design rational analysis smoke control system

SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN RATIONAL ANALYSIS

PREPARED BY:

WELLENS FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING, LLC

4401 Elaine Place, Orlando, Florida 32812

www.wellensfire.com

4/11/2018

, FL 328 30ARTHREX HOTELNAPLES, FLORIDA

North Collier Fire PlanReview Fire Code Compliance By:

Per Attachment Collier Per Notes

LS 5/9/18

Reviewed for CodeCompliance

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ARTHREX HOTEL, NAPLES, FLWF17-TL002 | APRIL 11, 2018

P a g e | 2 WELLENS FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING, LLC.

Content1.0 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................52.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................63.0 Atrium Description .................................................................................................................6

3.1. Building Layout and Interior Construction ..............................................................................6

3.2. Ventilation Configuration ...........................................................................................................6

3.3. Fire Suppression and Alarm Systems ........................................................................................74.0 Design Criteria........................................................................................................................95.0 Assumptions ............................................................................................................................96.0 Analysis .................................................................................................................................10

6.1. Stack Effect.................................................................................................................................10

6.2. Temperature Effect of Fire .......................................................................................................11

6.3. Wind Effect.................................................................................................................................11

6.4. HVAC Systems...........................................................................................................................13

6.5. Climate ........................................................................................................................................13

6.6. Duration of Operation ...............................................................................................................137.0 Method of Smoke Control.....................................................................................................148.0 Smoke Barriers and Leakage Area ......................................................................................149.0 Design Fire............................................................................................................................14

9.1. Fuel Loading...............................................................................................................................14

9.2. Fire Growth and Heat Release Rate.........................................................................................15

9.2.1. Sprinkler Activation ..............................................................................................................16

9.3. Fire Plume...................................................................................................................................1710.0 Smoke Control System Initiation .........................................................................................1811.0 Design Method and Parameters ...........................................................................................18

11.1. Tenability Conditions ............................................................................................................1911.1.1. Visibility Distance ..............................................................................................................................1911.1.2. Carbon Monoxide...............................................................................................................................2011.1.3. Temperature........................................................................................................................................20

11.2. Exhaust Points........................................................................................................................21

11.3. Make-Up Air...........................................................................................................................2112.0 Sequence of Operations ........................................................................................................2313.0 Simulation Results ................................................................................................................2514.0 System Response Time..........................................................................................................2515.0 Design Requirements............................................................................................................25

15.1. System Components...............................................................................................................25

15.2. Equipment Location ..............................................................................................................26

15.3. Standby Power .......................................................................................................................26

15.4. Equipment Labeling ..............................................................................................................26

15.5. Close-out Documentation ......................................................................................................27


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16.0 Inspections and Acceptance Testing ....................................................................................2716.1. Final Commissioning .............................................................................................................27

16.2. Weekly Self Tests ...................................................................................................................2717.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................28Appendix A: Detailed CFD Simulation Output...........................................................................29

Scenario H ..............................................................................................................................................30

Scenario L...............................................................................................................................................36

Scenario M .............................................................................................................................................42


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Nomenclature

APF – Naples Municipal Airport AHJ – Authority Having Jurisdiction CFD – Computational Fluid Dynamics CFM – Cubic Feet per Minute EOR – Engineer of Record FACU – Fire Alarm Control Unit FBC – Florida Building Code FDS – Fire Dynamics Simulator FFPC – Florida Fire Prevention Code HRR – Heat Release Rate HVAC – Heating, Ventilating and Air-conditioning NFPA – National Fire Protection Association O&M – Operations and Maintenance RTI – Response Time Index SFPE – Society of Fire Protection Engineers TLC – Tilden Lobnitz Cooper UL – Underwriters’ Laboratories VFD – Variable Frequency Drive


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1.0 Executive Summary

Wellens Fire Protection Engineering, LLC (“Wellens Fire”) was retained by TLC Engineering for Architecture (“TLC”) to conduct a Smoke Control System Design Rational Analysis (“Rational Analysis”) for the proposed new Arthrex Hotel to be located in Naples, Florida. This Rational Analysis is intended to identify the type of smoke control system recommended for the atrium of the Hotel, the required capacities of the system components, methods of operation, power supplies, system interconnections, and the methods of construction. Evaluation of the fire detection, alarm, or fire suppression systems, means of egress systems, and fire and smoke barrier construction are outside this scope of work.

The Rational Analysis is performed in accordance with the detailed requirements of the Florida Building Code (FBC, 2014/Fifth edition with the 2016 supplement) and the Florida Fire Prevention Code (FFPC, Fifth edition). The requirements and recommendations provided herein, for the new construction, comply with FBC §909 and FFPC 101 §8.6.7, including all applicable National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes and standards as referenced by FBC §909 and FFPC. The Authority Having Jurisdiction for the Hotel is the City of Naples (“AHJ”).

The design criterion for this Rational Analysis, as prescribed by FBC §909.8.1, is to maintain tenability to life at an elevation of at least 6.0 ft [1.8 m] above any walking surface that forms a portion of a required egress system within the smoke zone. The prescribed criterion translates to maintaining the tenable conditions 6.0 ft [1.8 m] above the highest elevation of finished floor within the atrium, namely Level 4. The maximum total required length of time for the system to maintain the smoke conditions is prescribed by the applicable codes as 20 minutes after detection.

The atrium is described as one smoke zone. Utilizing the smoke production calculations methods allowed by NFPA 92, the data demonstrate that a distribution of exhaust and makeup air points is necessary to achieve the design condition. The total exhaust rate is 110,000 CFM [51.9 m/s³] with all exhaust inlets located in the Level 4 ceiling. Makeup air is provided mechanically at a rate of 45,500 CFM [21.5 m/s³] at Level 4 and through power-operated doors on Level 1.

This Rational Analysis is intended as a design guide only, for the identification of the smoke control system performance requirements, and includes calculated fan capacity estimates based on the applicable code requirements. It shall be the responsibility of the mechanical and electrical engineers of record (EOR) to deliver design documents for the smoke control system in compliance with all applicable codes. Additionally, per the applicable codes, adequate standby power shall be provided for dedicated and non-dedicated smoke control fans, control units, makeup air doors and dampers.

