disposal of hazardous waste

8/9/2019 Disposal of Hazardous Waste

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DISPOSAL OFDISPOSAL OF

HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTEGoGo greengreen with your scrapewith your scrape



ContentContent

IntroductionIntroduction

AsbestosAsbestos

MercuryMercury LeadLead

Used oilUsed oil

PaintPaint

Outdated medicineOutdated medicine

ConclusionConclusion



IntroductionIntroduction

Hazardous wastes may be generated by a variety of Hazardous wastes may be generated by a variety of college/university activities, such as teaching, testing andcollege/university activities, such as teaching, testing andresearch laboratories, maintenance, housekeeping andresearch laboratories, maintenance, housekeeping andagricultural operations. These wastes may cause severeagricultural operations. These wastes may cause severeillness or death or pose substantial environmental threatsillness or death or pose substantial environmental threats

when improperly stored, transported, treated or disposedwhen improperly stored, transported, treated or disposedof. A University Waste Management Program has threeof. A University Waste Management Program has threebasic goals:basic goals:

To dispose of hazardous waste in compliance with allTo dispose of hazardous waste in compliance with allapplicable federal, state, and local regulations.applicable federal, state, and local regulations.

To manage the wastes generated in a manner that protectsTo manage the wastes generated in a manner that protectsemployees, the citizenry, and the environment.employees, the citizenry, and the environment.

To reduce the volume and toxicity of waste generated toTo reduce the volume and toxicity of waste generated tothe greatest degree practicable.the greatest degree practicable.



Types of AsbestosTypes of Asbestos

Chrysotile ± 95% of

commercial asbestos use;

Fibers flexible and curved.

Amphibole ± Brittle; rod or needle-

like shape; Higher cancer risk ± tend

to be longer, sharper, and are more

likely to lodge in lower lung.



Examples of Asbestos UseExamples of Asbestos Use

ShinglesShingles Floor tilesFloor tiles Asbestos cement Asbestos cement Roofing feltsRoofing felts

Insulation & acousticalInsulation & acousticalproductsproducts

Steam pipes, boilersSteam pipes, boilers ³Popcorn´ ceilings³Popcorn´ ceilings Patching, joint compounds,Patching, joint compounds,

textured paint, asbestostextured paint, asbestospaper tapepaper tape

Brakes, clutch facingsBrakes, clutch facings Plastics, fabrics, paints,Plastics, fabrics, paints,

paper paper



Who & How Exposed?Who & How Exposed?

All of us: Typical air ± 0.00001 fibers/mL

Occupational exposure

Families of workers

Close to asbestos

factory ± 0.01 fibers/mL

or higher

Disturbance of

asbestos ± demolition,

remodeling, insulation,

brake repair, improper

disposal



Asbestos Asbestos--Related Health Related Health

ConditionsConditionsCancerCancer

Lung cancerLung cancer

MesotheliomMesotheliom

aa OtherOther

cancerscancers

NonNon--CancerousCancerousLungLung

AbnormalitiesAbnormalities::

AsbestosisAsbestosis Pleural plaquesPleural plaques

Pleural thickeningPleural thickening

Pleural effusionPleural effusion

(fluid) (Can be(fluid) (Can bean earlyan earlyindication of indication of mesothelioma)mesothelioma)



MercuryMercury

Mercury is one of the most toxic elements on theMercury is one of the most toxic elements on theplanet, probably second only to plutonium, yetplanet, probably second only to plutonium, yetworldwide people have it in all tissues of theirworldwide people have it in all tissues of theirbodies, and it continues to be dumped into ourbodies, and it continues to be dumped into ourwaterways and soil, placed into our teeth, andwaterways and soil, placed into our teeth, andinjected into our bodies. If a single large amalgaminjected into our bodies. If a single large amalgamfilling contained 1 gram of mercury (1 millionfilling contained 1 gram of mercury (1 million

micrograms) and lost a significantly toxic 10micrograms) and lost a significantly toxic 10micrograms per day there would be enough mercurymicrograms per day there would be enough mercuryfor 100,000 days or about 274 years of exposure. Afor 100,000 days or about 274 years of exposure. Asmall tenth of a gram mercury filling would last 27small tenth of a gram mercury filling would last 27years. So enough mercury is within amalgam fillingsyears. So enough mercury is within amalgam fillingsto provide a consistent chronic toxic exposure for theto provide a consistent chronic toxic exposure for thelife of most fillings. A 1997 report by the U.S.life of most fillings. A 1997 report by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, say nothingEnvironmental Protection Agency, say nothingdeposits more inorganic mercury into the body thandeposits more inorganic mercury into the body than

