Slide 1

PLENARY DISCUSSION

SCENE VI

BY : IA

GROUP IA1110311001 Nurul Aini Yudita1110312001 Ilham Ari Seja1110312031 Fajar Defian Putra1110312061 Anggi Liviani Viducia1110312091 Tri Novita Wulan Sari1110312121 Gebby Berri1110312151 Aini Gusmarina1110313024 Dekbit Reski Syahrul1110313054 Hafizha Puti Ahdika1110313084 Putri Asyiah

The Unlucky ShipAna 19 years old, a medical student and her little sister are watching the TV news about the burned ferryboat in Sunda Strait. There are still many unidentified victims. To ensure the victim's body we have to do a DNA test. Anas little sister ask: Why we have to do that? Because Ana is learning about structure and function of DNA, Ana try to explain to her little sister that DNA can defence its character by doing replication and recombination that could be affected by environment such as radiation that could cause DNA mutation.Ana get info from a book, that DNA can occur transcription become RNA, then RNA can occur translation to produce protein. Based on genetic engineering, we can also do stem cell purification, producing vaccine and medicines, and clonning-but still there are ethics controversy- by recombinant DNA. How do you explain about that case?

SCHEME

DNARNAStructureFunctionProteinReplication and recombinationClonningStem CellKindRecombinant DNATranscriptionGenetic EngineeringFunctionTranslation Structure

Learning Objectives Student able to explain about structur,function, and stability DNA and RNAStudent able to explain about mechanism of protein synthesize (transcription and translation process)Student able to explain about mechanism of replication and recombination DNA

Learning Objectives4. Student able to explain about DNA test and purpose of DNA test

5. Student able to explain about the adventageous and disadventageous of genetic engineering (Stem cell,clonning,recombinant DNA)

6. Student able to explain about basic principal of genetic engineering

1. DNADNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) is a place of storage of genetic information

Structure : - double-stranded helical - polynucleotide macromolecule, composed :a. KH pentose : deoxyriboseb. Nitrogen base : Purin (A,G), Pirimidin (T,C)c. Phospate

Function : a. Function of genotypic- store the genetic information - pass the information from generation to generation Express by : REPLICATION

b. Function of phenotypic- regulates the development of the phenotype of the organism. Implemented by : GENE EXPRESSION

c. Evolutionary function- DNA might be changed so that it can adapt to a changing environment Implemented by : MUTATION

Stability of DNA :

a. piles of nucleotide bases on one chain hydrophobic interactions between the bases of nucleotide bases

b. hydrogen bonding between bases of paired bases on a double chain, mainly in pairs between C and G, the greater the C-G pair, the more stable structure

RNARNA (Ribonucleic acid) is a biologically important type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units.

Each nucleotide consists of : - A nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, uracil and cytosin) - A ribose sugar - Phosphate

Single chain, short, and not twisted but can fold themselves in certain rules.

Function of RNAmRNA= carry of genetic code from DNA to the ribosometRNA= translate of genetic code from mRNArRNA= protein synthesis and preparing the ribosome

Stability of RNAStacking of nucleotide base from one chain interactionHydrophobicity between the nucleotide bases lost because of heat

DifferenceDNARNACOMPONENTSPIRAMIDINdeoxyribose,Thymine and cytosine

RiboseUracil and cytosineFORMSlong-chain, double, and twistingshort chain, single, and not twistedlocationlocated in the nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondrialocated in the nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondriaCONTENTfixedcan be changed through the synthesis of proteins

2. Protein SynthesizeTRANSCRIPTION

synthesis RNA depend on DNAs instruction

take place in nucleus

Consist of some steps:1. InitiationSet of proteins called transcription factor bind with promoter. Transcription factor will find core promoter which called TATA box as the starting point of transcription.

RNA Polymerase enzyme bind with promoter which has been tied by transcription factor. RNA Polymerase enzyme opens torsion both strands of DNA so separate and tie RNA nucleotide when this molecule form base pairs along the DNA template.

2. ElongationWhen RNA Polymerase move along the DNA template, that enzyme still open DNA torsion once paired with nucleotides of RNA.

Move from 53

When synthesis RNA happened, DNA double helix formed back and a new RNA molecule will separated from its template.

3. TerminationRNA Polymerase reach DNA sequence terminator

RNA Polymerase pass a termination signal sequence poliadenilase (AAUAAA) in cytoplasm.

