Designing and Buildingwith UHPFRCState 01 the Art and Development

Edited byFrancois ToutlemondeJacques Resplendino

iSrE (5f)WILEY

Table of Contents

Foreword .

UHPFRC'09 Scientific Committee...

UHPFRC'09 Sponsors .

PART I. GENESIS OF A NEW CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL.

Chapter 1. Introduction: What is a UHPFRC? .Jacques RESPLENDINO

1.1. The basis ofUHPFRC mix-design .....1.2. The main UHPFRC available on the market .1.3. Briefhistory ofthe development ofUHPC .1.4. The main features ofUHPC .

1.4.1. Thermal treatment ..1.4.2. Shrinkage and creep .1.4.3. Compressive strength .1.4.4. Tensile strength .1.4.5. UHPFRC durability .1.4.6. Formed surfaces and esthetic aspects ofUHPFRC .

1.5. UHPFRC: a material that needs to revolutionize thetechnologies of design and imp1ementation .1.6. UHPFRC and sustainable development issues .1.7. Conclusion and outlook. . . . . . . . . . .. . .1.8. Bibliography .

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Chapter 2. UHPFRC: Science-driven Material Engineering CanProvide Sustainable Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Paul ACKER and Franz-Josef ULM

2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.2. Historical overview of concrete technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.3. The scientific concepts that have changed concrete technology . . . .. 182.4. Current, economic, social and environmental challenges . . . . . . . .. 192.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Chapter 3. UHPFRC Development: Review of a DeterminingAppIication .Gerard BIRELLI

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3.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 213.2. Context ofrepair works at Cattenom. . . . . . .. 24

3.2.1. Cooling tower operating characteristics andenvironmental constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.2.2. Soil characteristic conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.2.3. Renovation work conditions . . . . . . . . 24

3.3. Possible solutions . . . . . . . . . 253.3.1. Metal frame . . . . . . . 253.3.2. Concrete structures. . . . . 25

3.4. Chinon prototype " 273.5. Material specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 283.6. Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 283.7. The Cattenom nuclear power plant renovation project . . . . . . . . .. 293.8. Quality control ofthe production process . . . . 343.9. The CIVAUX power plant renovation project . 363.1O. Conclusion . . . . . . . . 383.11. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Chapter 4. UHPFRC Development: Experience with Ductal® Over thePast Two Decades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Jean-Francois BATOZ and Mouloud BEHLOUL

4.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434.2. Technology ofUHPFRC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.3. Main applications explored in the past two decades. . . . 49

4.3.1. Civil engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.3.2. Light structures and architectural realizations . . . . . . . . . 58

4.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61

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Chapter 5. UHPFRC Development: The Experienceof BSI® Applications .Thierry THIBAUX

5.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 635.2. First structural application: EDF nuclear power plants 645.3. Bourg-Ies-Valence road bridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665.4. Millau Viaduct toll-plaza canopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675.5. Aqueduct along the high-speed rai! bridge over Canal de l'Ourcq 695.6. ITE® beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705.7. Architectural applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715.8. Structural applications in construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 725.9. Applications to structural repair and reinforcement . . . . 745.10. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . 755.11. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

PART 11. NOVEL ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS ....

Chapter 6. The Enrico Navarra Gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rudy RrccIOTTI, Romain RICCIOTTI and Patrick MAZZACANE

6.1. General features .6.2. Structural gauging .6.3. Realization on the jobsite .6.4. Figures .6.5. Conclusion .6.6. Bibliography .

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Chapter 7. UHPFRC - A Material for Perforated Panels andLattice Work: Controlling Shrinkage in Order to Experiment withVarious Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Dominique STOEUX, Jean-Francois BATOZ, Laurence JACQUES andLouis GUINGOT

7.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877.2. Technology and applications for Ductal® UHPFRC 88

7.2.1. An original technology resulting from severalyears of research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 887.2.2. Structural applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 897.2.3. Architectural applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

7.3. Perforated panels made of Ductal®: examples of applications. . 917.3.1. House in Sedan district . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917.3.2. ZAC apartment buildings on the Left Bank in Paris. . 94

7.4. Discussion and prospects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967.5. How UHPFRCs connect structures and architecture. . . . . 97

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7.6. Conc1usions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Chapter 8. The Jean Bouin Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Rudy RICCIOTTl, Guillaume LAMOUREUX and Romain RICCIOTTI.

