UNIVERZA V MARIBORU

FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA

Oddelek za prevodoslovje

DIPLOMSKO DELO

Anka Rojs

Maribor, 2009

________________________

Dekan: ____________________

UNIVERZA V MARIBORU

FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA

Oddelek za prevodoslovje

Diplomsko delo

THE DRAFT OF AN ENGLISH-SLOVENE

TECHNICAL RAILWAY DICTIONARY

(Osnutek angleško-slovenskega tehničnega železničarskega slovarja) Mentorica: Kandidatka: doc. dr. Klementina Jurančič-Petek Anka Rojs Somentorica: doc. dr. Darja Hribar

Maribor, 2009

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Of all the people to whom I owe a debt of gratitude, I would single out my mentor Klementina Jurančič-Petek, who has given me the support and inspiration to write

this diploma.

Many thanks also to my co-mentor Darja Hribar, who willingly agreed to provide the additional assistance.

I am indebted to my father Peter and his work colleagues for technical knowledge

they have given me which has enabled me to compile almost a real dictionary.

Last but not least I want to mention my family and friends and thank them for their moral support.

I Z J A V A

Podpisana Anka Rojs, rojena 13. 8. 1983, študentka Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Mariboru, smer Prevajanje in tolmačenje – nemščina in Prevajanje in tolmačenje – angleščina, izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo z naslovom The draft of an English-Slovene technical railway dictionary pri mentorici dr. Klementini Jurančič-Petek, avtorsko delo. V diplomskem delu so uporabljeni viri in literatura korektno navedeni; teksti niso prepisani brez navedbe avtorjev.

Anka Rojs Maribor, 5. 3. 2009

U N I V E R Z A V M A R I B O R U

F I L O Z O F S K A F A K U L T E T A

Koroška cesta 160 2000 Maribor

SUMMARY

The purpose of this diploma was to compile a draft of a dictionary which consists

of English terms from the field of railway technology and their equivalent

expressions in the Slovene language. The theoretical framework was used as a

basis for a subsequent practical work and it comprises theoretical as well as

practical viewpoints of dictionary making. The relevant aspects of lexical

relations between words which have to deal with the structuring and organizing of

entry words in the dictionary were also presented. Furthermore, the compilation

process of the respective dictionary was divided into different stages such as

gathering and processing of data, editing of entries, and presentation. The project

was carried out with the assistance of experts who provided the information on

sense discrimination and target-language equivalents. The dictionary itself

contains an alphabetical word-list of technical railway terms; some entries have

also encyclopaedic information which serves as a basis for the thematic

arrangement of the subject field in question. Since its content was edited also for

an electronic format, it offers a possibility of upgrading.

Keywords: lexicography, dictionary compilation, bilingual dictionary,

technical dictionary, thesaurus, terminology, railway.

POVZETEK

Namen te diplomske naloge je bil sestaviti osnutek slovarja angleških terminov s

področja železničarske tehnologije in njihovih ekvivalentnih izrazov v

slovenskem jeziku. Teoretični okvir, ki obsega teoretične in praktične vidike

pisanja slovarjev, je služil kot osnova za poznejše praktično. V njem so

predstavljeni tudi določeni vidiki leksikalnih odnosov, ki jih je treba upoštevati pri

sestavljanju in urejanju slovarskih vnosov. Nadalje je bilo sestavljanje slovarja

razdeljeno v več faz: zbiranje in obdelavo podatkov, urejanje vnosov in

predstavitev. Pri izvedbi projekta so sodelovali tudi strokovnjaki, ki so prispevali

informacije o pomenu besed in njihovih ustreznicah v ciljnem jeziku. Slovar

vsebuje abecedni seznam tehničnih železničarskih terminov; nekateri vnosi

vsebujejo tudi enciklopedične podatke, kar omogoča tematsko razporeditev

zadevnega področja. Ker je slovar obdelan tudi v elektronski obliki, ga je mogoče

nadgraditi.

Ključne besede: leksikografija, pisanje slovarjev, dvojezični slovar, tehnični

slovar, tezaver, terminologija, železničarstvo.

Table o f Content s

1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 1

2 THEORETICAL APPROACH TO DICTIONARY WRITING.............. 2

2.1 Theory and practice of compiling of a dictionary.................................. 2 2.1.1 Lexicography...................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Dictionary typology ........................................................................... 3 2.1.3 Entry words ........................................................................................ 4

2.2 Bilingual dictionary................................................................................... 7

2.3 Technical dictionary................................................................................ 11 2.3.1 Terminology..................................................................................... 13

2.4 Lexical relations between words (lexicology) ....................................... 15 2.4.1 Thesaurus principle .......................................................................... 17

3 THE MAKING OF A RAILWAY DICTIONARY ................................. 19

3.1 Lexicographic process............................................................................. 19

3.2 Collection and evaluation of the material, selection of entries............ 21

3.3 Organization of entries ........................................................................... 24 3.3.1 Establishing equivalences ................................................................ 25

3.4 Terminography representation.............................................................. 27

4 THE RAILWAY DICTIONARY .............................................................. 29

5 CONCLUSION............................................................................................ 52

Bibliography .................................................................................................. 54

Table of Figures

Figure 3.1 Project stages ........................................................................................ 19

Figure 4.1 Sample entry ......................................................................................... 30

Figure 4.2 Locomotive parts .................................................................................. 31

1

1 INTRODUCTION

When compiling a lexicographical product first one has to define the size, scope

and content of it and take its potential users into consideration. The basic activity

of the compiler is to determine the relationship between expressions in two or

more selected languages and establish equivalences between them. Most problems

appear when we have to deal with expressions that are tied to certain culture;

however, we will have to do more with language of science and technology which

is considered to be independent of culture.

The objective of this diploma is to compile a useful bilingual dictionary from the

field of railway technology. The first part contains the theoretical basis for the

compilation of the dictionary, whereas the second part is the dictionary which

contains translations of English technical terms and phrases used in railway into

Slovene.

The main difficulty lies in obtaining equivalent expressions in the target language.

In Slovene there is a lack or even non-existence of terminological resources in the

respective subject field. Therefore, we should make use of existent scientific and

technical dictionaries and available pictorial material. Above all, the most helpful

are going to be railway experts, who are going to be consulted for an objective

selection and determination, and, of course, translation of the terms. In this way,

the broader perspective on the context of a particular expression and the

disambiguation of prospective dictionary entries is provided.

The classification system of systematically selected and registered dictionary

entries is going to be made according to the alphabetical order. Moreover, the

attempt will be made to adopt the thesaurus principle, i.e. hierarchical organizing

of entries. The railway dictionary is meant as a flexible database, thus we will edit

its content for an electronic format in order to make entries easier to navigate.

Since the dictionary will not provide much encyclopaedic information, the user’s

background knowledge plays an important role when s/he is going to make use of

the information provided.

2

2 THEORETICAL APPROACH TO DICTIONARY WRITING

Every process of dictionary compilation requires some kind of theoretical

framework which represents the basis for the subsequent practical work. As we

tried to draft a specialised dictionary of technical terms and phrases used in

railway, we will focus in the following chapters on the theoretical issues that are

of importance for our special type of dictionary but will also try to enlighten some

of the linguistic concepts related to writing dictionaries in general.

2.1 Theory and practice of compiling of a dictionary

2.1.1 Lexicography

The compilation of dictionaries is mainly done by persons called lexicographers.

When compiling a dictionary the lexicographer has to make first decisions

relating to the choice of domain, target language and sources of data. The

linguistic discipline that is engaged in compilation of dictionaries is called

lexicography. The lexicography comprises theory and practice of writing

dictionaries and is closely connected with all the disciplines which examine the

lexical system: semantics, lexicology, grammar, stylistics, etc.

