discourse influences during parsing are delayed keith rayner, simon garrod,& charles a. perfetti...
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Discourse influences during parsing are
delayed
Keith Rayner, Simon Garrod,& Charles A. Perfetti
Cognition, 45, 1992
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Background…
How does context influence parsing strategy? Initial parsing strategies are not influenced by
context or pragmatics: Garden-Path Model Initial parsing strategies are influenced by
context/pragmatics: Interactive Model
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Parsing in two different syntactically ambiguous texts
Garden-Path Model: we can resolve local ambiguity in the sentence syntax by relying solely on structural information Minimal Attachment (MA) & Late Closure
(1) Prepositional Phrase (PP) MA says #2 is more difficult to parse:
John put the book on the table and went to sleep. John put the book on the table into his briefcase.
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(2) Reduced Relative Clause (RRC) MA says #2 is more difficult to parse (and even
more difficult than #2 in the aforementioned PP). The woman rushed to the hospital and forgot her
laundry. The woman rushed to the hospital had a pretty baby
girl.
Parsing in two different syntactically ambiguous texts
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Contextual Influences on Parsing?
John put the book on the table… Perhaps context & postnominal referents help
select among several possible candidates (e.g., multiple books in the room in various locations)… “Attention Selection”
Or, perhaps postnominal “re-orients” the reader to the appropriate context, thus enabling identification of the referent. “Attention Orientation”
#2 is the focus of this paper
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Questions
Does establishing reference influence parsing decision?
What is the impact of attention-orienting postnominals that are either (1) within “discourse focus”, or (2) out of “discourse focus”
Does context influence parsing more on simpler text structures (i.e., PP vs. RRC)?
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Participants
18 Young Adults (read passages in context) Another set of Ss read target sentences in
isolation No individual difference data reported (e.g.,
education, vocabulary, WM, etc.)
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Sentence Materials
Two versions of target sentences: PP & RRC
Three versions of each passage: Minimal Attachment (MA) Non-Minimal Attachment, Discourse Focused
(NMA-F) Non-Minimal Attachment, Discourse Non-
Focused (NMA-NF) 27 experimental & 15 filler passages each
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PP - MA
Susan had real trouble trying to find the man who had promised to give her a lift into town. She looked for him in the office but without success. Eventually she discovered /the man/ in the car/ and they drove/ away into town/.
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PP - NMA-NF
June always enjoyed theatrical parties and it was her ambition to be taken out by a real star. This evening she was particularly interested in a man who had arrived in a very expensive Italian sports car, but she couldn’t find him anywhere. She tried to circulate among the other guests in the hope of attracting someone’s attention. Eventually she discovered /the man/ in the car/ talking to one/ of her friends/.
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PP - NMA-F
June always enjoyed theatrical parties and it was her ambition to be taken out by a real star. This evening she was particularly interested in a man who had arrived in a very expensive Italian sports car, but she couldn’t find him anywhere. Eventually she discovered /the man/ in the car/ talking to one/ of her friends/.
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RR - MA
Jane loved to arrange fashion advertisements. At the back she put up a dais for her central figure, a model wearing one of the store’s most expensive garments. Around this she placed bunches of flowers. Then /the model/ perched on the dais/ and Jane took/ the picture/. Everything worked out very well.
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RR - NMA-NF
Gillian had arrived late at her studio and faced a tight deadline for the fashion cover shot. In the center of the tableau she perched a model on a narrow dais. Around her she arranged some other people in various poses all observing a dangerous looking cut-out of a panther. Every time she thought she had the scene set someone would move out of position. Even the lights were acting up that day. Eventually it all seemed perfect. Then /the model/ perched on the dais/ lost her balance/. /She crashed/ into the rest of the tableau and everything had to be arranged over again.
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RR - NMA-F
Gillian had arrived late at her studio and faced a tight deadline for the fashion cover shot. In the center of the tableau she perched a model on a narrow dais. Eventually it all seemed perfect. Then /the model/ perched on the dais/ lost her balance/. /She crashed/ into the rest of the tableau and everything had to be arranged over again.
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Other details
Target regions always on the same line “Attempt was made” to have the size (# of
letters) of target regions 3 & 4 very similar… Scored for (1) First-pass reading time and (2)
total reading time, with (3) # of regressions counted as well
DV data reported in ms/character
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PP Attachment
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Regressions
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Conclusions: PP
Context influences parsing only after the initial parse
Examining ONLY Total RT might suggest that discourse focus (NMA-F) might lead to context influencing immediate parsing, but first-pass RT suggests this isn’t the case (MA rt < NMA rts)
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RRC Attachment
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Regressions
Similar as before: More likely to regress from regions 3 & 4 to
regions 2 & 3 in the two NMA conditions than the MA.
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Conclusions: RR
Similar to PP: MA rt < NMA rts on first-pass reading time
One noteable difference: Total reading time suggested discourse focus
might help improve RTs
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Overall Conclusions
Pattern supports garden-path model: semantic information influences RT only after initial parsing decisions. Evidence: PP & RR RTs for target region within NMA
sentences > MA sentences (even when provided context to “help” them identify the NMA interpretation).
Context does influence ease of recovery from garden-pathing. Evidence: Total reading times for NMA-Focus, esp. for RR
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Questions…
Multiple referents in context, vs. just one? Type of text (e.g., genre)? Length of total passage?