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Cardiac Rehabilitation New Brunswick: Tutorial Series Diabetes Mellitus Overview, pharmacotherapy and exercise considerations

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Page 1: Diabetes Mellitus - crnb-rcnb.ca Module PowerPoint presentation... · Overview, pharmacotherapy ... Miketic et al., Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 2011: ... About 5‐10% of all

Cardiac RehabilitationNew Brunswick: Tutorial Series

Diabetes MellitusOverview, pharmacotherapyand exercise considerations 

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Overview Prevalence of diabetes Definition and Diagnosis Risk factors and complications Treatment and pharmacotherapy Diabetes and Exercise Benefits Precautions and considerations Exercise prescription

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Diabetes epidemic

7.3% of Canadian population, expected to rise to 10% by 20201

25%‐32% of patients with a myocardial infarction have both diabetes and coronary artery disease2

1. Canadian Diabetes Association, 2010 Economic Report2. Miketic et al., Journal of  Cardiovascular Nursing, 2011: 26(3) 210‐17

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Definition: Diabetes Mellitus

Complex metabolic disorder Characterized by: High levels of plasma glucose (hyperglycemia) due to 

defective insulin secretion, defective insulin action or both

Hyperglycemia over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems, such as macrovascular disease, microvascular degeneration, neuropathies and other complications

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Canadian Diabetes Association Diagnostic Criteria

Pre‐diabetes

Diabetes

Source: Canadian Diabetes Association 2013 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes 2013;37(suppl1):S8‐11website: guidelines.diabetes.ca

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American Values (ADA)Pre‐diabetes

Diabetes

ADA, Diabetes Care, 2012, (35) S1: S64‐71

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Conversion

mmol to mg/dL: multiply by (x) 18 mg/dL to mmol/L: divide by 18 or multiply by (x) 0.055

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Classification

Type 1 Type 2  Gestational Other  ‐ genetic defects, diseases of the exocrine pancreas, endocrinopathies, drug or chemical induced, etc.

See CDA 2013 Guidelines Appendix 1: http://guidelines.diabetes.ca/Browse/Appendices/Appendix1

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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1 About 5‐10% of all diabetes

Autoimmune disease characterized by β‐cell destruction

Usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency

Unknown etiology, maybe virus, toxins, genetics

Increase loss of water through sugar in urine Severe thirst, weight loss, increase appetite

Subject to ketoacidosis  metabolic acidosis

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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 90‐95% of all diabetes

Characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and defective insulin secretion that can progress to insulin resistance

Decrease in sensitivity of peripheral receptors in smooth muscle and liver

Reduction in glucose disposal rate

Plasma insulin can be increased, may lead to β‐cell exhaustion

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Type 1 vs. Type 2

Characteristics Type 1 Type 2

Age of onset Generally <20 > 30 (usually)

Type of onset abrupt slow progression

Environment Virus, toxins, autoimmune stimulation

Obesity, poor nutrition,physical inactivity

Family History probable frequent

Endogenous insulin Minimal or absent Insulin resistance, secretion adequate but delayed or reduced

Symptoms Thirst, polyuria, weight loss, ↑ appe te

Mild or frequently none

Insulin Tx Required for all Required for ~30% 

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Type 2 Risk factors• Lifestyle disease! • Risk factors are: 

•obesity (central adiposity)•sedentary•high blood pressure, high cholesterol•smoking•age •non‐white race •genetics •gestational diabetes (or baby > 9 lbs)

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Complications

• cardiovascular disease (↑ atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation)

• retinopathy (blindness) • nephropathy• autonomic neurophathy• peripheral neuropathy• non‐traumatic amputations• erectile dysfunction• mental health disorders (dementia)

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Treatment targets

Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1C= Hb A1C =A1C Average blood glucose control over the last 2‐3 

months, non‐fasting

Treatment goal: A1C below 7%

For patients: “Morning”  plasma glucose (FPG)  (4‐7 mmol/L)  

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Blood Pressure Targets

2010 Canadian Hypertension Guidelines 

No Diabetes

<140/90 mmHg

With diabetes or persons with chronic kidney disease

<130/80 mmHg

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Treatments

Type 2 Weight loss Oral hypoglycemic agents (see Pharmacotherapy section) Possibly insulin

Type 1 Subcutaneous injections of insulin (see Pharmacotherapy 

section) Dietary regulation Exercise daily

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Pharmacotherapy

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHA)

Antihyperglycemic agents Used only in type 2 diabetes, with diet and exercise

CDA 2013 Clinical Practice GuidelinesPharmacotherapy in Type 1 diabetes (pages s56‐s60), Pharmacologic Management of Type 2 Diabetes (pages s61‐s68) 

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Generic Brand Advantages Disadvantages A1C ↓

Metformin Glucophage, Glumetza

‐Weight neutral‐low risk of hypoglycemia

‐GI side effects(nausea, bloating, diarrhea, decreased appetite)

