emotional development. four basic components of emotions: 1.stimuli that provoke a reaction...
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Four Basic Components of Emotions:
1. Stimuli that provoke a reaction
2. Feelings – Pos. or neg. conscious experiences of which we become aware
3. Physiological arousal
4. Behavioral response
Example:
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Sequence of Emotional Development:
Newborn
3 months
2 ½ - 6 months
8 – 10 months
Second year
Third year
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Functions of Emotions:
1. Adaptive function
2. Communication
3. Social relationships
4. Sociomoral development
5. Source of pleasure or pain
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Temperament: a person’s characteristic modes of responding emotionally and behaviorally to environmental events, including such attributes as activity level, irritability, fearfulness, and sociability.
Moderately heritable! Non-shared experiences affect later temperament.
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
New York Longitudinal Study: 40% Easy, 10% Difficult, 15% Slow-to-Warm-Up, rest showed unique patterns
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Attachment: a close emotional relationship between two persons characterized by….
1. Mutual affection
2. Frequent interaction and close proximity
3. Selectivity
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Infant characteristics promoting attachment:
1. “kewpie doll” appearance
2. Rooting, sucking, grasping reflexes
3. Smiling
4. Cooing, babbling
5. Crying
6. Synchronous movement
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Infant characteristics making attachments more difficult:
1. Physically unattractive
2. Weak reflexes
3. Irritable
4. Little pleasant vocalization
5. Irritating, shrill cry
6. Easily over stimulated
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Caregiver characteristics hindering attachment:
1. Maternal depression
2. Abused mother
3. Mother doesn’t want baby
4. Mother unable to take lead
5. Mother insensitive to infant
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Ecological Constraints on Attachment:
1. Several children
2. Poor marital relationship
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Theories of Attachment
Psychoanalytic Theory
Learning Theory
Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Ethological Theory
Summary of Evidence
1. Feeding not as critical as once believed.
2. Contact comfort & responsive interaction are important.
3. Timing is related to obj. perm.
4. Infants are active participants.
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Stranger Anxiety – Wary reaction to a stranger which occurs shortly after attachment to a primary caregiver.
Separation Anxiety – Wary or fretful reaction that infants and toddlers often display when separated from the person(s) to whom they are attached.
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Separation Anxiety
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Why Infants Fear Separation and Strangers
“Conditioned Anxiety” Hypothesis
- Separation
- Strangers
- Comments
Ethological Viewpoint
- Separation
- Strangers
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Why Infants Fear Separation and Strangers
Cognitive-Developmental Viewpoint
- Separation
- Strangers
Conclusion:
1. Child’s fear of losing warmth/security of caregiver
2. Apprehension of unfamiliar
3. Inability to fit into existing schemes.
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Types of Attachment
Secure Attachment
• Explores
• Distressed when separated
• Warmly greets mom
• Outgoing to strangers when mom is there
Insecure Attachment (Anxious/Resistant)
• Anxious
• Very distressed when separated
• Ambivalent on mom’s return
• Wary of strangers when mom is there
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Types of Attachment
Insecure Attachment (Anxious/Avoidant)
• Not interested in exploring
• Little distress when separated
• Avoids contact on return
• Not wary of stranger
Insecure Attachment (Disorganized/disoriented)
• Show mixture of other two types of insecure attachment
• Show approach/avoidance conflict when mom returns
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Explanations of Attachment Differences
Ainsworth’s Caregiving Hypothesis: quality of an infant’s attachment depends largely on the kind of attention the infant has received.
Secure attachment:
Insecure attachment (anxious/resistant):
Insecure attachment (anxious/avoidant):
Insecure attachment (disorganized/disoriented):
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Explanations of Attachment Differences
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Explanations of Attachment Differences
Kagan’s Temperament Hypothesis: quality of an infant’s attachment reflects individual differences in infant temperament. All other factors being equal, then:
Easy temperament:
Difficult temperament:
Slow-to-warm-up temperament:
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Explanations of Attachment Differences
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Explanations of Attachment Differences
Kagan’s Temperament Hypothesis: quality of an infant’s attachment reflects individual differences in infant temperament. All other factors being equal, then:
Easy temperament:
Difficult temperament:
Slow-to-warm-up temperament:
Who is correct? What is the evidence?
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Long-term Correlates of Attachment Quality
Securely attached toddlers and preschoolers tend to be:
1. Better problem solvers at age 2
2. More creative
3. More attractive playmates
4. Initiate play activities
5. Sensitive to others
6. Curious
7. Self-directed
8. Eager to learn
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Important Factors in Daycare & Attachment
• Quality of care
• Parental attitudes
• Two-parent or Single parent?
• Socioeconomic status (SES)
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Important Factors in Daycare & Attachment
Characteristics of High Quality Day Care:
1. Child-to-caregiver ratio
2. Caregivers warm/expressive/responsive
3. Little staff turnover
4. Age-appropriate curriculum
5. Administration willing/eager to confer with parents about child
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Daycare & Attachment
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The “Unattached” Infant
A. Harlow’s Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The “Unattached” Infant
A. Harlow’s Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys
1. Three months of Isolation
a. Characteristics displayed
b. Recovery?
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The “Unattached” Infant
A. Harlow’s Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys
1. Three months of Isolation
2. Six months of Isolation
a. Characteristics displayed
b. Recovery?
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The “Unattached” Infant
A. Harlow’s Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys
1. Three months of Isolation
2. Six months of Isolation
3. Twelve months of Isolation
a. Characteristics displayed
b. Recovery?
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The “Unattached” Infant
A. Harlow’s Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys
1. Three months of Isolation
2. Six months of Isolation
3. Twelve months of Isolation
4. Summary of this work
5. Later recovery
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The “Unattached” Infant
A. Harlow’s Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys
B. Early Social Deprivation in children
1. Characteristics of Infants
2. Characteristics of Toddlers/Older Children
3. How to Aid Recovery from Early Social Deprivation