8.1. General features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10I8.2. Making ofthe UHPFRC roofing . . . . . . . 105

8.2.1. Structural description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1058.2.2. Fractional joint treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1068.2.3. Glass inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 107

8.3. Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1088.4. Conc1usion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108

PART III. NEW FRONTJERS FOR BRIDGES " 109

Chapter 9. The Passerelle des Anges Footbridge .Patrick MAZZACANE, Romain RICCIOTTI and Francois TEPLY

9.1. General overview " 1119.2. Workingdesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1149.3. Aeroelastic behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1179.4. Precasting ofthe segments and decking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 118

9.4.1. Segments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1189.4.2. Decking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 120

9.5. Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1209.5.1. Falsework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1209.5.2. Installation and adjustment ofthe segrnents . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1219.5.3. Adjustment and temporary tightening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1229.5.4. Threading, grouting and tensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1229.5.5. Falsework striking and placing on bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1239.5.6. Installation of the tuned mass dampers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1239.5.7. Finishing and testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 123

9.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1249.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Chapter 10. Gärtnerplatz - Bridge over River Fulda in Kassel:Multispan Hybrid UHPC-Steel Bridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Ekkehard FEHLING, Kai BUNJE and Michael SCHMIDT

10.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12510.2. Advantages ofUHPC for bridge construction. . . . . . . 12610.3. First UHPC bridge projects in Germany . . . . . . . 12710.4. Conceptual design ofthe Gäertnerplatzbruecke. . . . . . 128

Table of Contents

10.5. Final design and execution .10.6. Additional investigations .

10.6.1. Single case approval . . . . . . . . . .10.6.2. Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.7. Discussion, conclusions and acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . .10.8. Bibliography .

Chapter 11. Construction of the PS34 UHPFRC Bridge . . .Olivier DELAUZUN, Damien ROGAT, Laurent BOUTILLON, Lionel LiNGERand Christian CLERGUE

11.1. BCV®: UHPFRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.1.1. Development and properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.1.2. Components .11.1.3. Physical and mechanical characteristics .11.104. Durability .

11.2. General description ofthe PS34 bridge .11.2.1. Overview. . . . .....11.2.2. Design .11.2.3. Tests .

11.3. Completion . . . . . .....11.3.1. Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . .11.3.2. Prefabrication . . . . . . .11.3.3. Transportalion and asscmbly .11.304. Assembly. . . . . . . . .. . .

1JA. Conclusion . . . . . . . . .11.5. Bibliography . . . . . .

Chapter 12. The Innovation and Application of UHPFRC Bridgesin Japan .Yoshihiro TANAKA, Koichi MAEKAWA, Yutaka KAMEYAMA, Akio OHTAKE,Hiroyuki MUSHA and Norio WATANABE

12.1. Introduction .12.2. Material performance ofUHPFRC .

12.2.1. Mechanical properties .12.3. Durability .

12.3.1. Pore volume ratio .12.3.2. Diffusion coefficient of chloride ions obtainedby field observation .

1204. Application ofUHPFRC bridges .1204.1. Footbridges .12.4.2 Highway bridges .

12.5. Toyota city gymnasium footbridge ..

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12.5.1. Structural features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16312.5.2. Match cast method for dry joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16412.5.3. Manufacturing and erection ofprecast segments . . . . . . . . .. 165

12.6. Tokyo monorail girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16612.6.1. Structural features of a long-span monorail girder. . . . . . . . .. 16612.6.2. A prototype 10 m-long girder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16812.6.3. Fabrication of a 40 m-long monorail girder. . . . . . . . . . . . 170

12.7. Ground support equipment (GSE) bridge . . . . . . . . 17212.7.1. Structural features ofthe GSE bridge . . . . . . . . 17212.7.2. PBS joint and wet joint experiments . . . . . . . . . . 174

12.8. The mass production of slabs in Haneda Runway D. . . . . . . . . .. 17912.8.1. Introduction ofUHPFRC slabs in Runway D , 17912.8.2. Structural features ofUHPFRC slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18012.8.3. Loading tests using full-scale UHPFRC slabs . . . . . . . . . . .. 18212.8.4. Production ofUHPFRC slabs. . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

