diagnosis from the race - inertial balance - how to improve. · proceeded to explain in terms of...

Diagnosis from the race -

Inertial balance -

How to improve.

Andrea Pace

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S 02

Contents of the complete Report

Kayak Efficiency and Performance Effectiveness

Theoretical Values of Force, Power and Energy in H-graphs

The H-graph

1000 m Race Modes: Start, Transition, LB36, Constant Frequency, Transition, LB40

The Lower Frequency Limit

Going Back to Basics: the Energy Bank and Necessary Physical Elements

Speed-Derived Virtual Overload

500 m K4

The %tWater

Fixing Frequency or Speed

Mechanical Application: the Tsunami Device for Kayaks

Managing the Centre of Rotation in Kayak. The LB40

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S 03

The following documents can be found on the ECA website in .pdf format:

[1] Compements to the Base Technique in Kayak Sprint: methods of

Evaluation (PDF)

Complementi alla tecnica base nel kayak sprint: Metodi di di valutazione

(PDF)

[2] Diagnosis from the race: the H-graph (PDF)

Diagnosi dalla gara (PDF)

[3] Come vincere in K4 (How to win on a K4) (PDF) ; Pace, Župančič

Regent

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S 04 Introduction 1

Jernej Župančič Regent and I started working together in 2013. He

helped develop my technical abilities, some of which I was not aware

of and some of which I was only aware of on an instinctive level. In

2015 I was finally able to perform the correct technical motions. From

this physical action I was able to extract all the information that I

proceeded to explain in terms of physics and hydrodynamics. High-

performing athletes would be unable to do this – they lack in-depth

knowledge of physics and tend to have no rational knowledge of the

actions they perform instinctively.

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S 05 Introduction 2

I have given the name meta-technique to the array of physical elements

that are necessary for a high-performing water sports athlete.

Meta-technique is performed on the basis of Base-technique. Many

trainers have no knowledge of meta-technique and are only able to

achieve good results when training athletes that already naturally

possess these abilities. If meta-technique is not performed, base-

technique, whichever it may be, will not generate any great

advantage.

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S 06 Introduction 3

In 2018 another trainer joined this in-depth system of learning. The Deep

learning system has become even more in-depth and is allowing trainers to

achieve good results even with athletes who are not naturally gifted. Our

objective is to train athletes with increasingly poor natural abilities to be the

new Sinkovic Brothers.

Applied force does not count in canoeing half as much as the effect that is

produced by force applied in the correct way. If an action is performed

interacting with a small mass of water, athletes will have a smaller forward

acceleration compared to that which occurs to the water in the opposite

direction – to perform the optimum action, athletes should be able to perform

this action by interacting with a larger mass of water.

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S 07 Introduction 4

In my personal experience, any classical physics models are ineffective when

attempting to explain the skills of a high-level canoeist. For people who are

not themselves able to perform these movements, to study such high-level

performers seems like a waste of time. In such cases, only quantum

mechanics can do the trick.

Physical mathematics models of how tsunamis work show how waves can

spread invisibly for hundreds oh kilometres without dispersing only to then

concentrate their energy where they encounter a change in the depth of the

water. Let's think of water depth as the moment we extract the paddle from

the water: that is the moment when the energy exchange between the water

and the athlete's body reaches its peak performance effectiveness.

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S 08 Introduction 5

In quantum mechanics waves can exchange impulses with each

other, just like the body’s oscillation, that almost looks like a

dance when performed by certain athletes.

The Tsunami Device has been built following these principles: it is

the only inertial gym machine in the world that allows for inertial

variation by means of the athletes’ own muscular coordination.

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S 090 Introduction - end

One hour is not long enough to fully grasp the contents of my

report. You will see how some of the pages end with questions.

The answers to these questions can be found in a twenty-page

report I have written for the conference and that is available to

each of you. I honestly believe that it would take around twenty

hours to study this report. In this presentation I will therefore try

to summarise some of the contents and show you how to best

use the software I created.

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Kayak Efficiency and Performance Effectiveness

S 10

Efficiency is always key, even in short races that only last a few seconds.

Dispersed energy can damage athletes's bodies or reduce water 'grip'. This

depends on the balance of inertias upon impact, which must be equal. Failing

this, there has to be elasticity in order for actions to be optimised.

Naturally, we want as much water inertia as possible in order to have firmer

support. To do so, we must either apply the same amount of inertia to the

paddle, or use elasticity to achieve a modification that allows us to reduce

energy dispersion.