The smoke control system for the Hotel atrium will operate as a single zone upon detection of a smoke event. Make-up air will be provided through a combination of natural and mechanical means. The sequence of operations is outlined herein. The entire smoke control system will be controlled by the fire alarm control unit (FACU) in combination with a firefighter’s smoke control station in a configuration listed for smoke control. The scope of work for the mechanical and electrical EOR shall include the specification of a new fire fighter smoke control graphical annunciator panel adjacent to the FACU, as approved by the AHJ.

The Rational Analysis assumes that the smoke control system will be initiated within the atrium by projected-beam style smoke detection in tall spaces, spot smoke detectors where lower ceilings exist, and by activation of the sprinkler system waterflow alarms. Additionally, the smoke control system will be provided with means for manual smoke control system activation. This manual


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override shall allow firefighters to start or stop the control system at their discretion via a single switch.

2.0 Introduction

The Arthrex Hotel, to be located in Naples, Florida is a new four-story hotel principally classified as Group R-1 (FBC)/New Hotel (FFPC) with a total ground floor area of approximately 48,900 ft² [4,540 m²] and a height of approximately 56 ft [17.1 m] above grade plane. A four-story atrium connects all levels of the hotel. Whereas Levels 2, 3 and 4 are exclusively dedicated to sleeping rooms (except for accessory spaces, such as housekeeping and utility rooms), Level 1 contains spaces with differing uses. Specifically, the ground floor includes dining, recreational assembly, business support, laundry and other utility rooms as well as a complement of sleeping rooms to the east; the non-assembly spaces are outside of the atrium and shall be separated therefrom.

This Smoke Control System Design Rational Analysis (“Rational Analysis”) was prepared with the intent to identify the type of smoke control system recommended for the proposed Hotel and to develop the performance requirements for said system. The design objective for this Rational Analysis is to identify, address, and satisfy the requirements of FBC §909, in determining the required smoke control system airflow capacities to achieve the design criterion. The design criterion for this Rational Analysis, as later outlined, meets the prescribed code in maintaining the tenability at least 6-ft [1.8 m] above any walking surface that forms a portion of a required egress system within the smoke zone in accordance with the tenability criteria established below. The predictions for the fire and smoke development, smoke layer height, and exhaust capacities are based on the methods provided in NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke Control Systems1; in particular, the smoke control system was analyzed using the computational fluid dynamics method. The facility information provided in this report is based on the design documents as provided by Leo A Daly Architects and TLC Engineering for Architecture.

3.0 Atrium Description

The proposed configuration of the building includes compartmentation into atrium and non-atrium spaces, where the separation between them shall be constructed with 1-hour fire barriers (FBC §404.6, LSC §8.6.7) capable of resisting the passage of smoke.

3.1. Building Layout and Interior Construction

The proposed building layout is as depicted in Figures Figure 1 and Figure 2. The floor-to-ceiling height varies across the floor plan, with the highest location being the skylight in the center of the atrium with a height of 56.0 ft [17.1 m]. Level 2 is 16.0 ft [4.88 m] above Level 1 and the remaining levels are 10.0 ft [3.05 m] above one another. The height of the ceilings in the guest corridors ranges from 7.8 to 8.5 ft [2.4–2.6 m]. The proposed spaces may contain furnishings, wastebins, commercial food service equipment (bar/restaurant), decorations and other items associated with the occupancy.

3.2. Ventilation Configuration

A mixture of natural (exterior door) and mechanical (fan) ventilation will be provided for the protected spaces to achieve the required capacity and flow of make-up air for the smoke control system, in accordance with the applicable codes. All exhaust is located in the Level 4 ceilings as shown below. The majority of makeup air is introduced naturally at Level 1

1 NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke Control Systems, 2012 Edition


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through the suction action of the exhaust fans. Mechanical makeup air is introduced to the ends of the Level 4 hallways to form protected communicating space to resist smoke entry.

3.3. Fire Suppression and Alarm Systems

The Hotel will be provided with a wet-pipe automatic fire sprinkler system, providing complete sprinkler protection and complete code compliance. This Rational Analysis is based on a compliant sprinkler system that will be installed, tested, and properly maintained.

The fire alarm system will be utilized to monitor and control all smoke control system components. The fire alarm system will be monitored by a central station. This Rational Analysis is based on having a compliant fire alarm and voice communication system installed, tested, and properly maintained.

The scope of work for the mechanical and electrical EOR, as part of this project, shall include the design of a fire fighter smoke control graphical annunciator panel at a location convenient to, and approved by, the AHJ. The graphic annunciator panel shall identify the location of all smoke control system components. The fire alarm system and smoke control graphical annunciator shall be listed as smoke control equipment (UL category code “UUKL” with the annunciator listed as a “firefighter’s smoke control station.”)


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Figure 1: Level 1 Floor Plan

Figure 2: Typical Floor Plan (Levels 2, 3 and 4)


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4.0 Design Criteria

The applicable codes and standards include the Florida Building Code (FBC), Florida Fire Prevention Code (FFPC) and NFPA 92. The design criterion is identified by FBC §909. The Authority Having Jurisdiction is the City of Naples (“AHJ”). The requirements and recommendations provided herein comply with the FBC §909, including all applicable National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes and standards as referenced by FBC §909.

In accordance with FBC §909.1, the intent of §909 is, “to establish minimum requirements for the design, installation and acceptance testing of smoke control systems that are intended to provide a tenable environment for the evacuation or relocation of occupants.” FBC §909.1 also clearly identifies that the provisions of §909 are, “not intended for the preservation of contents, the timely restoration of operations or for assistance in fire suppression or overhaul activities.”

As identified in FBC §909.8.1, the design criterion is based on the smoke layer interface, i.e. the theoretical boundary between a smoke layer and the smoke-free air. Specifically, the criterion is identified as, “The height of the lowest horizontal surface of the smoke layer interface shall be maintained at least 6-feet above any walking surface that forms a portion of a required egress system within the smoke zone.” For the Hotel, the prescribed criterion translates to maintaining the smoke layer height a minimum of 6.0 ft [1.8 m] above the standing level of guests on Level 4. The maximum total required length of time to maintain the smoke layer at or above the identified height is 20 minutes after fire detection, as prescribed by FBC.