12.9. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18712.10. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Chapter 13. Perspective on UHPCs from a Specialist ConstructionCompany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Mark REBENTROST and Gavin WIGHT

13.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18913.2. UHPC design and production in Australia. . . . . . . . . . . 190

13.2.1. Early research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19013.2.2. Developing a design guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19113.2.3. Development project: Shepherds Creek Road bridgein NSW, Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19113.2.4. Current design and production capability. . . . . . . . . . . 194

13.3. Australia and New Zealand project examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19513.3.1. Aseries ofpedestrian bridges in Auckland, New Zealand. . . . 19513.3.2. Durability application: Eraring power station covers. . 19913.3.3. Infrastructure protection application: southemlink upgrade panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20113.3.4. Explosive and high-impact loading:research and application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

13.4. Prospective applications and challenges to overcome . . . 20313.5. Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20613.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

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Chapter 14. Road Bridge "Wild": Application of the UHPFRCPrecast Segmental Construction Method for an Arch Structure .Michael REICHEL, Bernhard FREYTAG and Lutz SPAROWITZ

14.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20914.2. The "Road Bridge - Wild" pilot project . . . . . . . . . . . 21114.3. Assembly and erection ofthe arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21214.4. Design and detailing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21414.5. Full-scale test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21614.6. Final comments for further applications and continuativeresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 21814.7. Conclusions . . . . . . . . 21914.8. Bibliography . . . 219

Chapter 15. UHPC in the US Highway Infrastructure .Benjamin GRAYBEAL

15.1. Introduction .15.2. UHPC deployment. .

15.2.1. Mars Hill bridge.15.2.2. Cat Point Creek bridge ..15.2.3. Jakway Park bridge .15.2.4. Route 31 bridge .15.2.5. Other bridge projects .

15.3. FHWA research etTorts .15.3.1. n-girder development. .15.3.2. Waffle panel development. .15.3.3. Bridge deck connection details .15.3.4. Synergistic effect ofcombining discrete and fiber-reinforcements .15.3.5. Combined structural and environmentalloading effecton cracked UHPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15.3.6. High cycle fatigue ofUHPC in tension .

15.4. Discussion and conclusion . . . . . .15.5. Bibliography .

Chapter 16. ITE® Beams, a Cost-effective Enduring Alternative toFilIer-beam Decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ziad HAJAR, Marco NOVARIN, Alain SIMON, Thierry THIBAUX,Sandrine CHANUT and Rene-Gerard SALE

16.1. Applications of filler-beam decks .16.1.1. Effect of site constraints .16.1.2. Changing economic considerations

16.2. The ITE® beam .

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16.2.1. Principle .16.2.2. Description ofbeam .16.2.3. BSI/Ceracem®, the Eiffage Group UHPFRC .

16.3. Comparison with conventional filler-beam construction ..16.4. Pinel bridge - first application ofITE® beams .

16.4.1. Background .16.4.2. Construction .

16.5. Detailed design .16.6. Conclusion .16.7. Summary ofmain figures and features ..

Chapter 17. UHPFRC Warne Deck Concept for a Bridgeat Livron-Loriol .

Ferry TAVAKOLI, Sebastien BOUTEILLE and Francois TOUTLEMONDE

17.1. General context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17.2. Generic design study .

17.2.1. Bridge project . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17.2.2. Flexure .17.2.3. Detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.3. Experimental program for validation .17.3.1. Test specimen .17.3.2. Main results .

17.4. Application to the Livron-Loriol composite bridge project .17.5. Conclusions. . . . . . . . .17.6. Acknowledgements ..17.7. Bibliography .

Chapter 18. UHPFRC Prototype for a Flexible Modular TemporaryHigh-speed Railway Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michael REICHEL, Guido ALTERSBERGER and Lutz SPAROWITZ

18.1. Motivation .18.2. Idea and concept .18.3. The flexible modular temporary bridge .18.4. Assembling and erection .18.5. Design and structural detailing .18.6. Special features in structural design and detailing with UHPFRC ..I8.7.Conclusion.18.8. Bibliography .

