diet training module 1 ckd basics 508
TRANSCRIPT
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U.S. Department of Healthand Human Services
National Institutes of Health
Module 1: Chronic Kidney Disease Basics
Epidemiology, Identification and Monitoring, Medical Nutrition Therapy
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This professional development opportunity was created by the National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP), an initiative of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. With the goal of reducing the burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially among communities most impacted by the disease, NKDEP works in collaboration with a range of government, nonprofit, and health care organizations to:
• raise awareness among people at risk for CKD about the need for testing;
• educate people with CKD about how to manage their disease;
• provide information, training, and tools to help health care providers better detect and treat CKD; and
• support changes in the laboratory community that yield more accurate, reliable, and accessible test results.
To learn more about NKDEP, please visit: http://www.nkdep.nih.gov. For additional materials from NIDDK, please visit: http://www.niddk.nih.gov.
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Theresa A. Kuracina, M.S., R.D., C.D.E., L.N.
Ms. Kuracina is the lead author of the American Dietetic Association’s CKD Nutrition Management Training Certificate Program and NKDEP’s nutrition resources for managing patients with CKD.
Ms. Kuracina has more than 20 years of experience in clinical dietetics with the Indian Health Service (IHS). She is a senior clinical consultant with the National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP) at the National Institutes of Health. She also serves as a diabetes dietitian and coordinator for a diabetes self-management education program at the IHS Albuquerque Indian Health Center in New Mexico, a role in which she routinely counsels patients who have chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Meet our presenters
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Andrew S. Narva, M.D., F.A.C.P.
Dr. Narva is the director of the National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Prior to joining NIH in 2006, he served for 15 years as the Chief Clinical Consultant for Nephrology for the Indian Health Service (IHS). Via telemedicine from NIH, he continues to provide care for IHS patients who have chronic kidney disease. A highly recognized nephrologist and public servant, Dr. Narva has served as a member of the Medical Review Board of ESRD Network 15 and as chair of the Minority Outreach Committee of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF). He serves on the NKF Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative Work Group on Diabetes in Chronic Diabetes and is a member of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure 8 Expert Panel.
Meet our presenters
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Participants will be able to:
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1. Burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney
failure
2. Identify and monitor CKD
Renal anatomy, physiology, and functional
assessment
3. Medical nutrition therapy for CKD
Brief review
Chronic kidney disease basics
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THE BURDEN OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND KIDNEY FAILURE
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United States Renal Data System
Burden of CKD
Burden of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Topics
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National data system funded by the National
Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes
and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Collects, analyzes, and distributes information about
ESRD (since 1989) and CKD (since 2008)
U.S. Renal Data System (USRDS)
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Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease
− Estimates the number of people with CKD
Biochemical data from the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES)
Diagnosis codes
− Medicare sample (5% = 1.2 million people)
− Employer Group Health Plans ( 12 million people)
Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease
− Provides actual number of people on dialysis or with
kidney transplants
USRDS uses different data sources to determine numbers and rates
Reference:USRDS 2010 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States, http://www.usrds.org/adr.aspx
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Chronic Kidney Disease
− Kidney function
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for > 3
months with or without kidney damage
AND/OR
− Kidney damage
> 3 months, with or without decreased GFR, manifested by either
− Pathological abnormalities
− Markers of kidney damage, i.e., proteinuria (albuminuria)
» Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) > 30 mg/g
CKD is reduced kidney function and/or kidney damage
Reference: National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI). Clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation,
classification, and stratification. Amer J Kid Dis 2002; 39(2 suppl 1):S18–S266.
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Kidneys cannot maintain homeostasis.
Kidney failure is associated with fluid, electrolyte,
and hormonal imbalances and metabolic
abnormalities.
ESRD means the patient is on dialysis or has a
kidney transplant.
