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Distillation is the oldest and the most universal process of chemical technology and other

branches of industry incorporating separation of mixtures. This process separates two or

more components into an overhead distillate and bottoms. The bottoms product is almost

exclusively liquid, while the distillate may be liquid or a vapor or both. The separation

process requires three things. First, a second phase must be formed so that both liquid and

vapor phases are present and can contact each other on each stage within a separation

column. Secondly, the components have different volatilities so that they will partition

between the two phases to different extent. Lastly, the two phases can be separated by

gravity or other mechanical means. (Warren,1993).

Stripping is a physicalseparation process where one or more components are removed from

a liquid stream by a vapor stream. In industrial applications the liquid and vapor streams can

have co-current or countercurrent flows. Stripping is usually carried out in either a packed or

trayed column. The tray column has down comers for transporting a liquid between

neighboring trays. The liquid transport happens in each down comer through a plurality of

discharge apertures onto a loaded tray. Liquid flows out of the discharge apertures in the

form of jets that merge into a regionally different flow field on striking the loaded tray. The

flow field has transverse apparatus of the flow speed with respect to a longitudinal main flow

direction. Direction elements are set beneath the discharge apertures and at spacing from

the loaded tray which each guide the impulse of liquid analogous to the divergent flow field.

Tray and plate column is divided into three different design, which is bubble cap tray, valve

tray and sieve tray.

A bubble cap tray has riser or chimney fitted over each hole, and a cap that covers the riser.

The cap is mounted so that there is a space between riser and cap to allow the passage of

vapour. Vapour rises through the chimney and is directed downward by the cap, finally

discharging through slots in the cap, and finally bubbling through the liquid on the tray.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_process

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Physical properties

This distillation process is to separate the saturated liquid mixture of ethyl alcohol and water.

Ethyl alcohol and water have their different chemical and physical properties. Table BLAH

BLAh shown the physical properties of ethyl alcohol and water

Physical properties Ethyl alcohol water

Molecular weight 46.06844 g/mol 18.0153 g/mol

Color colorless colorless

Physical state Liquid Liquid

Melting point 114C, 159 K, -173 F 0C,32F,273.15K

Boiling point 78.37 C, 352 K, 173 F 99.98 C, 211.97 F,373.13 K

Acidity 15.9 15.74

~3536

Viscosity 0.0012 Pa s (at 20 C), 0.001074 Pa s

(at 25 C)

0.001Pasat 20 C

Specific gravity 0.790 1

Vapor pressure 59.3 mm Hg @ 20 C 2.3 kPa (@ 20C)

Chemical propertie

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Distillation has substantial advantages over other processes applied in order to separate a

mixture, such as extraction, crystallization, semipermeable membranes, etc. As a rule, it is

the most cost-effective process, so it may be used for mixtures with very diverse properties.

This process is based on the fact that the composition of the boiling liquid and that of the

vapor over it differ. Thus, if the boiling temperature is low (e.g., air separation), it is

necessary to use low-temperature refrigerants and conduct the process at a higher pressure.

If it is high (e.g., in separation of heavy oil fractions or metals), high-temperature heat

carriers or fire preheating have to be used and the process is run under vacuum.