Chapter 19. Effective use of UHPC for Deep Foundation PilesSri SRITHARAN, Tom VANDE VOORT and Muhannad SULEIMAN

19.1. Introduction .....

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19.2. UHPC pile section design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28019.2.1. Section shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28019.2.2. Details of the selected section. . . . . . . . . . . 282

19.3. Production of piles. . . . . . . . . 28419.4. Laboratory testing . . . . . . . . . . . . 28619.5. Field testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 288

19.5.1. Pile driving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28819.5.2. Verticalload tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 291

19.6. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29219.7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29319.8. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 293

Chapter 20. Design of Prestressed UHPFRC Girder Bridges According toCanadian Highway Bridge Design Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 295Husham ALMANSOUR and Zoubir LOUNIS

20.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29520.2. Mechanical properties ofUHPFRC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29720.3. Design approach for prestressed UHPFRC girders. . . . . . . . . . .. 299

20.3.1. General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29920.3.2. Serviceability limit states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30020.3.3. Proposed approach for flexural design ofUHPFRCgirders at ULS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30120.3.4. Shear design ofUHPFRC girders at the ULS . . . . . . . . . 307

20.4. Illustrative exarnple - slab a on prestressed UHPFRCgirders bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

20.4.1. Proposed iterative design procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30920.4.2. Finite element modeling of a UHPFRC bridge. . . . . . . . . . 31320.4.3. Comparison of structural efficiency of UHPFRC andOC bridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

20.5. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31420.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 314

PART IV. NEW EQUIPME"ITS AND STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS. . . . . . . .. 317

Chapter 21. CRC: Precast Applications of UHPFRCBendtAARUP

21.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 31921.2. CRC properties , 32021.3. Structural applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32221.4. Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32521.5. Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32821.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 329

XIV Designing and Building with UHPFRC

Chapter 22. Contribution ofUHPFRCs in the Treatment ofThermaiBridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331Thierry BURCKEL, Laurence JACQUES, Alain BIRAULT, Laurent HEINTZ,Jacques DALIPHARD and Mouloud BEHLOUL

22.1. Context and challenges ofthe study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33222.1.1. The necessary treatment of thermal bridges to improvebuilding performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33222.1.2. Specifications for athermal breaker based on UHPFRC. . 333

22.2. Description of the thermal breaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33422.2.1. A prefabricated element based on fire-resistant UHPFRC . . . 33422.2.2. Design principles for the breaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 335

22.3. Tests carried out to characterize the properties ofthe breaker ... " 33822.3.1. Thermal simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33822.3.2. Evaluation ofmechanical performance. . . . . . . . . 33922.3.3. Measurement offire performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34322.3.4. Installation tests on a site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34422.3.5. Economic competitiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

22.4. Results and discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34522.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34622.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Chapter 23. UHPFRC Sunshades: An Elegant Solution for RegulatingHeat Input in Buildings ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349Laurence JACQUES, Yves FOURNIER, Jean-Yves JOUSSELIN andJean-Francois BATOZ

23.1. Introduction , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34923.2. Ductal®UHPFRC technology: how it contributes to newsunshade design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

23.2.1. UHPC Technology related factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35023.2.2. Ductal®-FO for mineral components with highesthetic shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

23.3. The reason Ductal" is the most relevant material for sunshades . . 35423.3.1. Structural design references. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35423.3.2. Architectural references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

23.4. Nantes police headquarters: cable-stayed Ductal® sunshades. . 35623.4.1. Presentation of the project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35623.4.2. Production of components. . . . 35723.4.3. Erection. . . . . . . . . 358

23.5. Results and discussion. . . 36023.5.1. Results . . . . . . . . . 36023.5.2. Discussion . . . . . . . 361

23.6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . 361

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23.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Chapter 24. Investigation of UHPFRC Slabs under Blast Loads 363Mark REBENTROST and Gavin WIGHT

24.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36324.2. Previous research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

24.2.1. Response to large-scale blast effects. . . . . 36424.2.2. Resistance to projectile impact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36624.2.3. Near-contact charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 368

24.3. Continuing and new research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36924.3.1. Compression strength at high-strain rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36924.3.2. Optimization ofUHPC panels for blast resilience " 370

24.4. Example of an existing application . . . . . . . . . .. 37424.5. Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37524.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 375

Chapter 25. Experience with Prefabricated UHPFRCin the Netherlands .Steffen GRüNEWALD, Rik WEYNS and Jan DEKKERS

25.1. lntroduction .25.2. Development ofUHPFRC at Hurks Beton..25.3. App1ications ofUHPFRCs .

