distribution system reliability improvement using

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY IMPROVEMENT USING

DISTRIBUTED GENERATORS.

SITI HAIRANI BINTI JAMAL

A thesis submitted in

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

Degree of Master of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

DECEMBER 2014

v

ABSTRACT

Solar Energy is one of alternative source for rural electrification where no nearest

grid connected available. However, since it is only depending on sun irradiation it

only can feed customers need during day time only. Besides, a standalone solar

energy cannot provide a continuous supply due to seasonal weather and any other

periodic variations. Therefore, to satisfy the customer needs, a hybrid energy source

is a better solution. A combination between solar PV with Battery and Generator set

proposed as the hybrid energy source called Hybrid Distributed Generator.

Investigation will be done on reliability improvement for Distribution system by

using this Distributed Generator. Distributed Generator installed at Station Solar

Hybrid in Tanjung Labian will be investigate. The SAIDI used as the Indices to show

the reliability improvement for distribution system. SAIDI is an importance where

continuity of power is high priority. Besides, SAIDI contributes the amount of time

the customer is affected without power supply.

vi

ABSTRAK

Tenaga solar merupakan salah satu diantara tenaga alternatif untuk digunakan

sebagai tenaga elektrik yang akan membekalkan bekalan elektrik luar Bandar yang

mana kemudahan talian grid terdekat tidak terdapat di kawasan tersebut.

Walaubagaimanapun, oleh kerana tenaga solar ini bergantung sepenuhnya kepada

sinaran solar maka ia hanya dapat menampung beban pengguna pada hari siang.

Disamping itu, tenaga solar sahaja tidak dapat menyambung bekalan elektrik secara

berterusan disebabkan factor perubahan cuaca dan apa – apa variasi berkala. Oleh

itu, untuk memuaskan hati kehendak para pengguna, sumber tenaga hibrid adalah

penyelesaian yang lebih baik. Gabungan antara tenaga solar dengan batteri dan set

penjana dicadangkan sebagai sumber tenagan hybrid yang dipanggil penjana

pengedar. Penjana pengedar yang dipasang di Stesen solar hybrid di Tanjung Labian

akan di siasat. SAIDI akan dijadikan kayu pengukur kebolehpercayaan sistem

pembahagian menggunakan tenaga dari penjana pengedar. SAIDI ini penting dimana

ia kesinambungan bekalan yang berterusan adalah keutamaan yang tinggi. Selain itu,

SAIDI menyumbang jumlah masa pelanggan yang terjejas tanpa bekalan kuasa.

vii

CONTENTS

TITLE i

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

CONTENT vii

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF SYMBOL AND ABBREVIATION xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES xiv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project Background 1

1.2 Problem Statements 6

1.3 Project Objectives 8

1.4 Project Scopes 9

viii

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10

2.1 Introduction 10

2.2 Theories 10

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 27

3.1 Project Methodology 27

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38

4.1 Introduction 38

4.2 Results and Discussion 39

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION 54

5.1 Conclusion 54

5.2 Recommendation 55

REFERENCES 56

APPENDICES 59

VITA 63

ix

LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Strengths and weaknesses of reciprocating engines 12

2.2 Strengths and weakness of microturbines 13

2.3 Strengths and weakness of combustion turbines 14

2.4 Strengths and weakness of Photovoltaic 16

2.5 Strengths and weakness of fuel cell type 17

2.6 Strengths and weakness of Wind Turbines 18

2.7 The strengths and weaknesses of Hybrid system 20

3.1 Type and number of customer for Six (6) Villages 28

3.2 Key Specification of PV Panel 32

3.3 Key Specification of Battery Model 35

4.1 SAIDI tabulated for placing Distributed Generator at existing 48

location

4.2 SAIDI tabulated for placing Distributed Generator at location A 49

4.3 SAIDI tabulated for placing Distributed Generator at location B 50

4.4 SAIDI tabulated for placing Distributed Generator at location C 51

4.5 SAIDI tabulated for placing Distributed Generator at location D 52

x

LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Rural Electrification : Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu,

