DICTATORSHIPSand WWII

DORAN

Conservative Authoritarianism Traditional, anti-democratic tried to prevent major changes limited popular sovereignty lacked modern communication and

technology revived after WWI WHY? WHERE?

Radical Dictatorship

Rejected parliamentary restraints unprecedented control of the masses Different types

– totalitarianism– fascism

TOTALITARIANISM

Used modern technology and communication exercised complete political, economic,

social, intellectual, spiritual and cultural control by the state

people utterly dependent on political leader mass movement permanent revolution

FASCISM

Extreme, expansionist nationalism anti-socialist allied with capitalist and landowners mass parties dynamic, violent leader glorification of war and the military

Hannah Arendt (1906-75)

Born in Germany Jewish Escaped to US in 1941 Wrote Origins of Totalitarianism DISCUSS

RUSSIA 1919-1939

LENIN

“Dictatorship of the proletariat” The State the Communist Party 1918 Politburo

– Secretariat

RSFSR - Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic

USSR- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (RSFSR, Ukraine, White Russia, Transcauscasia)

The State=the communist party “War Communism” 1918-1921

– undiluted marxism

– crisis by 1920

New Economic Policy 1921-1928 “one step backwards in order to go two

steps forward” return of private commerce state controlled banking, transportation,

heavy industry, public utilities

TROTSKY

STALIN

“Lenin Cult” “Socialism in a single state” Radical overhaul of the state ended NEP 5Year Plans imposed secret police strengthened

War on the Peasants

State farms Collective farms Reaction by peasants After 9 years - 90% of land, 100 million

peasants under new form of farming

Five Year Plans

First Five Year Plan 1928-1933 Second Five Year Plan 1933-38 Third Five Year Plan 1938-43

Great Purges– 1928-31– 1934-38

Constitution of 1936 Importance of family weakened Art

– fluorished in the 1920s– dictated by Stalin in 1930s

Italy

Mussolini

His program

Govt of Italy

1922

Il Duce - his version of fascism One party dictatorship, one man leader Not totalitarian Catholic Church - 1929 Women Fascism in Italy

– Positives Negatives

Spain

1900s - more loyal to local province Monarchy - stood for Poor soil , farming Religion Revolutionary ideas

– anarchism socialists– syndicalism communists– Carlism

Spanish Republic

Alfonso XIII - ruled until 1923– corrupt

General Primo de Rivera– martial law

Constitution restored, republicans victorious Republic declared 1931

– problems with leftists, rightists, fascists, church, military

Spain

Popular Front created, 1936 Falange Spanish Civil War 1936-39

WWII - International Politics 1919-1932 Positive events Washington Conference, 1921-22 Locarno Agreement, Oct 1925 Kellogg Briand Pact, 1928

Failure of fulfillment Causes of WWII

– Treaty of Versailles - Diktat– World Depression– Revolution in Russia– Mutual distrust– fascism and nazism– Rise of imperialist Japan

Steps to WWII

Manchuria, 1931 German Rearmament, 1935-6 Reoccupation of the Rhineland, 1936 Ethiopia, 1935 Spanish Civil War, 1936-39 Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936

Immediate Origins Of WWII Austrian Anschluss, 1938 Czech dismemberment, 1938-9

– Sudetenland– Munich Conference Sept 1938– March 1939 - takes rest of Czechoslovakia

Nazi-Soviet Pact, Aug 23, 1939 Poland Sept 1, 1939

– Sept 27 - surrender

WWII Blitzkrieg - Poland Sitzkrieg (Phony War) Sep 39- Mar 40 Blitzkrieg April - June 1940

– Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Belgium, France

Maginot Line Siegfried Line June 22, 1940 - Compiegne,

– Occupied France,, Vichy France

Britain Stands alone German plans invasion- Operation Sea Lion Chamberlain replaced by Churchill Battle of Britain a

– attack airfields - destroy RAF– attack British defense installations– attack British cities

Cancelled by end of 1940

Fall 1940

Axis Powers attack Balkans, North Africa Greece, Yugoslavia conquered Hungary, Romania join Axis powers, 1940 Bulgaria joins 1941 Sweden, Switz neutral Spain technically neutral

US

Neutrality Acts, 1935-37 Cash and Carry, 1939-40 Lend Lease, 1941 Japan increasingly aggressive

USSR

Blitzkrieg - June 22, 1941 - Barbarossa– need oilfields and farmland– SU falls back - scorched earth policy– Ukraine overrun in 4 months

Leningrad siege lasted 2 years + Stalingrad - 1942 - 43 Turning point

Turning points

El Alamein Casablanca Conference, Jan 1943 Attack Italy Teheran Conf, Nov 1943 Yalta Conference, 1944 Operation Overlord - Normandy Invasion

– D Day - June 6, 1944

Paris retaken by Aug 1944 Push for Berlin Last effort by Germans

– Battle of the Bulge

April 1945 - Hitler commits suicide May 7, 1945 VE DAY