difference in the reaction to stimuli between chinese and
TRANSCRIPT
Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. ãã Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science
March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
46
Difference in the Reaction to Stimuli between Chinese and Japanese:
An Effect of National Identity
Yoshinori ADACHI1, Yukiko SASAYAMA2 and Kazuhide UESUGI3
1 Chubu University (Kasugai, Japan) 2 Seinan Jo Gakuin University (Kokura, Japan)
3 Kumamoto National College (Kumamoto, Japan)
Abstract: Many reports have noted that individuals react to stimuli differently.1-10) We also thought reaction is different depending on national identity, so we compared the responses of Chinese students and Japanese students to various stimuli. We examined stimuli for the visual system, auditory system, motor system, and brain system and analyzed the results of the LF/HF value which is a stress index, and the wavelet coefficients strength diagram. We clearly found differences which appear to arise from the national identity. Keywords: stimuli, stress, LF/HF, wavelet analysis, FFT
1. Introduction It is sometimes said that "Japanese common sense is nonsense to others." In other words, what is reasonable for Japanese may sometimes be stressful to non-Japanese. And vice versa, what is reasonable for non-Japanese may sometimes be stressful to Japanese. Differences in the culture and the environment in which a person is raised (referred to as national property) may have an influence on the reaction to stimuli. Such things may also be the cause of cultural friction. In this study, we examined the response to stimuli by Chinese and Japanese students, and in addition to personal difference, we investigated whether any differences are derived from the differences in the national identity.
2. Experimental method There were eight subjects: four Chinese university students (Subject A, a 26-year-old man with the Japanese Language Proficiency Test Level 1; Subject B, a 24-year-old man with the Japanese Language Proficiency Test Level 2; Subject C, a 25-year-old woman with the Japanese Language Proficiency Test Level 2; Subject D, a 25-year-old woman with the Japanese Language Proficiency Test Level 2) and four Japanese university students (Subjects E, F, G, and H, all 21-22-year-old women). The following stimuli were used. Visual system: subjects looked at periodically flashing lights for Yoshinori ADACHI, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-Cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501 JAPAN, Phone: +81-568-51-1111 FAX: +81-568-52-1505, E-mail: [email protected]
2minutes. 378 red LEDs that flashed at 6Hz were placed in a black board of 18cm x 21cm. Auditory system: subjects listened to two types of music for 3 minutes each; quiet music, âA comme amourâ or âCanon in D majorâ and lively music, âYou give love a bad nameâ or âNeedled 24/7â. Motor system: foot-up stimulation, subjects held one leg extended and horizontal to the floor for 2 minutes. Brain system: the Chinese subjects watched different types of movie scenes for 5 minutes; a comedy, Mr. Bean in âThe hairdresserâ and a horror movie âJUONâ. For âJUONâ - that saw scenes of a hand of a child coming out of a chest in sealed locked room, or of a child standing behind in a mirror image, or black milk pouring out from newly opened milk carton. Additionally, they read a story written in classical Chinese (Three Kingdoms) and a Japanese newspaper story describing the press conference held by McDonald's about contamination of some meals served at their restaurants, each for 2 minutes. The Japanese students read a cartoon for 5 minutes and read an English-language newspaper story for 2 minutes. Reference system: rest, subjects sat in a chair with the eyes closed for 2 minutes as a reference. We measured reaction to the stimuli using the pulse wave of a fingertip. We used the BACS advance (made by TAOS Laboratories) to measure the pulse wave for the left hand index finger. Analysis was performed by FFT and wavelet analysis of time series data of the RR interval, LF/HF value and the wavelet coefficients strength diagram was obtained and studied.
3. Experimental results Because of familiarity with Buddhist ideology,
47Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. ãã Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science
March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
switching between the static and dynamic may be easy for the Japanese. On the other hand, it may be difficult for the Chinese because the Buddhist culture has been denied for almost XXX years. In Figs. 1 and 2, the results when resting (reference system) for Chinese and Japanese students are compared. In Fig. 1, the LF/HF values and heart rate are shown by
bar graph. Although there was little difference in heart rate, LF/HF values of the Japanese subjects was smaller. In Fig. 2, the Morlet Wavelet (4, 16) coefficient strengths (upper part represents HF, the bottom LF) are shown. Two of the Chinese subjects seemed not to be in a relaxed state. The active Chinese subjects might not have experienced a resting state.
Then in Fig. 3, the responses to blinking red LED lights are compared. The same tendency as resting was confirmed in the Chinese subjects (two did not seem to be relaxed). Meanwhile, the Japanese subjects seemed not to have obtained much pleasure from a mere mechanical rhythm. Reaction from both groups of subjects for quiet music and lively music as the auditory stimulation showed the same tendency overall. For the motor system stimulus (foot-up) foot-up again, both groups showed a similar tendency overall.
Reactions to the comedy and horror movies scenes by the Chinese subjects had almost no change. Since humor and fear are subject to cultural influences, we think that cultural differences are reflected in these reactions. Fig. 4 compares the results for the brain system stimuli. Japanese subjects could relax watching the comedy but they were nervous watching the horror movie, the results of Chinese subjects were contrasting.
Also for the brain system, the results are shown in Figs. 5 (a) and (b) when the story written in classical Chinese and the Japanese newspaper story were given as stimuli
Fig. 1 Comparison of LF/HF and heart rate (HR) between Chinese and Japanese students for the reference system (rest state).