Sabah

3

1.2 Distributed Generator connected at Stesen Solar Hibrid

Tanjung Labian, Lahad Datu Sabah

4

1.3 Single Line diagram of Tanjung Laian Lahad Datu 5

1.4 Sabah Map: Location of Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu,

Sabah

7

2.1 Rural Electrification : Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu,

Sabah

11

2.2 Reciprocating engines 12

2.3 Microturbine 13

2.4 Industrial Combustion turbine 14

2.5 Photovoltaic cell, module and array 15

2.6 Solar panel farm 16

2.7 Fuel Cells 17

2.8 Wind turbines 18

2.9 Example of Hybrid system for distributed generator

connected to distribution line

19

2.10 A sample of micro grid application 20

xi

2.11 (a) Radial Structure (b) Loop Structure (c) Meshed

Structure

21

2.12 Sample of Distribution system with Radial Structure 22

3.1 Methodology approach using flow chart 27

3.2 Solar radiation typical data 29

3.3 Annually Solar irradiation 30

3.4 Hybrid System 30

3.5 Symbol of solar cell in SimElectronics 31

3.6 Equivalent circuit of the solar cell 31

3.7 Standalone Photovoltaic as a Distributed Generator 32

3.8 Showing battery block 33

3.9 Showing a thevenin equivalent battery model 34

3.10 Battery as a Distributed Generator 34

3.11 Complete Diagram of Fuel Engine as Distributed

Generator

35

4.1 Tanjung Labian Distribution Network Diagram 39

4.2 Weekdays versus weekend load characteristic 40

4.3 The output waveform of Photovoltaic system 41

4.4 The three phase output voltage inverter after filtering

of all phases

41

4.5 The output waveform of Battery system 42

4.6 The output waveform of Voltage 42

4.7 The output waveform for current 43

4.8 Generator Usage 44

xii

4.9 Irradiation (Solar Usage) 44

4.10 Battery Storage usage 45

4.11 Operation system on 14th

March 2014 45

xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

UTHM - Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

kW - KiloWatt

km - Kilometer

PV - Photovoltaic

DG - Distributed Generator

xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Data of 16/02/2014 (Super peak Condition) 59

B Data of 14/03/2014 (Normal Condition) 60

C Data of 30/01/2014 (weekdays-Thursday) 61

D Data of 04/01/2014 (weekends-Sunday) 62

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

Distributed generation is a new approach in electrical industry [1] and has been

gradually increasing in the last few years and will rise even more in near future [2].

Due to high power demand, Utility such as Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd

(SESB), Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) and Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) are

continuously planning the expansion of the electrical networks. One of the methods

used for the expansion of electrical networks is connecting distributed generator in

the distribution system [3].

Distributed Generators is defined as a small-scale generation unit connected

at or near the customer load. The technologies for Distributed Generators are based

on reciprocating engines, photovoltaic, fuel cells, combustion gas turbines, micro

turbines and wind turbines. This technology is also known as alternative energy

system [4].

By connecting distributed generators in the distribution system, the power

demand of the system can be satisfied and also improves the reliability of the

electrical network [3].

Reliability is not a new topic in electric power industry. Yet, it has attracted

interest of professionals in the past decade due to incessant blackouts being

experienced [5].

2

In US, Distributed Generator uses as a sustainable and competitive form of

generation, not just restricted to renewable energy. In light of the recent blackout in

New York, it is proposed as a significant part of the solution to improve both security

and reliability of supply, with islanded operation of distributed generation on

microgrids a real prospect for the future. However, in Europe, it is viewed more

renewable generation, which is given priority dispatch and should be accommodated

where possible [6].

Most independent Distributed Generator such as photovoltaic (PV) as a

generator, weak in stability and sustain the power supply since the source are mostly

dependent on weather condition. Thus, a hybrid Distributed Generator is a solution.

It is more practical and stable since it is based on more than one energy source.

Besides, this hybrid system is suitable to use in remote areas with no access to utility

grid.

In this project, Hybrid Distributed generators installed at Station Solar Hybrid

Tanjung Labian, Lahad Datu Sabah will be explored. Construction of this project

started on October 2011 and the system commissioning on December 2012. This

Station is not connected to an integrated power network. The networks which are not

connected power network constitute an isolated power system. The network currently

supplies 24 hour electricity to 681 household. Figure 1.1 showing rural electrification

using distributed generator for highlighted village.