1‐2%

Mechanism of Action:↓ hepa c glucose produc on and intes nal glucose absorp on, ↑glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity, lowers basal and post‐prandial blood glucose levels

Comments:‐first line agent in type 2‐good as initial therapy especially if overweight‐best to gradually increase dose to ↓ GI side effects‐Contraindicated if CrCl/eGFR <30 mL/min or hepatic failure‐Caution with renal insufficiency (eGFR<30ml/min)‐lactic acidosis may be precipitated by renal impairment, excessive alcohol intake, hepatic disease, acute CHF

PharmacotherapyClass: Biguanides (Insulin Sensitizer)

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Generic Brand Advantages Disadvantages A1C ↓

Glyburide*

Gliclazide

Glimepiride

Repaglinide

Diabeta

Diamicron

Amaryl

Gluconorm

‐rapid effect ‐weight gain, risk of hypoglycemia, dizziness, headache, nausea, weakness

‐expensive

1‐2%

Mechanism of Action:Stimulates functional β cells in pancreas to release insulin, ↓ glucose output from liver

Comments:‐take with food‐hypoglycemia and weight gain are especially common with glyburide*‐caution with patients at high risk of hypoglycemia (e.g. the elderly, renal/hepatic failure)

PharmacotherapyClass: Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides(Insulin Secretagogues)

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Generic Brand Advantages Disadvantages A1C ↓

Acarbose Glucobay

Prandase

‐Weight neutral‐low risk of hypoglycemia

‐GI side effects(diarrhea, gas, cramps, liver dysfunction)

0.5‐0.75 %

Mechanism of Action:Delays digestion of CHO and gastrointestinal absorbtion of glucose.  Inhibits pancreatic amylase and membrane bound intestinal α‐glucoside hydrolase.

Comments:‐Take with food (first bite of meal)‐Takes up to 8 weeks for maximum efffect‐Not recommended as initial therapy in people with markedhyperglycemia (A1C >9.0%)

PharmacotherapyClass: Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors

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Generic Brand Advantages Disadvantages A1C ↓

Pioglitazone

Rosiglitazone

Actos

Avandia

‐improved lipidprofile, low risk of hypoglycemia, potential decrease in MI (pio)

‐Slow onset, fluidretention, weight gain, bone fractures, expensive, potential increase in MI (rosi)

0.5‐2%

Mechanism of Action:↓ insulin resistance, improves target cell response to insulin, ↓ hepa c glucose production

Comments:‐may induce ovulation‐only covered by blue cross through special authorization –must be intolerant to metformin‐take at same time everyday‐some blood pressure lowering 

PharmacotherapyClass: Tiazolidinidediones (TZD)or Glitazones (Insulin sensitizers) 

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Generic Brand Advantages Disadvantages A1C ↓

Liraglutide

Exenatide

Victoza

Byetta

‐weight loss, low risk of hypoglycemia

‐injection, expensive,long‐term safety not established, GI side effects

0.5‐1.5%

Mechanism of Action:Glucagon Like Peptide 1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonists act to ↑ insulin release in the presence of ↑ glucose, ↓ glucagon secre on and delay gastric emptying

Comments:‐may be beneficial for weight loss‐may delay gastric emptying and impact absorption of oral meds (caution with antibiotics and contraceptives)‐caution with patients at high risk of hypoglycemia(e.g. the elderly, renal/hepatic failure)

PharmacotherapyClass: Glucacon Like Peptide 1 (GLP‐1)(Incretins)

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Generic Brand Advantages Disadvantages A1C ↓

Sitagliptin

Saxagliptin

Januvia

Onglyza

‐weight neutral, low risk of hypoglycemia

‐expensive, long‐term safety not established

0.5‐0.75%

Mechanism of Action:DPP‐4 is an enzyme that breaks down the incretin hormones GIP and GLP‐1 to help increase the release of insulin and decrease glucagon levels in the circulation

Comments:‐Better post prandial glucose control

PharmacotherapyClass: Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP‐4) Inhibitors (Incretin)

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PharmacotherapyInsulin Rapid Acting  Humalog (lispro)

Short Acting Humulin R Novolin

Intermediate Acting Humulin N

Long Acting Lantus Levemir

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Acute response to exercise

Acute exercise results in  glucose use and sensitivity to insulin

Improves uptake of glucose for type 2 Aids in glucose homeostasis  Can lower blood glucose for up to 72 hours post exercise

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Benefits of chronic exercise Improved insulin sensitivity Increased muscle capillary density, use glucose more efficiently

Changes in insulin signaling (translocation of GLUT‐4)

Improved blood glucose control  = decrease in A1C

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Benefits of chronic exercise (cont.) Decreased CV risk  Improved blood lipids Improved blood pressure in those with hypertension

Increase in caloric expenditure (improve BMI) Control body weight (↓ visceral fat)