Hartmann (2001:3-8) made a comprehensive study in the subject of lexicography

and tried to investigate the relationship between practice and theory. As a special

part of lexicographic theory he introduced dictionary research which deals with

metalexicography, history, criticism, structure, typology and use of dictionaries.

Multiple disciplines are involved in dictionary research because dictionaries are

complex by nature.

There are certain interdisciplinary linkages between lexicographic theory and

practice, for lexicography is considered to be a practical-professional activity and

3

a theoretical academic discipline at the same time. In this work we will focus

mainly on the practical side of it.

The dictionary making is without any doubt an ancient activity, which however

has gained its academic credibility only recently. In the 18th and 19th century the

lexicographers were people with different occupations who were occasionally

compiling dictionaries. Only in the 20th century the importance of the scholarly

field of dictionary research has become increasingly recognised. The

lexicography was recognised as a process and became an academic discipline.

The lexicography is explained by the most dictionaries of English in a practical

manner as “the practice or process of writing or compiling dictionaries”. The

output of lexicography is thus a dictionary. Common features of most definitions

of a dictionary say that the dictionary:

- is a reference work containing an alphabetical list of words;

- gives the meaning of words or the equivalent words in a different language

(Hartmann, 2001:10-14).

2.1.2 Dictionary typology

A dictionary is often designed as a translation aid or as a reference tool. It can

also be seen as a repository of particular facts about a language. Some consider it

also as an intersection of all systems, linguistic and non-linguistic, that are

designed on speech behaviour.

From the sociology of dictionary standpoint, dictionaries have been classified

according to usage goals: as a reference work for verification, text reception, text

production, translating, specialist language tasks, linguistic research or as a

textbook for instruction/enlightenment and language learning. In the translation

process, on the other hand, dictionaries can be treated according to frequency of

use; type of dictionary used (bi- or monolingual); correlation of dictionary type to

4

problem category (reception, production) or translation direction (into and out of

L1), etc. (Antia, 2000:49-51).

There are complex typologies drawing on several different dimensions as

classifying criteria. Hartmann (2001:69f.) suggests that those dimensions should

depend on the intentions of the person who is making classification. He cites

many different typologies by different authors that classify dictionaries according

to the shape, size, and content or on the basis of the situations in which the

dictionary is consulted. However, there are several other criteria that can serve as

a basis for structural classification of dictionaries.

The draft of the dictionary that we are going to compile could be best classified

according to the scope in terms of subject coverage and that is as a specialised

technical dictionary for a restricted group of users.

2.1.3 Entry words

Let us now consider the form of words contained in a dictionary. At this point we

have to make a distinction between word-forms and vocabulary items. A word in

the sense of an item of vocabulary that can be listed in the dictionary is called

lexeme. The lexeme is thus an abstract entity and is considered to be an

appropriate unit for the lexicographer, since dictionaries contain an alphabetical

list of the lexemes of a language. The lexeme is in contrast with the concrete

word-form which is defined solely by its spelling or pronunciation. The term

word-form is used for the (inflectional or other) variants of the lexeme on the

morphological, phonological or graphemic level. In other words, the word-forms

are the concrete objects that we put down on paper (orthographic words) or utter

(phonological words) when we use language (Katamba, 2005:18ff.).

If we focus on lexeme which is considered to be a suitable dictionary entry, the

linguists recommend rather the expression headword when referring to that entry

5

word than the metalexicographical term lemma (Bergenholtz and Tarp,

1995:99f.). Lexemes or lexical words are usually lemmatised in dictionaries in

their base form of the grammatical paradigm. That means that nouns are

traditionally lemmatised in the singular, verbs in infinitive and gradable adjectives

in the neutral uninflected form.

If we take the lexeme “write”, which is entered in a dictionary, for example, we

can see that it may be realised by any one of the word-forms write, writes, writing,

wrote and written which belong to it. Different manifestation forms of the verb

“write” are also considered to be grammatical words. Several grammatical words

with the same stem (writ-) and belonging to the same grammatical paradigm are

referred to as lexeme or lexical word. Most dictionary headwords are represented

by lexemes, but also parts of words, grammatical words and phrases are

lemmatised too.

We have already encountered the characterization of a vocabulary item in

previous paragraphs, but we still have to introduce the concept of lexical unit.

The lexical unit represents a unit smaller than the lexeme and is defined as “the

union of a lexical form and a single sense”. Since the lexeme is a superordinate

term, it is thus defined as “a family of lexical units”. Hence it follows that in

some cases we can assign certain lexical units to the same lexeme; in the

following example we will distinguish two lexical units of the same lexeme in the

case of the literal and figurative meaning of a noun ”fox”. There are clearly two

distinct lexical units “fox” with the meaning “a wild animal of the dog family”

and with the meaning “a clever crafty person” that represent one lexical entry

(Lipka, 1990:130ff.). The introduction of the notion lexical unit was necessary in

this place, as it will have significant consequences for lexical relations between

words that will be discussed in the following chapters (2.4).

It should be also kept in mind that the lexicographer is working with open classes

of phenomena, where number of words is in no way limited: if there a need

arises, new things are created or the existent words become new meaning, and

similar. Therefore the lexicographer cannot know whether his/her collections of

data are complete (what they practically never are), or even satisfactory.

6

Furthermore, the lexicographer has to take into account language change which

can make obsolete even those items that were processed with greatest care and

were accurate at the time of compilation of a dictionary.

7

2.2 Bilingual dictionary

The main purpose of a bilingual dictionary is to establish the connection between

the lexical units of one language with the lexical units of another language that

have the same lexical meaning. The first language to which the lexical units of

another language are connected is called source language; the order of entries in a

bilingual dictionary is made according to source language. The second language,

lexical units of which are connected to the first one, is called target language.

When compiling a dictionary lexicographers focus on those characteristics of a

lexical item which are at the core of their interest: above all, lexical meaning from

different perspectives, or other lexical information. Moreover, the lexicographer

has to take into consideration not only the whole structure of the selected

language but also the culture of a certain language community in all its aspects.

It follows from the foregoing that the fundamental difficulty lies in obtaining such

relations between lexical units of different languages. What attracts the most

attention, even among persons who are not experts in some field, are the cases of

culture-bound expressions. If, for example, certain plants, animals live or certain

things exist only in the area where the source language is spoken, but are non-

existent in the target language, consequently there will be no equivalents of those

lexical items in the target language. It would be erroneous to think that this can

occur only if two cultures differ from each other considerably, especially if one of

the cultures is exotic or ancient. On the contrary, this situation can occur in

whichever language pair: in Europe there is nothing like an American “drugstore”,

therefore there does not exist an adequate lexical item in European languages.

It would be also false to assume that the absence of denotatum1 is due only to the

material extralinguistic reality; it is just the opposite – the denotatum plays the

main role here. The material extralinguistic world can be more or less identical,

but it is the same “things” that are considered as part of a particular denotatum in

one language and not in the other. It holds true that the remoteness of two cultures

1 term denoting the class, or set, or category of extralinguistic objects denoted by a lexeme

8

may bring about these situations more frequently; however, they are present in

every language.

When there is no equivalent lexical item in the target language the bilingual

dictionary is to make use of other means besides the coordination of lexical items

that was already mentioned. Usually the meaning of a certain lexical unit in the

target language is described in an explanation that is similar to definition in a

monolingual dictionary, or in the way it is perceived in the target language. This

way we can read in a Latin-English dictionary for example “consul, -is, m.” – ‘the

highest executive dignitary of the Roman Empire’.