How can we increase inertia on both sides?

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Theoretical Values of Force, Power and Energy in H-graphs

S 11

The formulas used for the calculations can be found in chapter 5 of the

book [1]. They are based on indirect measurements taken in the year

1996.

Below is Table 01, showing comparisons for a K1 athlete weighing about

80 kg as seen in the publication Canoa Ricerca, no. 93 (2017),

(file:///C:/Users/723131/Downloads/fick93_low.pdf):

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Theoretical Values of Force, Power and Energy in H-graphs - 2

S 12 Table 01

Velocity [m/s] Measured force [N] Calculated force 1996 [N]

4,00 47,4 49,6

5,13 72,6 73,8

6,00 96,6 94,8

The differences are not enough to alter the shape of the H-graph, and

the formula has therefore been left the same as in 1996. In the new

measurements the coefficient should be about 2.7 rather than 2.6.

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S 13 The H-graph

The H-graph is based on information relating to velocity and

frequency. Although it is usually sufficient to have one

element of data for every 100 m, GPS data allows us to

have one element of data for every 10 m.

The calculations allow us to obtain eight parameters, shown

in Table 02.

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S 14 The H-graph - 2

Table 02 provides an example of the Racice K1 Men 1000 m FA GER 2017

race. For purposes of brevity, the only points shown are those at 200 m and

210 m. The percentage variations between minimum, maximum and the

average figures calculated between 50 m to 1000 m are shown in blue.

Table 02

. E/s Force Adv n100 T100 Vel. Pow Spm

200 m 203; 73,2; 2,78; 36,0; 19,60; 5,10; 373; 110,1;

210 m 201; 72,4; 2.78; 35,9; 19,73; 5,07; 367; 109,3;

% 31 53 27 27 31 31 102 61

average 179 67 2,68 37,4 20,83 4,824 326 108,6

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The T100 parameter is an immediate indicator of velocity: at any point in the

graph, it shows the time that it would take to travel 100 m at that current

velocity.

The n100 parameter shows the number of paddle strokes performed in 100 m at

the current numerical value of advancement (Adv).

n100 = 100 / Adv

T100 = 100 / Velocity

E/s = energy / stroke, an example of which is provided for at 200 m:

E/s = Force * Adv = 73,2 * 2,78 = 203,4

Force = 5,393 * Vel^2,6

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To avoid further calculations, I invite you to use my free software

PaceZero, provided. The archive gives you free access to a

large number of races - these are kayak races that have been

transferred from the ICF GPS data archives and adapted to fit

the software's format. The ICF GPS data has been taken in the

years 2016 and 2017.You can also insert and compare your own

data confidentially and off-line from your computer.

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S 17 1000 m Race Modes: Start, Transition, LB36,

Constant Frequency, Transition, LB40

Figure 01 Liebscher K1 1000 m M FA Racice 2017

The H-graph in Fig. 01 is the benchmark for all other 1000 m

and, partly, 500 m canoeing race graphs.

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S 18 Fig.1

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The data for the 200 m mark found in Table 01 reads as follows:

The figure for frequency is on the vertical axis (around 110 spm);

The figure for E/s is on the horizontal axis (around 205 joules);

n100, shown in cyan on the lines (around 36); and

T100, shown in dark-blue on the hyperboles (around 19.5”).

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Power and force are shown on the same hyperbole as T100.

The numerical value of advancement can be calculated as follows: Adv = 100 / n100.

Race modes are shown as coloured segments.

Transition section (red) (100 m-200 m) where energy / stroke = constant.

n100 section = constant (cyan). The number here is 36. For convenience, we shall

refer to this segment as LB36, although we are observing athlete Osipenko where

n100 = 52, so as to avoid OSI52.

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Frequency segment = constant (green). This segment is performed with a frequency equal to 98 spm. This frequency figure shall hereby be referred to as Lower Frequency Limit (LFL). Transition segment (red) (800 m-950 m) performed with energy / stroke = constant. n100 segment = constant (cyan). The number here is 40. Hereinafter referred to as LB40.

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The average race number is shown with a magenta coloured star.

Finally, the orange circle shows a very important element, namely that at 250 m and

300 m speed is fixed. Boat acceleration is temporarily altered: an average of 2N extra

must be applied. If this were a ship, we could use a propeller with a different pitch

(higher n100). Liebscher automatically switched the n100 from 36 to 37, thus

maintaining maximum efficiency.

