Something To Settle The Nerves!!

(An in depth look into the nervous system through recipes!)

Marisa, Courtney, Nathan, Lindsey, Victoria, & Braxten

SALAD SECTION!

In this section:• Organization Of The Nervous System• Cells of the Nervous System • Nerve Impulses• Synapses• Lab Analysis

Ingredients: 1. CNS (Central Nervous System)

2. PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) 3. Afferent Division 4. Efferent Division

5. Somatic Nervous System6. Autonomic Nervous System

Recipe: Organization Of The Nervous System

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Directions: 1. Use the CNS to process the information to and from the two main organs in the PNS, the brain and spinal cord. 2. Next add the PNS, which contains six ingredients: Sensory Nervous System, Motor Nervous System, Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, Sympathetic, and Parasympathetic. Use the Sensory Nervous System to send information to CNS from organs or external stimuli.

- Then use the Nervous System to move information from the CNS organs muscles, organs, and glands.

- The PNS also contains the Somatic Nervous System which you may use to control skeletal muscles as well as external sensory organs.

- Add the Autonomic Nervous System to control involuntary muscles such as smooth eight cardiac muscle.

- The fifth aspect of CNS is the sympathetic; add this to the CNS for control of activities that increase energy expenditures.

- Lastly add the Parasympathetic for control of the activities that conserve energy expenditures. 3. Add the Afferent Division for the taste of incoming sensory or afferent pathways. (1 & pg. 344) 4. Next add Efferent Division for the outgoing motor or efferent pathways. (1 & pg. 344)5. Mix in the Somatic Nervous System and allow to carry information to the somatic

effectors. This may also be found with the label skeletal muscles. These motor pathways make up the somatic motor division. (1 & pg. 344)6. The final step is to add the Autonomic Nervous System and allow to carry information to the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands. (1 & pg. 344)

Ingredients:1. Neurons2. GilaSeven types of Glia

3. Astrocytes4. Microglia5. Ependymal cells6. Oligodendrocytes7. Schwann8. Neurllenma 9. Satellite cells

Recipe: Cells of the Nervous System

Directions:1. Use the neurons, or excitable cells, to conduct impulses in order for the nervous system to function.2. Also known as glial cells, do not usually conduct information about themselves. They retain their capacity for cell division throughout adult hood. Most cancers originate from this cell. 3. Largest type of glia, attach through brain tissue connecting to neurons and capillaries, feeds the neurons by picking up glucose from blood. BBB double barrier made of astrocyte feet that make up the walls of capillaries. Influence the growth of neurons and transmits information 4. Small, found in the central nervous system. They destroy microorganisms and cellular debris. 5. Form sheets that line fluid filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord. 6. Means cell with few branches clustered around nerve cell bodies. 7. Found only in the peripheral nervous system. Supports nerve fibers. 8. Essential to the regeneration of injured nerve fibers. 9. Surround the cell body of neuron. They support neuronal cell bodies in regions called ganglia in the peripheral nervous system.

(1 & pg. 344-347)

Recipe: Nerve Impulses This salad conducts signals and expresses conductivity and excitability. (1)

Ingredients:1. Membrane Potential 2. Resting Membrane Potential 3. Local Potential 4. Action Potential

Directions: Step 1: Add the Membrane Potential to all living cells to maintain a difference in the concentration of ions across their membranes. Make sure that the membrane potential is positively charged on the outside of the membrane and on the inside of the membrane. (1)Step 2: Stir in the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) maintaining non-conducting neurons plasma membrane, being sure the RMP has positive ions on the membranes outer surface produced by ion transport mechanisms and membrane characteristics. (1)Step 3: Use the Local Potential to slightly shift away from the resting membrane in a specific region of the plasma membrane (1)Excitation- when stimulus triggers the opening of additional Na+ channels, allowing the membrane potential to move toward zero Inhibition- when a stimulus triggers the opening of additional K+ channels, increasing the membrane potential (1)Step 4: the final step is to check the action potential, or the membrane potential of a neuron that is conducting an impulse. (1)• Action Potential consists of five elements:

• When stimulus trigger stimulus-gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to diffuse rapidly into cell (produce local depolarization)

• Potential is reached, voltage-gated Na+ channels open and more Na+ enters the cell (causes more depolarization)

• Voltage-gated Na+ channels stay open for 1 millisecond before closing • K+ channels open, allowing outward diffusion (process known as

repolarization) • When hyperpolarization occurs, the resting membrane potential is

restored by sodium-potassium pumps (2)

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Ingredients:1.

Neurotransmitters 2. Spatial

Summation3. Temporal Summation

Recipe: Synapse In this salad signals will be transmitted from presynaptic

neurons to post synaptic neurons.

Directions:1. Using a neuron, release the neurotransmitter and allow the chemical to diffuse across the synapses until it bonds with a postsynaptic neuron. 2. The next step is summation, which can be done in two ways; the first option is spatial summation, in which you will use many presynaptic neurons to cause the postsynaptic neuron to trigger an action. 3. The second option is temporal summation, in which only one presynaptic neuron is used many times to cause the postsynaptic neuron to trigger. (1)

Neuromuscular Reflex Lab

Kick 1

Kick 2

Kick 3

Kick 4

Kick 5

Average

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Delta (Change) Time of Stimulus Time of muscle contraction

Kick 1 Kick 2 Kick 3 Kick 4 Kick 5 Average

Time of muscle contraction 2.05 5.08 8.6 12.35 16.29

Time of Stimulus 1.64 4.84 8.15 12.06 16.17

Delta (Change) 0.41 0.24 0.45 0.29 0.12 0.302

Reaction time to external stimulus

Reflex time

Kick 1 Kick 2 Kick 3 Kick 4 Average

Time of muscle contraction 4.24 9.76 14.15 17.83Time of Stimulus 4.21 9.68 13.99 17.75Delta (Change) 0.03 0.08 0.16 0.08 0.0875

Kick 1

Kick 2

Kick 3

Kick 4

Average

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

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Delta (Change)

Time of Stimulus

Time of muscle contraction

Reflex time with distraction

Reflex Response Reflex without rienforcement Reflex with reinforcement Max Min mV Max Min mV

1 1.444 0.8205 0.6235 1.88 0.7383 1.00462 1.527 0.7782 0.7488 2.267 0.7129 1.206783 1.371 0.8132 0.5578 2.122 0.6754 1.07884 1.973 0.6006 1.3724 1.719 0.7093 1.274865 3.755 0.4253 3.3297 2.209 0.6767 2.07914

Average Values 2.014 0.68756 1.32644 2.0394 0.702521.35398

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Max

Min

mV

Max

Min

mV

Reflex w

ith r

ein

forc

em

ent

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Average Values 5 4

3 2 1

Data Analysis

1. Voluntary movement is the conscious move that you must move. While involuntary movement is a movement that you choose to move, like picking up a glass or running. Usually voluntary movement is faster than involuntary. The voluntary movement is way faster than involuntary.

2. 7.085 m/s 3. The difference could be due to the technology we used.

Researchers most likely have more precise instruments and testing methods which will lead to more accurate results.

4. The speed of electricity in a copper wire is 300million, and the nerve impulse is 100m/s. This is not even a fraction of the speed of electricity in the copper wire.

5. There can be longer pathways the nerves may need to travel. Some peoples nervous systems are slower or faster. Depends on the person. Muscle size does not have anything to do with the speed of the nervous system.