Nevertheless, it is often possible to find the equivalent item in the target language

but there still exist distinctions emerging from different cultural circumstances. So

is, for example, in the case of the Greek word “theós” the English “god” the best

and the only possible equivalent, although there is a significant difference

between the polytheistic word for the Greek rather non-godlike gods and the thing

quoted and inherent in the English equivalent. Another example is a Greek word

“areté”, Latin “virtus”, which at least has a partial equivalent in English “virtue”,

however, in many other cases synonyms, explanatory comments, or examples are

inevitable for the full lexical meaning of the word to be revealed (Zgusta,

1991:275ff.).

In principle whenever the need for a word arises following contact with another

culture, people could just invent a new one, but in most cases they do not. It is

relatively rare for speakers to create completely new words. When a suitable word

exists in another language, the easiest way is to adopt that word rather than to

make up an original one. From the above mentioned it is evident that the

expressions which are tied to culture can make lexicographers face significant

problems.

While in previous paragraphs we focused mainly on the culture-bound

expressions, Bergenholtz and Tarp (1995:60-63) introduced the distinction

between culture-dependent and culture-independent subject or knowledge areas.

The former comprehends historically and culturally conditioned features of the

9

subject-matter within delimited geographical areas, whereas the latter does not

change with country or language community. Natural phenomena and

technological processes are thus identical in two different countries. However, we

cannot make a clear-cut distinction between the two subject areas, as for example

in case of certain crafts based on local tradition which have developed to become

culture dependent.

It is assumed that the relationship of equivalence is easier to establish when the

subject fields are independent of culture for we can make the use of equivalents as

a basis for selection of entries. There is often no need for an independent selection

of lemmata for each of the languages involved. Yet, there cannot always be full

equivalence established and the word-list reversal might involve some problems

to be tackled. Thus, Slovene does not have a word for English “valving” in the

sense of “vsi ventili naprave” and therefore this paraphrase should not acquire

lemma status in Slovene-English technical dictionary. Regardless of such specific

problems the referent is the same in both Slovenia and England.

Equivalence represents a very central concept in bilingual lexicography and

describes the relationship between the source-language expression and its target-

language translation. It can also be defined as a semantic and functional

correspondence between words and expressions in two or more languages. It is

customary to distinguish between three degrees of equivalence: full, partial and

zero equivalence.

Full equivalence means that there is a complete correspondence between target

language and source language term in all their components. This is a rare

phenomenon in the general language, as opposed to language for special purposes

which is used by experts to communicate within the area of expertise (see ch.

2.3.1). When we are dealing with language for special purposes the rule is full

equivalence, at least as far as established subject fields in the industrialised world

are concerned.

In the case of partial equivalence, source words and target words only correspond

to a certain extent because of a certain difference between the concepts in the two

10

languages. Zero equivalence occurs when there is no suitable equivalent in the

target language (Bergenholtz and Tarp, 1995:109f.).

When compiling a bilingual dictionary there often emerge translation problems

that have nothing to do with a particular word or expression but emanate from

general, mostly extralinguistic factors, as for example cultural, geographical and

other differences among the two language communities. A bilingual dictionary

thus aims at providing the best possible target-language equivalents for words and

expressions in the source language.

11

2.3 Technical dictionary

First of all, when the compiler plans a dictionary, s/he has to decide which type

the dictionary is going to belong to. Often boundaries between different dictionary

types are rather fluid. A significant factor is the choice of source and target

language, which provokes that the lexicographer always has to endeavour to find

out what consequences the choice of the two languages is going to have for

his/her work.

With respect to the classification of dictionary types (for typology of dictionaries

see ch. 2.1.2), we have to make first a distinction between encyclopaedic and

linguistic dictionaries. As we are concerned with the compiling of an

encyclopaedic dictionary, the linguistic type will be explained only in brief. It has

to be mentioned that the adjective ‘linguistic’ refers to language and not to

linguistics, i.e. the scientific study of language. Hence it follows that linguistic

dictionaries are concerned with language, that is, lexical units of language and all

their linguistic features. Encyclopaedic dictionaries, on the other hand, are

primarily concerned with denotata of lexical units: they present the data of the

extralinguistic world and are ordered according to classes of things (lexical units)

that refer to segments of that extralinguistic world.

Another distinction between different types of dictionaries that is relevant to our

study is the one between general dictionaries on the one hand, and specialised

ones on the other. The key characteristic of the specialised dictionary, in contrast

to the general dictionary, is the suitability of the lexical item to be quoted in the

specialised dictionary, since the compiler of the dictionary has determined in

advance to choose only form the particular part of the collective lexicon of that

language. The restriction on the selection of items can be conceived on whichever

perceived (or only presumed) language variety, on whichever texts classification,

or on whichever principle or the combination of principles determined by the

author of the dictionary.

As noted in the previous paragraph, there are many different limitations that can

affect the choice of vocabulary items. Every professionally restricted language or

12

the language of a particular social sub-group with same interests, like jargon,

argot, and slang, has an established private lexicon that can be described in a

specialised dictionary. Thus there exist specialised dictionaries of business,

professions, sports, etc. Besides that in the case of specialised dictionaries of these

sublanguages, also referred to as varieties, the lexicon that we are occupied with

will not be only of the descriptive but also of terminological character. This fact

and other circumstances bring about that these terminological dictionaries will

have the character of an encyclopaedia or at least contain many encyclopaedic

elements.

Terminological dictionaries of this kind are always compiled using a regulatory

method and also a usually very rigid variety – entered are only technical or special

terms and in the case of polysemy (i.e. words that have more than one meaning)

only professional terminological meanings are to be quoted, other, non-

professional meanings are not considered and by no means included in the

dictionary. This method often results in such a uniformity of indications and

scarcity of non-professional information that all such specialised dictionaries may

be characterised as, and even genuinely called, glossaries. Nonetheless, there is

no need for the number of terms that function as entries in these glossaries or in

the specialised dictionaries of technical terms to be small (Zgusta, 1991:190-197).

The entries in a bilingual technical dictionary correspond to concepts given by the

definition in the source language. Target language terms are thus considered only

as suitable translation equivalents and not as linguistic representation of matching

concepts. These concepts are usually expressed by nouns, there are far less

adjectives or verbs. Morphological or grammatical information are rarely

required, the dictionary entry often provides only semantic and recently also

pragmatic information (Sager, 1990:56, 58).

Bergenholtz and Tarp (1995) on the other hand distinguish between specialised

dictionaries according to the culture-dependent or culture-independent subject

fields covered (see ch. 2.2). Politics, economics and law are the main fields to be

considered culture dependent and science and technology as culture independent.

Moreover, there has been introduced a new type of specialised dictionary that has

13

much in common with the dictionaries of science and technology, that is the

product-line and group dictionary which concentrates on the products of the

business or trade within the particular sphere of activity.

Science and technology use their special subject language that is restricted to

small groups of respective specialists and will be further discussed in the

following chapter.

2.3.1 Terminology

Let us now turn to the set of technical words or expressions used in a particular

subject area, designated as terminology, as we have to deal with information and

knowledge from the railway technology. Terminology is a phenomenon of

specialised subject areas such a business, art, science or other special subject. It

emerged as a consequence of the extension of the range of functions of a language

into a specialised domain and has two functions:

(1) representation of knowledge in an organized way to facilitate structured

meditation, and

(2) communication of specialised knowledge, as between subject specialists or

as practised by translators, broadcasters, technical writers, etc. (Antia,

2000:49).

Terminology offers us an appropriate designation for many concepts, especially in

science and technology, but is related to many other specific disciplines as well. It

deals with collection, description, processing and presentation of terms. These

terms have to have certain features in common in order to belong to a single

subject area (Sager 1990:1-5).

Hence terms are words or phrases connected with a particular type of language

and a means of conveying and representing specialised knowledge.