Kidney failure is an eGFR < 15
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Incidence =
number of new patients during a given time/total
population at risk
Prevalence =
number of patients with specific disease/total
population at a designated time
Incidence vs. prevalence
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More than 20 million, aged 20 years or older
More than 10% of U.S. adults may have CKD
Reference: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/factsheets/kidney.htm (CDC, 2010)
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Increase proportion of persons with CKD Baseline Target
CKD 2: who know they have impaired renal function
7.3% 11.3%
CKD 4.1: who receive recommended medical evaluation with serum creatinine, lipids, and microalbuminuria
25.8% 28.4%
CKD 4.2: with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and CKD who receive recommended medical evaluation with serum creatinine, microalbuminuria, HbA1c, lipids, and eye exams
23.1% 25.4%
Reduce proportion of persons with CKD
CKD 6.1: who have elevated blood pressure 74.1% 66.7%
CKD 6.2: who have elevated lipid levels 29.6% 26.6%
Healthy People 2020 includes CKD objectives that Registered Dietitians (RDs) may impact
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Too few people receive counseling prior to dialysis
Reference: Adapted from USRDS Annual Data Report (NIDDK, 2010)
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The general Medicare population with
“recognized CKD” was 9.8% in 2007.
The general Medicare expenditures on CKD were
27.6% of total cost in 2007.
The Medicare population with CKD is growing
Reference: http://www.usrds.org/2009/pdf/V1_09_09.PDF
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Prevalent dialysis population
− Increased 3.6% in 2008
− Up 34.7% since 2000
Transplant population
− Increased 4.4% in 2008
Incident population
− Increased 1.4% in 2008
ESRD patient counts, by modality2008
Reference: USRDS Annual Data Report (NIDDK, 2010)
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Incidence of ESRD is increasing (and appears to be following obesity trends)
Reference: USRDS Annual Data Report (NIDDK, 2010)
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Diabetes is the leading cause of ESRD, followed by hypertension
Reference: Adapted from USRDS Annual Data Report (NIDDK, 2011)
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African Americans have the highest incidence rates of ESRD
Reference: USRDS Annual Data Report (NIDDK, 2011)
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The elderly population has the highest incidence rates of ESRD
Reference: USRDS Annual Data Report (NIDDK, 2011)
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Renal replacement therapy (RRT)
1. Hemodialysis
In-center or home
2. Peritoneal dialysis
3. Kidney transplantation
Conservative management
4. Active medical management without RRT
The four options for treating kidney failure
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High mortality rates during the first year of hemodialysis are a big challenge
Reference: USRDS Annual Data Report (NIDDK, 2011)
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Hemodialysis $19.4 billion Peritoneal Dialysis $ 1 billon Transplantation $ 2 billion
*ESRD data do not include Medicare Part D cost
ESRD is costly
Reference: USRDS Annual Data Report (NIDDK, 2010)
Total Medicare ESRD expenditures by modality
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Temporary access (emergent)
− Many patients are not prepared for dialysis prior to
initiation (much more expensive)
Hemodialysis
− Vascular access
Peritoneal dialysis
− Peritoneal access
Transplantation
RRT requires surgery(planned or emergent)
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First months of treatment are the most costly; many are not prepared for dialysis
Reference: USRDS Annual Data Report (NIDDK, 2010)
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Annual treatment costs are increasing, too
Reference: adapted from USRDS Annual Data Report (NIDDK, 2010)
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Recently, ESRD incidence rates have stabilized
Reference: USRDS Annual Data Report (NIDDK, 2010)
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Medical nutrition therapy may slow CKD progression.
Medical nutrition therapy may help manage CKD
complications.
Potential cost savings for delaying dialysis for one
year for one patient could exceed a dietitian’s salary.
Delaying the need for RRT may be cost-effective
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CKD and ESRD are increasing.
Diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes of ESRD.
Too few patients receive nutritional intervention prior to renal replacement therapy.
Burden of RRT is significant on individuals and our society.
Summary
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IDENTIFY AND MONITOR CKD
Renal anatomy, physiology, and functional assessment
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Basic anatomy
Kidney functions
Chronic kidney diseases
Glomerular disease
Functional assessment to identify and monitor
− Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
− Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)
Topics
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Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Kidneys and collecting system
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Glomerulus
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting duct
The nephron
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We have a large physiologic reserve.
Slow, progressive loss of functioning nephrons may
not be noticeable.
The person with CKD may not feel different.
Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons; slow loss may not be
noticeable
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The functions include: Filtration
− Glomeruli generate
ultrafiltrate of the plasma. Reabsorption
− Tubules selectively
reabsorb substances from
the ultrafiltrate. Secretion
− Tubules secrete
substances into the urine.
The nephron functions to maintain balance
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The specialized capillary tufts are located between
the afferent and efferent arterioles.