fillings. The ADA notes that mercury has been usedfillings. The ADA notes that mercury has been usedfor 160 yearsfor 160 years----since blacksmiths and barbers wonsince blacksmiths and barbers wonout over medical professionals, who preferred to pullout over medical professionals, who preferred to pullteeth or fill them with gold.teeth or fill them with gold.

_ _



Emission of mercuryEmission of mercury

65% from stationary combustion, of which coal65% from stationary combustion, of which coal--fired power plantsfired power plantsare the largest aggregate source (40% of U.S. mercury emissionsare the largest aggregate source (40% of U.S. mercury emissionsin 1999). This includes power plants fueled with gas where thein 1999). This includes power plants fueled with gas where themercury has not been removed. Emissions from coal combustionmercury has not been removed. Emissions from coal combustionare between one and two orders of magnitude higher thanare between one and two orders of magnitude higher thanemissions from oil combustion, depending on the country.emissions from oil combustion, depending on the country.

11% from gold production. The three largest point sources for11% from gold production. The three largest point sources formercury emissions in the U.S. are the three largest gold mines.mercury emissions in the U.S. are the three largest gold mines.

6.8% from6.8% from nonnon--ferrous metalferrous metal production, typicallyproduction, typically smelterssmelters.. 6.4% from6.4% from cementcement production.production. 3.0% from3.0% from waste disposalwaste disposal, including, including municipalmunicipal andand hazardoushazardous

wastewaste,, crematoriacrematoria, and, and sewage sludgesewage sludge incineration. This is aincineration. This is asignificant underestimate due to limited information, and is likelysignificant underestimate due to limited information, and is likely

to be off by a factor of two to five.to be off by a factor of two to five.[10][10] 3.0% from3.0% from caustic sodacaustic soda production.production. 1.4% from1.4% from pig ironpig iron andand steelsteel production.production. 1.1% from mercury production, mainly for batteries.1.1% from mercury production, mainly for batteries. 2.0% from other sources2.0% from other sources



Effect of MercuryEffect of Mercury

Brain damageBrain damage

Kidney damageKidney damage

Changes in brainChanges in brain

function, suchfunction, suchas tremors,as tremors,changes inchanges invision orvision orhearing,hearing,

memorymemoryproblems, orproblems, orirritability.irritability.

Increased bloodIncreased bloodpressure orpressure or

heart rateheart rate

Lung damageLung damage

Effects passedEffects passedfrom mother tofrom mother tofetus: mentalfetus: mental

retardation,retardation,blindness,blindness,seizures,seizures,inability toinability tospeakspeak

Nausea,Nausea,vomiting,vomiting,diarrhea, skindiarrhea, skinrashesrashes

Detection:Detection:

Urine TestUrine Test



Disposal of MercuryDisposal of Mercury

Mercury poisoning can be prevented (or minimized) by eliminating orMercury poisoning can be prevented (or minimized) by eliminating orreducing exposure to mercury and mercury compounds. To that end,reducing exposure to mercury and mercury compounds. To that end,many governments and private groups have made efforts to regulate themany governments and private groups have made efforts to regulate theuse of mercury heavily, or to issue advisories about its use. For example,use of mercury heavily, or to issue advisories about its use. For example,the export from thethe export from the European UnionEuropean Union of mercury and some mercuryof mercury and some mercurycompounds will be prohibited fromcompounds will be prohibited from 20112011--0303--1515..[23][23] The variability amongThe variability amongregulations and advisories is at times confusing for the lay person as wellregulations and advisories is at times confusing for the lay person as well

as scientists.as scientists. TheThe United States Environmental Protection AgencyUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued(EPA) issued

recommendations in 2004 regarding exposure to mercury in fish andrecommendations in 2004 regarding exposure to mercury in fish andshellfish.shellfish. [25][25] The EPA also developed the "Fish Kids" awareness campaignThe EPA also developed the "Fish Kids" awareness campaignfor children and young adultsfor children and young adults [26][26] on account of the greater impact of on account of the greater impact of mercury exposure to that populationmercury exposure to that population