Figure 1.1

For this station, a hybrid Distributed Generator system development using

solar photovoltaic (PV) combined with fuel generator and

used to serve the village. Reliability of the system can be examined by using

development software called MATLAB/SIMULINK program where this program

will show the reliability impact of Distributed Generator. Figure 1.2 show

connection of the Distributed Generator install at Station Solar Hybrid Tanjung

Labian. The single line diagram of distribution system

Figure 1.1: Rural Electrification : Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu, Sabah


solar photovoltaic (PV) combined with fuel generator and battery storage systems



will show the reliability impact of Distributed Generator. Figure 1.2 show

nection of the Distributed Generator install at Station Solar Hybrid Tanjung

Labian. The single line diagram of distribution system is shown in Figure 1.3.

3

: Rural Electrification : Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu, Sabah


battery storage systems



will show the reliability impact of Distributed Generator. Figure 1.2 shows the

nection of the Distributed Generator install at Station Solar Hybrid Tanjung

shown in Figure 1.3.

4

Figure 1.2: Distributed Generator connected at Station Solar Hybrid Tanjung Labian,

Lahad Datu, Sabah

5

Figure 1.3: Single Line diagram of Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu, Sabah

6

1.2 Problem Statements

Nowadays, the electric power industry is facing huge changes with respect to

structure, function, and regulation [3]. The use of distributed generators within

distribution network has drawn attention due to several advantages that small scale

generation can potentially provide to power utilities. The distributed generation has

created a new way for the electric power generation. [3].

The electric power generation that is integrated within the distribution system

is called distribution generation [3]. It is a new approach in electrical industry [1]. In

order to achieve both reliability cost and worth requirement to the company, a study

has been done to select a best possible location for distributed generators.

Thus, a lot of things need to be considered for installing distributed in

distribution system such as impact on power flow, voltages, and reliability indices,

which could be positive or negative [3]. Therefore, maintaining a reliable power

supply is a very important issue for power system design and operation. At planning

stage they faced by difficult problem of deciding how far they are justified in

increasing the investment on their facilities to improve service reliability [6].

Electric demands from rural areas such as Gugusan Tanjung Labian Lahad

Datu Sabah attract Government Malaysia to expand the electrical network to that

area. Thus, Government appoint the consultant to make the survey on how the

electricity can be bring in to the proposed location. Tanjung Labian is situated

between 5° and 10° in North Latitude and 119° and 14° in East Longitude. Figure 1.4

indicates the location of Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu Sabah.

Figure 1.4: Sabah Map

Time constrain versus high demand bring the system are not

planned and dispatch since this is direct negotiation project between Contractor and

Government Malaysia.

is taken as a case study. Estimates of the Statio

resource and actual system data are employed to assess the impact of Distributed

Generated connection.

.

Figure 1.4: Sabah Map: Location of Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu, Sabah

Time constrain versus high demand bring the system are not


Government Malaysia. Distributed Generation install in Tanjung Labian Lahad D

se study. Estimates of the Station Tanjung Labian


Generated connection.

7

: Location of Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu, Sabah

Time constrain versus high demand bring the system are not centrally


tributed Generation install in Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu

n Tanjung Labian renewable energy


8

1.3 Project Objectives

General aim of this project is to evaluate power system reliability improvement using

Distributed Generators installed in Station Solar Hybird Tanjung Labian, Lahad

Datu, Sabah

The objectives of this project are:

1. To measure the characteristic such as Generator mode, Photovoltaic mode

and battery mode during normal and super peak condition of Distributed

Generator.

2. To investigate reliability on Station Solar Hybrid, Tanjung Labian by

analyze the performance of existing Station Solar Hybrid, Tanjung Labian.

3. To perform reliability assessment on a distribution system circuit based on

different location of Distributed Generator.

4. To suggest possible location of Distributed Generator for highly distribution

system in Tanjung Labian.

9

1.4 Project Scope

The Scopes of this project are:

1. The study will be conducted at Station Solar Hybrid Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu,

Sabah.