14

Some linguists disagree about the division of a national language into different

sublanguages but prefer a distinction between language for general purposes

(LGP) and language for special purposes (LSP) (Bergenholtz and Tarp, 1995:16-

20). Language for general purposes is regarded as standard language and

languages for special purposes may be seen as elements of general language.

There exist also other viewpoints on the relation between the two but if we

assume that they are always used in specific situations, every language variety is a

special language. Nevertheless, expert knowledge is required to use a certain

specific language variety which comprehends purpose- and domain-specific

expressions.

Sager (1990:104-107) agrees with the view that special subject languages are used

in situations of communication between specialists and that they differ from

general language but he speaks in favour of Antia’s viewpoint that special

languages are derived from the general language. Furthermore, he adds that the

most important in the situation of communication is the topic of discourse and that

communication can be successful only if both participants share the same

background knowledge. The communication can be successful if the message is

economical, precise and appropriately constructed. In his opinion the terms are

used only in addition to words with general reference and facilitate

communication in special languages.

Irrespective of different views, specialised texts are an admixture of domain-

specific and general language, and terms assembled in a dictionary can represent a

helpful tool for offering or acquiring competence and fluency in a particular

subject field.

15

2.4 Lexical relations between words (lexicology)

In the light of the chapter on dictionary theory and practice (2.1), we will now

discuss the problem of lexical relations between words. We will describe only

those aspects of lexicology which are directly relevant to the production of the

respective dictionary.

Lexemes are said to consist of lexical units and are often related to the various

senses of a polysemous word (e.g. “fox”). Sometimes we cannot decide whether

we have to deal with a single lexical item with several meanings (polysemy) or

several lexemes which are identical in form (homonymy).

Two ore more lexical items are said to be homonymous if they have the same

phonological or graphemic form, but their meanings are not related (e.g.

sight/cite/site; right1 = “morally correct, true”, right2 = “exactly, directly”). If the

meaning of those items is partly identical, then they perceived as polysemous (e.g.

lesson). The basic criteria for the distinction between the two are the formal

identity and semantic relatedness of the lexemes and their senses (Lipka,

1990:134-139, see also Katamba 2005:122-125).

Polysemy is a result of one meaning being extended over time to create new

senses. It often occurs that there exists a word that is used in general language and

has a general meaning and a word in the technical terminology that has acquired a

figurative sense. There we have, for example, the metaphoric extension of the

word “nut” with the primary meaning “a hard-shelled fruit with an interior kernel”

and with the figurative sense “a perforated block of metal to hold pieces of

machinery together”. An analogous example is the word “crane” which can mean

“a tall wading bird” or “a machine used to lift and move heavy weights”, although

there exists a difference in the degree of semantic change or level of

metaphorization between the two. Zgusta (1991:63ff.) thus believes that even

technical terms are more polysemous than one might have thought.

16

The ambiguity and polysemy of lexical items is normally only a problem if words

are considered in isolation. This problem can be resolved if the interpreter of the

text takes the context into account and selects a single sense from a greater

number of potential meanings. Antia (2000:112f.) also argues that it is necessary

for polysemy and homonymy to exist, since every unit of knowledge cannot be

expressed by a distinct term which would represent only one such unit. Natural

languages are limited in their morpheme resources and linguistic innovation

cannot possibly match innovation in knowledge.

Bergenholtz and Tarp (1995:204ff.) introduced the notion of polysemous lemmata

as opposed to monosemous lemmata. The approaches of listing equivalents can

considerably differ form each other when we have to deal with polysemous

lemmata. It is recommended that the lexicographer reaches for a more prescriptive

approach in order to help the user to choose the right equivalent for a particular

context.

Other lexical relation that is of importance for our work is the relatedness of

lexical items in a hierarchic order, labelled as hyponymy. It relates a

superordinate term to a subordinate hyponym. By way of example, in the field of

plants “rose” is a hyponym of “flower”. The meaning of a superordinate includes

the meaning of all its hyponyms, which are also said to be co-hyponyms (tulip,

petunia, daffodil and rose) (Katamba, 2005:119).

Hyponym is thus a specific word in a lexical field, i.e. conceptual field, where

items must belong to the same word class and have at least one semantic

component in common. Thus we have hierarchic fields that are based on the

sense-relation of hyponymy and normally consist of several distinct levels. The

generic level (e.g. “rose”) is considered to be the most important in natural

classification systems. Let us take a look at the example of a hyponym chain of

“plant”: plant -> bush -> rose -> tea-rose -> hybrid tea. The question arises where

“flower” comes in and moves our focus from the hierarchic word-field with

simple lexemes to the above-mentioned more complex lexical field (Lipka,

1990:151-159).

17

Hyponymy is a relative concept. The grouping of items should be made according

to logical connection and semantic likeness. Therefore it was introduced the term

lexical set (ibid.) as a cover term for those relations that are based on association

or intuition, or on extralinguistic relationships captured by encyclopaedic

knowledge, since the language and the world cannot be interpreted independently

of each other. The relation between the members of a lexical set is not always

necessary a logical one.

We have seen that lexical relations between words discussed are a matter of

lexical units, not of lexemes. Certain items have polysemous nature and thus

various senses, depending on the context. Increasingly specific word-senses of

hyponym-chains on the other hand, are the basis for the organisation of any

thesaurus, which organizes words according to the classification of their senses.

2.4.1 Thesaurus principle

Let us begin with a critical remark on the organization principle of scientific

dictionaries which dates back in the year of 1939:

Scientific descriptive dictionary must abandon the meaningless and unscientific

principle of alphabetical order. It will never be possible to understand the true

nature of the vocabulary […] until alphabetical order is replaced by a system

dictated by the state of the language itself at a given moment in time.

Alphabetical order is obviously indispensable for purposes of reference, but as

a principle of classification its place is in the index (Wartburg 1939; in Antia

2000:141).

The quotation emphasizes the viewpoint that the lexicographical practice should

reflect the ideas of structure and system. Moreover, it argues that words and

phrases in a dictionary should be arranged in a logical order by subject rather than

an alphabetical order. An alphabetical list of terms should be added merely as an

extra aid, a convenient means of retrieval.

18

By systematic or conceptual ordering is in generally meant ordering according to

classification systems, theoretical basis of which we presented in the previous

chapter. The organising principle can be expressed by one or the other of the

following terms: ideas, internal logic, concepts, themes, contexts, etc. In other

words, there is some systematic sequence of a certain system. Some linguists

avoid using the term “thesaurus” when referring to that type of dictionary and

designate it as dictionaries with a systematic macrostructure as opposed to

dictionaries with an alphabetic one. There also exist intermediate forms between

the two. The word macrostructure itself refers to the internal structure of lemmata

in the word list.

The systematic arrangement principle focuses on the aspect of content, i.e. it is

made according to conceptual system which may consist of very complex

(concept-based) relations of superordination, subordination or co-ordination. This

kind of dictionary structure provides an overview of the respective subject field

and facilitates both translation and comprehension. Besides, it helps non-expert

users to acquire also some encyclopaedic knowledge. The systematic

terminological approach is mostly used in subject areas that are independent of

culture, above all at natural sciences (Bergenholtz and Tarp, 1995:195-199).

Also Gabrovšek (1996:149-151) is of the opinion that a thesaurus should be based

on a set of semantically related lexical items. However, he repudiates the

dichotomy between conceptual and alphabetical arrangement of lexical items and

states that for the thesaurus the thematic organization is of key importance. A

thesaurus should be thus built on the basis of sense relations or semantic fields.

The latter approach includes also associative, subjective relationships although the

main organizing principle of a thesaurus mostly remains non-subjective.