5.0 Assumptions

This Rational Analysis is based on the following assumptions. Any modifications to the building envelope, interior arrangement, active or passive fire protection systems or features, and interior finishes or fuel loading should be reviewed with respect to impact on the design and performance of the smoke detection and smoke control systems.

a. The smoke control system will automatically be activated by means of smoke detection and the sprinkler waterflow detectors, and will additionally be provided with manual system controls.

b. A fire alarm and voice communication system will be installed to include complete coverage throughout the building, in accordance with NFPA 72.

c. The fire sprinkler system layout in the building will provide code compliant coverage throughout, in accordance with NFPA 13.

d. The fire alarm and fire sprinkler systems will be properly maintained, inspected, and tested.

e. The owner will prevent the storage of transient flammable or combustible materials in the atrium as part of proper operational controls.

f. The electrical and mechanical engineers of record will provide designs that meet the performance requirements identified herein, in accordance with the provisions of all applicable codes and manufacturer’s recommendations.


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6.0 Analysis

In accordance with FBC §909.4, the following factors are explored: stack effect, temperature, wind effect, HVAC systems, climate, and duration of operation.

6.1. Stack Effect

Stack effect is the vertical flow of air (or other gases) within a building induced by variations in ambient temperatures (and therefore density and pressure) between the interior and exterior environments.

Figure 3: Stack Effect

These variations in temperature result in either positive (normal) or negative (reverse) buoyant forces. The greater the thermal differences of the interior and exterior environments and the greater the height of the space, the greater the buoyancy of the gases, and therefore the stack effect. As the smoke control system exhaust fans will be located on the roof, the normal (cooler outside) stack effect will aid in exhausting smoke. Conversely, the reverse (cooler inside) stack effect will oppose the smoke exhaust fans.

FBC §909.4.1 requires the smoke control system to be designed such that the maximum probable normal or reverse stack effect will not adversely affect the smoke control system capabilities.

For this analysis, the building is assumed to be maintained at 74°F [23.3°C]. Outside climate data for the Naples area was obtained from Intellicast as follows:

Minimum design temperature (winter): 53°F [11.7°C] Maximum design temperature (summer): 92°F [33.3°C]


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The maximum pressure differentials associated with stack effect are computed in accordance with the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) Handbook2, as follow:

zTT

Kpio

s

11

Where:

Ks = Coefficient (7.64 in.H2O.-°R / ft. [3,450 Pa-K/m.])To = Temperature of air outside the building (°R [K])Ti = Temperature of air inside the building (°R [K])z = Distance above/below the neutral level (ft. [m.])

The neutral level is assumed to be located at the mid-height of the building area. For the worst-case area (of tallest height), z, the distance above/below the neutral level, equals half of the maximum height of the building, or 28.0 ft. [8.5 m].

Based on the temperature differentials for the Hotel in winter (−21°F [−12°C]) and summer conditions (+18°F [+10°C]), with respect to the interior design temperature, extreme stack effect pressures within the Hotel are similar for both conditions. Using the above equation, the maximum normal (winter: upward flow) stack effect pressure is 0.016 in.H2O [4.1 Pa] and the maximum reverse (summer: downward flow) stack effect pressure is 0.013 in.H2O. [3.3 Pa].

The mechanical engineer of record shall design the smoke control systems to overcome these calculated pressure differentials and flow conditions.

6.2. Temperature Effect of Fire

In accordance with FBC §909.4.2, the smoke control system shall be designed such that the effects of thermal expansion and buoyancy, created by the design fire, do not adversely affect the system capabilities. The effects of temperature, including buoyancy and expansion of gases, are taken into account through the field equations solved by the CFD model.

6.3. Wind Effect

FBC §909.4.3 states that the smoke control system shall be designed such that the effects of wind do not adversely affect the system capabilities. Wind exerts a load upon a building, thus altering the pressure distribution along the surface of the building with respect to the pressure distribution associated with zero wind conditions. The wind effects involve a complex phenomenon, dependent on the wind velocity, wind direction, building shape, building height, terrain and height above grade, and surrounding obstructions.

2 SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, John Klote, P.E., “Smoke Control,” DiNenno, P.J., ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA., 2002


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Wind speed data was obtained for the Naples Municipal Airport (APF) from the Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering3. Per this source, the wind speed value appropriate for use in the calculation of smoke control system design applications, is 18.1 mph [8.1 m/s].

The conditions at the reference location, APF, are characteristic of open, unobstructed terrain. The Hotel, on the other hand, is surrounded by buildings and structures that act to interrupt and reduce the wind speeds. As such, the respective boundary layer thicknesses and wind exponent values for each location, characteristic of smooth and rough terrains, respectively, will be used for determination of the wind velocity.

Utilizing the maximum wind speed value of 18.1 mph [8.1 m/s] as the wind velocity (Vo) at a reference elevation (zo) of 33-ft [10 m] (typical for airport monitoring stations), the corrected wind velocity, V, applicable to the Hotel, may be calculated with the following equation. The elevation of velocity for calculation is conservatively assumed to be the maximum height of the hotel, i.e. 56.0 ft. [17.1 m]. The boundary layer thicknesses are assumed as 900 and 1,200 feet [274–366 m], respectively, with wind exponents of 0.14 and 0.22.

nn

oo

zz

VV

0

0

Where:

V = Wind velocity (mph [m/sec])Vo = Velocity at reference elevation (mph [m./sec])δo = Reference boundary layer thickness (ft. [m])zo = Reference elevation (ft. [m])no = Reference wind exponent (dimensionless) z = Elevation of velocity (ft. [m])δ = Boundary layer thickness at building (ft. [m])n = Wind exponent (dimensionless)

Through this calculation, the design wind velocity is determined to be 14.7 mph [6.5 m/sec]. This wind velocity results in pressures on the building identified as positive (windward) and negative (leeward) pressures. The pressure differentials attributed to wind on a windward or leeward face of the building are calculated as follows4:

3 Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering, John H. Klote, James A. Milke, Paul G. Turnbull, Ahmad Kashef, Michael J. Ferreira (2012), Table 2.14 SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, John Klote, P.E., “Smoke Control,” DiNenno, P.J., ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA., 2002


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hCVp 2

21

Where:

∆p= Pressure differential (in. w.c. [Pa]) = Air density (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])V = Wind velocity at predetermined building elevation (mph [m/sec])Ch = Coefficient of wind pressure, as function of the effective wind angle

In accordance with this equation, and assuming a 0.8 wind coefficient, the design wind speed of 14.7 mph [6.5 m/sec] can exert a pressure on the exterior building face of ±0.09 in. w.c. [21 Pa]. The mechanical engineer of record shall design the smoke control systems to overcome these pressure differentials. In particular, the exhaust fans shall apply sufficient static pressure at the exhaust air outlets and makeup air inlets (as applicable) to ensure that the required airflow quantity determined by this Rational Analysis is obtained.

