

DNA biosensors based on water-soluble conjugatedpolymers

Liu et al., Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 26 (2011) 21542164

Derivatives of polyfluorene,polythiophene and polyarylene


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Colorimetric or Strip type DNA

Sensor

A novel nanoparticle based colorimetric detection

offers great promise for direct detection of DNAhybridization. In this case, a distance change,occurred from the hybridization event, results inchanges of the optical properties of theaggregated functional gold nanoparticles.

The dry-reagent strip type biosensor has beendeveloped for visual detection of double strandedDNA within a short time. Oligo nucleotide

conjugated gold nanoparticle is used as probe fordetection of target DNA through hybridization.


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Colorimetric or Strip type DNA

Sensor


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Optical sensors - SPR

Surface Plasmon Resonance

- Quantum optical electrical phenomenon arisingfrom the interaction of light with metal surface.Energy transfer occurs only at specificresonance wavelength of light.

- Change in resonance angle due to change inthe interfacial refractive index resulting fromthe surface binding reaction.


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Electrochemical DNA Biosensors (Voltammetry,

Conductometric, Dielectric)

CV, DPV, Amperometric

The hybridization is commonly detected by theincrease in current signal due to redox indicator(organic dyes, metal complexes or enzymes) thatrecognizes the DNA duplex.

Redox-active molecules based twocommercialized DNA chips have been introducedin molecular diagnosis market in the trade nameof eSensorTM produced by Motorola Life sciences, Inc. and GenlyserTM by Toshiba.


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Electrochemical DNA Biosensors

sensitized by nanoparticles

Ultrasensitive Electrochemical

Detection of DNA Based on PbSNanoparticle Tags and NanoporousGold Electrode

Electrochemical DNA biosensor forthe detection of DNA hybridization

with the amplification of Aunanoparticles and CdS nanoparticles


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DPV curves obtained inTrisHCl aqueous solution

using Co(phen)2 2+ as anelectrochemicalhybridization label fordetection of different DNAsequences.

(a)6.0181010 Mcomplementary ssDNA;

(b)6.018108 M onemismatched ssDNA;

(c) capture ssDNA;(d) bare modified electrode .


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The DPV signalsobtained for different

concentrations oftarget DNA: Theconcentration oftarget DNA:(a) 6.0181010 M,

(b) 4.0121010 M,(c) 2.0061010 M,(d) 8.0241011 M,(e) 6.0181011 M,(f) 0.


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Electrochemical DNA Biosensors

sensitized by conducting polymer

Electrochemical detection of DNA

hybridization based on polypyrrole/ss-DNA/multi-wall carbon nanotubes pasteelectrode

Characterization of redox polymer,poly(vinylferrocenium) perchlorate(PVF+ClO4-) coated as a film on Ptelectrodes, and the detection of DNAbased on the electrochemical behavior ofthe polymer


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A nanogap dielectric biosensor


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The dielectric properties of molecules depend on

electron transfer, atomic bonds, and the large-scale molecular structure.

When an oscillatory field perturbs biomolecules,

they respond differently depending on thefrequency.

The low frequency response indicates the large-scale molecular structure changes like theconformation changes of DNA during hybridizationfrom single stranded DNA (ss-DNA) to doublestranded DNA.


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Conductometric

(a) The illustration of a nanoscale FETbiosensor with a cross-sectional view. Thesemiconductor channel (NW or NT) isplaced between the source and drainelectrodes with a gate electrode on thebottom to modulate the conductivity ofthe semiconductor channel. Targetmolecules can be recognized by the

receptor modified on the channel surfacethrough strong binding affinity.

(b) When positively charged targetmolecules bind the receptor modified on ap-type NW, positive carriers (holes) are

depleted in the NW, resulting in adecrease in conductance. On thecontrary, negatively charged targetmolecules captured by the receptor wouldmake an accumulation of hole carriers,causing an increase in conductance


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(c) Schematic representation of a CNT-FET device including thesurface modification and molecular recognition procedures:

(1) modification of linkers onto the single-walled CNT through interaction;

(2) immobilization of antibody; (3) detection of antigen by antibody.

(d) CgA was released from neurons stimulated by glutamateand was detected by CgA-Ab/CNT-FET. A coverslip with grownneurons was positioned on the CgA-Ab/CNT-FET device withneurons facing the FET circuits. Immediately after theglutamate (50 M) stimulation, a dramatic increase in currentwas detected due to the binding of the released CgA to CgA-Ab/CNTFET


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MAGNETIC BEAD-BASED DNA DETECTION

Via electrochemical detectorFang et al., CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICALCHEMISTRY, Volume 37, Issue 2, February 2009


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Via Fluorescence


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Piezoelectric DNA biosensor


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Piezoelectric DNA biosensor is based on quartz crystalthat oscillate at a defined frequency when an oscillating

voltage is applied, allowing high sensitivity.

Piezoelectric method has recently emerged as mostattractive due to their simplicity, cost, sensitivity andreal time label-free detection. The quartz crystal

microbalance (QCM) is an extremely sensitive mass-measuring device that allows dynamic monitoring ofhybridization events.

QCM hybridization biosensors consist of an oscillating

crystal with the DNA probe immobilized on its surface.The increased mass, associated with the hybridizationreaction, results in a decrease of the oscillatingfrequency.


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Conclusions and Future Prospects

From the first discovery of electrochemistry ofnucleic acids by Palecek at the end of the1950s [81],huge progress can be observed,particularly at the development ofelectrochemical DNA biosensors based on thenucleic acid as biorecognition element

The use of DNA biostrip and biochiptechnologies eliminates the role of PCR. Futurebiosensors will require the development of newreliable devices or the improvement of the

existing ones in order to allow superiortransduction, amplification, processing, andconversion of the biological signals

dna biosensor review and principle

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