19

3 THE MAKING OF A RAILWAY DICTIONARY

The lack or even non-existence of the terminological base in the subject field of

railway technology in Slovene language was the reason that motivated the

creation of this specialised dictionary. In the following we will try to elucidate the

process of compilation of the respective dictionary.

3.1 Lexicographic process

First of all, we will try to present different project stages of the complex process

of compiling a dictionary. Hartmann (2001:15) outlined the main project stages in

the following diagram:

PRELIMINARY PLAN

(preparation of project,

including market survey)

FIELDWORK DESCRIPTION PRESENTATION

(gathering and (editing the text) (publishing the

recording of data) final product)

TEXT CORPUS WORD-LIST FORMATTING

CONSULTANTS INSTRUCTION MANUAL PRINTING

DATABASE INFORMATION PROOFREADING

CATEGORIES

REVISION

(including

abridgement)

Figure 3.1 Project stages

20

Different histories and traditions of lexicography in different cultures bring about

that the lexicographers distinguish different phases of the dictionary-making

process and give them different names. But what is common to the most

dictionary projects is that they contain elements of the three above stages:

fieldwork, description and presentation. The emphasis, however, is on the careful

planning, which is required by all of the dictionary projects (Hartmann, 2001:14-

20).

21

3.2 Collection and evaluation of the material, selection of entries

In the initial project phase we have tried to gather as much as terminology

material as possible. In the bibliography cited English replacement parts

catalogues proved to be very useful not only as a terminological resource but also

when we tried to adopt the thesaurus principle. But also texts as for example

maintenance instructions, handbooks and other internal texts of the Slovenian

railway section were incorporated in the preparation of the dictionary.

Comprehensive catalogues of replacement parts are a special kind of catalogues

in which parts of a locomotive are listed and arranged in a specific structure

according to the needs of railway experts. As far as texts from other material are

concerned, we were interested in the concepts and terms of a domain, which had

to be filtered out of non-domain items. Thus, we have chosen only those concepts

that fell within the purview of the area of interest.

The basic form of collecting material for the dictionary is the excerption of texts

(Zgusta, 1991:214). When excerpting, the lexicographer is extracting only those

words (lexical items) that are of importance for the establishment of his/her

database. Excerption is worthwhile only if the selected lexical item is quoted in

an appropriate context and, if possible, with other notes as for example citation of

origin of databases or reference books. The lexicographer’s decision which texts

are to be excerpted is based on two major decisions on scope and type of the

dictionary.

If we want the excerption to be well-done, the lexicographer must be familiar

with the whole text from which s/he excerpts and take all the sections into

consideration not only the words in the proximity. The excerption strategy can be

divided into three subtypes: total, partial and special excerption (Zgusta,

1991:219f.). The first one is the excerption of the whole word stock in the works

of the most important authors, the second type is the excerption of those words

only which are not already registered in the database or are very rare. The latter

type is independent of the former two. Registered are those words that are typical

22

for a particular language variety either are these political, economic or other

technical terms, or slang or jargon words, or similar kinds of material that is

considered suitable for the type of dictionary compiled.

The compiler of a specialised dictionary should thus elaborate a decision-making

framework for determining what is relevant and worth including in a terminology

resource. Similar to the above-mentioned approach some other linguists, as for

example Antia (2000), are also of the opinion that the basic form of collecting the

material is extraction of terminological data from text corpora. Some linguists, on

the other hand, claim that traditional lexicographical excerption practices are in

opposition to modern corpus linguistics.

Collection of texts in the form of a corpus is said to be the best basis for a

complete analysis of actual texts and acquisition of information. Corpora should

consist of typical texts that cover a particular sub-language. Bergenholtz and Tarp

(1995:90-96) also suggest that the lexicographer should make use of specially

composed corpora, above all when s/he plans a bilingual dictionary s/he should

structure corpora as parallel text collections, which would ensure a uniform

distribution according to the theme and text typology.

This approach represents in combination with introspection and analysis of

available reference works a very reliable empirical basis. Introspection is a

method often not sufficient enough, since the lexicographer relies solely on his

own linguistic competence. Exhaustive dictionaries and encyclopaedias for the

subject field in question are only rarely available or may contain insufficient

information. The existing literature is thus also only an additional part of the

empirical basis.

As we were confronted with the lack of material in the target language, we were

forced to use the excerption method which provided us with many terms and

phrases that needed to be further discussed with domain-experts. We also made

use of the existing reference works and partly employed the introspective

approach in the way that the lexicographer’s linguistic knowledge was

supplemented by the factual knowledge of resource persons. The subject

23

specialists were thus partly involved already when we were obtaining terms,

phrases and collocations in the first place. The collaboration proved to be

sometimes necessary because it not only facilitated text identification and

acquisition but also helped to ascertain whether indexed words were part of word

combinations.

After the extraction and registration of concepts in the respective subject field we

stored the acquired data in a manner that facilitated consultation, modification,

etc. As already mentioned we have chosen only to select terms from subject field

under consideration. Thus we omitted potential lemmata which were considered

less important from the point of view of the subject classification which is

described in the following chapter.

24

3.3 Organization of entries

The respective dictionary should not be just a terminological collection that is

simply an inventory of terms that are presented alphabetically, since the utility of

a bilingual dictionary consisting only of a word list with lemmata and equivalents

cannot be very high. We were now interested in acquiring the relations obtaining

between extracted concepts or terms. The systematic approach was partly

discussed in chapter 2.4.1 but it still has to be introduced how it works in

practice.

As we delimited the scope of the subject field to be covered by the dictionary

only to locomotive parts and related railway technology, we have already started

with the systematic classification of the respective subject field. Systematic

classification can be according to Bergenholtz and Tarp (1995:83-90) understood

as an external subject classification, an internal subject classification or as a

terminological classification.

The external subject classification defines the subject field in relation to adjacent

subject fields and helps the lexicographer to include all the relevant material that

is required for the preparation of the dictionary. This are usually more general

works which provide information required for an overall treatment of an entire

subject field. The internal subject classification is not in opposition to the external

but is a top-down extension of it. It enables the systematic structuring of the

subject field in the dictionary in the form of hierarchy in which there is a logical

relation between the individual elements.

The latter approach, the terminological classification, is a systematic listing of

the terminology with the purpose of ensuring that the central vocabulary of the

subject field is covered by the dictionary. It is usually structured as a part-whole

relationship so there is no obvious logical relationship between the elements. This

approach also seemed to be the most suitable to be adopted for our dictionary

because the main subject field that the dictionary deals with is the locomotive and

its respective parts (for example diesel engine, auxiliary generator, air filter, etc.).

25

The subject field under consideration is compounded of parts of different areas of

other subject fields as for example pumps, motors, filters, etc. and an internal

subject classification would thus not be appropriate.

When structuring a systematic listing of technical railway terms we partly

followed the approach adopted by textbooks and other company-internal

material, like replacement parts catalogues. Also texts accompanied by

illustrations, typically in form of exploded or sectional views were very helpful,

when we were classifying the respective subject field.

The dictionary aimed at providing not only the correct equivalent of the source

language expression but also some of the encyclopaedic knowledge which is a

prerequisite to the translation of technical and scientific texts.

3.3.1 Establishing equivalences

When establishing equivalences between the languages involved, railway experts

were again expected to provide factual knowledge in order to complement the

compiler’s linguistic knowledge, since there was a significant lack of reference

material in the Slovene language. Subject experts were thus also authors, not just

collaborators, of the terminological resource. The only disadvantage of such

collaboration is that the lexicographer, being often an outsider to the field,

remains to a large extent dependent on the resource persons or specialists in

whose field a resource is being produced.