6.4. HVAC Systems

FBC §909.4.4 requires the smoke control system to be designed to consider the adverse effects of the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems on both the design fire and the smoke movement. The HVAC systems conditioning or communicating with the interior of the Hotel atrium shall be configured to automatically shut down as part of the smoke control system design. HVAC that recirculates air in isolated spaces that do not communicate with adjacent spaces, such as guest rooms or mechanical/electrical rooms, may continue to operate.

6.5. Climate

In accordance with FBC §909.4.5, the design shall consider the effects of low temperatures on systems, property and occupants. As this project is located in Southern Florida, extremely low temperatures capable of damaging the equipment or preventing operation are not anticipated. However, all system components shall be listed for the location, orientation, and application in which they are installed.

6.6. Duration of Operation

FBC §909.4.6 indicates that all portions of active or passive smoke control systems shall be capable of continued operation after detection of the fire event for a period of not less than either 20 minutes [1,200 sec] or 1.5 times the calculated egress time, whichever is less. For this analysis, the 20-min. [1,200 sec] code prescribed duration will be utilized as this is the maximum code required duration. The 20-min. duration begins after the fire has been detected.

As this system is required to be supported by both a primary and secondary power supply, the actual duration of operation will be dictated by the power sources. If a stand-by generator is utilized as the secondary power source, the duration will be based on the available fuel supply; However, such duration shall not be less than 20 minutes following fire detection.


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7.0 Method of Smoke Control

The proposed method of smoke control for this application is an exhaust method by means of mechanical exhaust fans located at the Level 4 ceiling level. As such, and in accordance with FBC §909.8, the smoke control system will be designed to meet the requirements of NFPA 92. The method for make-up air will include naturally ventilated airflow, utilizing openings to the exterior, and mechanical ventilation systems.

8.0 Smoke Barriers and Leakage Area

One smoke control zone is defined; the extent of the zone is shown in Figure 4 by the colored field.

(a) (b)

Figure 4: Smoke Control Zone on (a) Level 1 and (b) Levels 2, 3 and 4

No smoke barriers (in the context of FBC §909), which form the boundaries at which differential pressures must be achieved have been defined within the building, as this smoke control system is designed using a mechanical exhaust approach and not designed utilizing a pressurization method. Smoke barriers (in the context of NFPA 92) are provided by the fire-resistance rated atrium boundary wall construction to restrict the movement of smoke into or out of the large volume space.

9.0 Design Fire

The selection of representative design fires is a factor of the fuel type, fuel loading and arrangements, fire growth rate, associated heat release rates, and sprinkler system activation.

9.1. Fuel Loading

In the proposed Hotel, the combustibles will include items commonly found in hotel occupancies, including furnishings, wastebins and foodservice equipment (bar area).


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NOTE: For this evaluation, two locations have been defined on the Level 1 floor plan (Figure 5) where additional requirements apply to combustibles. These areas are near to the open balconies above but are beneath high ceilings and therefore may not benefit from sprinkler activation. Transient combustibles shall not be located in these areas and furnishings located therein shall be compliant with California Technical Bulletin TB-133 that limits the heat release rate of burning furnishings.

Figure 5: Limited Combustible Zones on Level 1

9.2. Fire Growth and Heat Release Rate

Design fires are primarily characterized by their heat release rates. Measured heat release rates from multiple fire tests are included in Table 1: Heat Release Rate (HRR) Data. This data is selected as being characteristic of the fuel load materials present in the building.


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Table 1: Heat Release Rate (HRR) Data

Fuel Source Construction Approximate Peak

HRR (BTU/s [KW])Fire Growth

Rate CategoryData Reference5,6,

7

Plywood Wardrobe

12.7 mm thick, unpainted 2940 [3,100] ultrafast SFPE Handbook

Table 3-1.16Plywood Wardrobe

3.2 mm thick, unpainted 6070 [6,400] ultrafast SFPE Handbook


12.7 mm thick,1 coat FR paint 5020 [5,300] fast SFPE Handbook


12.7 mm thick,2 coats FR paint 2750 [2,900] fast SFPE Handbook

Table 3-1.16Wooden

Palletwooden1.22 m3 3410 [3,600] fast SFPE Handbook

Figure 3-1.41Wooden

Palletwooden

1 m2 x 5ft high3790 [4,000] fast NFPA 92

Table B.5.2(a)Wooden

Palletwooden

1 m2 x 10 ft high6445 [6,800] -unknown-

(minimum fast)NFPA 92

Table B.5.2(a)Wooden

Palletwooden

1 m2 x 16ft high9670 [10,200] -unknown-

(minimum fast)NFPA 92

Table B.5.2(a)Bus

Seating4 double foam-filled bus seats 1230 [1,300] medium SFPE Handbook

Figure 3-1.47Wooden Dresser wooden 1700 [1,800] medium SFPE Handbook

Figure 3-1.24Display Kiosk

wooden1.2m2 x 2.1m 1420 [1,500] slow SFPE Handbook

Figure 3-1.35

Based on the available test data for wood fuel sources, of similar size and composition to the materials located within the building, the representative design fire scenario selected for evaluation will include a t-squared fast-growing fire with a peak heat release rate of approximately 1,900 Btu/sec [2,000 kW].

The fast fire growth rate is selected as the test data for wood-constructed fuels typically depicts medium to ultrafast fire growth, with the most characteristic fuel sources displaying fast fire growth rates. The fuel package is assumed to be attributed to components located at the first floor level within the building; as such location will result in the maximum amount of smoke generation.

9.2.1. Sprinkler Activation

As detailed in NFPA 92, the likelihood of sprinkler activation is dependent on the heat release rate of the fire and the ceiling height above the fire. For spaces with lower ceilings (i.e. 25 feet and below), sprinklers are anticipated to activate in a reasonable time and limit the heat release rate of fires. NFPA 92 recommends that sprinkler effect in spaces with sprinklers located at or below 25 feet in height be accounted for by assuming that the fire stops growing upon sprinkler activation. As such, control and possible suppression of fires is anticipated to occur for those fires originating within spaces whose ceiling is less than 25.0 ft [7.62 m] above;

5 Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) Handbook, 3rd Edition6 “Fire Performance of Furnishings as Measured in the NBS Furniture Calorimeter, Part 1,” NBSIR 83-27877 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 92, 2012 Edition


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this includes all hallway and balconies on Levels 2, 3 and 4 as well as substantial portions of Level 1 (excluding those beneath the skylight or high ceilings).