Pressure differences result in a gradient
and movement of solutes across the semipermeable
glomerular basement membrane.
Glomeruli generate ultrafiltrate via specialized capillary tufts
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Filtration is based on size and charge.
− Small solutes cross readily.
− Larger substances are generally restricted.
− Negatively charged molecules are restricted.
Volume of ultrafiltrate = 135–180 liters(L)/day
99% water reabsorbed -> 1–1.5 L urine excreted
Ultrafiltration of plasma is the main function of the glomeruli
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Reabsorption and secretion of substances occurs
within the tubules.
Examples:
− Potassium is reabsorbed from and secreted into the
urine by the tubules.
− Sodium is generally reabsorbed by the tubules.
− Organic acids are secreted into the urine.
The ultrafiltrate is modified by the tubules
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Regulatory function
− Control composition and volume of blood
Maintain stable concentrations of inorganic anions such as
sodium (Na), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca)
− Maintain acid-base balance
Excretory function
− Produce urine
− Remove metabolic wastes
Including nitrogenous waste
The kidneys maintain homeostasis
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Hormone function
− Produce renin for blood pressure control
− Produce erythropoietin which stimulates marrow
production of red blood cells
− Activate 25(OH)D to 1,25 (OH)2D (active vitamin D)
Metabolic function
− Gluconeogenesis
− Metabolize drugs and endogenous substances
(e.g., insulin)
The kidneys have other functions
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CKD usually means fewer functioning nephrons
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Urine volume may not change
− Composition of the urine changes
Reduced waste excretion
− May not be apparent until CKD is advanced
Altered hormone production
− Anemia (erythropoietin) and mineral & bone disorders
(vitamin D)
Reduced catabolism
− Examples: Insulin, glucagon, drugs
Fewer nephrons disrupt the balance
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Reduced renal clearance and accumulation of:
− Advanced glycation end products
− Pro-inflammatory cytokines
− Reactive oxygen species (oxidation)
− Metabolic acids
Insulin resistance (even in people without diabetes)
− Reduces insulin-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal
muscles
− May be associated with inflammation as well
Fewer nephrons disrupt the balance
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Diabetes
Hypertension
Family history of kidney disease
Cardiovascular disease
Recurrent urinary tract infections
HIV infection
Autoimmune diseases
Risk factors for CKD
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Historical cohort study (Kaiser) found that body
mass index (BMI) > 25 is an independent predictor
for ESRD.
A retrospective 20-year study in Norway found the
risk for CKD increases for pre-hypertensive patients
with BMI > 30.
Overweight may be an independent risk factor for CKD
References: Hsu et al. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144(1):21–28; Munkhaugen et al. Am J Kid Dis 2009; 54(4):638–646.
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Inflammation may contribute to:
− Decline in kidney function with aging
− Albuminuria
− Cardiovascular disease
− Malnutrition
− Anemia
− Metabolic acidosis
Causes reduced clearance and/or increased
production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Obesity may be an inflammatory state
Inflammation is a possible risk factor for CKD
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Primary disease
Secondary to systemic disease
Anatomic
Genetic
Immunologic
Metabolic
CKD may be a primary or secondary process
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Glomerular disease is the most common type of
kidney disease.
With disease progression, the vascular tuft is
replaced by scar tissue and function is lost.
Glomerular injury
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Diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes of kidney failure in the
United States
Reference: NIH Publication No. 10-3895
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Damage to the filter allows larger molecular weight
substances such as albumin into the ultrafiltrate.
Increased urine protein may be a cause as well as a
sign of kidney injury.
Glomerular injury may result in urinary excretion of larger molecules
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The composition of the urine changes.
Most people do not notice any difference in urine
volume.
Slow, progressive loss of function may not be
noticeable.
People with CKD still make urine
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FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENTIdentify and monitor CKD
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Chronic kidney disease
− Kidney function
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for > 3 months
with or without kidney damage
AND/OR
− Kidney damage
> 3 months, with or without decreased GFR, manifested by either
− Pathological abnormalities
− Markers of kidney damage, e.g., albuminuria
» Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) > 30 mg/g
This definition does not account for age-related GFR decline.