2. The Capacity Electric Power Installed at Station Solar Hybrid Tanjung Labian

Lahad Datu to be investigate

(i) Engines Diesel installed Two (2) unit 500KVA

One (1) unit 350kVA

(ii) Fuel Cell or Battery installed Capacity 4320kWh

(iii) Inverter System installed

900kW Bi-Directional Inverter

750kW ‘Inverter & Control System’

(iv) Photovoltaic Panel installed Capacity 1.2MW

3. Village Coverage and Station Solar Hybrid Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu Sabah as

a Measurement.

No Village Name No of Houses Load Demand

(kW)

1 Kg. Tg. Labian 175 197

2 Kg. Tg. Batu 125 140

3&4 Kg. Tanagian dan Kg. Bahagia 122 137

5 Kg. Sg. Bilis 101 114

6&7 Kg.Lok Sembuang dan Lok Buani 158 178

Total 681 766

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

In this chapter, the operation or method of the Distribution system using Distributed

generator will be revealed so that this project could be understood easily.

2.2 Theories

Figure 2.1 shows the block diagram or engine of Rural Electrification for Tanjung

Labian Lahad Datu, Sabah. It was made up of three main parts which are Distributed

Generator, Operational Factor and Software. The Distributed Generator used to

produce any electric power to the consumer of Tanjung Labian. Once electric power

produce, a lot of Operational Factor need to consider and a research using

MATLAB/SIMULINK software and one year data obtain from the station used to

get the reliability analysis of the system as the Distributed Generator installed.

11

Rural Electrification:

Tanjung Labian , Lahad Datu

Sabah

Distributed Generator:

√ Batery

√ Photovoltaics

√ Reciprocating engines

Operational Factor:

√ Power Quality

√ Reliability

Software:

√ MATLAB/SIMULINK

Figure 2.1: Rural Electrification : Tanjung Labian Lahad Datu, Sabah

2.2.1 Distributed Generations

Distributed generation (DG) is currently being used by some customers to provide

some or all of their electricity needs. There are many different potential applications

for Distributed Generators technologies. For example, some customers use

Distributed Generators to reduce demand charges imposed by their electric utility,

while others use it to provide primary power or reduce environmental emissions.

Distributed Generators can also be used by electric utilities to enhance their

distribution systems. Several energy sources drive distributed generators including:

2.2.1.1 Reciprocating engines

This Distributed Generators technology was developed more than a century ago, and

is still widely utilized in a broad array of applications. The engines range in size from

less than 5 to over 5,000 kW, and use diesel, natural gas, or waste gas as their fuel

source. Development efforts remain focused on improving efficiency and on

reducing emission levels. Reciprocating engines are being used primarily for backup

12

power, peaking power, and in cogeneration applications [7]. Figure 2.2 showing the

example of Reciprocating engines. The strengths and weaknesses of reciprocating

engines have been listed in Table 2.1[14].

Figure 2.2: Reciprocating engines

Table 2.1: Strengths and weaknesses of reciprocating engines

13

2.2.1.2 Microturbines

A new and emerging technology, microturbines are currently only available from a

few manufacturers. Other manufacturers are looking to enter this emerging market,

with models ranging from 30 to 200 kW. Microturbines promise low emission levels,

but the units are currently relatively expensive. Obtaining reasonable costs and

demonstrating reliability will be major hurdles for manufacturers. Microturbines are

just entering the marketplace, and most installations are for the purpose of testing the

technology [7]. Figure 2.3 presenting a Microturbine. The strengths and weaknesses

of Microturbines have been listed in Table 2.2 [14].

Figure 2.3: Microturbine

Table2.2: Strengths and weakness of microturbines

14

2.2.1.3 Industrial combustion turbines

A mature technology, combustion turbines range from 1 MW to over 5 MW. They

have low capital cost, low emission levels, but also usually low electric efficiency

ratings. Development efforts are focused on increasing efficiency levels for this

widely available technology. Industrial combustion turbines are being used primarily

for peaking power and in cogeneration applications [7]. Figure 2.4 showing an

Industrial combustion turbine. The strengths and weaknesses of Industrial

Combustion Turbines have been listed in Table 2.3[14].

Figure 2.4: Industrial Combustion turbine

Table 2.3: Strengths and weakness of combustion turbines

15

2.2.1.4 Photovoltaic

Commonly known as solar panels, photovoltaic (PV) panels are widely available for

both commercial and domestic use [7]. PV power system converts sunlight into

electricity [8]. Materials that are used for photovoltaic are mono-crystalline silicon,

polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline sili-con, cadmium telluride and copper

indium selenide [9] [10].