Similar as to when we were collecting the material for the dictionary (see ch. 3.2),

we again adopted the introspective approach which however did not stand alone

but was combined with existing works of reference and electronic tools. When the

lexicographer is occupied with examining the material for the dictionary s/he will

self develop a certain degree of encyclopaedic knowledge which s/he may draw

upon. The combination of different approaches viewed to the selection of

26

equivalents and extraction of the information necessary to describe these in the

respective dictionary.

The subsequent verification of the equivalents that were produced on the basis of

the encyclopaedic knowledge of subject experts required consultation of target

language reference works, as far as they were available. Such equivalents had to

be checked against a similar context and discussed with the respective experts.

27

3.4 Terminography representation

The dictionary has been structured on the basis of a systematic arrangement of

concepts according to the chosen classification criteria. It provides no concept

descriptions or definitions; however, it has an encyclopaedic section which

provides an introduction to a systematic exposition of the subject field in

question.

The principal structure is based on the thematic classification; the subject area

has been divided into main sections which have been further subdivided into

systematic lists. The entries were then assembled in one word-list and were

alphabetically ordered according to the source language. There are two

juxtaposed columns on the same page, with each column being dedicated to one

language. The left one contains source language terms and the right one target

language equivalents.

There is also a third, narrower column where some entry terms have a certain

mark which shows which hierarchically higher class they belong to. This mark

refers us then in a way to a superordinate thematic group. Thus we have four

main groups: electric parts (EL), mechanical parts (MEH), pneumatic parts

(PNEV) and housing (OHIŠJE). Some references may also contain an

encyclopaedic label in the second column which offers a reference to the

encyclopaedic section.

An encyclopaedic section usually represents a separate dictionary component and

serves as the support of the information provided by the dictionary. It also serves

as an introduction of the subject field and enables an easy access to the terms and

their target-language equivalents (Bergenholtz and Tarp 1995:154). The

encyclopaedic section of the respective dictionary contains an illustration of the

most important constituent parts of a locomotive (Figure 4.2). Some Slovene

terms in the dictionary have an additional rightwards arrow and a number in

parentheses. This number indicates then the locomotive part designated by this

term in the illustration.

28

The electronic version of the dictionary was established with the purpose of

making the concepts easier to navigate and retrieve them in a time efficient way.

For that purpose, the Microsoft Office Access application was used where the

terms were inserted in tables and then different connections to encyclopaedic

section and other information were made.

29

4 THE RAILWAY DICTIONARY

Firstly, the terminology material (catalogues, maintenance instructions,

handbooks, etc.) was collected. Then only those concepts and terms of the

respective domain were extracted that were of importance for establishment of an

appropriate database. Thus many prospective dictionary entries were obtained that

needed to be further discussed with the railway experts. Problems arouse while

trying to adopt a thematic subdivision of the subject field in question because of

the intertwinement of different locomotive parts and systems.

Since the content was edited for an electronic format is was easier to manage the

entries and provide them with Slovene equivalents. However, the Slovene

translations did rather depend on the technical knowledge of specialists than on

the scarcely available material in the target language. In this case was the task of

the lexicographer not only to record the appropriate entries in the source language

but also to recognize a distinction between the private argot of the resource

persons and the recognized professional vocabulary of the target language.

Equivalents were mostly produced on the basis of the encyclopaedic knowledge

of subject experts but were nevertheless checked against a similar context in the

target language when possible. The most satisfactory Slovene equivalent was then

added in the second column of the dictionary, whereas the first column contains

expressions and phrases in English. Moreover, the third column provides a

classification of the respective locomotive part. Some entries contain also number

in parentheses that refers the user to the encyclopaedic section where s/he can get

an image of the locomotive as a whole and locate the part denoted by the entry

s/he looked up in the dictionary. Or, the other way around, the user can look at the

illustration (see Figure 4.2) and find the naming of a particular locomotive part.

The respective dictionary contains an alphabetic listing of approximately 600

terms covering railway technology and an encyclopaedic section. It caters for a

very specific target group characterised by a high level of factual knowledge.

30

Let us take a closer look at one sample entry:

auxiliary generator pomožni generator -> (18) EL

Figure 4.1 Sample entry

The first column contains an English expression for a particular locomotive part

and the second one provides a Slovene equivalent. The number in brackets next to

the expression in the second column tells us where to find that respective part in

the illustration. The third column provides additional information on that part,

namely, that it is an electrical one.

31

Figure 4.2 Locomotive parts

32

angleško slovensko področje A accessory drive coupling sklopka pomožnega pogona MEH accessory drive gear zobnik pomožnega pogona MEH accessory drive housing ohišje pomožnega pogona MEH accessory end pomožna stran EL, MEH accumulator akumulatorska baterija -> (6) EL adapter priključek EL, MEH, PNEV adjust prilagoditi adjuster prilagoditveni element aftercooler hladilnik polnilnega zraka air baffle odbojni dušilnik hrupa PNEV air box zračna komora air box drain odvod posode za zrak air brake zračna zavora -> (12) PNEV air compressor zračni kompresor PNEV air compressor clutch sklopka zračnega kompresorja MEH air cylinder zračni cilinder PNEV air deflector zračni deflektor MEH air dryer sušilnik zraka MEH air duct zračni kanal PNEV air filter zračni filter MEH, PNEV air hose zračna cev air system sistem za zrak PNEV air tank rezervoar za zrak -> (4), (5) alternator alternator EL ammeter ampermeter EL

33

anchor schackle base mesto/očesni priključek za dvig motorja MEH apply nanesti, uporabiti arm ročica armature armatura arrestor varnostna naprava, varovalo aspirator aspirator, sesalnik assemble sestaviti, montirati auxiliary generator pomožni generator -> (18) EL auxiliary generator drive pogon pomožnega generatorja MEH auxiliary interlock pomožno stikalo auxiliary relay pomožni rele EL axle os MEH axle drive gear zobnik za pogon koles MEH axle gear zobnik na osi MEH B backlash zračnost pogona, mrtva cona baffle dušilnik hrupa balancer izravnalnik vibracij, balanser MEH ball bearing krogličasti ležaj MEH ball valve kroglasti ventil base osnova, podlaga batten letev, deska battery baterija EL bearing ležaj MEH bearing bore premer ležaja bearing cap pokrov ležaja MEH bearing shell ležajna školjka

34

bell zvonec EL blade rod nožasta ojnica MEH block blok blower puhalo MEH blower drive pogon puhala MEH blower drive gear zobnik pogona puhala MEH bolt vijak MEH bonnet pokrov motorja boogie gibni podstavek -> (3) MEH Booster pump črpalka za gorivo Booster EL, MEH bore vrtina valja, premer valja bowl posoda, čaša bracket nosilec MEH brake zavora MEH, PNEV brake hatch loputa/zaklopna vratca na zavori brake valve zavorni ventil braking grid zavorna rešetka breather oddušnik PNEV bridge most MEH bushing puša MEH C cab kabina OHIŠJE cabinet omara EL camshaft odmična gred MEH camshaft bearing brackets nosilci ležajev odmične gredi MEH camshaft bearings ležaji odmične gredi MEH camshaft counterweights protiuteži odmične gredi MEH

35

camshaft drive pogon odmične gredi MEH camshaft drive gear train pogonski zobnik odmične gredi MEH camshaft drive housing ohišje pogona odmične gredi MEH camshaft drive lube oil lines mazalni sistem pogona odmične gredi MEH cap kapa, pokrov cap tilt nagib pokrova carbody ohišje/opaž lokomotive, karoserija OHIŠJE cardan shaft drive pogon kardanske gredi MEH carrier nosilec MEH cartridge ohišje OHIŠJE chamber komora, celica check preveriti check valve kontrolni ventil MEH circuit module modul za električni krogotok clamp objemka, sponka clapper gibljiva utež clevis objemka close zapreti clutch sklopka MEH clutch spring vzmet sklopkine pritisne plošče coalescer povezovalni element coalescing element povezovalni element coalescing filter koagulacijski filter cock pipa collar aksialni ležaj MEH combustion izgorevanje commutator komutator EL