CKD is reduced kidney function and/or kidney damage
Reference: National Kidney Foundation, 2002
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Chronic kidney disease
− Kidney function
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for > 3 months
with or without kidney damage
AND/OR
− Kidney damage
> 3 months, with or without decreased GFR, manifested by either
− Pathological abnormalities
− Markers of kidney damage, e.g., albuminuria
» Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) > 30 mg/g
CKD is reduced kidney function and/or kidney damage
Reference: National Kidney Foundation, 2002
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KIDNEY FUNCTIONUse estimated GFR to assess and monitor
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The eGFR is the estimated glomerular filtration rate.
The eGFR provides an estimate of how much blood
is filtered by the kidneys each minute.
Use eGFR to assess and monitor kidney function
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GFR is equal to the sum of the filtration rates in all of
the functioning nephrons.
GFR is not routinely measured in clinical settings.
Estimation of the GFR (eGFR) gives a rough measure
of the number of functioning nephrons.
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
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Cardiac output (CO) = 6 L/min
x 20% of CO goes to kidneys = 1.2 L/min
x Plasma is 50% blood volume = 600 mL/min
x Filtration Fraction of 20% = 120 mL/min
What is the GFR?
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Reference Table for Population Mean eGFR from NHANES III
Kidney function and eGFR decline with age
Reference: http://nkdep.nih.gov/professionals/gfr_calculators/gfr_faq.htm
Age (years) Mean eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
20–29 116
30–39 107
40–49 99
50–59 93
60–69 85
70+ 75
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eGFR is not the measured GFR.
The formula to estimate GFR was derived from a
population-based study.
eGFR is based on serum creatinine levels.
Previous methods to estimate kidney function also
are based on serum creatinine.
Creatinine assays are now standardized.
− Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)
eGFR estimates the measured GFR
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The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation is widely used for estimating GFR.
The variables are serum creatinine, age, race, and gender.
The estimate is normalized to body surface area.
Use an estimating equation for eGFR
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) =
175 x (Scr)–1.154 x (Age)–0.203 x (0.742 if female) x (1.212 if African American)
References: Stevens et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:2749-2757; Poggio et al. Am J Kid Dis 2005; 46:242-252; Verhave et al. Am J Kid Dis 2005; 46:233-241
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The National Kidney Disease Education Program
(NKDEP) recommends reporting MDRD estimates
greater than or equal to 60 as “> 60” rather than a
numeric value.
Interlaboratory differences in calibration of
creatinine assays and the imprecision of
measurements have their greatest impact in the
near-normal range and, therefore, lead to greater
inaccuracies for values ≥ 60.
Estimating equations are less reliable at higher GFR
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Normal: ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
Kidney disease: 15–59 mL/min/1.73 m2
Kidney failure: < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2
How to explain eGFR results to patients
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If your lab reports do not include eGFR, use an
online calculator.
Visit http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/ to find the GFR
calculators.
Most lab reports include eGFR with serum creatinine
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Do not use with:
− Rapidly changing creatinine levels
Example: acute kidney injury
− Extremes in muscle mass, body size, or altered diet
patterns
− Medications that interfere with the measurement of
serum creatinine
Creatinine-based estimates of kidney function have limitations
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Creatinine is a product of muscle creatine
catabolism and is produced daily in proportion to
muscle mass.
Serum levels transiently increase after eating
protein.
Creatinine is filtered by the glomerulus and is
secreted into the urine by the tubule.
Serum creatinine levels increase as kidney function declines
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Serum creatinine levels reflect:
− Muscle mass
− Age
− Gender
− Race
What is the “normal” serum creatinine level?
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A typical “normal” reference range of
0.6–1.2 mg/dL listed on many lab reports does not
account for muscle mass, age, gender,
and race.
A 28-year-old African American man with serum
creatinine of 1.2 has an eGFR > 60.
A 78-year-old white woman with serum creatinine of
1.2 has an eGFR of 43.
“Normal” serum creatinine may not be normal
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Stable eGFR levels may mean non-progressive
disease or current therapy is working.
A rapid decline in eGFR may indicate rapid
progression of kidney disease.
Monitor the eGFR trends
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Use NKDEP’s eGFR calculator to determine eGFR for
various levels of creatinine, different genders and
races.
