Disseminated Disseminated NeoplasiaNeoplasiain in OstreaOstrea conchaphilaconchaphila

Jim Moore, Christy Jim Moore, Christy JuhaszJuhasz, , TheaThea RobbinsRobbinsCDFG Shellfish Health LaboratoryCDFG Shellfish Health Laboratory

Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay CABodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay CAjimmoore@ucdavis.edujimmoore@ucdavis.edu

707 875707 875--20672067

Site Species Shell height Collection DateCrescent City- Inner Harbor Crassostrea gigas 22-39mm 3/8/2005Crescent City- Inner Harbor Crassostrea sikamea 16-31mm 3/8/2005Crescent City- Outer Harbor C. gigas + C. sikamea 11-19mm 3/8/2005Crescent City- Inner Harbor Crassostrea gigas 48-95mm 10/12/2005Crescent City- Inner Harbor Crassostrea sikamea 12-55mm 10/12/2005Humboldt Bay- Mad River Estuary Crassostrea gigas 75-110mm 2/15/2004Humboldt Bay- Mad River Estuary Ostrea conchaphila 46-65mm 2/16/2004Humboldt Bay- Mad River Estuary Crassostrea gigas 142-281mm 2/15/2004Humboldt Bay- Samoa Bridge Crassostrea gigas 10-20mm 2/17/2004Humboldt Bay- Bird Island Crassostrea gigas 117-165mm 2/22/2004Humboldt Bay- Sand Island Crassostrea gigas 137-229mm 3/2/2004Tomales Bay- North End Crassostrea gigas 103-192mm 3/14/2004Tomales Bay- North End Crassostrea virginica 46-68mm 7/8/2004Tomales Bay- North End Crassostrea sikamea 63-92mm 7/8/2004Tomales Bay- North End Ostrea edulis 54-105mm 10/7/2005Tomales Bay- North End Crassostrea virginica 57-93mm 10/7/2005Tomales Bay- South End Ostrea conchaphila 36-64mm 4/20/2004Tomales Bay- South End Crassostrea gigas 122-265mm 4/20/2004Tomales Bay- North End Ostrea conchaphila 37-54mm 8/31/2004Drake's Estero Crassostrea gigas 76-99mm 7/8/2004Drake's Estero Ostrea conchaphila 38-58mm 7/8/2004China Camp, SF Bay Mya arenaria 48-78mm 4/15/2004Fort Mason Marina, SF Bay Ostrea conchaphila 22-35mm 6/?/2006Candlestick Park, SF Bay Ostrea conchaphila 9-40mm 1/21/2005Dumbarton Bridge area, SF Bay Crassostrea gigas 73-184mm 8/8/2006Sailing Lake, Mountain View Ostrea conchaphila 17-86mm 1/25 and 2/9/05Elkhorn Slough Ostrea conchaphila 38-70mm 5/26/2004Morro Bay Crassostrea gigas 34-64mm 8/3/2004Morro Bay Crassostrea gigas 75-235mm 8/3/2004Morro Bay Crassostrea gigas 73-108mm 5/25/2005Morro Bay Crassostrea gigas 39-55mm 5/25/2005Morro Bay Crassostrea sikamea 32-56mm 5/25/2005Santa Barbara (offshore lease) Crassostrea gigas 90-150mm 7/21/2004Ports of Call, San Pedro Crassostrea gigas 74-129mm 1/24/2005

Disseminated Disseminated neoplasianeoplasia in bivalvesin bivalves

Occurrence in native oystersOccurrence in native oysters

Epidemiology in Epidemiology in MytilusMytilus and and MyaMya

Potential implications for native oyster restorationPotential implications for native oyster restoration

San Francisco Bay San Francisco Bay C. C. gigasgigas health exam and health exam and

reproductive statusreproductive status

Bivalve Disseminated Bivalve Disseminated NeoplasiaNeoplasia

Large, undifferentiated cells with large nuclei Large, undifferentiated cells with large nuclei proliferate throughout the open circulatory systemproliferate throughout the open circulatory system

Rare and best example of ‘cancer’ in a marine Rare and best example of ‘cancer’ in a marine invertebrateinvertebrate

Remarkably similar in 20 + speciesRemarkably similar in 20 + species

Emaciation, diminished reproduction, usually fatalEmaciation, diminished reproduction, usually fatal

Epidemics and steady statesEpidemics and steady states

What is the Cause of this Disease?What is the Cause of this Disease?