Pra mRNA cut until its loose

mRNA will be hold with the damage intron at secuens pra mRNA in 30-31 and 104-105 base nucleotide

B. TRANSLATION

In translation phase, there are 5 steps in protein synthesize:Formation of Aminoasil-tRNA phaseInitiation phaseElongation phaseTermination phaseFormation of functional protein phase

a) Formation of Aminoasil-tRNA-> is catalyzed by Aminoasil-tRNA synthetic enzymeAmino acid + ATP amonoasil-AMP +PpiAminoasil-AMP + tRNA aminoasil-tRNA +AMP

Amino acid will be tied up at C atom no. 2/3 of pentose sugar

b) Initiation phaseCordage of 18S RNA from 40S ribosome subunit to mRNA using the help of protein named initiation factor 3 (IF-3).Formation of KOMPLEK (GTP, IF-1, and IF-2) for putting first codon of mRNA to anticodon of tRNAAfter releasing, 60S ribosome is tied up to mRNA, hydrolizing GTP GDP+P, and make 80S ribosomeThere are 3 sites in ribosome:A site : will be filled by tRNA that brings amino acid (still empty)P site : first place of tRNA in initiation phaseE site : the exit way for tRNA after translating codonTranslating first codon -> AUG (metionin).

c) Elongation phaseFor calling the aminoasil-tRNA to A site that is still empty, it must be formed the KOMPLEK of IF1 and GTP.

The bunch of -amino in aa-tRNA (A site) attacks carboxyl in peptidil-tRNA (P site) using peptidil transferase enzyme

Disassociation of tRNA from P site

Translocation A to P, and P to E

d) Termination phaseTerminated codon enters P siteReleasing factor and GTP will hydrolize peptide bonding and tRNA (A site)80S ribosome disassociate to 40S and 60S, then recycle

e) Formation of functional protein phasePolypeptide that formed from synthetic process.Forming functional protein:- secondary, structure: -helix, ex: hair. formed because of hydrogen bonding in one strand of polypeptide. Making double helix, and stabilize with sulfide bonding- tertiary, structure: conformation- formed because hydrogen bonding one polypeptide with other polypeptide. Stabilizing with ionic bonding, hydrophobic, Van der Wall bonding, covalent bonding, and hydrogen bonding.- quaternary -> between two or more than two of tertiary protein that occurs interaction

3. Mechanism of DNA Replication

4. DNA TestThe method to identify specific character in DNA

The Purpose :to know relationship between parents and childrento know about risk of degenerative diseaseForensik problem

DNA that used for DNA test :1. DNA Mithokondria2. DNA Nucleus Core

Mechanism of DNA TestUsed STR (Short tendem Repeats)Put samplePure the samplePut the sample into PCRUsed electroforesis system to identify DNAs ribbonPCR Match the DNA

5. Genetic EngineeringA. Stem Cellprogenitor cells that can develop into various tissues or organs that correspond to a given stimulus.

has potential to develop into various types of cells that are specific.

Characteristic Stem Cell :

Differentiate.Ability to differentiate into other cells. Example: nerve cells, heart muscle cells

Self regenerate. Ability to renew itself.

Types of stem cellsTotipotent can differentiate into all cell types

Pluripotent can differentiate into 3 germ layers

Multipotent can differentiate into many cell types

UnipotentOnly one type and can renew themselves

Advantage of stem cell :Easily obtained from fertility clinicsAre pluripotent that can differentiate into cell typesLong lived, can proliferate hundreds of timesLow rejection reaction

Risk of stem cell :Tumorgenik nature means that every cell can cause contamination with cancerEthically highly controversial

B. CLONNINGClonning is doubling technique that produces thesame derived trait genotype and phenotype.

There are two clonning :Natural Clonning, ex : identical twin.Artificial Clonning- Recombinant DNA (gene clonning) Artificial DNA derived from the combination of two or more sequences.

- Reproductive Clonning DNA creations by somatic cell transfer technique.

- Therapeutic Clonning Cloning used for research and treatment.

Clonning Processtook the egg and remove the nucleus.took the body cells and remove the nucleus.enter the body cell nucleus into an empty egg cell.combination of these cells grown in culture with startled by an electric voltage.stem cells implanted in the uterus.parent will get pregnant and give birth to identical.

6. The basic of DNA Recombinan :

a. Isolating DNA- Elimination of cell wall as a mechanic (high pressure) and enzimatis (lisozim)- Elimination of nucleus membrane- The residue of cell eliminated by centrifugation. Protein is presipited by organic solvent- DNA + RNA are separated by RNAse- DNA is pured

b. Truncation of strandsDNA

DNA that was isolated will cuted by enzyme Restriction type II.The spesific characteristic of Restriction type II : - Recognize the spesific base (4-7) - Cuting the strand of DNA - Make the specific fragment The sticky end

c. Infixation fragment of DNA and vector- Ligation with enzyme DNA lygase sticky end- Ligation with DNA lygase bacteriophage T4 the blunt end

d. Transformation DNA recombinant into host cell

Thank You