25.3.1. Durable applications .25.3.2. Applications in infrastructure ..25.3.3. Architectural applications .

25.4. Conclusions .25.5. Bibliography .

Chapter 26. Precast Bridge Parapets in Ultra High PerformanceFiber-reinforced Concrete .Jean-Philippe CHARRON, Eric NIAMBA and Bruno MASSICOTTE

26.1. lntroduction .26.2. Conception ofparapets .

26.2.1. Context .26.2.2. Finite element calculations26.2.3. Design of precast parapets .

26.3. Experimental program .26.4. Experimental results .

26.4.1. Quasi-static loading .26.4.2. Dynamic loading .

26.5. Discussion .26.5.1. Structural characterization .

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XVI Designing and Building with UHPFRC

26.5.2. Global efficiency ...26.6. Conclusions .....26.7. Acknowledgements26.8. Bibliography .

Chapter 27. Using UHPFRC for Complex Faeade Elements .Rene SUTER, Lionel MOREILLON, Christian CLERGUE and Roger RACOROON

27.1. Introduction .27.2. Concrete technology .

27.2.1. Mixture proportions .27.2.2. Characteristics ofthe UHPFRC .

27.3. Experimental study .27.3.1. Test elements .27.3.2. Manufacturing the elements .27.3.3. Load tests .

27.4. Tests results .27.4.1. Phase I .27.4.2. Phase 11 .

27.5. Conclusions .27.6. Bibliography

Chapter 28. Innovative Field Cast UHPC Joints for Precast BridgeDecks. Design, Prototype Testing and Projects .Vic PERRY and Gary WEISS

28.1. Introduction .28.2. The solution .28.3. Characteristics of the UHPC jointing material technology .28.4. Testing .28.5. Design considerations for durability ofthe joint .28.6. Construction/installation28.7. Conclusion ..28.8. Bibliography .

Chapter 29. The High Performance Cementitious Material (HPCM),a Cousin of UHPFRC for Long-life Pavement .Franccis OE LARRARO

29.1. Introduction .29.2. Design ofthe HPCM complex .29.3. Plain mortar tests. . .. . .29.4. Cracking tests .29.5. Surface resistance tests .29.6. Miscellaneous .

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29.7. The way forward: two new projects to continue the developmentofHPCM. . . . . . 44429.8. Conclusion . 44529.9. Bibliography 446

Chapter 30. Performance of UHPC Crossarms for High-voltageTransmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Raafat EL-HACHA, Hani ABDELAZEEM and Ignacio CARIAGA

30.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . 44730.2. Experimental program. . . 448

30.2.1. Phase one. . . . 44930.2.2. Phase two. . . . 45030.2.3. Phase three . . . 45330.2.4. Phase four 45330.2.5. Phase five. 459

30.3. Conclusions . 46330.4. Bibliography . 464

Chapter 31. Structural Evaluation ofHybrid FRP-UHPC BridgeGirders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Ayman ELMAHDY, Raafat EL-HACHA, Nigel SHRIVE and Vic PERRY

31.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . 46731.2. Experimental program. . . . . . . . . . . 468

31.2.1. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46831.2.2. Description ofthe beams tested .. 47131.2.3. Section assembly . . . 47131.2.4. Experimental tests. . . 47231.2.5. Experimentalresults . 473

31.3. Analytical work . . 47531.4. Fatigue tests. 47531.5. Conclusions. 47731.6. Bibliography 478

Chapter 32. Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilizations(MuCEM): The Owner's Ambition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481Gerard GAZON

32.1. Project background 48132.2. Project evolution. 48232.3. Financing . . . . . . 48332.4. Program . . . . . . . 48332.5. Owner's point ofview regarding UHPFRC use. 48432.6. Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

xviii Designing and Buildingwith UHPFRC

Chapter 33. Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilizations(MuCEM): High UHPFRC Content Structure Design . . . . . 487Rudy RICCIOTTJ, Jacques PORTELATJNE and Florence NICOLAS

33.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48733.2. Structure description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 488

33.2.1. Foundations and lower levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48833.2.2. Lower level upper slab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49033.2.3. Elevation cubical-shape museum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49033.2.4. Footbridge between the MuCEM and Fort Saint Jean. . . . . . .. 49633.2.5. Walkways suspended around the cubical-shaped museum. . . .. 49833.2.6. Building insurability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