As mercury is a lowest element among the halogens it dosenot react withAs mercury is a lowest element among the halogens it dosenot react withacids and alkalies ,by forming it oxide we can decompose it in highacids and alkalies ,by forming it oxide we can decompose it in high

temperature.temperature.



leadlead

Lead occurs naturally in theLead occurs naturally in theenvironment and has many industrialenvironment and has many industrial

uses.H

owever, even small amountsuses.H

owever, even small amountsof lead can be hazardous to yourof lead can be hazardous to yourhealthhealth



LeadLead Health Effects

Brain damage and lower intelligence

Nervous system damage

Behavior and learning

problems Impaired speech and language

Slowed growth anddevelopment

K idney and liver damage

Coma, convulsions, or death

Detection: Blood Test

A bout 1 in 22 children in

America have high levels of

lead in their blood.



Sources of Lead ExposureSources of Lead Exposure

FoodFood Traces of lead are found in almost all food. Airborne lead falls onto crops or soil and is absorbed by plants. Lead solderTraces of lead are found in almost all food. Airborne lead falls onto crops or soil and is absorbed by plants. Lead solder

used in making cans can also contaminate food. However, in Canada food manufacturers have eliminated the use of used in making cans can also contaminate food. However, in Canada food manufacturers have eliminated the use of leadlead--soldered cans. Infants can also absorb lead from their mothers' bodies through breast milk.soldered cans. Infants can also absorb lead from their mothers' bodies through breast milk.

AirAir Lead is released into air through industrial emissions, smelters and refineries. With the introduction of unleadedLead is released into air through industrial emissions, smelters and refineries. With the introduction of unleaded

gasoline in Canada in 1975, lead concentrations in the air have declined significantly, falling 76% between 1973 andgasoline in Canada in 1975, lead concentrations in the air have declined significantly, falling 76% between 1973 and1985. Leaded gasoline in cars was banned in Canada in 1990. Since then levels of lead in the air of most Canadian1985. Leaded gasoline in cars was banned in Canada in 1990. Since then levels of lead in the air of most Canadiancities have dropped below detectable limits.cities have dropped below detectable limits.

Dust and SoilDust and Soil

Dust and soil can be significant lead exposure sources, especially for young children. Lead in soil can come from the airDust and soil can be significant lead exposure sources, especially for young children. Lead in soil can come from the airor from erosion of leador from erosion of lead--bearing rocks, and may be carried indoors as dust. Lead dust can also come from within thebearing rocks, and may be carried indoors as dust. Lead dust can also come from within thehome, especially older homes that used leadhome, especially older homes that used lead--based paints or lead solder. Lead dust is especially dangerous for babiesbased paints or lead solder. Lead dust is especially dangerous for babiesand young children, because they tend to put things in their mouths and their breathing zone is closer to floor leveland young children, because they tend to put things in their mouths and their breathing zone is closer to floor levelwhere lead dust tends to collect.where lead dust tends to collect.

Drinking WaterDrinking Water In most of Canada, the amount of lead in natural water supplies is very low. However, lead can enter the water supplyIn most of Canada, the amount of lead in natural water supplies is very low. However, lead can enter the water supply

from lead solder in plumbing, lead service connections or lead pipes in your home. Homes built before 1950 often havefrom lead solder in plumbing, lead service connections or lead pipes in your home. Homes built before 1950 often haveleaded distribution lines and service connections.leaded distribution lines and service connections.

In newer homes, lead may leach from solder for several years until the pipes form a protective oxide layer. Lead isIn newer homes, lead may leach from solder for several years until the pipes form a protective oxide layer. Lead ismore likely to be found in soft or very acidic water and in very old or very new homes. Themore likely to be found in soft or very acidic water and in very old or very new homes. The National Plumbing Code of National Plumbing Code of CanadaCanada does not permit the use of lead solder in new drinking water plumbing or in repairs to existing drinking waterdoes not permit the use of lead solder in new drinking water plumbing or in repairs to existing drinking watersystems. Several provinces also limit the amount of lead solder in drinking water supply lines.systems. Several provinces also limit the amount of lead solder in drinking water supply lines.

