digital transformation: opportunities for innovation ramayya krishnan cooper professor of...
TRANSCRIPT
Digital Transformation: Opportunities for innovation
Ramayya KrishnanCooper Professor of Information Systems
The Heinz SchoolCarnegie Mellon University
Agenda
Facilitating innovation through Government IT initiatives The case of E-government
Citizen Portals Access to the Net and IEEE 802.11
Interoperable access to confidential data Process innovation in implementation of interoperable PKI
M-government Use to e-911 initiative to jumpstart innovation in
commercial services
Technology
ProcessStrategy
An organizing framework
Public Policy
Competition
Spurring innovation through IT acquisition
Government has the potential to spark innovation through public private partnershipsE-government as context
Many potential ways of funding innovationNSF Digital Govt Initiative, SBIR, DARPA
Defining E-Government
The use of electronic systems to perform business and service-related transactions
Improve internal government operations
Intra-governmental transactions
Government as Buyer
Government as Seller
Enhance the delivery of services to citizens
Source: Temoshak, GSA
Digital transformation
The use of digital technologies – internet technologies, information and communication technologies – to drive fundamental performance improvement throughout the extended enterprise
What is the scope of digital transformation?Customer, supplier, partners (resellers and
affiliates) and employeesDigital transformation has policy and
technological implications
Phases of E-government
Source: cdt.org
G2C e-government potential
easily accessible, especially for elderly and disabled people
Transparency
Increased efficiencytime efficient cost efficient
FirstGov.gov
Access anywhere anytime to all
The benefits of access derive only to those who have internet access and increasingly to those who have broadband access
Emergence of access over wired and wireless networks
What is the opportunity for innovation?
Providing low cost access?
Providing high speed access?
Providing mobile access?
Understanding access structure
SwitchingNode
SwitchingNode
SwitchingNode
SwitchingNode
Terminals
AccessLines
Trunks
Dial up to DSL, Cable Modem-based accessMobile access to the Net
Contentprovider
Evolution of access networks
Telephone networkDial upDSL (digital subscriber line)
Cable networkCable modem-based access
WirelessMobile wireless over cellularWireless Application Protocol
Bearer service and device independent
New information appliances
Internet Industry Structure
1. Customer (CUS)2. Local Area Transport Provider (LAT)3. Internet Access Provider (IAP)4. Wide Area Transport Provider
(WAT)5. Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Visual Model of Industry Structure
IAP IAP
LAT
ISP Backbone Provider
ISP Backbone Provider
IAP
LAT
NAP
NAP
PrivatePeering
IAP
LAT
Internet Service Economics
Users typically pay flat rate to IAP based on access port speedIAPs are not restricted to published
tariffs; prices are often negotiableIAPs pay an ISP for transit to other ISPs
and their customersISPs peer with each other at public or
private Network Access Points (NAPs) and typically do not pay settlements to each other
Broadband Penetration (2001)
France Germany
U.K. U.S.
All Households 24.8m 37.7m 27.7m 105.0m
Internet Households 4.5m 10.3m 8.8m 63.0m
Broadband HH 0.5m 1.0m 0.2m 13.8m
Internet Penetration 18% 27% 34% 60%
Broadband Penetration 2% 3% 1% 13%
Broadband Penetration of Internet HH
8% 9% 2% 22%
Universal access to the Net
In the US, the work of Greenstein demonstrates significant geographic patterns to Internet access related to the presence of NAP’s on the backbone network
Most urban areas have competitive provisioned access while rural areas have less than ideal conditions
Policies for universal access have to take geography into consideration
Broadband adoption
Much of the debate is focused on DSL vs. CableUser choice of ISPIntellectual property protection
Equally important is the IEEE 802.11 vs. 2.5/3G technologies
Wireless LAN
Idea: just a LAN, but without wires Not as easy since signals are of limited range Uses unlicensed frequencies, low power 2.4 GHz
IEEE 802.11 (wireless ethernet) WaveLAN 2 Mbps moving to 11 Mbps
5.2 GHzOFDM (orthogonal FDMA) modem technology
(30 Mbps) IEEE 802.11HiperLAN from Europe and HiSWAN from JapanUpto 54Mbps
Distance depends on construction (100-200ft per access point)
GPRS
SOURCE: UWC
EXISTINGUPGRADED GSM
SGSN = SERVING GPRS SUPPORT NODEGGSN = GATEWAY GPRS SUPPORT NODEPLMN = PUBLIC LAND MOBILE NETWORK
Range vs. Data Rates
Substitute or Complement?
IEEE 802.11Much higher data rates
11Mbps to 144Kbps for 3GCost per base station is $500 compared to
$50,000 per base station for 3G
But distance limited100m vs. 2km
Higher consumption of power by WLAN chipsets makes them not viable with cell phone power supplies
WLAN/GSM Integration
“Data” strategy for cellular service providers? Invest in their own WLAN networks?