36

compartment predelek, razdelek compressor kompresor -> (27) PNEV compressor filter filter kompresorja MEH conduit vod/napeljava connecting rod ojnica MEH connector konektor, priključek EL conntactor kontaktor EL cooler hladilnik cooler fan drive shaft gred za pogon ventilatorja hladilnika -> (30) MEH cooling fan ventilator za hlajenje MEH cooling oil olje za hlajenje cooling radiator hladilna celica MEH cooling system hladilni sistem MEH core jedro, vodnik counterweight protiutež MEH coupler spenjača MEH coupling spojka, spoj MEH cover pokrov -> (37) crab bolts šapasti vijaki MEH crankase breather ohišje oddušnika MEH crankcase blok motorja MEH crankshaft motorna gred MEH crankshaft coupling spoj, priključek motorne gredi MEH cycoil oil bath air filter oljna kopel za čiščenje zraka MEH cylinder valj, cilinder MEH cylinder engine cilindrski motor MEH cylinder face prednja stran cilindra

37

cylinder frame ohišje glav cylinder head glava motorja MEH cylinder head cover pokrov cilindra cylinder head crabs šape cilindra cylinder jacket plašč valja cylinder liner puša valja MEH cylinder test valve dekompresijski vijak MEH cylinder wall stena valja D damper dušilec, blažilnik MEH deflector oljni deflektor MEH detach ločiti, odstraniti detector detektor EL, MEH dial gauge merilnik s številkami, skalo diaphragm diafragma PNEV diassemble razstaviti, razgraditi, demontirati diesel engine dizelski motor -> (22) MEH diesel fuel dizelsko gorivo diode dioda EL dipstick merilna palica za olje disc disk, plošča discharge filter filter iztoka/na izpustu discharge valve razbremenilni ventil MEH diverter valve usmerjevalni ventil PNEV draft odbojnik drain odvod drain valve izpustni ventil MEH

38

drive pogon MEH drive application vrsta, način, prikaz pogona drive bearing ležaj pogona MEH drive coupling spoj, priključek pogona MEH drive gear pogonski zobnik MEH drive shaft pogonska gred MEH drive shell pogonski ležaj MEH driven hub pogonsko pesto MEH driving wheel pogonsko kolo MEH dryer sušilnik MEH dual fuel filter dvojni filter goriva MEH duct cev, kanal, vod dynamic brake dinamična zavora EL dynamic brake grid rešetka dinamične zavore E eccentric strap izsredni jermen eductor tube cevka za izliv ejector ejektor, izmetač MEH elbow lok, koleno electric generator električni generator -> (19) EL electric starter motor motor z električnim zaganjačem EL electrical control cabinet električna omarica -> (16) EL element element MEH end del, stran engine motor MEH engine cooling lines napeljava hladilnega sistema motorja MEH engine crankshaft motorna gred

39

engine end zadnji del motorja engine gear vztrajnik engine protector varovalo motorja engine water cooling system sistem za hlajenje motorja engineroom motorni prostor enigne cooling radiator celica za hlajenje motorja enigne water cooling radiator celica hladilne vode za hlajenje motorja equipment rack oprema motorja exceed prekoračiti exhaust chamber izpušni kolektor -> (21) MEH exhaust silencer dušilec izpuha MEH exhaust stack izpušni sklop exhaust valve izpušni ventil MEH exhaust valve bridge ventilski most izpuha MEH exhauster naprava za izpuh exhauster compressor kompresor izpuha external by-pass valve zunanji bypass ventil MEH F fasten pritrditi filter filter filter housing ohišje filtra fitting spojka MEH flame arrestor iskrolov MEH flange prirobnica MEH flexible drives prilagodljivi pogon flywheel vztrajnik MEH fork rod viličasta ojnica MEH

40

frame okvir friction plate torna plošča MEH front end sprednji del motorja front reflector čelni svetlobni signal -> (35) fuel filter filter goriva MEH fuel gauge merilnik količine goriva v rezervoarju -> (9) fuel injector injektor goriva, naprava za vbrizgavanje goriva MEH fuel oil gorivo, nafta fuel oil system sistem za gorivo MEH fuel piping cevi sistema goriva MEH fuel pump črpalka za gorivo EL, MEH fuel pump motor motor za črpanje goriva EL, MEH fuel tank rezervoar za gorivo -> (10) MEH fuel tank filler naprava za polnjenje goriva v rezervoar MEH fuse varovalka EL G gasket tesnilo gauge merilnik gauge glass kontrolno steklo gear zobnik MEH gear box ohišje zobnika MEH gear case ohišje zobnika MEH gear damper dušilec zobnika MEH gear housing ohišje zobnika MEH gear pump, gear-type pump zobniška črpalka MEH gear tooth zob zobnika MEH generator generator EL

41

generator end glavna stran generatorja generator pit drain odvod skozi jaške generatorja globe zglob globe valve kroglični ventil MEH governor regulator MEH, EL governor drive pogon regulatorja MEH governor gear zobnik regulatorja MEH grid rešetka grommet tesnilo groove utor, zareza guard zaščita (zaščitna mreža, ograja, okrov) guide vodilo MEH H handbrake ročna zavora -> (33) MEH handhole cover kontrolni pokrov MEH handrail ograja na mostišču OHIŠJE harmonic balancer dušilec torzijskih vibracij MEH heat shield zaščita pred toploto hex nut šestkotna matica high pressure cylinder visokotlačni valj PNEV high pressure piston visokotlačni bat MEH hinge šarnir/tečaj OHIŠJE horn sirena -> (36) hose cev housing ohišje hub pesto MEH I

42

idler zobnik za prosti tek MEH idler sheave kolesce z zobniki za prosti tek MEH indicator indikator, pokazatelj inertial air system notranji zračni sistem inertial engine air filter notranji zračni filter MEH injection vbrizgavanje injector control linkage vzvodovje za nadzor delovanja injektora MEH injector timing nameplate plošča za nastavitev časa vbrizga goriva MEH inlet vstopna stran insert vložek insert vstaviti install namestiti intake valve polnilni ventil intercooler vmesni hladilnik MEH J jack naprava za obračanje motorja MEH joint tesnilo journal osni ležaj MEH journal box ohišje osnega ležaja K knob gumb knuckle členek L lamp luč -> (32) lash adjuster izravnalnik zračnosti, amortizer MEH latch zapora, zaskočni zapah law water detector detektor za nizki tlak vode

43

level izravnati lever vzvod MEH line bore izvrtina puše MEH liner puša MEH linkage vzvodovje MEH lockwasher zaporna podložka locomotive lokomotiva locomotive number številka lokomotive -> (34) loosen sprostiti lube oil mazalno olje lube oil cooler hladilnik za mazalno olje -> (23) MEH lube oil filter filter za mazalno olje MEH lube oil pressure pump tlačna črpalka za mazalno olje MEH lube oil reservoir rezervoar za mazalno olje lube oil scavenging pump črpalka za čiščenje mazalnega olja MEH lube oil separator separator mazalnega olja MEH lube oil strainer cedilnik mazalnega olja MEH lube oil system sistem za mazalno olje lube oil vent ventilator za mazalno olje lubricant mazivo lubricating oil mazalno olje lubricating system mazalni sistem MEH lubricator mazalna naprava MEH lug vlek M magnet valve magnetni ventil EL magnetic contactor magnetni kontaktor EL