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In 1000 m graphs, around 40 from the finish line, we see an increase in frequency: �this must correspond to an increase in velocity. In 500 m graphs, 40 from the end, �we can also see an increase in frequency. However in 500 m races maintaining

speed for 50 or 100 m can be considered good enough

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S19

I will briefly summarise what is contained in the full twenty-

page report on how to use the software.

Using the software will allow you to actively participate in the

learning process, as well as understanding more easily the

report and the documents contained in the bibliography.

The software allows you to insert and examine your own data

(races, training, simulations) and to compare it with the

data of other athletes that is available in the archive.

If you wish to learn more you can contact me at

andreapacez @ gmail.com

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S 20 The Free Software PaceZero

Figure A shows the software’s home screen.

You can download the software on the ECA website, in

the section: Documents – Canoeing Technical Books.

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S 21 Click the “Step-1” icon to quickly perform the calculations for the video analyses

shown in Chapter 5 of the book [1].

Click the “input from csv table…” icon to import the data from your GPS systems.

Click the “manual entry” icon to input the data item by item.

Click the H-Graph icon to manage your graphs.

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S22 Click the 1-Empty-Graph icon to display the image shown in Fig. B

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S 23 Click the 2-ADD-Data to select the race you wish to display on your screen

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S 24 Click the 3-adapt-Graph to redraw the empty graph with the numerical

ranges that fit the data of the race you wish to see (Figure D).

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S 25 Clicking the 4-Display icon shows the data in Figure E. You can repeat the

process by selecting a colour of your choice. Click label-line to join the points of

the graph with numerical labels (some labels are displayed as “ * ”).

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S 26 Emulation

To obtain a projected H-graph you must insert two

figures. In the example we used the following:

Added n100 = 5.0

Added T100 = 1.5

Clicking 5-Emulate will display the image in Figure F.

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To do this, we increased the range of the horizontal axis by lowering the

minimum value from 145 Joules to 115, and the minimum T100 from 22” to 24”

We repeated the initial step to display the race graph and the projected race

graph.

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S 27 The paragraph titled The Lower Frequency Limit shows the H-graph for

the C2 1000 m M FA Racice 2017 race. We want to understand the reason why

C2 ROU fell behind first-placed C2 GER by 5” in the final 250 m, despite the fact

that C2 ROU maintained LB36 mode throughout the race until the very end, and

LB36 mode is the most efficient.

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S 28

The paragraph titled Going Back to Basics: the

Energy Bank and Necessary Physical Elements

shows an example of an energy bank, limiting

the analysis to the torso's rotational energy in

C2. This energy depends on angular velocity

squared.

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In the C2 1000 m M London 2012 race - The image shows that Kretschmer's

maximum angular velocity is double that of Bezugliy, meaning the kinetic energy

is four times as much.

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S 29 With regards to this energy, C2 GER maintains the correct vertical behaviour, keeping the boat in a perfect horizontal position. C2 AZE, on the other hand, is unable to successfully handle the suspension and distribution in the most critical part of the race. Just like C2 ROU at Racice 2017, C2 AZE falls behind by about 5” in the final 250 m.

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S 30 The paragraph titled Speed-Derived Virtual Overload shows the correct

hydrodynamic phenomenon - as the force that is applied increases (in accordance

with the physical similitude of the phenomenon), advancement decreases.

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In Figure 01 we can see how, between 250 m and 300 m, Liebscher interrupts the

slowing down action and his n100 switches from 36 to 37 (his advancement per

stroke therefore drops from 100/36 to 100/37 m).

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A similar thing happens when athletes are finding it hard to

apply more force, which usually happens at high speeds or

in the final parts of 1000 m (often even 500 m) races. In

general, this phenomenon does not apply to naval

hydrodynamics but works similarly for every water sport.

This makes water sports completely different from track

and field: in water sports, increases in speed mean

reductions in advancement. And this phenomenon repeats

itself in the final parts of longer races.

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S 31 What we see happening in this image is what almost always happens.

In the 200 m race the n100 used by Carrington is almost 10% higher than in

the 500 m race. In a 1000 m race the figure chosen for the last 250 m would

most probably be 47.

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S 32 The paragraph titled 500 m K4:Figure 06 shows K4 GER vs CAN 500 m M Racice 2017.Clearly, K4 CAN remained above the LFL at 134 spm. This crew should be able to achieve great technical improvements – an analysis of some more footage shows an insufficient %tWater linked to a relatively low Radius1.