Unlikely given considerable investment in 3G networks
Partner with WISP’s (wireless ISP) that sell direct to the consumer such as Boingo and Mobilstar
Partner with WLAN infrastructure provider that can provide roaming services SIM card enabled
Should the government increase the size of the ISM spectrum?
User-centric portals
Access from multiple information sources
Depending on the app, read or update semantics will be required
Problem: Scattered Clinical Data
Current Visit Info:- Symptoms- History- Findings
Past Visit Info:- Paper chart(s)- Hand written notes- History/Physical/FHx- Problem lists- etc.
RadiologySystemPharmacy
System
LabSystem
TranscriptionSystem
Billing System- Stay / Visit / Cost- Dx / Rx
Mindscape (an electronic medical record system)
Web Browser
Internet orIntranet
Webpage
Cold FusionApplication
Server
WebServer
2
3
1
45
Client Network Server
HTTPRequest
CFPage
Webpage
Databases
Web Servers
COM/CORBA
File System
Directories
Access to multiple back-end services
Source: Allaire
The Census Bureau
Issues with sensitive information
The problem of inferential disclosureData is collected under guarantees of
confidentialityData is released under the policy of
maximizing access while protecting confidentiality
General problem of relevance to all statistical agencies in government
Privacy and security challenges
Data Privacy and securityAuthentication: Knowing
who’s on the other endConfidentiality:
Protecting data in transitData integrity: ensuring
integrity in transit and storage
Source: Adapted from GSA
What is an Electronic Signature under E-SIGN (electronic signature act of 2000)?
“…means an electronic sound, symbol, or process, attached to or logically associated with a contract or other record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.”
PIN or Password
Biometric Profile
Click through on software program’s dialog box
Typed names
Digitized image of a handwritten signature
Digital Signature or other encrypted
authentication system
Knowledge-basedAuthentication
Electronic Signature requires some degree of authentication
The Federal PKI
DOD IECA
DOD PKI
GSA ACES
NFC PKI
Federal Bridge CA Available to all Federal agencies
Available to all Military personnel and dependents
Available to all Government vendors
and contractorsAvailable to all U.S. citizens, businesses, government agencies
The Solution: The Federal The Solution: The Federal Bridge CABridge CA
The Federal Bridge CA simplifies PKI interoperability:• Common and easy way to determine “Trusted” PKI domains and assurance levels (policy mapping);• Common and, relatively, easy way to validate certificate status through cross certification;• Standard Bi-lateral Agreement between the Bridge and Agency CA.
FBCA Operational AuthorityFPKI Policy Authority
From e-government to m-government
Wireless access to government services
Mobile portals
E-911 initiatives
Total US Commercial Wireless Subscribers: 1992 to 2001
0
30
60
90
120
150
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001E
Mil
lion
s of
Sub
scri
bers Mobile Telephone
Penetration of Cellular Worlwide
Increase in Wireless 911 Calls
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1994 1999
Million Calls per Year
CTIA’s Year 1994 Wireless 9-1-1 and Distress Calls Statistics
NENA’s 2001 Report Card to the Nation, Statistics for Year Ending December 31, 1999
18 Million
50 Million
911 Calls: Wireless Vs. Wireline, YE 1999
Wireless Calls
Wireline Calls73.5%(140 Million)
26.5%(50 Million)
NENA’s 2001 Report Card to the Nation, Statistics for Year Ending December 31, 1999
Increase in Wireless Phone Use:The Good News for 911
Safety remains a principal reason for purchase of a wireless phone
Substantial increases in wireless subscribers means more people can contact public safety while mobile
Increase in Wireless Phone Use:The Bad News for 911
Wireless E911 calls more difficult to handle than wireline calls:
Wireline: System generally can identify the precise fixed location of call.
Wireless: Limited or no location information available.
Misrouting of 911 calls.
Takes time to obtain location of caller, even where caller knows and can communicate location information.
Many callers do not know or cannot communicate location.
Greater difficulty in determining when multiple calls report same incident.
Difficulty due to lack of ANI
FCC Mandate on e-911
Five years ago, wireless carriers required to develop and deploy technology to provide location information for 911 calls - based on consensus agreement:
Phase I E911: call back number and cell site location.
Phase II E911: location by latitude and longitude.
Accuracy standards
For Handset-Based Solutions: 50 meters for 67 percent of calls150 meters for 95 percent of calls
For Network-Based Solutions: 100 meters for 67 percent of calls300 meters for 95 percent of calls
Implications of policy
Location information, privacy and SMS spam In the US, location and telephone number may be
used in the event of an emergency
Service providers would like to leverage investment in location technology for commercial servicesSemantic web projects
Knowledge of location can also be used for location-based spamming of ads
However, policy is evolving on these issues
Summary
Government IT efforts across the whole spectrum of definition, acquisition and deployment can be an engine for innovation
Managing the process of acquisition is a critical success factor