The basic unit of a photovoltaic power system is the PV cell, where cells may be

grouped to form panels or modules. The panels then can be grouped to form large

photovoltaic array that connected in series or parallel, as shown in Figure 2.5[8] [11].

Panels range from less than 5 kW and units connected in parallel increase the current

and connected in series provide a greater output voltage to form a system of any size.

The output characteristics of PV module depends on the solar irradiance, the cell

temperature and output volt-age of PV module [9] [12].They produce no emissions,

and require minimal maintenance. However, they can be quite costly. Less expensive

components and advancements in the manufacturing process are required to

eliminate the economic barriers now impeding wide-spread use of PV systems.

Photovoltaic are currently being used primarily in remote locations without grid

connections and also to generate green power [7]. Figure 2.6 shows a sample of Solar

panel farm. The strengths and weaknesses of Photovoltaic have been listed in Table

2.4 [14].

Figure 2.5: Photovoltaic cell, module and array

16

Figure 2.6: Solar panel farm

Table 2.4 : Strengths and weakness of Photovoltaic

2.2.1.5 Fuel Cells

Fuel cells are not only very efficient but also have very low emission levels. A fuel

cell operates like a battery. It supplies electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen

electrochemically without combustion. However, while the battery is a storage

device for energy that is eventually used up and/or must be recharged, the fuel cell is

permanently fed with fuel and an oxidant, so that the electrical power generation

continues [7]. Figure 2.7 showing Fuel cell. The strengths and weaknesses of Fuel

cell have been listed in Table 2.5 [14].

17

Figure 2.7: Fuel cells

Table 2.5: Strengths and weakness of fuel cell type

2.2.1.6 Wind turbine systems

Wind turbines are currently available from many manufacturers and range in size

from less than 5 to over 1,000 kW. They provide a relatively inexpensive (compared

to other renewable) way to produce electricity, but as they rely upon the variable and

somewhat unpredictable wind, are unsuitable for continuous power needs.

Development efforts look to pair wind turbines with battery storage systems that can

provide power in those times when the turbine is not turning. Wind turbines are

being used primarily in remote locations not connected to the grid and by energy

18

companies to provide green power [7]. Figure 2.8 below showing wind turbines. The

strengths and weaknesses of Wind Turbine System have been listed in Table 2.6

[14].

Figure 2.8: Wind Turbines

Table 2.6: Strengths and weakness of Wind Turbines

2.2.1.7 Hybrid Systems

A hybrid system is defined as the combination of two or more types of electricity

generation system [8]. A combination energy sources is more effective as compared

to single source system in terms of cost, efficiency and reliability. Properly chosen

combination of renewable power sources will considerably reduce the need and used

for fossil fuel leading to an increase in the sustainability of the power supply [13].

19

This Hybrid system is developed to improve on the performance of an individual

Distributed Generators [7]. Photovoltaic combine with Reciprocating engines and

battery to provide backup supply. This is to ensure a perfect balance exist between

power demand and generated power [8]. Figure 2.9 shows example of Hybrid system

for distributed generator connected to distribution line [14].

Figure 2.9: example of Hybrid system for distributed generator connected to

distribution line.

The advantages of using Distributed Generator based hybrid systems are it increased

the reliability of the hybrid system because it is based on more than one electricity

generation source. Moreover, the hybrid system is suitable to use in remote areas or

isolated locality with no access to utility grid [8] [15] [16].

However, there is also disadvantage of using hybrid systems such as in most cases

the system is over- sized because it contains different types of power generation

20

system [8]. The strengths and weaknesses of hybrid system have been listed in Table

2.7 and a sample of micro grid application in Figure 2.10 [14].

Table 2.7: The strengths and weaknesses of Hybrid system

Figure 2.10: A sample of micro grid application

Distribution Generator rapidly used in rural electrification, it is important to study the

impact on the distribution system operation. The installation of Distributed Generator

may increases the complexity of the system and impacts to the power flow and

voltage condition in the system. Therefore, it is important for the planner of the

electric system comprises of several factors such as type of Distributed Generator

installed, Capacity and number of Distribution Generator units and the Distribution

21

Generator installation location. With depend on this factors, the Distributed

Generator installed can be either positive or negative to the system [17].