It is assumed that the Hotel will be protected via quick-response sprinklers with 165°F [74°C] (or less) thermal elements with a maximum area of 225 ft² [20.9 m²] (or less) and apply a design density of 0.10 gpm/ft² [6.8 mm/s] (or more).

Quick response sprinklers have a Response Time Index (RTI) of 90 ft1/2s1/2 [50 m1/2s1/2] or less (faster). A fast growth rate fire was assumed, using a t-squared approximation. A t-squared fire is defined by:

𝑄 = 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑡2

Where:

= Heat Release Rate (Btu/sec [kW])𝑄= Time (sec)𝑡= Growth Rate Constant (Btu/s³ [kW/s²])𝛼

The sprinkler activation times are calculated using the standard methodology presented in NFPA 72. For the case of a fire near the Level 1 main entry doors where the incoming air draft may affect (delay) sprinkler activation, this case was simulated directly in using the computational fluid dynamics software described below. As this case was more severe than for fires in other areas (outside the makeup air stream), its results bound (or are worse than) those for the other locations and therefore those results are not presented in this report.

Table 2: Heat Release Rate Summary

Ceiling Height(ft [m])

Activation Time(min [sec])

HRR(BTU/s kW])

Analysis Max (BTU/s [kW])

Level 1 General < 56.0 [17.1] N/A N/A 1,900 [2,000]Level 1 Bar 15.0 [4.57] 2.86 [172] 1,310 [1,380] 1,310 [1,380]Level 1 Entry ≤12.5 [3.81] 2.55 [153] 1,040 [1,100] 1,040 [1,100]Level 1 Other ≤12.5 [3.81] 2.08 [125] 695 [ 730] N/A

Table 2 also includes heat release rates used throughout the atrium. Where sprinkler activation was credited with occurring, the heat release rate was reduced in accordance with Peacock et al8. For the fire open to the high ceilings, sprinkler activation was conservatively not credited; instead, the maximum heat release rate proposed was utilized. During the course of the scenario, this fire will burn more than 260 lbs [118 kg] of fuel.

9.3. Fire Plume

Based on the building configuration and the fuel loading, an axisymmetric plume is anticipated in the main opening; i.e. the smoke forming the plume is anticipated to rise

8 CFAST – Consolidated Fire and Smoke Transport (Version 7) Volume 1: Technical Reference Guide. Richard D. Peacock, Kevin B. McGrattan, Glenn P. Forney, Paul A. Reneke. p. 38


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unimpeded by walls or other projections. For some scenes where intervening ceilings occur, spill plumes will occur as well.

10.0 Smoke Control System Initiation

The Rational Analysis assumes that the smoke control system will be initiated by activation of smoke detectors (spot-type in low-ceiling areas and projected-beam-type in the high ceiling areas) in the exhausted spaces and the building suppression system waterflow detectors, and will also be provided with means for manual smoke control system activation.

As both smoke detection and sprinkler flow switch activation of the smoke control system can occur, this rational analysis is based on the adequacy and reliability of these detection and fire sprinkler systems, and assumes the systems are appropriately designed, installed and commissioned, and will be routinely maintained, inspected, and tested.

Where smoke detection is required, this analysis assumes that the installation is in minimal compliance with NFPA 72 with respect to spacing (including in residential hallways).

The scope of work for the mechanical and electrical EOR, as part of this project shall include the design of a fire fighter smoke control graphical annunciator panel in a location approved by the AHJ. The graphic annunciator panel shall identify the location of all smoke control system components, and shall provide manual control or override of automatic control for the smoke control system.

In accordance with FBC §909.12.1, the control systems for the mechanical smoke control systems shall include provisions for verification, to include positive confirmation of actuation, testing, manual override, the presence of power downstream of all disconnects and, through a preprogrammed weekly test sequence, report abnormal conditions audibly, visually and by printed report (See Section 16.2 of this report).

11.0 Design Method and Parameters

The smoke control system for this hotel was designed using the computational fluid dynamics model Fire Dynamics Simulator (version 6.5.3) with data visualization provided by the associated software package Smokeview (version 6.4.4). Verification and validation studies for this software are present in the fire protection engineering literature.9,10 The software’s authors describe the package as follows:11

The software…, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of fire-driven fluid flow. FDS solves numerically a form of the Navier-Stokes equations appropriate for low-speed (Ma < 0.3), thermally-driven flow with an emphasis on smoke and heat transport from fires…. Smokeview is a separate visualization program that is used to display the results of an FDS simulation.

9 Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide Volume 2: Verification, McGrattan, K., Hostikka, S., McDermott, R., Floyd, J., Weinschenk, C., Overholt, K., January 18, 201710 Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide Volume 3: Validation, McGrattan, K., Hostikka, S., McDermott, R., Floyd, J., Weinschenk, C., Overholt, K., January 18, 201711 Fire Dynamics Simulator User’s Guide: McGrattan, K., Hostikka, S., McDermott, R., Floyd, J., Weinschenk, C., Overholt, K., January 18, 2017


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The fundamental capability of FDS is simulation of fire phenomena; appurtenant capabilities include modeling of exhaust, introduction of makeup air, simulation of smoke detector activation and programmable logic to activate the smoke control system within the model in response to fire conditions.

A complete FDS model includes, as input, a discretized representation of the geometry and surfaces of the building, such as the actual arrangement of floors, walls and ceilings. This entails dividing the domain containing the space of interest into a large number of grid cells (rectangular prisms normally cubic in shape) and associating the faces of each with a particular surface or void space (i.e., open space). The dimension of these grid cells is a balance between speed, accuracy and computational limitations. For this hotel, cells had a uniform length of 12.0 in [0.30 m].

Combustion properties and heat release rates are also specified by the user. Based upon combustion data for common fuels, conservative chemistry for combustion has been implemented. This includes a heat of combustion of 7.3 MBtu/lb [17 MJ/kg], a soot yield of 5.0% and carbon monoxide yield of 4.0%. As the heat release rate is the quantity specified, a lower heat of combustion results in higher mass of fuel burning, which consequentially results in higher production of soot and carbon monoxide because they are related proportionally to the quantity of mass burned.