− eGFR < 60 = CKD
− eGFR < 15 = kidney failure
GFR Calculator can be found at:
http://nkdep.nih.gov/professionals/gfr_calculators/ind
ex.htm
Activity
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Age, Race, Gender of Patient Serum Creatinine eGFR
35-year-old African American male 1.2 > 60
35-year-old White female 1.2 51
58-year-old Asian American female 1.2 46
58-year-old White male 2.4 28
58-year-old African American male 2.4 34
58-year-old African American female 2.4 25
80-year-old Hispanic female 2.4 19
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Age, Race, Gender of Patient Serum Creatinine eGFR
35-year-old African American male 1.2 ≥ 60
35-year-old White female 1.2 51
58-year-old Asian American female 1.2 46
58-year-old White male 2.4 28
58-year-old African American male 2.4 34
58-year-old African American female 2.4 25
80-year-old Hispanic female 2.4 19
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Explaining GFR
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Chronic kidney disease
− Kidney function
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for >
3 months with or without kidney damage
AND/OR
− Kidney damage
> 3 months, with or without decreased GFR, manifested by
either
− Pathological abnormalities
− Markers of kidney damage, e.g., albuminuria
» Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) > 30 mg/g
CKD is reduced kidney function and/or KIDNEY DAMAGE
Reference: National Kidney Foundation, 2002
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KIDNEY DAMAGE
Use urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) to assess and monitor
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NHANES 1988–1994 participants
Albuminuria is associated with mortality
Reference: USRDS Annual Data Report (NIDDK, 2010)
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Urine albumin measures albumin in the urine.
An abnormal urine albumin level is a marker for
glomerular disease, including diabetes.
Urine albumin is a marker for cardiovascular disease
and is a hypothesized marker of generalized
endothelial dysfunction.
Urine albumin is a marker for kidney damage
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Standard of diabetes care (annual screen)
Diagnosis
− Forty percent of people are identified with CKD on the
basis of urine albumin alone.
Prognosis
− Important prognostic marker, especially in diabetes
mellitus (DM)
− Used to monitor and guide therapy
Tool for patient education and self-management (such
as A1C or eGFR)
Urine albumin results are used for screening, diagnosing, and treating CKD
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Low-molecular-weight proteins cross the glomerulus.
High-molecular-weight proteins do not cross the
glomerulus normally.
Negatively charged molecules usually are restricted
from crossing the glomerulus.
Proteins are filtered based on size and electrical charge
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Increased glomerular permeability allows albumin
(and other proteins) to cross the glomerulus into the
urine.
Higher levels of protein within the tubule may
exacerbate kidney damage.
− Proteins may exceed tubules’ ability to reabsorb.
Damaged kidneys allow albumin to cross the filtration barrier into the urine
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Currently accepted “normal” level ≤ 30 mg/g
− Albumin is a medium-size molecular-weight protein
with a negative charge.
− Most is reabsorbed by the tubules.
Normal urine protein is < 150 mg/day
− Includes albumin and other proteins.
Very little albumin or protein normally is excreted into urine
Reference: Danziger J. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2008; 83(7):806–812
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UACR uses a spot urine sample.
In adults, ratio of urine albumin to creatinine correlates
closely to total albumin excretion.
Ratio is between two measured substances (not dipstick).
UACR < 30 mg/g is generally the most widely used cutoff
for “normal.”
Use urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) for urine albumin assessment
Reference: http://nkdep.nih.gov/resources/uacr_gfr_quickreference.htm
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UACR is a continuous variable.
The term albuminuria describes all levels of urine
albumin.
The term microalbuminuria describes abnormal
urine albumin levels not detected by dipstick test.
• 30 mg/g – 300 mg/g
The term macroalbuminuria describes urine albumin
> 300 mg/g.
UACR quantifies all levels of urine albumin
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Dipstick
− Semi-quantitative, screening only
Affected by urine concentration, highly variable
− Detection of urine albumin > 300 mg/day
(1+ approximates albumin excretion of 30 mg/day)
Urine protein/creatinine ratio
‒ All proteins, not just albumin
Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)
‒ Quantifies urine albumin
− Steps toward standardization currently in progress
− Standard for public health, clinical care, and research
Use which urine test?
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The NKDEP Laboratory Working Group and the International
Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
are working together to address urine albumin
measurement and reporting.
− Various test options and urine sampling, no international
reference, non-standardized reporting units
Lab cutoffs may change to reflect gender, age, race, level
for CVD risk.
Urine albumin standardization is in process
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The currently accepted “normal” UACR level is
≤ 30 mg/g.