Chapter 34. Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilizations(MuCEM): Experimentation and Modeling ofStraight and Y-shapedUHPFRC Prestressed Columns Under the Action of an Off-centeredVertical Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 501Phi lippe RIVILLON, Jacques PORTELATINE and Florence NICOLAS

34.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 I34.2. Definition ofthe experimental program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

34.2.1. Test program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50234.2.2. Description ofthe specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50234.2.3. Experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50734.2.4. Experimental results " 509

34.3. Modeling ofthe test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51834.3.1. Calculation hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51834.3.2. Results ofthe numerical analyses , 522

34.4. Conclusion and prospects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 528

PART V. EXTENDJNG THE LIFE OF STRUCTURES ... 529

531Chapter 35. Seismic Retrofitting of Bridge Piers with UHPFRCJackets .Bruno MASSICOTTE and Guillaume BOUCHER-PROULX

35.1. Introduction " 53135.2. Failure mode of reetangular bridge piers and research objectives . .. 53335.3. Description ofthe proposed retrofitting technique . . . . . . . . . . . 53435.4. Concrete mixes. . . . . . . . . . . .. 53535.5. Large-scale specimen design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53535.6. Test set-up and loading condition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53735.7. Specimen behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53835.8. Conclusion, recommendations and acknowledgements . . . . . . . .. 53935.9. Bibliography " 540

Table of Contents XIX

Chapter 36. Application of U1tra-high-strength Fiber-reinforcedConcrete for Irrigation Channel Repair Works . . . . . . . . . . . . 541Tsuyoshi ONO

36.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . 54136.2. Overview 01'UFC . . . . . . 54236.3. Abrasion resistance test. . . 542

36.3.1. Test overview . . . . . . 54236.3.2. Test results . . . . . . . . 543

36.4. Roughness coefficient measurement . . . . . . . . 54436.4.1. Test overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54436.4.2. Test results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

36.5. Overview ofthe Hosokawa river tunnel repair workproject [MAT 07] . . . . . . . . . . 54536.6. UFC panel production. . . . 54636.7. UFC panel installation. . . . 547

36.7.1. Construction overview. 54736.7.2. Construction procedure. 548

36.8. Conclusion . 55236.9. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . 552

Chapter 37. Using UHPFRC for Structural Reinforcement ofBuildings and Civil Works .Thieny THIBAUX

37.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . .. . .37.2. Scope o1'UHPFRC application .37.3. Anti-abrasion linings .37.4. Architectural transfonnation of buildings .37.5. Structural reinforcement .

37.5.1. General .37.5.2. Examples of structural reinforcement . .

37.6. Conclusion .37.7. Bibliography .

PART VI. MAJOR RESEARCH RESULTS

Chapter 38. Ultra High Performance Concrete for PrestressedElements. Interest of Creep Prediction .Philippe FRANCISCO, Farid BENBOUDJEMA, Patrick ROUGEAU andJean-Michel TORRENTI

38.1. Introduction .38.2. Experiments .

38.2.1. Concrete mixes

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567

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xx Designing and Building with UHPFRC

38.2.2. Heat treatment. . . . . . . . . . . 56938.2.3. Mechanical characteristics. . . . 56938.2.4. Delayed strain measurements . . 570

38.3. Analytical models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57038.3.1. Ultra High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concretes-Interim Recommendations (2002). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57038.3.2. Eurocode 2 - design of concrete structures. . . . . . . . . . . 57038.3.3. Selected models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

38.4. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57338.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

Chapter 39. Rheology of Fiber-reinforced Cementitious Materials:Basic Concepts and Application to UHPFRC 575Laetitia MARTINIE, Pierre ROSSI and Nicolas ROUSSEL

39.1. Main concepts ofFRC Rheology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57539.2. Application to UHPFRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57639.3. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 577

Chapter 40. Behavior of UHPFRC at High Temperatures .Pierre PIMIENTA, Jean-Christophe MINDEGUIA, Alain SJMON andMouloud BEHLOUL

40.1. Introduction .40.2. Concrete mixes and main properties .40.3. Experimental program .40.4. Tests procedure and experimental settings ..