Three heat release rate curves have been defined based upon the fire location within the building. Each fire has been defined to grow from ignition until the design value at a “fast” t-squared rate, after which the heat release rate is held constant by fuel-limitation or reduced by sprinkler-limitation. “Fuel limitation” occurs where the fuel package intrinsically cannot support a higher heat release rate. “Sprinkler limitation” was discussed in Section 9.2.1 and represents the effect of water application to the burning fuel.

These three heat release rates can be effectively characterized by their maximum heat release rate, presented along with their location in Table 3.

Table 3: Fire Scenarios

Description Maximum HRR (BTU/s [KW])

Scenario Fire Location

Fire below high ceilings 1,900 [2,000] H Center of atriumFire affected by incoming draft 1,040 [1,100] L Seating area by main entryFire below Level 2 slab (highest) 1,310 [1,380] M Bar area

11.1. Tenability Conditions

11.1.1. Visibility Distance

The quantity of visibility distance relates to the ability of an occupant to visually perceive the environment around them. The FDS model calculates the visibility distance of a cell using the equation:


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𝑆 =𝐶

𝐾𝑚𝜌𝑌𝑠

Where:

= Visibility distance (ft [m])𝑆= Proportionality constant, 3 or 8 (unitless)𝐶= Mass-specific extinction coefficient (42,500 ft²/lb [8,700 m²/kg])𝐾𝑚= Mass density of cell (lb/ft³ [kg/m³])𝜌= Mass fraction of soot in cell (unitless)𝑌𝑠

The selection of the value used for C depends upon the lighting condition of the object being perceived. For this analysis, a value of 8 was selected which is representative occupants using their sight to locate backlit exit signs. The critical distance used is 30 ft [9.1 m].

11.1.2. Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a product of combustion that contributes to incapacitation of humans by entering the bloodstream and reducing the supply of oxygen to tissues and is the major ultimate cause of death in fires.12 The concentration of carbon monoxide resulting in an incapacitating dose can be calculated using the equation:12

𝐹𝐼,𝐶𝑂 =𝐾(ppm CO1.036)𝑡

𝐷

Where:

= Fraction of incapacitating dose (0 to 1)𝐹𝐼,𝐶𝑂= Respiration factor, 8.2925×10-4 for light physical activity𝐾= Concentration of CO in parts per million (ppm)ppm CO= Exposure time (min)𝑡= Carboxyhemoglobin concentration at incapacitation (30%)𝐷

For a 20-minute exposure, the incapacitating concentration by this equation is approximately 1,400 ppm. The critical value used in this analysis is 800 ppm, which affords additional conservatism beyond the calculated value (this also corresponds to approximately 50% of an incapacitating dose of carboxy-hemoglobin or an incapacitating an exposure time of 35 minutes).

11.1.3. Temperature

The temperature of smoke is capable of causing burns to skin and internal organs due to inhalation. The capability of hot gases to transfer heat to a human are dependent upon the humidity of the gas as well as the presence or absence of

12 SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Purser, D., Toxicity Assessment of Combustion Products, pp. 2--100–103, DiNenno, P.J., ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA., 2002


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clothing. In addition to burns, heat may also cause heat stroke and pain.13 This analysis uses the threshold value of 140°F [60°C] for contact with occupants.

11.2. Exhaust Points

The number and distribution of exhaust points is specified in this section. A distribution of exhaust inlets across the high ceiling is necessary and has been coordinated with the MEP engineer. These are summarized in Table 4 and shown in Figure 6.

Table 4: Exhaust Requirements

# Location Exhaust (CFM [m³/s])E-1 High Ceiling 18,330 [ 8.6]E-2 High Ceiling 18,330 [ 8.6]E-3 High Ceiling 18,330 [ 8.6]E-4 High Ceiling 18,330 [ 8.6]E-5 High Ceiling 18,330 [ 8.6]E-6 High Ceiling 18,330 [ 8.6]

Total: 110,000 [51.9]

11.3. Make-Up Air

For this application, make-up air shall be provided for the Hotel as identified in Tables Table 5 Table 6, as shown in Figures Figure 6 and Figure 7 and as follows in the text below.

Table 5: Natural Make-up Air Locations

# Location Min. Height(ft [m])

Min. Area(ft² [m²])

D-1 Level 1 Main Entry (Sliding Doors) 7.0 [2.1] 42 [3.9]D-2 Level 1 Main Entry (Swinging Door) 7.0 [2.1] 21 [2.0]D-3 Level 1 South Entry (Double Doors) 7.0 [2.1] 42 [3.9]D-4 Level 1 North Entry (Double Doors) 7.0 [2.1] 42 [3.9]

Table 6: Mechanical Makeup Air Requirements

# Location Supply (CFM [m³/s])S-1 Level 4 Ceiling – West Corridor 11,375 [ 5.4]S-2 Level 4 Ceiling – North Corridor 11,375 [ 5.4]S-3 Level 4 Ceiling – South Corridor 11,375 [ 5.4]S-4 Level 4 Ceiling – East Corridor 11,375 [ 5.4]

Total: 45,500 [21.5]

13 Ibid., p. 2-129


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Figure 6: Exhaust Inlets and Makeup Air Supply at Level 4 Ceiling. *Supplies S-2 and S-3 may be placed along the lines shown.

Figure 7: Locations for Natural Make-up Air Openings on Level 1


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NFPA 92 requires that makeup air be provided below the smoke layer interface and that the air velocity not exceed 200 ft/min [1.02 m/sec] where makeup air could come in contact with the plume unless a higher velocity is supported by an engineering analysis, such as a CFD study. The intent is to prevent fresh air from mixing with smoke. Note that this atrium is designed for velocities up to approximately 450 ft/min [2.3 m/s] and this has been demonstrated to be acceptable using CFD modeling.

All doors used for makeup air access are required to be supervised for fully-open status, fully-closed status and presence of power in a manner similar to dampers. They must also endure a transition from normal to emergency power and maintain (or automatically resume) operational status.

This atrium includes makeup air injected at the Level 4 ceiling. This method provides additional protection to the occupants on the highest level, who are the most vulnerable to a smoke condition emanating from below. Due to the architectural configuration where narrow hallways connect with the large-volume opening, it is possible to inject air to form two protected communicating spaces (i.e., both hallways) wherein the supply air is able to counteract the propagation of smoke from the large opening (This process is distinct from adding air above the smoke layer interface). The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated in Appendix A: Detailed CFD Simulation Output, where it can be seen that the Level 4 hallways remain clear and the total exhaust rate is sufficient to prevent other portions of that level (and other levels) from violating their tenability conditions.