Persistent levels > 30 mg/g are considered kidney
damage.
Use a spot urine sample for assessment.
Monitor trends over time.
Use UACR to assess and monitor kidney damage
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Explaining urine albumin
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Quick Reference on GFR and UACR in Evaluating
Patients with Diabetes for Kidney Disease
http://nkdep.nih.gov/resources/
uacr_gfr_quickreference.htm#uacr
CKD Information
http://nkdep.nih.gov/professionals/
chronic_kidney_disease.htm#definition
NKDEP tools to share with other providers
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Follow trends in eGFR
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Note differences in timeframes
Follow trends in UACR
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Summary: Identify and monitor CKD
Reference: http://nkdep.nih.gov/resources/uacr_gfr_quickreference.htm#uacr
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MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY
“May help delay disease progression.” The Guide to Medicare Preventive Services for Physicians, Providers, Suppliers and Other Health Care Professionals
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Brief definition of medical nutrition therapy (MNT)
Medicare eligibility
Medicare CKD benefit
Coding
Topics
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Prescribed by a physician for the purposes of
disease management
Nutritional diagnosis, therapy and counseling
services provided by a Registered Dietitian or
nutrition professional
In-depth individualized nutrition assessment and
interventions
Medical Nutrition Therapy
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Medicare Part B costs extra and covers many
outpatient services.
Co-pay does not apply for MNT.
CKD eligibility for MNT referral includes:
− Renal transplant, for up to 36 months after transplant
− Reduction in renal function not severe enough to
require dialysis or transplantation
eGFR 13–50 mL/min/1.73 m2
Must have Medicare Part B for MNT benefit
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An initial nutrition and lifestyle assessment
Nutrition counseling
Information regarding diet management
Followup sessions to monitor progress
Individual or group sessions
MNT involves numerous steps
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Requires a physician referral with their provider
number on the claim (CMS-1500)
Allows three hours for the first calendar year
− Two hours subsequently
Allows a second referral in the same calendar year
due to change in medical condition, diagnosis, or
treatment
MNT benefits are limited
Reference: https://www.cms.gov/MLNProducts/downloads/mps_guide_web-061305.pdf
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HCPCS = Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System CPT = Current Procedural Terminology
Use the correct codes for MNT billingHCPCS/ CPT Codes
Descriptors
97802 MNT; initial assessment and intervention, individual, face-to-face with patient, each 15 minutes (NOTE: initial visit only)
97803 Reassessment and intervention, individual, face-to-face with patient, each 15 minutes
97804 Group (two or more individuals), each 30 minutes
G0270 MNT; reassessment and subsequent intervention(s) following second referral in same year for change in diagnosis, medical condition, or treatment regimen, individual, group (two or more), each 15 minutes
G0271 MNT; reassessment and subsequent intervention(s) following second referral in same year for change in diagnosis, medical condition, or treatment regimen, individual, group (two or more), each 30 minutes
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Stage ICD-9 CM National Kidney Foundation (NKF)
1 585.1 Kidney damage (e.g., proteinuria)• Normal or elevated GFR
• > 90
2 585.2 Kidney damage (e.g., proteinuria) •Mild reduction of GFR
• 60–89
3 585.3 Moderate reduction of GFR • 30–59
4 585.4 Severe reduction of GFR• 15–29
5 585.5 Kidney failure • GFR < 15 (or dialysis)
Note: Staging and coding defined by eGFR only
Medical coding uses staging system developed by National Kidney Foundation
ICD-9 CM = International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification
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In 2006, RDs were added as providers for telehealth
services.
Only available in rural areas. Requires audio and
video components.
Use telehealth modifiers for billing:
− GT (continental United States)
− GQ (Alaska and Hawaii demo projects)
MNT telehealth services are covered
Reference: MLN Matters Number: MM4204, January 12, 2006
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For information on how to become a Medicare provider visit:
http://www.cms.gov/MedicareProviderSupEnroll/downloads/G
ettingStarted.pdf
Becoming a Medicare Provider
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MNT may help prevent progression and treat
complications
Must have Medicare Part B
Need physician referral
Use correct codes for billing
Summary
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eGFR < 30 (“Stage IV”)
Medicare Part B
− Individual pays 20%, deductible applies
Qualified providers: physicians, physician assistants,
nurse practitioners, and clinical nurse specialists
Covers up to six sessions
Kidney disease education is a Medicare benefit
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The topics include the same topics in the certificate program.