Lead levels in tap water increase as water stands in pipes. Drinking fountains may have higher levels of lead thanLead levels in tap water increase as water stands in pipes. Drinking fountains may have higher levels of lead thanwater from nearby taps, because the water usually sits for a longer time. They may also have more soldered joints.water from nearby taps, because the water usually sits for a longer time. They may also have more soldered joints.

PaintPaint In 1976, the amount of lead that could be added to interior paints was limited by law, but exterior paints could stillIn 1976, the amount of lead that could be added to interior paints was limited by law, but exterior paints could still

contain higher amounts of lead, provided they carried a warning label. Under the Surface Coating Materialscontain higher amounts of lead, provided they carried a warning label. Under the Surface Coating MaterialsRegulations, which came into effect in 2005, the lead limit was further reduced. Paint manufacturers could no longerRegulations, which came into effect in 2005, the lead limit was further reduced. Paint manufacturers could no longeradd lead to their paint. Canadian manufacturers of interior and exterior consumer paints had already been voluntarilyadd lead to their paint. Canadian manufacturers of interior and exterior consumer paints had already been voluntarilykeeping to this limit since 1991. Some specialty coatings, such as artists' paints and metal touchkeeping to this limit since 1991. Some specialty coatings, such as artists' paints and metal touch--up coatings, canup coatings, cancontain higher levels of lead, but if they do, they must be labelled to warn against applying the paint to surfaces thatcontain higher levels of lead, but if they do, they must be labelled to warn against applying the paint to surfaces thatchildren and pregnant women might come in contact with.children and pregnant women might come in contact with.

Most indoor and outdoor paints produced before 1950 contained substantial amounts of lead. If you strip or sand oldMost indoor and outdoor paints produced before 1950 contained substantial amounts of lead. If you strip or sand oldpaint that contains lead, you could breathe in lead particlespaint that contains lead, you could breathe in lead particles



DISPOS AL OF LE ADDISPOS AL OF LE AD

1. Action of air : Lead is not attached by clay air. However, in moist air, its1. Action of air : Lead is not attached by clay air. However, in moist air, itssurfaces covered With a thin film of basic Carbonate.surfaces covered With a thin film of basic Carbonate.

When heated in air, it forms Litharge (PbO). At higher temperature, redWhen heated in air, it forms Litharge (PbO). At higher temperature, redlead (Pb3O4) is obtained.lead (Pb3O4) is obtained.

2Pb + O2 = 2Pb O (Litharge)2Pb + O2 = 2Pb O (Litharge) 6PbO + O2 = 2Pb3 O3 (red lead )6PbO + O2 = 2Pb3 O3 (red lead )

2. Action of water : Lead is not attached by pure air free water. However it2. Action of water : Lead is not attached by pure air free water. However itdissolved slowly in water containing dissolved air forming lead hydroxide,dissolved slowly in water containing dissolved air forming lead hydroxide,Pb(OH)2. The supply of drinking water should be avoided because allPb(OH)2. The supply of drinking water should be avoided because allsoluble lead salt Are poisonous & causes lead poisoning.soluble lead salt Are poisonous & causes lead poisoning.

4.Action of acids : Lead dissolved reality in acetic acids (ethanoic acid) in4.Action of acids : Lead dissolved reality in acetic acids (ethanoic acid) inthe presences of air to form lead acetate .the presences of air to form lead acetate .

2Pb + 4CH3COOH + O2 = 2(CH3COOH)2 Pb + 2H2O (LEAD2Pb + 4CH3COOH + O2 = 2(CH3COOH)2 Pb + 2H2O (LEADACETATE)ACETATE) Which gives tetramethyl lead which is used as an antiknock compound toWhich gives tetramethyl lead which is used as an antiknock compound to

improve the quality of petrol.improve the quality of petrol.



Used OilUsed Oil

Collection of used oilCollection of used oil



Used Oil DisposalUsed Oil Disposal

Vacuum pump oilVacuum pump oil from laboratories will be collected during the monthly hazardous waste pickups, due to the possibility of contamination withfrom laboratories will be collected during the monthly hazardous waste pickups, due to the possibility of contamination withother chemicals. Containers must be labeled "USED OIL", not "hazardous waste."other chemicals. Containers must be labeled "USED OIL", not "hazardous waste."