12.0 Sequence of Operations

The smoke control system sequence of operations is provided in Table 7. The smoke control system will be initiated by the smoke detectors, waterflow switches, and manual smoke control system controls. Where smoke detector coverage is provided with spot-type detectors, activation of any two spot type smoke detectors located in exhausted areas (e.g. not those in electrical rooms separated from the atrium) shall activate the smoke control system.


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Table 7: Smoke Control System Sequence of Operations

Firefighter’s Smoke Control Station Signal Indication

Shut

Dow

n H

VA

C th

roug

hout

Atri

um

(exc

ludi

ng u

tility

-roo

m-o

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serv

ices

)U

nloc

k, U

nlat

ch, O

pen

and

Hol

d O

pen

Mak

eup

Air

Doo

rsO

pera

te E

xhau

st &

Mak

eup

Air

Dam

pers

. St

art f

ans.

Term

inat

e A

ctiv

e FS

CS

Wee

kly

Self-

Test

(S

ee S

ectio

n 16

.2)

Res

tart

Smok

e C

ontro

l Seq

uenc

e fo

r Zon

e

Perf

orm

Wee

kly

Self-

Test

and

Prin

t Rep

ort

Syst

em A

ctiv

atio

n In

dica

ted

at F

SCS

Faul

t Sig

nal I

ndic

ated

Aud

ibly

and

Vis

ually

at

FSC

STr

oubl

e Si

gnal

Indi

cate

d A

udib

ly a

nd

Vis

ually

at F

SCS

or F

AC

UTr

oubl

e/Su

perv

isor

y Si

gnal

Tra

nsm

issi

on to

C

entra

l Sta

tion

Fire Alarm System InputsSmoke detection in a smoke control zone by one projected-beam detector or two spot-style detectors X X (1,2) X X

Sprinkler system waterflow switch serving a smoke control zone X X (1,2) X X

Any other fire alarm system alarm signal XSelf-test timer XSmoke Control System InputsManual smoke control system activation X X (1,2) X XSmoke Control Trouble SignalsCircuit fault condition (ground, open, short) X XPrimary (A/C) power failure (3) X XSecondary (battery) power failure X XSmoke Control Supervisory SignalsLoss of power at damper or powered door X XLoss of power at internal control circuit of fan motor starter/VFD/door operator X X

Fan starter/VFD control switch not in auto X XPower disconnect switch opened X XDamper/door not in correct open/closed state (3) (3)Fan flow not in correct running/not-running state (3) (3)

1. As the system requires makeup air doors to open, a minimum threshold of doors must open prior to exhaust initiation. Initial setting: any two of the four door sets (adjustable).

2. For each individual fan, wait for the associated dampers to prove their “open” status prior to starting the fan.3. Provide an adjustable delay time to permit system components to achieve their designed state. Initial settings: fans

60 seconds, dampers 30 seconds, doors 30 seconds. If utility power is lost to the building under alarm conditions, the smoke control sequence shall reset. That is: all smoke control fans shall immediately stop for 15 seconds to allow the generator to start, then doors shall be triggered to open again, then fans shall start again subject to notes 1 & 2 above.


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13.0 Simulation Results

Detailed results for the CFD simulations are presented in Appendix A: Detailed CFD Simulation Output for the scenarios identified in Table 3. These results, which are based upon the system design noted above operating under the assumptions given in this analysis, indicated that all tenability conditions were satisfied along the means of egress for the duration of the scenario. Some regions, such as those above the fire and near corners in the room of fire origin may have small pockets where the tenability conditions are not strictly satisfied and cannot be feasibly addressed with smoke control techniques. However, these areas are typically outside the path of egress and can be avoided by egressing occupants; or where not readily avoidable, the pockets have overall visibility distances exceeding the minimums stated above (i.e., the pocket does not reduce visibility through the pocket to less than 30 ft [9.1 m]). For brevity, results are reported only at the worst-case conditions and represent data 6.0 ft [1.8 m] above the floor surface protected unless noted otherwise.

14.0 System Response Time

All smoke control system components shall activate immediately when either automatically or manually initiated. It is expected that the Fire Alarm and Smoke Control Panels will receive status verification of all components within 60 to 90 seconds of smoke control system initiation. The smoke control system shall activate each individual component in the sequence necessary to prevent physical damage to the fans, dampers, ducts, and other equipment.

In accordance with FBC §909.17, the total response time, including that necessary for detection, shutdown of operating equipment and smoke control system startup, shall allow for full operational mode to be achieved before the conditions in the space exceed the design smoke condition.

15.0 Design Requirements

In addition to the design guidelines provided throughout this report, the following requirements are identified in accordance with the applicable codes. The below identified items 15.1 through 15.5 highlight many of the requirements of FBC §909, however are not intended to include all of the applicable requirements. The mechanical and electrical EOR shall provide a smoke control system design in full compliance with all of the requirements of FBC §909 and NFPA 92. The contractor shall submit shop drawings complying with this design and the manufacturer’s requirements and the system listing requirements (e.g., UL 864).

15.1. System Components

All components of the smoke control system such as, but not limited to, fans, duct, controls, and automatic dampers shall be suitable for the intended uses, suitable for the probable exposure temperatures, rated to a minimum of 250°F [121°C] where transmitting smoke. All dampers shall be listed; conforming to the requirements of approved and recognized standards, and shall be rated leakage class II/250°F [121°C] or better. Fire dampers should be omitted from smoke control ducting where permissible by code. All ducts shall be capable of withstanding the probable temperatures and pressures to which they will be exposed, and shall be constructed and supported in accordance with the Florida Mechanical Code and NFPA 90A. All ducts shall be leak tested to 1.5 times the maximum design pressure in accordance with nationally accepted practices, and the resulting leakage shall be no more than 5 percent of the design flow. Ducts shall be supported directly from


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fire-resistance-rated structural elements of the building by substantial, noncombustible supports. All smoke exhaust fans shall be UL listed ZAXH, as “power ventilators for smoke control systems.” Additionally, all fans shall have 1.5 times the number of belts required for the design duty, with the minimum number of belts per fan being two. All wiring serving the smoke control system shall be fully enclosed in a continuous raceway.

