DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY

All life events are formative. All contribute to what we become, year by year, as we go on growing. As

my friend, the poet Kenneth Koch once said, ‘You aren’t just the age you are. You are

all the ages you have ever been.’– Fred Rogers

Day 3: Attachment, Psychosocial Dev., and Morality

Lev VygotskySociocultural Theory of Cognitive

Development Contrasts with Piaget (who emphasized

maturation ((nature)) and development in stages ((discontinuity))

Vygotsky emphasized the role of the environment (nurture) and gradual growth (continuity).

Lev VygotskySociocultural Theory of Cognitive

Development Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) – the

range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of an adult. working closely with an instructor, a child works

close to the upper limit of his capabilities. The child eventually will be able to work at that

high level independently. Once the goal (upper limit) is achieved, it

becomes the new lower limit of that child’s ZPD.

Harry HARLOWConducted a study of attachment in monkeys. (1963-1968).

Monkeys preferred the comfort of a cloth surrogate "mother" over that of a wire one – proving that attachment is about more than just supplying food .

Harlow's experimentHarlow's experiment - part 2

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Baby Monkeys Raised In Isolation

Overly aggressive or;

Overly fearful

Incapable of mating when older

Mary

AINSWORTHConducted the “Strange Situation Test” of Attachment (1960s).

Results showed that securely attached children:

will explore freely while the mother is present will engage with strangerswill be visibly upset when the mother departs will be happy to see the mother return will not engage with stranger if mother is not

in room

The Strange Situation Experiment

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Erik ERIKSON

Constructed a stage theory of Psychosocial Development

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Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

THE MAJOR EVENT IS FEEDING The infant will develop a sense of trust only if the parent or caregiver is responsive and consistent with the basic needs being met. The need for care and food must be met with comforting regularity. The infant must first form a trusting relationship with the parent or caregiver; otherwise a sense of mistrust will develop.

Trust vs. Mistrust STAGE 1: (Birth - 18

months)

THE MAJOR EVENT IS TOILET TRAINING (AND FEEDING AND DRESSING THEMSELVES)Toilet training as well as feeding and dressing themselves is how the toddler strives for autonomy. It is essential for parents not to be overprotective at this stage. A parent's level of protectiveness will influence the child's ability to achieve autonomy. If a parent is not reinforcing, the child will feel shameful and will learn to doubt his or her abilities.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

STAGE 2: (18 months – 3 years)

THE MAJOR EVENT AT THIS STAGE IS INDEPENDENCE. The child continues to be assertive and to take the initiative. Children in this stage are eager for responsibility. It is essential for adults to confirm that the child's initiative is accepted no matter how small it may be. If the child is not given a chance to be responsible and do things on their own, a sense of guilt may develop. The child will come to believe that what they want to do is always wrong.

Initiative vs. Guilt STAGE 3: (3 – 6 years)

THE MAJOR EVENT AT THIS STAGE IS ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL As a student, the children have a need to be productive and do work on their own. They are both physically and mentally ready for it. Interaction with peers at school also plays an imperative role of child development in this stage. The child for the first time has a wide variety of events to deal with, including academics, group activities, and friends. Difficulty with any of these leads to a sense of inferiority.

Competence (Industry) vs. Inferiority

STAGE 4: (6- 12 years)

THE MAJOR EVENT AT THIS STAGE IS ESTABLISHING PEER RELATIONSHIPS At this stage, adolescents are in search of an identity that will lead them to adulthood. Adolescents make a strong effort to answer the question "Who am I?" Erikson notes the healthy resolution of earlier conflicts can now serve as a foundation for the search for an identity. If the child overcomes earlier conflicts they are prepared to search for identity.

Identity vs. Role Confusion STAGE 5: (12 – 18 years)

IN THIS STAGE, THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS ARE LOVE RELATIONSHIPS. Intimacy refers to one's ability to relate to another human being on a deep, personal level. An individual who has not developed a sense of identity usually will fear a committed relationship and may retreat into isolation.

Intimacy vs. IsolationSTAGE 6: (19 – 40 years)

IN THIS STAGE, THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENT IS PARENTING. In this stage generativity refers to the adult's ability to care for another person. Generativity has a broader meaning then just having children. Each adult must have some way to satisfy and support the next generation.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

STAGE 7: (40 – 65 years)

IN THIS STAGE, THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENT IS ACCEPTANCE OF ONE’S LIFE. According to Erikson, achieving a sense of integrity means fully accepting oneself and coming to terms with the death. Accepting responsibility for your life and being able to undo the past and achieve satisfaction with self is essential. The inability to do this results in a feeling of despair.

Ego Integrity vs. DespairSTAGE 8: (65 years - death)

Failure to resolve a developmental challenge

results in conflict throughout adulthood.

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Elisabeth KUBLER-ROSS

Identified the 5 Stages of Grief:

DenialAngerBargainingDepressionAcceptance

(Scrubs) (Simpsons)

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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Day 4: MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Dilley's - delayed gratification

Lawrence

KOHLBERG

Constructed a stage theory of Moral Development

Said that we make moral decisions based on an “ethic of justice”

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Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development

Approximate Age Range

Stage Substages

4-10 Preconventional 1) Avoid punishment2) Gain Reward

Age 10 to 13 Conventional 3) Gain Approval & Avoid Disapproval from others

4) Duty & Guilt (law & order)

Age 13+ maybe never

Postconventional 5) Agreed upon rights6) Personal moral standards

Ethic of JUSTICE

Heinz’ wife was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that could save her that was discovered by a druggist in town. The druggist was the only person who had the drug. It cost him $200 to make the drug, but he charged the customers $2,000. Heinz only had $1,000, and he tried to borrow the other $1,000. Nobody would loan him the money. Heinz told the druggist his dilemma and asked if he could pay him the other $1,000 later. The druggist refused his offer. That night, Heinz broke into the store and stole the drug for his wife.

Did Heinz do the right thing? Why

Carol GILLIGANConstructed a theory of Moral Development that contradicted Kohlberg’s previous work

Gilligan argued women are not morally inferior or less developed, they are just different. Women make decisions based on an ethic of care (compassion).

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Gilligan’s Stages of Moral Development

Stage Goal

Preconventional Goal is individual survival

Transition is from selfishness -- to -- responsibility to others

Conventional Self sacrifice is goodness

Transition is from goodness -- to -- truth that she is a person too

Postconventional Principle of nonviolence: do not hurt others or selfEthic of CARING