For example, when the Distributed Generator is attached downstream, it can confuse

the voltage regulator by setting a voltage lower than the required value. Thus, proper

coordinate installing Distributed Generator can improve the voltage profile of the

system and also improve the power system stability. Beside, placing the Distributed

Generator at optimal location can reduce the losses on the feeder [17].

2.2.2 Electric Power System Structure

Distribution system’ design depending on customer load, cost of installation and

operational and maintenance operation. Generally there are three electric power

structure can be illustrious. There are Radial, Loop and meshed structure. Figure 2.11

below showing (a) Radial Structure (b) Loop structure (c) Meshed Structure [18].

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2.11 (a) Radial structure (b) Loop structure (c) Meshed Structure

From Figure above, it shows that the radial structure is the simplest structure. Each

substation and customer is connected via a single line to a central point or supply.

The radial power systems are designed for one-way power flow. The complete repair

time if there is any cable or line failure can be considered as a drawback. This

22

structure can be improved by using loop structure. Whereby all substation or

customers are connected via double circuit or line. During a disturbance, the faulted

section can be isolated and the loop is split-up into two parts. The faulted section can

be energizing back once the faulted section recover. For this case, the repair time is

considered the time needed for fault localization and necessary switching actions.

For meshed structure, all substation and consumers are connected via more than two

lines or cable. This design can reduce the losses and also improve the voltage profile

along the feeders [19]. Figure 2.12 showing a sample of distribution system with

radial structure [14].

Figure 2.12: sample of Distribution System with Radial Structure

2.2.3 Operational Factor

Operational Factor is the main technical issues for Distributed Generator connection

to be investigate. Distributed Generator connection related to reliability and quality

of the supply. It involves the operation protocols for connection and disconnection

from the inverter. Protection issues also take part into the operational factor.

Protection arises for both Distributed Generator equipment and network equipment.

It depends on the type of generator and the characteristics of the network. While

network protection issues depending on the type and location of the Distributed

Generator install and network characteristic. Thus protection design requires good

23

interaction between distributed Generator developer and network provider during the

design process.

2.2.3.4 Power Quality

Distributed Generator can have a considerable impact on power quality within the

distribution system. The definition of power quality given in IEEE dictionary in

IEEE std 1100 define as the concept of powering and grounding sensitive equipment

in a matter that is suitable to the operation of that equipment [7].

Some form of Distributed Generator may employ power electronic converters

to interface the system. This can alter the harmonic impedance of the system and care

must be taken at the design and planning stage. In particular, there is the potential for

resonances between capacitors or cables, which may have a detrimental effect on the

operation of the generator [6].

In this research, power quality performance between Solar with Battery mode

and Battery and Generator Diesel mode will be investigate. Impact of the power

quality showed when the feeders are fully loaded during day time and night time.

2.2.3.5 Reliability

Reliability has always been an important issue for system planners and operators.

Reliability can be measured by the indices SAIDI (System Average Interruption

Duration Index), SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index), which

measure the average frequency and duration of supply interruptions respectively [6].

It is common practices in the electric industry to used the standard IEEE reliably

indices [2][20].

24

SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index) is the average

interruption duration for those customers interrupted during a year. It is determined

by dividing the sum of all customer interruption duration by the number of customers

experiencing one or more interruptions over a one-year period [2].

SAIDI = (2.1)

CAIDI (Customer Average Interruption Duration Index) is calculated by

dividing the sum of total customer interruption durations per year and the total

number of customer affected.

CAIDI = (2.2)

The location for the placement of Distributed Generator is of key importance.

Besides, proper coordination distributed generation can have a positive impact on the

system [17].

In this research, Voltage (V), Current (I), Real power flow (P), Reactive

power flow (Q), frequency (f) is used to calculate reliability indices in normal and

super peak distribution network situation. The result will shows the reliability indices

were highly sensitive to location and number of Distributed Generated install for

distribution network for Gugusan Tanjung Labian Consumer.

Total number of customers’ interruption

Sum of customer interruption durations

Total number of Customers

Sum of Customer Interruption Durations

56

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