All new smoke control system components for the entire Hotel will be controlled with verification (e.g. proof-sensing and power monitoring) in accordance with FBC §909.12.1 through the new fire alarm system. Where disconnect switches are present downstream of breakers or VFDs/starters, auxiliary contacts shall be specified for the purposes of monitoring switch position. Dampers and makeup air doors shall be supervised separately for fully-open and fully-closed states.

It is recommended that the supply fans be fitted with additional dampers and ductwork so that their airflow can be directed outside of the building under weekly self-test conditions to avoid inconveniencing hotel guests.

15.2. Equipment Location

All smoke control system equipment shall be located so as not to expose any uninvolved portions of the Hotel, or adjacent buildings to potential fire hazards. Also, smoke shall be exhausted in a manner and direction that will reduce the likelihood of such exhaust from being introduced into the HVAC system of adjacent building’s systems or into the makeup air fans.

15.3. Standby Power

The smoke control system shall be supplied with two sources of power. The normal building power systems shall provide the primary power source and the secondary power shall be from an approved standby power source complying with NFPA 70. In accordance with FBC §909.11, the standby power source, and all associated transfer switches shall be in a separate, minimum 1-hour fire-resistance rated, room from the primary power source and associated switch gear equipment. Direct ventilation to the exterior atmosphere shall be provided for the secondary power source.

If a generator or other standby power source is utilized for secondary power, the source shall operate within 60 seconds of the loss of primary power, and shall operate for a minimum of 20 minutes following smoke control system activation. Elements of the smoke control system susceptible to power surges shall be suitably protected by conditioners, suppressors, or other approved means to provide uninterruptable power.

15.4. Equipment Labeling

All major components of smoke control systems (i.e. fans, dampers, power disconnects, control enclosures) shall be identified in the field with a permanent label that indicates the component as a critical element of the life safety function for the Facility. The labeling requirements shall be identified on the design drawings for the smoke management system.


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15.5. Close-out Documentation

Documentation provided at turnover of the facility shall be sufficient to provide for sustainment and periodic testing of the system in accordance with relevant code. The documentation shall include a Detailed Design Report and an Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Manual. The Report shall provide documentation of the smoke control system as it is designed and intended to be installed, along with supporting calculations. The O&M Manual shall include (a) Procedures used in the initial commissioning of the system as well as the measured performance of the system at the time of commissioning, (b) Testing and inspection requirements for the system and system components and the required frequency of testing, and (c) Critical assumptions used in the design, and the limitations on the building and its use that arise out of the design assumptions and limitations. Means and methods utilized for introducing make-up air shall be clearly identified, as shall all HVAC equipment, and the expectations for HVAC system operation on the smoke control systems.

16.0 Inspections and Acceptance Testing

16.1. Final Commissioning

The smoke control system identified herein shall undergo special inspections and testing in accordance with the requirements of FBC §909.3 and NFPA 92 to verify the proper commissioning of the smoke control system. The special inspector shall have expertise in fire protection engineering, mechanical engineering, and certification as air balancers. A mechanical balance report, indicating the final smoke control fans performance, shall be provided at the time of the final inspection. If there are discrepancies between the mechanical balance report and the smoke control system design based on the rational analysis, justification shall be provided to AHJ in writing from the mechanical contractor and the mechanical EOR.

The special inspection shall verify compliance with the approved commissioning plan, to be created by the mechanical EOR. The commissioning plan shall be developed only after the final design documents have been approved by the owner.

16.2. Weekly Self Tests

The FACU shall be programmed to conduct the weekly self-test of the smoke control system at a pre-determined time every week, and shall be programmed to allow adequate time to accurately verify the correct status of each system component. Each system component shall be tested in both the OFF/CLOSED and ON/OPEN positions. If any component fails to complete the designed sequence of operations, a supervisory condition at the FACU shall be established and shall provide a textual description of the FAULT along with audible and visible signals. This condition shall remain until the FACU is reset and shall be reported to the central station.

The UUKL-listed system shall be programmed to print a hard copy report summarizing the results of the weekly self-test, clearly indicating the system testing outcome: i.e., pass or fail. The weekly self-test shall terminate if, at any time during the test, a fire alarm signal is received. Similarly, the weekly self-test shall not initiate if the FACU is in alarm.


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17.0 Conclusion

Utilizing the analysis methods contained within NFPA 92, the data demonstrate that the proposed smoke control system for the hotel will meet the design criteria. The primary design criterion is the maintenance of the tenability conditions (visibility, carbon monoxide concentration and temperature) at an elevation of 6.0 ft [1.8 m] above floor surfaces constituting the means of egress.

One smoke control zone has been identified with exhaust and makeup air requirements, including flow rates and placement of louvers and openings.

The Rational Analysis assumes that the smoke control system will be initiated by activation of smoke detectors (spot- or projected beam-types), building sprinkler waterflow switches, and will also be provided with a means for manual smoke control system activation. Based on the arrangement of the space, and the response time associated with the smoke detectors, automatic smoke control activation is anticipated to occur via smoke detection before sprinkler activation occurs.

This Rational Analysis is intended as a design guide only, for the identification of the smoke control system performance requirements. It shall be the responsibility of the mechanical and electrical EOR to deliver design documents for the smoke control system in compliance with all applicable codes. Additionally, per the applicable codes, adequate standby power shall be provided for the dedicated and non-dedicated smoke control fans, control units, dampers and makeup air doors.

Please contact us with any questions or concerns.

Respectfully Submitted,

Jill C. Wellens, P.E.FL PE LIC 59542President/Principal EngineerWELLENS FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING, LLC.

Jill C. Wellens, State of Florida, Professional Engineer, License No. 59542This document has been electronically signed and sealed by Jill C. Wellens, PE on 4/11/18 using a SHA authentication code.Printed copies of this document are not considered signed and sealed and the SHA authentication code must be verified on any electronic copies.


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Appendix A: Detailed CFD Simulation Output

Scenario H.....................................................................................................................................30Scenario L .....................................................................................................................................36Scenario M ....................................................................................................................................42


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Scenario H

Figure 1: Worst-Case Visibility Distance, Level 1



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Figure 5: Worst-Case Carbon Monoxide Concentration, Level 1



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Figure 9: Worst-Case Temperature Exposure, Level 1



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Scenario L




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Scenario M




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design rational analysis smoke control system

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