Increased fitness

Improved psychological well‐being (decrease in depression)

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Benefits of Exercise: Type 2 vs. Type 1

Type 2– Reduced blood glucose and A1c levels– Improved glucose tolerance– Improved insulin response to oral glucose 

Type 1– Improvement in insulin sensitivity may be transient

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Response to exercise

Acute exercise results in increased glucose utilization

In turn, increased glucose production to maintain normal levels

Compromised in diabetic state (those on insulin or insulin secretagogues)   can lead to risk of hypoglycemia 

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Screening Procedures

History and Physical exam Diabetes evaluation (screening for neuropathy, retinopathy, poor glycemic control)

Cardiovascular Exam May include exercise stress test  (see 2010 ACSM 

Position Stand and 2013 Canadian Diabetes Association guidelines)

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CDA recommendations

“People with diabetes with possible CVD or microvascular complications of diabetes who wish to undertake exercise that is substantially more vigorous than brisk walking should have medical evaluation for conditions that might increase exercise‐associated risk. The evaluation would include history, physical examination (including funduscopic [eye] exam, foot exam, and neuropathy screening), resting ECG and, possibly, exercise ECG stress testing [Grade D, Consensus].” 

Physical Activity and , Canadian Diabetes Association 2013 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes 2013;37(suppl 1):S1‐S21

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Exercise testing

Other considerations: Asymptomatic (silent) ischemia  ‐more common in people with diabetes

Parasympathetic and sympathetic dysfunction Altered autonomic control (neuropathy) ↓HR variability, impaired HR recovery, blunted BP response, postural hypotension

Monitor blood glucose pre and post May consider submax for prescription

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Considerations for exercise: Hypoglycemia

Be aware of signs and symptoms profuse sweating (diaphoresis)  tachycardia hunger  blurred or double vision  confusion  tremors  headache  memory loss seizure or coma

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Precautions for Avoiding  Hypoglycemic Events The risk of hypoglycemia is  greater in those on insulin or insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas and meglitinides)

In these individuals, monitor blood glucose before exercise: If blood glucose is < 100mg/dL (5.5 mmol/L) eat 15‐30g CHO snack 

If controlled by diet or other oral medication, the risk of hypoglycemia is minimal and most individuals will not need to monitor blood glucose levels or supplement CHO for exercise lasting < 1 hour.

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Precautions for Avoiding  Hypoglycemic Events

For those on insulin: Adjust insulin dosages associated with exercise Avoid exercise during periods of peak insulin activity Insulin should not be injected into an exercising muscle

Exercise late in the evening may increase the  risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia

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Considerations for exercise: Hyperglycemia

Be aware of signs and symptoms dizziness dehydration nausea polyuria  blurred vision lethargy  sweet smelling breath  vomiting Hyperventilation

monitor for signs especially if exercising in heat 

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Hyperglycemia guidelines

Type 1: if  > 16.7mmol/L (300mg/dL) and patient does not feel well and/or keytones = postpone exercise

Type 2: if > 16.7 mmol/L, do not need to postpone exercise  provided they are feeling well, monitor for signs and symptoms

Ensure adequate hydration Use caution; may want to warm‐up 10 min and ensure blood glucose is not increasing

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Contraindications to exercise

ACSM Guidelines Box 3.5

Uncontrolled proliferative retinopathy

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Exercise programming: Aerobic Training

F: 3‐7 days per week I: 50‐80% if VO2R  or HRR, RPE 12 to 16, talk test T: 20‐60 min/day Bouts of at least 10 min CDA guidelines: Total 150 minutes/week moderate or 

90 min vigorous 5‐10 min warm‐up and cool down

Type: Aerobic: large muscle groups

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FITT IntensityOther Considerations

For substantially ‘vigorous’ exercise– Symptom‐limited exercise stress test recommended due to 

increased risk of complications

THR always 10bpm below:– 1mm horizontal or downsloping ST segment depression

– Anginal symptoms or other CV insufficiency

– SBP 240mmHg, plateau SBP or SBP– DBP 110mmHg

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FITT IntensityOther Considerations

THR always 10bpm below:– frequency ventricular dysrhythmias– Other significant ECG disturbances– Radionuclide evidence LV dysfunction– Mod/sev wall motion abnormal with exercise– Other signs/symptoms of intolerance

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Exercise programming: Resistance Training

F: 2‐3 days per week I: 2‐3 sets, of 8‐12 reps at 60%‐80% 1‐RM T: 8‐10 multi‐joint exercises of major muscle groups

Type: Tailor to need of client Evidence for resistance bands is unclear

Avoid Valsalva Exhale on exertion

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Canadian Diabetes Association: 2013 Clinical Practice GuidelinesExercise Prescription

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Exercise counseling:

Discuss proper glucose control , signs and symptoms, eating appropriately

Medications Hydration Footwear Caution with extreme temperatures Medical ID bracelet May want to exercise with a partner