40.4.1. Mechanical properties .40.4.2. ISO and modified hydrocarbon curve fire tests

40.5. Results and discussion .40.5.1. Mechanical properties .40.5.2. ISO and modified hydrocarbon curve fire tests .

40.6. Conclusions .40.7. Bibliography .

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579580581581581583586586592596597

Chapter 41. Ant Colony Optimization for Ultra High PerformanceConcrete Structures 601Martin FLINT, Steffen GRÜNEWALD and Jeroen COENDERS

41.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . 60141.2. UHPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60241.3. Ant colony optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60441.4. Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

41.4.1. Implementation . . . . . . . 60641.4.2. Performance determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

Tab1e of Contents XXI

41.4.3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60941.5. Case study. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 611

41.5.1. Topologica1 design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61141.5.2. Design development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61241.5.3. Ordinary concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61341.5.4. Comparison of solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 614

41.6. Discussion " 61441.7. Conc1usions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61541.8. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

Chapter 42. Investigation of Biaxial Stress States of UHPC BridgeGirders through Small Panel Testing and Finite Element Analysis. . . 619Kacie D'ALESSANDRO, Carin ROBERTS-WOLLMANN, Thomas COUSINS andElisa SOTELINO

42.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61942.1.1. Background and motivation for the study. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61942.1.2. Review ofthe significance of literature and research. . . . . . .. 62042.1.3. Project overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

42.2. Test specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62342.2.1. Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62342.2.2. Specimen geometry and formwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62442.2.3. Mixing and casting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62542.2.4. Curing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

42.3. Small panel testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62542.3.1. Testing apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62542.3.2. Testing procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62842.3.3. Testing schedule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

42.4. Experimental testing results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62842.4.1. Material testing results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62842.4.2. Biaxial testing results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62942.4.3. Panel behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

42.5. Finite element analysis ofUHPC panels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63142.5.1. Modeling criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63142.5.2. Modeling results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63242.5.3. Preliminary cracking model for untreated UHPC . . . . . . . . .. 633

42.6. Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63542.6.1. Finite element model. . . . . 63542.6.2. Preliminary cracking model. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 635

42.7. Conc1usions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63642.8. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 636

xxii Designing and Building with UHPFRC

Chapter 43. An Overview of Research Advances from 2002 ConcerningUHPFRC, in View of Updating the AFGC Recommendations . . . . . 639Francois TOUTLEMONOE, Bemard FOURE, Luca SORELLl. Florent BABY,Pierre MARCHANO and Franz Josef ULM

43.1. Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63943.2. UHPFRC mix-design and behavior in its fresh state. 64043.3. Casting, early-age behavior and tests. . . . . . . . . . . 64243.4. Structural behavior and modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . 64443.5. Structural applications and dedicated experimental research programs 64943.6. Other (possibly non-structural) applications and results. 65343.7. Conclusions: advances and research needs 65543.8. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

PARTVII. DURABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY ... 665

667Chapter 44. An Example of UHPFRC Recycling .Thierry SEORAN, Cedric DURANO and Francois OE LARRARO

44.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66744.2. Choice of crushing method. . . . . . . . . . 66844.3. Evaluation of recycled sand properties. . . 67144.4. Recycling of sand in high-quality concrete 67644.5. Recycling of fibers in Ceracem". . 67844.6. Conclusions . 67844.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679

Chapter 45. Ultra High Performance Concrete and its Contribution toSustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681Jean-Francois BATOZ and Mathieu RIVALLAIN

45.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68145.2. Sustainable construction . . . . . . . . . . 68245.3. lntrinsic performance ofthe material. . . . . . . . . . . 684

45.3.1. The difference between the UHPFRC matrix andconventional concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68445.3.2. The issues in terms of sustainable development . . 686

45.4. Description ofthe lifecycIe assessment ofthe "fresh" material 68745.5. Application ofthe LCA to a structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689

45.5.1. Analysis of a highway bridge. . . . . . . . . . . 68945.5.2. Design of a prefabricated single-family horne. 691

45.6. Acknowledgements . . . 69545.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695

Table of Contents

Chapter 46. Field Experience of UHPFRC Durability in an AirCooling Tower .Franccis TOUTLEMONDE, Myriam CARCASSES and Maxime LiON

46.1. Context: UHPFRC girders in a nuclear power plant ....46.1.1. Superstructures renewal in an air cooling tower of Cattenompower plant .46.1.2. Specimens for on-site ageing information. . . . .46.1.3. Description ofthe environment. . . . . . . .