Spontaneous transformationSpontaneous transformation

VirusVirus

Chemical carcinogenesisChemical carcinogenesis

Harmful algae (PSP toxins)Harmful algae (PSP toxins)

Disseminated Disseminated NeoplasiaNeoplasia is is

Transmissible Within SpeciesTransmissible Within Species

Transmission by injection of (intact) Transmission by injection of (intact)

neoplasticneoplastic cells and by cohabitation cells and by cohabitation

Cells probably transplanted between Cells probably transplanted between

individualsindividuals

Operationally similar to a protozoan parasiteOperationally similar to a protozoan parasite

Disseminated Disseminated NeoplasiaNeoplasiain West Coast Bivalvesin West Coast Bivalves

Mussels, Mussels, MytilusMytilus trossulustrossulus in in Oregon, Oregon, Washington, & British ColumbiaWashington, & British Columbia

SoftSoft--shell clams, shell clams, MyaMya arenariaarenaria in Oregon in Oregon

Native oysters, Native oysters, OstreaOstrea conchaphilaconchaphila

Disseminated Disseminated NeoplasiaNeoplasia in in OstreaOstrea conchaphilaconchaphila

YaquinaYaquina Bay, Oregon ~1969Bay, Oregon ~1969--1970s1970s

SF Bay, California 2001, 2004SF Bay, California 2001, 2004

TomalesTomales Bay, California 2004Bay, California 2004

Washington: Not reportedWashington: Not reported

British Columbia: Not reportedBritish Columbia: Not reported

Disseminated Disseminated NeoplasiaNeoplasia in California in California OstreaOstrea conchaphilaconchaphila, 2004, 2004--66

SiteShell Height Range, mm Collection Date Substrate

Disseminated Neoplasia

Humboldt Bay- Mad River Estuary 46-65 Feb 2004 Oyster Raft 0/60Tomales Bay- North End 37-55 Aug 2004 Cobble/Rocks 2/60 (3%)Tomales Bay- South End 36-64 April 2004 Oyster Racks 0/60Drake's Estero 10-58 July 2004 C. gigas shell 27/63 (43%)Fort Mason Marina, SF Bay 22-35 June 2006 Rock 1/60 (1.6%)Candlestick Park, SF Bay 9-40 Jan 2005 Cobble/Rocks 13/48 (27%)Sailing Lake, Mountain View 17-86 Jan-Feb 2005 - 0/72Elkhorn Slough 38-71 May 2004 Cobble/Rocks 0/60

SiteEarly< 20%

Moderate20-79%

Advanced≥ 80%

Tomales Bay- North End 2 0 0Drake's Estero 15 9 3Fort Mason Marina, SF Bay 1 0 0Candlestick Park, SF Bay 4 6 3

IntensitiesIntensities

Epidemiology in Epidemiology in M. M. trossulustrossulus

Up to 60% prevalence in BC, WA, OR and BalticUp to 60% prevalence in BC, WA, OR and Baltic

Affects all age classes (including 30d, 2mm)Affects all age classes (including 30d, 2mm)

Key source of mortality in cultured population:Key source of mortality in cultured population:

> 80% of recruits die before ‘market’ size, > 80% of recruits die before ‘market’ size, 81% associated with DN81% associated with DN

Prevalence & intensity:Prevalence & intensity:

Positive correlation with mussel density, elevated Positive correlation with mussel density, elevated temperaturetemperature

Negative correlation with water circulationNegative correlation with water circulation

Epidemiology in Atlantic Epidemiology in Atlantic MyaMya arenariaarenaria

New England:New England:

Prevalence variable, up to 45% since 1972 discoveryPrevalence variable, up to 45% since 1972 discovery

Chesapeake Bay: Chesapeake Bay:

19691969--1978 1978 0/3620/362

19791979--19831983 4/2504/250

19831983--19881988 Prevalence up to 76%, correlated with Prevalence up to 76%, correlated with mortality mortality

20002000 Prevalence 3Prevalence 3--37%, populations 2% of peak37%, populations 2% of peak

Atlantic Canada: Atlantic Canada:

19901990--1998 1998 <13% <13%

19991999 Mass mortalities, with DN prevalence >95%Mass mortalities, with DN prevalence >95%

Restoration Implications of Disseminated Restoration Implications of Disseminated NeoplasiaNeoplasia in in OstreaOstrea conchaphilaconchaphila

Probable significant cause of mortality and Probable significant cause of mortality and diminished reproduction in some native oyster diminished reproduction in some native oyster populationspopulations

Highly variable over space (and time?) Highly variable over space (and time?)

Potential limiting factor in restorationPotential limiting factor in restoration

Transfers should be restrictedTransfers should be restricted

50/59 Ripe Females50/59 Ripe Females

1/59 Spawned Female1/59 Spawned Female

7/59 7/59 ResorbingResorbing FemalesFemales

1/59 Indeterminate1/59 Indeterminate

7 with 7 with CiliatesCiliates

CiliatesCiliates

CiliatesCiliates

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

California oyster farmersCalifornia oyster farmers

California Sea Grant CollegeCalifornia Sea Grant College

California State Coastal ConservancyCalifornia State Coastal Conservancy

California Department of Fish & GameCalifornia Department of Fish & Game