The topics include the same topics in this program.
Reference: http://www.medicare.gov/Publications/Pubs/pdf/11456.pdf
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CKD and ESRD are increasing.
Diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes of
ESRD.
Too few patients receive nutritional intervention prior
to renal replacement therapy.
Burden of RRT is significant on individuals and our
society.
Take-home messages: Burden of disease
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Take-home messages: Identify and monitor CKD
Reference: http://nkdep.nih.gov/resources/uacr_gfr_quickreference.htm#uacr
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Patient must have Medicare Part B.
MNT may help prevent progression and treat
complications.
− Need physician referral
− Use correct codes for billing
Kidney disease education may be available from
other qualified providers.
Take-home messages: Medicare covers MNT and kidney disease education
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Birn H, Christensen EI. Renal albumin absorption in physiology and pathology. Kidney International. 2006;69(3):440–449.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Chronic Kidney Disease Fact Sheet: general information and national estimates on chronic kidney disease in the United States, 2010. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/factsheets/kidney.htm Accessed June 13, 2011.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Classification of diseases, functioning, and disability. International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd9.htm Updated September 1, 2009. Accessed June 13, 2011.
References
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Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare Helps Cover Kidney Disease Education, 2010. Baltimore, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Medicare.gov website. http://www.medicare.gov/Publications/Pubs/pdf/11456.pdf. Accessed February 8, 2012.
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. The Guide to Medicare Preventive Services, 4th Ed, 2011. Baltimore, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Medicare.gov website. https://www.cms.gov/MLNProducts/downloads/mps_guide_web-061305.pdf. Accessed February 22, 2012.
Choncol M, Lippi G, Montagnana M, Muggeo M, Targher G . Association of inflammation with anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease not requiring chronic dialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2008;23(9):2879–2883.
References
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) information. National Kidney Disease Education Program website. http://nkdep.nih.gov/professionals/chronic_kidney_disease.htm#definition. Reviewed February 13, 2011. Accessed June 13, 2011.
Coresh J, Astor BC, McQuillan G, et al. Calibration and random variation of the serum creatinine assay as critical elements of using equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2002;39(5):920–929.
D’Amico G, Bazzi C. Pathophysiology of proteinuria. Kidney International. 2003;63(3):809–825.
References
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Danziger J. Importance of low-grade albuminuria. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2008;83(7):806–812.
De Jong PE, Brenner BM. From secondary to primary prevention of progressive renal disease: the case for screening for albuminuria. Kidney International. 2004;66(6):2109–2118.
de Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving H, et al. Albuminuria, a therapeutic target for cardiovascular protection in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Circulation. 2004;110(8):921–927.
Eustace JA, Astor B, Muntner PM, Ikizler TA, Coresh J . Prevalence of acidosis and inflammation and their association with low serum albumin in chronic kidney disease. Kidney International. 2004;65(3):1031–1040.
References
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Festa A, D’agostino R Jr., Howard G, Mykkanen L, Tracy RP, Haffner SM . Inflammation and microalbuminuria in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Kidney International. 2000;58(4):1703–1710.
Frequently asked questions about estimated GFR values. National Kidney Disease Education Program website. http://nkdep.nih.gov/professionals/gfr_calculators/gfr_faq.htm. Reviewed January 27, 2011. Accessed June 13, 2011.
GFR calculator. National Kidney Disease Education Program website. http://nkdep.nih.gov/professionals/gfr_calculators/index.htm. Reviewed May 13, 2011. Accessed June 13, 2011.
Himmelfarb J, de Boer I, Kestenbaum B. Effects of chronic kidney disease on metabolism and hormonal function. In: Mitch WE, Ikizler TA, eds. Handbook of Nutrition and the Kidney. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010:34–49.
References
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Hsu C, McCulloch CE, Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Go AS . Body mass index and risk for end-stage renal disease. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2006;144(1):21–28.
Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH, et al. for the AIPRD Study Group. Proteinuria as a modifiable risk factor for the progression of non-diabetic renal disease. Kidney International. 2001;60(3):1131–1140.
Kaysen GA, Kumar V. Inflammation in ESRD: causes and potential consequences. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2003:16(2):158–160.
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