46.2. Investigations after 10 years of exposure .46.2.1. Core sampling .46.2.2. Observations and indicators of durability .46.2.3. Risk of corrosion induced by possible carbonation .46.2.4. Risk of corrosion induced by possible chloride ingress .46.2.5. Mechanical properties .

46.3. Conclusions .46.4. Acknowledgements .46.5. Bibliography .

PART VIII. UPDATED AFGC RECOMMENDATIONS ..

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713Chapter 47. Ultra High Performance Concrete: New AFGCRecommendations .Jacques RESPLENDINO

47.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71447.2. Major research and feedback from the 2002 recommendations . 714

47.2.1. Reinforcement: the need to produce proof of convenience. . . .. 71447.2.2. Confirmation ofthe relevance ofthe K coefficient philosophy .. 71547.2.3. Improved knowledge ofthe material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716

47.3. Main changes compared to the 2002 recommendations . . . 71847.3.1. Amendments to Chapter 1, "Mechanical behaviorof UHPFRC" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71847.3.2. Amendments to Chapter 2, "Design of structures" . . . 71847.3.3. Main changes to Chapter 3 "Durability ofUHPFRC" . . . 71947.3.4. A new Chapter 4, "Sustainable Development".. 719

47.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 71947.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720

Chapter 48. New AFGC Recommendations on UHPFRC:Chapter 1 - Mechanical Characteristics and Behavior of UHPFRC 723Alain SIMON

48.1. Introduction .48.2. The new recommendations ..

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XXIV Designing and Building with UHPFRC

48.2.1. General .48.2.2. Effect of heat treatment .48.2.3. Compressive strength .48.2.4. Tensile behavior .48.2.5. Static modulus of elasticity .48.2.6. Poisson's ratio .48.2.7. Thermal expansion coefficient .48.2.8. Creep - shrinkage .48.2.9. Impact strength .48.2.10. Design, mixing and placement of UHPFRC.

48.3. Bibliography .

Chapter 49. New AFGC Recommendations on UHPFRC:Chaptcr 2 - Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pierre MARCHAND

49.1. Introduction .49.2. Fiber orientation (K-coefficient).49.3. Strain hardening behavior ....49.4. Concrete cover adapted for UHPFRC49.5. Shear stress .

49.5.1. Serviceability limit state (SLS) .49.5.2. Ultimate limit state (ULS) .49.5.3. Shear force and torsion combination ..49.5.4. Shear and bending combination.....

49.6. Shear between concrete cast at different times .49.7. Passive reinforcement anchorage length .49.8. Load transfer tests for post-tensioning anchorages .49.9. Bibliography .

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755Chapter 50. New AFGC Recommendations on UHPFRC:Chapter 3 - Durability .Myriam CARCASSES

50.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75550.2. Durability indicators ofUHPFRCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756

50.2.1. Classical durability indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75650.2.2. Indicators associated with specific features ofUHPFRC. . . 758

50.3. UHPFRC behavior under extreme temperatures . . . . 75850.3.1. Frost-thaw cycle resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75850.3.2. Performance ofUHPFRC subjected to fire . . . . . 759

50.4. UHPFRC and delayed ettringite formation . . 76150.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

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Chapter 51. Ultra High Performance Concrete and SustainableDevelopment: Synthesis of Available Data .Pierre MARCHAND

51.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51.2. Environmental impact of UHPFRC mixes and manufacturing .

51.2.1. Typical recipes of an UHPFRC mix .....51.2.2. Metal1ic fiber manufacturing specificities..51.2.3. Superplasticizer .51.2.4. Other components .51.2.5. Global impact assessment .51.2.6. Comparison with data found in the literature . .. . .51.2.7. Possible improvements of the environmental impact of UHPFRCmixes .

51.3. Environmental impact and cost ofUHPC structures over their wholelifespan .51.4. New possibilities for retrofitting or repairing existing structures.51.5. Social aspects of sustainable development. .51.6. Recyclability51.7. Bibliography ....

List of Authors .

Index .

Author Index ..

French Summaries . . . .

765

765766766766767767767767

768

768768769770770

771

779

783

785