44

magnetic relay magnetni rele EL manganese liner manganovo vodilo MEH manifold razvodna cev manual switch ročno stikalo measure izmeriti mechanical drive mehanski pogon MEH mechanism mehanizem MEH module modul motor motor mount sestaviti, montirati mounting montaža N nameplate tablica z imenom, označna tablica nipple nipl, mazalka MEH nut matica O oil olje oil bath oljna kopel oil bath air filter zračni filter z oljno kopeljo -> (20) MEH oil bath air filter oljna kopel za čiščenje zraka oil bath filter oljni čistilnik zraka, čistilnik zraka z oljno kopeljo oil filter oljni filter -> (25) oil lines cevi za olje oil pan karter olja MEH oil pump oljna črpalka MEH oil separator oljni izločevalnik, oljni separator MEH oil strainer oljni cedilec MEH

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opening for filling the tank odprtina za polnjenje rezervoarja -> (8) orifice odprtina outlet izstopna stran overnight heater grelec za čez noč overspeed trip prekomerna naprava overspeed trip linkage vzvodovje prekomerne naprave P pad ležajna blazinica panel panel, opaž passenger locomotive lokomotiva, ki napaja vagone za njo PG-Governor regulator obremenitve -> (26) MEH, EL pilot krmilna, kontrolna naprava pin zatič MEH pinion mali zobnik MEH pipe cev piping cevovod piston bat MEH piston carrier nosilec bata piston cooling tube hladilna odprtina nosilca bata piston pin batni sornik MEH piston rings batni obročki MEH piston stroke hod bata/batni hod place namestiti, postaviti plate plošča plug čep, vtič plunger mali bat, plunžer MEH plunger pump batna črpalka MEH

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poppet sedežni ventil PNEV power assembly guide vodilo sklopa moči power pack assembly sklop moči power stroke hod bata pressure tlak pressure check valve ventil za kontrolo tlaka MEH pressure control switch stikalo za nadzor/krmiljenje tlaka pressure detector detektor tlaka MEH pressure gauge merilnik tlaka pressure switch tlačno stikalo MEH pressure valve tlačni ventil MEH, PNEV pump črpalka purge valve izpustni/drenažni ventil R radiator grelnik <-> hladilnik rail tračnica/tirnica/železniška proga/železnica railway železniška proga/železnica ramp rampa ratchet račna OHIŠJE receptacle vtičnica EL record zabeležiti reduce zmanjšati reducer reduktor (zmanjšuje število vrtljajev) -> (31) MEH regulator regulator, regulacijska naprava relay rele EL release sprostiti relief valve razbremenilni/izpustni ventil MEH

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remachine obnova remove odstraniti renew obnoviti replace nadomestiti reservoir rezervoar retainer omejevalnik/zadrževalna naprava reuse ponovno uporabiti revolution obhod rework obnova rheostat reostat EL ring obroč rivet net rocker arms nihalke MEH rod ojnica MEH Roots blower Rootova puhala MEH rotor rotor EL rubber bushing gumijasta puša MEH S safety valve varnostni ventil sand box peskovnik -> (11) scavenging pump črpalka za čiščenje MEH screen zaslon screw vijak seal tesnilo segment segment separate ločiti separator separator MEH

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serration privijanje set nastaviti shaft gred MEH shaft worm vijačna gred MEH sheave ožlebljeno kolesce shield zaslon shim podložna pločevina shunt panel plošča za vzporedni upor shut down izklopiti, ustaviti shutter zapiralo shuttle valve izbirni ventil silencer dušilec sleeve tanka puša slinger deflektor soakback filter filter za ponovno vsrkavanje soakback pump črpalka za ponovno vsrkavanja socket vtičnica, obojka, okov solenoid solenoid, elektromagnet EL spacer distančnik speed increaser multiplikator hitrosti MEH speed recorder brzinomer MEH, EL spider večnožni element spring vzmet spring housing ohišje vzmeti stack sklop starter motor zaganjalnik EL starter motor ring gear zobati venec zaganjalnika, zobati venec na vztrajniku MEH

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stator stator EL steam generator generator pare -> (13) steam generator water tank rezervoar vode za generator pare -> (7) steam system sistem za paro steel bore jeklena puša MEH stem steblo ventila stop valve ventil za zaustavitev, zaporni ventil MEH strainer cedilec/čistilec goriva strainer housing ohišje cedilca strip down razstaviti stubshaft nosilec zobnika MEH stud prilagodni vijak stud hole luknja za vijak suction valve sesalni ventil sump oljno korito support podpora, opornik switch stikalo sylphon element za zrak T tank rezervoar tee komad T, T-profil terminal pol, končni priključek EL terminal board stikalna plošča thermostatic valve termični ventil thrust bearing aksialni ležaj MEH thrust plate naslonska/podložna plošča tighten pritegniti

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tilt pokrov timing indicator kazalec vžiga tip konica, vrh traction motor vlečni motor EL traction motor fan ventilator vlečnih motorjev -> (17) trip linkage povezava vzvodovja MEH tube cev tubing cevovod turbocharger turbo polnilo, turbinsko polnjenje MEH turbocharger aftercooler hladilnik za turbo polnilo MEH turbocharger drive gear pogonski zobnik za turbo polnilo MEH turn on vklopiti U union zveza, povezava unloader piping sistem cevi za praznjenje V vacuum brake vakuumska zavora PNEV vacuum pump vakuumska črpalka MEH valve ventil valve bridge ventilski most MEH valve bumper amortizer MEH valve disc kapa ventila MEH valve seat sedež ventila MEH venturi Venturijeva šoba, mešalna cev W washer podložka water jacket vodni plašč

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water level gauge merilnik višine vode water manifold vodne cevi water pump vodna črpalka MEH water system vodni sistem water tank vodni rezervoar -> (24) weatherstrip profil/trak za zatesnitev pločevine well vrtina window wiper brisalec oken Y yoke pokrov, ohišje, pritrdilne vilice

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5 CONCLUSION

Dictionary making is a complex and time-consuming process. The compiler has to

take into consideration many different conventions that are imposed not only by

the lexicography but also by the subject field that s/he is going to present in the

dictionary. Different language varieties use their specific language which helps

them to designate the concepts that they are concerned with. Every such variety

has its private lexicon that is commonly known and in many cases used only by

the insiders.

And exactly the insiders – experts in the subject area of railway technology in our

case – were of key importance through the whole lexicographic process. They

provided the factual knowledge that was processed according to the elaborated

theoretical framework.

The theoretical framework proved to be helpful but we faced significant problems

when we were actually compiling the dictionary. Since we have focused only on

the special language of railway technology and its terms, we had no problem with

the selection of prospective dictionary entries. With the help of subject specialists

even the establishing of equivalences in the target language went quite well.

Problems arouse when we tried to adopt a systematic classification of the

respective subject field.

The equipment of a locomotive consists of such complex and mutually linked

systems that it was sometimes impossible to distinguish to which hierarchically

higher unit certain locomotive part belongs to. That is why a simplified strategy

was adopted which still provides some information on the systematic

classification of any respective part.

The focus has been mainly on the compilation process, a disregarded factor were

potential users which should be considered in the first place because it is only

sensible to create a dictionary that a particular group could make use of.

Nevertheless, the respective dictionary is going to be helpful not only to a subject

53

expert or translator who is looking for an appropriate Slovene equivalent of an

English term but also to a non-expert user who wants to access this particular

subject field.

Since this dictionary represents only a draft of a technical railway dictionary, there

is still a lot of work to be done if we wanted to establish an exhaustive

terminological base. However, the outlined features may prove useful for the

further investigation of the subject area.

54

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