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S 33 Figure 06B shows that the order of arrival of the first 18 crews

(K4 500 m finalists at Racice 2017) is correlated to the selected criterion

of technical ability (p < 0.01).

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S 34 Tactics: How to administer strength

Look at the H-graph in Figure 06. The table that matches the graph allows us to

calculate the following: by how much would K4 GER's time improve had they

maintained the same pace and started 20 m behind?

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S 35 These results are amazing (Fig. 07): they show that, together with the speed

variation, a mere 20 m advance cuts lap time by 0.4” This is the way to ensure

athletes perform at their utmost best and adapt to tactical requirements with

minimal risk.

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S 36 The %tWater

n the K4 500 m M Racice 2017 race, after 160 m both crews (K4 GER and K4

CAN) have the same n100 = 33.

K4 GER %tWater = 63%, K4 CAN %tWater = 57%.

K4 GER Advancement during traction = 3.0 * 0.63 = 1.89 m

K4 CAN Advancement during traction = 3.0 * 0.57 = 1.71 m

On an individual level the %tWater is very important. From 2014 to 2018

Carrington underwent a huge improvement and went from a %tWater = 55%

to %tWater = 63%. Kozak's and Walz's %tWater has always been 66%.

Pimenta went from 60% in 2016 to 63% in 2018. Below, we will see

Pimenta's H-graphs and how his Radius1 increase can explain the ease with

which he lowered his LFL from 108 spm to 103 spm.

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S 37 Fixing Frequency or SpeedFigure 08 shows three races: we will deal with the first two. Pimenta in Rio 2016 K1

1000 m (red) and Racice 2017 (green).

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In the Rio 2016 race Pimenta shows no automatisms with respect to load adaptation

between 250m and 300m. Fig. 01 (orange circle) shows the fixed speed phenomenon.

Right after that, the athlete exits the high-efficiency LB36 mode and his race is

compromised. Turning to fixed frequency, in the Rio 2016 race, after the first 300 m,

Pimenta is unable to maintain a low n100 and his LFL settles at about 108 spm.

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At the Racice final (green) the LB36 mode ends at 400 m just like with Liebscher in

Fig. 01. Following this, there is a LFL stage equal to about 106 spm.

The data for the 2018 Montemor race is shown in blue. Although there is not much

data, it is enough to substantiate the best result. LFL decreases to 103 spm and this

allows for a greater increase in frequency and speed in the ensuing stages.

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S 38 Mechanical Application: the Tsunami Device for KayaksThe Tsunami Device has also been produced for Canadian-style canoes but it is still

being tested

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To build a Tsunami Device we must add a pulley, thus doubling the point of force

application. This is done using two limbs. Figure 09.

The device allows for inertial load alterations. Suppose we apply an acceleration =

Acc1 on point A, thus producing 20 kgF on point A and 10 kgF on point B.

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The same acceleration Acc1 applied to point B will produce 10 kgF on point A and 5

kgF on point B. What this means is that, depending on athletes' muscular

coordination, the inertial load can alter by 100%.

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S 39 Managing the Centre of Rotation in Kayak. The LB40

The inertia of a rotation is four times higher if the point of rotation is

moved from the centre to the far end of a rotating element.

In kayak, a prompt motion carried out with the pushing leg that

takes advantage of elastic elements will be enough to move the

centre of rotation towards either the middle or the opposite side.

This way, we will obtain higher angular velocity of the torso

using less force. This is a simple way to reach LB40 mode. To

achieve this, however, we must also take lateral displacement

into account, and the sum of the two systems.

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S 40 The following images show a right-side stroke performed by

Liebscher, who seems to be mirroring the action performed by the

athlete next to him.

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If we look closely, however, we will see that in the initial and final

stages of the stroke the right-side of his body does not move

backwards.

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This allows him to have maximum body inertia in the stages in

which it can be obtained from the water. In this way we can have

high levels of efficiency.

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Performance effectiveness can be obtained by moving the centre

of rotation to the middle part of the stroke action.

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S49 We have already seen in figures 5.2b and 6.1f of the book [1] that

the middle part of the stroke action is less efficient (Max Ang. Speed =

16.9 *25 = 422 °/s)

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S 50 both figures show how at that moment the paddle's angular

velocity is about 20% greater (Max. Ang. Speed = 14 * 30 = 420 °/s).

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follow useful images

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