ManyMany cutting oilscutting oils may not meet the definition of used oil. Contact EHS at ext. 8may not meet the definition of used oil. Contact EHS at ext. 8--5294 before disposing of cutting oils in order to determine5294 before disposing of cutting oils in order to determinewhether they should be treated as used oil or hazardous waste.whether they should be treated as used oil or hazardous waste.

PCB contaminated oilPCB contaminated oil must be treated as hazardous waste. Contact EHS if there is any suspicion of PCB contamination.must be treated as hazardous waste. Contact EHS if there is any suspicion of PCB contamination.

Oil mixed into any other hazardous wastes will be treated as hazardous waste.Oil mixed into any other hazardous wastes will be treated as hazardous waste. With the exception of the materials listed above, EHS does not pay for disposal of used oil and does not normally coordinateWith the exception of the materials listed above, EHS does not pay for disposal of used oil and does not normally coordinate useused oild oil

disposal.disposal. EHS continues to coordinate and bear the cost of routine hazardous waste disposal.EHS continues to coordinate and bear the cost of routine hazardous waste disposal. Used Oil Disposal OptionsUsed Oil Disposal Options There are several options for disposal of used oil that does not meet the exception criteria listed above:There are several options for disposal of used oil that does not meet the exception criteria listed above: Send to a commercial facility approved by the NJ Department of Environmental Protection for used oil disposal.Send to a commercial facility approved by the NJ Department of Environmental Protection for used oil disposal. Safety KleenSafety Kleen will pick up usedwill pick up used

oil on an onoil on an on--call basis. The oil will be pumped from its container (must be a 55 gallon or more drum or tank) into their storagecall basis. The oil will be pumped from its container (must be a 55 gallon or more drum or tank) into their storage vessel, leavingvessel, leavingyou with your container. The costs, as of December, 2002, are as follows:you with your container. The costs, as of December, 2002, are as follows:

00--125 gallons: $60.00125 gallons: $60.00 126126--275 gallons: $90.00275 gallons: $90.00

The Princeton University Garage will accept used oil to be placed into their large tank, at their discretion. The cost of disThe Princeton University Garage will accept used oil to be placed into their large tank, at their discretion. The cost of disposposal will be shared byal will be shared byall contributors.all contributors.

Used oil can be collected with the regular hazardous waste pickup and disposed of byUsed oil can be collected with the regular hazardous waste pickup and disposed of by Triumvirate or Clean Harbors EnvironmentalTriumvirate or Clean Harbors EnvironmentalServicesServices. The cost of disposal will be charged back to the department. The cost of disposal is usually $90.00 per 55 gallon drum (sub. The cost of disposal will be charged back to the department. The cost of disposal is usually $90.00 per 55 gallon drum (subjec ject tot tochange). The drum will be taken with the shipment. Replacement drums may be purchased from the disposal company for a chargechange). The drum will be taken with the shipment. Replacement drums may be purchased from the disposal company for a charge of of $44.00$44.00each.each.

Small amounts of waste oil (less than 2 gallons) may be taken to a service station for recycling.Small amounts of waste oil (less than 2 gallons) may be taken to a service station for recycling. Used Oil Collection TipsUsed Oil Collection Tips

1. Minimize the amount of water in the oil.1. Minimize the amount of water in the oil. 2. Keep all collection vessels, especially drums, sealed except when filling the container.2. Keep all collection vessels, especially drums, sealed except when filling the container. 3. Label containers "USED OIL", not "waste oil" or "hazardous waste".3. Label containers "USED OIL", not "waste oil" or "hazardous waste". Spills or Releases of OilSpills or Releases of Oil 1. Oil spills should be cleaned up immediately. Absorbent materials (vermiculite) and lined 51. Oil spills should be cleaned up immediately. Absorbent materials (vermiculite) and lined 5--gallon pails are available throughgallon pails are available through EHS. SeeEHS. See

Chemical Spill CleanChemical Spill Clean--Up ProceduresUp Procedures for general instructions for cleaning up oil spills.for general instructions for cleaning up oil spills. 2. Releases to the environmental (including releases to the sewer, soil, or impervious surfaces outdoors) must be reported im2. Releases to the environmental (including releases to the sewer, soil, or impervious surfaces outdoors) must be reported immedmediately toiately to

Public SafetyPublic Safety at 911 and toat 911 and to Bob OrtegoBob Ortego, Environmental Compliance Manager, at extension 8, Environmental Compliance Manager, at extension 8--1841.1841.