Subject E Subject F Subject G Subject H
Subject A Subject B Subject C Subject D
Fig. 2 Comparison of map of Wavelet coefficients for the reference system (rest state).
HF
LF
Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. ãã Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science
March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
48
for the Chinese subjects, and in Figs. 5 (c) when the English-language newspaper was given as stimulus for the Japanese subjects. When the Chinese subjects were reading, the images were very similar indicating similar reactions were occurring. Even though Chinese is the subjectsâ native language, classic Chinese might be almost
a foreign language, the same as Japanese. On the other hand, the reaction when the Japanese subjects read the English-language newspaper was relatively relaxed. After years of English education, we think tension when reading it is relaxed.
Subject A Subject B Subject C Subject D
Subject E Subject F Subject G Subject H
Fig. 3 Comparison of map of wavelet coefficients for periodical LED blinking.
Subject A Subject B Subject C Subject D (a) Comedy
Subject A Subject B Subject C Subject D (b) Horror
Fig. 4 Comparison of reaction to comedy and horror scenes for Chinese subjects.
49Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. ãã Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science
March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
In Figs. 6 and 7, the reactions to various stimuli are shown as two ratios at rest: the ratio of LF/HF in Fig. 6 and the ratio of the heart rate in Fig. 7. From Fig. 6, we understand that LF/HF values under stimulation and under rest were very different. In particular, for Japanese subjects the LF/HF values by flashing light and foot-up became large. Only when viewing the comedy scene, were all subjects able to relax more than at rest. Some of the Chinese subjects were able to relax during the stimuli of blinking lights and watching a horror movie. However, reading classical Chinese and reading Japanese gave the same tension, and the stimuli of watching the comedy movie and the foot-up also gave the same tension. Music has been found to have a relaxing effect for both classical music and rock music. In Fig. 7, all Chinese subjects showed the same variations of heart rate. We can easily guess the foot up and classical Chinese and Japanese news reading caused heart rate increase. But in the music stimulation, we
were surprised the heart rate increased as opposed to the LF/HF values. However, this trend was the same for Japanese subjects. For Japanese subjects, it was the same trend with foot-up and the English newspaper reading, in other cases, it differed for each individual, and diversity of the heart rate variability was observed.
4. Conclusion
We examined differences in the reactions of Chinese and Japanese subjects to different kinds of stimuli. We found the Chinese subjects were not tensed by watching horror movie scenes and they were not relaxed by watching comedy scenes, either. This was completely opposite the behavior of Japanese subjects, and we considered it reflected the cultural environment. In addition, the resting state was a state that could be relaxing for the Japanese subjects, but for the active Chinese subjects it was not necessarily the case. On the contrary,
Subject A Subject B Subject C Subject D (a) Classical Chinese
Subject A Subject B Subject C Subject D (b) Japanese news
Subject E Subject F Subject G Subject H (c) English newspaper
Fig. 5 Comparison of foreign language reading.
Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. ãã Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science
March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
50
periodic blinking light was a relaxing stimulus for the Chinese subjects, but it was a stimulus and caused tension for the Japanese. Music was the stimulus that gave the relaxed state to both groups. In particular, quiet music (classical music) was more effective. Since this study had a very limited number of subjects, it is necessary to consider more subjects in the future.
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(a) Chinese subjects (b) Japanese subjects
Fig. 6 LF/HF ratios for various stimuli.
(a) Chinese subjects (b) Japanese subjects
Fig. 7 HR ratios for various stimuli.
51Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. ãã Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science
March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. ãã Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science
March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
52
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åèæç® 1) Aoki T. and Adachi Y.: Influence of Jasmine Fragrance on
Heartbeat Fluctuation, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 24(1), pp.121-123, 2006.
2) Adachi Y., Aoki T., and Suzuki S.: Influence of Three Kinds of Stimuli on Pulse Wave Shape - Music, Flashing light, and Perfume -, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 26(1), pp.99-102, 2008.
3) Aoki T., Adachi Y., and Suzuki S.: Influence of Periodically Flashing Light Stimulation on Heartbeat Fluctuation and Pyodoraku Electrodermal Activities, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 26(1), pp.89-93, 2008.
4) Adachi Y., Aoki T., and Suzuki S.: Analysis of a Pulse Wave Fractal under Various Stimulations, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 27(1), pp. 55-58, 2009.
5) Aoki T., Adachi Y., Suzuki S.; Influence of Music Stimulation on Heartbeat Fluctuation, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 27(1), pp. 48-51, 2009.
6) Adachi Y.: Change in Relaxation Level by Various Stimuli, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 29(1), pp.82-84, 2011.
7) Adachi Y.: Chaotic Analysis of Biological Reactions Originating from Various Stimuli, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 30(1), pp. 61-65, 2012.
8) Adachi Y. and Sasayama Y.: Characterization of Various Stimuli with Fingertip Pulse Waves, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 32(1), pp. 64-69, 2014.
9) Adachi Y.: Measurement of Time-Dependent Stress Levels by Wavelet Analysis, IIAI-AAI, pp. 948-953, 2014.
10) Adachi Y., Sasayama Y., and Uesugi K.: Wavelet analysis of the pulse waveform change due to three types of stimuli, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 33(1), pp. 53-58, 2015.
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