dhruv 140490714019
DESCRIPTION
cpmTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
M. E. CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT
YEAR – I (SEMESTER – I)SNPIT&RC, UMRAKH
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY
Prepared By : -Patel Dhruv (140490714019)
Guided by:Asst. Prof. Hiren Rathod Civil Engineering Department,S.N.Patel Institute of Technology & R.C,Umrakh
1
![Page 2: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Quality Assurance and Quality Control – Unit Objectives
The objectives of this unit is to outline the principles of quality assurance and quality control as they relate to the internal dose assessment programme, and to stress the importance of effective quality assurance to internal dosimetry.
By completion of this unit, we should understand the basic concepts of quality assurance, and how to apply them in the workplace.
22
![Page 3: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Quality Assurance and Quality Control – Unit Outline
• Quality Assurance
• Quality Control
• Quality methods
3
![Page 4: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Quality Assurance
4
• Quality Assurance - planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a dosimetry product or service will satisfy given requirements for quality.
• Examples of QA:
• type testing, performance testing, and quality audits required by a regulatory body.
• blind testing and quality audits of the dosimetry service provider performed by the user of the service.
![Page 5: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Technical specifications may not in themselves guarantee that a customer's requirements will be consistently met, if there happen to be any deficiencies in the specifications or in the organizational system to design and produce the service.
Why Quality Assurance?
5
![Page 6: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What is Quality?
• A high standard or level.• Degree of excellence.• Distinguishing feature.• Faculty, skill, accomplishment.• Satisfaction of a customer’s needs or requirements.
Quality is “totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs”.
6
![Page 7: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Quality assurance requirements
7
• Registrants and licensees should be responsible for establishing the quality assurance programme required by the principal requirements of the applicable standards.
• The quality assurance programme should be designed in relation to the magnitude and the likelihood of potential workplace exposures.
![Page 8: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
QA programme should be consistent with;
• Number of workers monitored• Magnitude and likelihood of exposures• Number of individuals monitored• Type of monitoring provided
• Direct measurements• Indirect measurements
• Choice of monitoring periods
8
![Page 9: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A complete QA program needs:
Compliance with operational requirements stated in accepted written criteria,
Clear and complete documentation of the in-house QA program,
Periodic performance evaluations,
Documented procedures and Q.A. program for services provided to customers,
Adequate training program for the staff.
9
![Page 10: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A Quality Assurance programme should provide for:
10
Planned and systematic actions to provide adequate confidence that requirements for monitoring occupational exposure are satisfied, including provisions for feedback of operational experience;
![Page 11: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A Quality Assurance programme should provide for:
A framework for the structuring and analysis of tasks, development of methods, establishment of norms and identification of necessary skills for the execution of the monitoring program and Validation of designs, manufacturing and supply of equipment and materials, as well as operating, maintenance, inspection and testing procedures.
11
![Page 12: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Quality Control - The operational techniques and activities that are used to fulfil requirements for quality.
• Examples of QC:
• routine (i.e. daily) use of irradiated control dosimeters,
• various statistical analyses used to verify continued system performance.
12
Quality Control
![Page 13: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Quality Control demands,
• Procedures and protocols for proper management of the dosimetry program.
• Dosimetry system calibration.
• Routine verification of proper instrument performance.
• Detailed documentation of all measurement, evaluation and reporting procedures.
• Data recording and archiving.
13
![Page 14: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Quality Control procedures
• Should be carried out at appropriate intervals
• Should cover the following:• Documentation of the required performance criteria• Identification of the person responsible for operation and maintenance of
equipment• Use of traceable radionuclide reference standards• Performance checks of measurement systems
14
![Page 15: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Quality Control procedures
• Quality Control procedures should also cover:• Instrument calibration,• Participation in interlaboratory-comparison programs,• Computational checks,• Periodic review of procedures, specifications and operating records,• Observation of operations and evaluation of quality control data,
15
![Page 16: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Quality Control procedures
• Finally, Q.C. procedures should cover:• Evaluation of compliance with the
performance criteria of appropriate standards
• Evaluation of quality control data to ensure the long term consistency of analytical ‑results
• Verification of determinations of minimum detectable activities
16
![Page 17: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Documentation of methods, procedures and test results
17
• Methods used and procedures set up to control the various processes within the service, should be well documented.
• This is important for inspection of the service by official authorities as part of an approval system.
![Page 18: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Documentation of methods, procedures and test results
18
• Quality Handbook • covers all aspects of the quality system in a
concise and practical way.• uses other documents as references as
needed.
• Appropriate parts of the documentation should be made available to staff members
• It may even be useful to display operational instructions "on the spot".
![Page 19: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dosimetry staff needs to be properly trained
19
• Basic philosophy and strategy of individual monitoring.
• Principles and methods used.
• Detailed procedures.
• Technicalities and potential problems of the processes.
![Page 20: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Training is a basic QA requirement
20
• Training is essential for direct and indirect measurement staff
• Personnel responsible for:
• operation• calibration• interpretation of data, and• equipment maintenance
![Page 21: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Staff training should include:
• Basic philosophy and strategy of internal dose assessment
• Principles and details of the methods used
• Technical details and potential problems of the processes in which they are involved
• Recognition and reporting of problems that arise
21
![Page 22: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Staff training should include:
• Relationship of their work with other parts of the process
• Trouble shooting
• Knowledge of the overall quality system and its objectives
• Their particular responsibility within the quality system
22
![Page 23: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Various sources of training are available
23
• Training can be provided through• On-the-job training• Formal classroom sessions• Technologist certification programs• Participation in intercomparison programmes• International fellowship programmes
![Page 24: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
QUALITY TECHNIQUES
• Joint problem solving• Brainstorming• Methods of analysis• Planning for just-in-time (JIT) managementAims of JITThe operation of JIT
![Page 25: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Joint Problem Solving
• The key to success in introducing total quality
within an organisation, involving task groups and
quality circles in seeking ways of continuous
improvement to quality, is based on a systematic
approach to joint problem solving. While details
often vary, the principles are based on:
![Page 26: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Joint problem solving
• Depersonalizing conflicts by diluting emotions
and do systematic approach providing a logical
framework which encourages the facts come to
the surface so that the facts rather than the
individuals determine the solution integrating
the objectives of the organization and the people
working in it.
![Page 27: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
BRAINSTORMING
• Brainstorming is a way of getting as many ideas as
possible on a problem or a solution in the shortest
possible time. Brainstorming works most effectively
when there is a group of people responding within
the following framework:
• don’t discuss just concentrate on writing up ideas ‑
as quickly as possible without criticising anything
that is said
![Page 28: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
• Once all the data has been collected, it needs to be analysed so
that it is possible to identify the most important causes of a
problem or the key features of a particular situation. There is
mainly 3 types of method of anaysis:
Pareto analysis
Paired comparison
Cause and effect diagrams
Matrix
![Page 29: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
JUST-IN-TIME
A strategy for inventory management in which raw materials and
components are delivered from the vendor or supplier
immediately before they are needed in the manufacturing process
![Page 30: dhruv 140490714019](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061314/563dbabb550346aa9aa7978a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30