PaintPaint



PAINT DISPOSAL

Paints commonly used in households: Water-based: latex - least harmful, pre-1992 paint may contain mercury; Oil-based: enamel, lacquer, shellac and varnish - contains solvents; Hobby or artist: coloring paints - may contain solvents or heavy metals; Aerosols: spray paints - contain solvents and propellants. What You Should Do With Leftover Paints - Use them up or give them to someone who can. - Dry unwanted latex paint outdoors, away from children and animals and discard

with the household trash in a plastic lined box. Remove paint can lids so the trash removers can see that

the cans are empty or the paint is dry. Call your local recycling coordinator to see if the empty

cans and lids can be recycled. - Add kitty litter to completely dry the paint out. - Unwanted oil-based paint should be brought to your local Household Hazardous

Waste collection event. Always read the label for safety precautions, even if you are familiar with

the product. Remember, improper disposal of these products can harm the environment! Store Unusable Paints Properly and Safely Before Disposal - Keep the product in its original container with the label intact. - Place leaking containers in larger, leak-proof containers clearly labeled with the

contents. - Store products out of reach of children and pets, away from heat, and away from

the house, if possible.



How To Safely Dispose of How To Safely Dispose of

outdatedoutdatedM

edicationsM

edications Should You PourShould You Pour

Them Down The Sink?Them Down The Sink? Should You ThrowShould You Throw

Them Into The Trash?Them Into The Trash? Should You FlushShould You Flush

Them Down TheThem Down TheToilet?Toilet? Should You ReturnShould You Return

Them To YourThem To YourPharmacy?Pharmacy?

Should You ReturnShould You ReturnThem To Your Doctor?Them To Your Doctor?



Disposal of medicineDisposal of medicine

Consider all your options for safer, environmentallyConsider all your options for safer, environmentally--friendly disposal of your unused medications.friendly disposal of your unused medications.

When you explore safer options expect to hear "WhyWhen you explore safer options expect to hear "Whydon't you just flush them down the toilet?" Justdon't you just flush them down the toilet?" Justbecause this method is still common practice does notbecause this method is still common practice does notmake it the most responsible or safest practice.make it the most responsible or safest practice.

TheThe FDA advisesFDA advises that certain painkillers (e.g,that certain painkillers (e.g,OxyContin, Morphine, Percocet) be flushed down theOxyContin, Morphine, Percocet) be flushed down the

toilet instead of thrown in the trash.toilet instead of thrown in the trash. Keep in mind, proper medication disposal is still anKeep in mind, proper medication disposal is still an

emerging environmental issue. Even experts andemerging environmental issue. Even experts andofficials differ greatly on what should be done aboutofficials differ greatly on what should be done aboutthe problem.the problem.

Your disposal options can and will vary greatly byYour disposal options can and will vary greatly byyour area. You will find a wide variety of answers toyour area. You will find a wide variety of answers tothis problem.this problem.

If you must dispose of your unused medications in theIf you must dispose of your unused medications in thetrash, which is still better and safer than the sewer,trash, which is still better and safer than the sewer,you may want to place a little water into solidyou may want to place a little water into solid

medications or solidify liquid medicines with a littlemedications or solidify liquid medicines with a littlekitty litter, sawdust or flour. This may help keep yourkitty litter, sawdust or flour. This may help keep yourmedications from being taken accidentally by a childmedications from being taken accidentally by a childor pet.or pet.



What You Need:What You Need:

A little persistance, preparation andA little persistance, preparation andplanning.planning.

Location, if any, of your localLocation, if any, of your localhousehold hazardous waste facility.household hazardous waste facility.

Location and details of drug recyclingLocation and details of drug recyclingprograms, if any, in your area.programs, if any, in your area.



Presented byPresented by

Nandita DasNandita Das

Rajesh Kr SinhaRajesh Kr Sinha

Sumi DasSumi Das Md. ZakaullahMd. Zakaullah

Varsha kumariVarsha kumari

Rimi DewanjeeRimi Dewanjee

Md. Imran Sk.Md. Imran Sk.

Micky SalujaMicky Saluja

disposal of hazardous waste

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