design critique - malt works canterbury, new zealand

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1 Lasc 410 – Project 3. Ani Ross Hoskins 1087894 Lasc 410 Design Critique Project 3: A Creative Act: Practising Critique Site – Malt Works, Heathcote Valley, Canterbury, New Zealand. For the final project of Lasc 410, I will carry out a sustained criticism of the Malt Works site, situated in the Heathcote Valley, Canterbury. Through this criticism I will consider a composite of different approaches to assessment of site, with a focus on interpretive critique. I will reflect on bodies of thought and theory, such as Meaning (reading, language, semiotics); Appearance (aesthetic conventions); Experience (Phenomenological, Spatial), a Subcultural or Political perspective and Psychoanalytical implications of this site. Through this critique I have written with the audience in mind of Landscape and Architectural professionals for a Landscape Journal publication. The Malt Works Out of sight out of mind: Gone but not forgotten The Malt Works was completed in 1875 and was a wellknown landmark in the Heathcote Valley. The Malt Works created industry for the area, employing locals and using locally grown produce. The Malt Works was in operation for over a hundred years until production ceased and it was closed in 1999. There were proposals for different uses for the site however it gradually sank into a state of disrepair, and nature began to reaffirm its place in the landscape. Demolition of the Malt Works has occurred recently, with all structures pulled to the ground. Retrieved from: Google Images 10/06/2012 Interpretive critique focuses on impressions of site created by the critic’s interpretation of a work. It considers advocacy of the critic’s interpretive point of view of landscape, as the critic seeks to create a compelling argument of their oeuvre through subtly challenging metaphors associated with site. Interpretive critique is often seen as a manifestation of the critic’s point of view, challenging the audience to consider this element as an advocacy for the landscape. Interpretive critique is also evocative. Often landscapes may be interpreted with photos or poems, which evoke sentiment in the landscape, and offer a different perspective for the audience to consider. Association has importance through evocative interpretive critique, as making associations with emotions, or remembrance of past can bolster linkages with certain perspective and the space highlighted.

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Page 1: Design Critique - Malt Works Canterbury, New Zealand

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 Lasc  410  –  Project  3.  Ani  Ross  Hoskins                    

1087894    

Lasc  410  Design  Critique  Project  3:  A  Creative  Act:  Practising  Critique    Site  –  Malt  Works,  Heathcote  Valley,  Canterbury,  New  Zealand.    For  the  final  project  of  Lasc  410,  I  will  carry  out  a  sustained  criticism  of  the  Malt  Works  site,  situated  in  the  Heathcote  Valley,  Canterbury.  Through  this  criticism  I  will  consider  a  composite  of  different  approaches  to  assessment  of  site,  with  a  focus  on  interpretive  critique.  I  will  reflect  on  bodies  of  thought  and  theory,  such  as  Meaning  (reading,  language,  semiotics);  Appearance  (aesthetic  conventions);  Experience  (Phenomenological,  Spatial),  a  Subcultural  or  Political  perspective  and  Psychoanalytical  implications  of  this  site.      Through  this  critique  I  have  written  with  the  audience  in  mind  of  Landscape  and  Architectural  professionals  for  a  Landscape  Journal  publication.                                                                            The  Malt  Works      Out  of  sight  out  of  mind:  Gone  but  not  forgotten  

 The  Malt  Works  was  completed  in  1875  and  was  a  well-­‐known  landmark  in  the  Heathcote  Valley.  The  Malt  Works  created  industry  for  the  area,  employing  locals  and  using  locally  grown  produce.  The  Malt  Works  was  in  operation  for  over  a  hundred  years  until  production  ceased  and  it  was  closed  in  1999.  There  were  proposals  for  different  uses  for  the  site  however  it  gradually  sank  into  a  state  of  disrepair,  and  nature  began  to  reaffirm  its  place  in  the  landscape.  Demolition  of  the  Malt  Works  has  occurred  recently,  with  all  structures  pulled  to  the  ground.    

 Retrieved  from:  Google  Images  10/06/2012  

Interpretive  critique  focuses  on  impressions  of  site  created  by  the  critic’s  interpretation  of  a  work.  It  considers  advocacy  of  the  critic’s  interpretive  point  of  view  of  landscape,  as  the  critic  seeks  to  create  a  compelling  argument  of  their  oeuvre  through  subtly  challenging  metaphors  associated  with  site.  Interpretive  critique  is  often  seen  as  a  manifestation  of  the  critic’s  point  of  view,  challenging  the  audience  to  consider  this  element  as  an  advocacy  for  the  landscape.      Interpretive  critique  is  also  evocative.  Often  landscapes  may  be  interpreted  with  photos  or  poems,  which  evoke  sentiment  in  the  landscape,  and  offer  a  different  perspective  for  the  audience  to  consider.  Association  has  importance  through  evocative  interpretive  critique,  as  making  associations  with  emotions,  or  remembrance  of  past  can  bolster  linkages  with  certain  perspective  and  the  space  highlighted.    

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Impressionistic  interpretive  critique  can  be  seen  as  a  work  of  art  in  itself,  evoking  sentiment  with  subtle  associations  made  with  metaphor  and  the  landscape  itself.  Peter  Green  (1975)  uses  impressionistic  interpretive  critique  of  the  London  underground.  He  considers  London  as  an  entity  in  itself,  as  it  breathes  and  lives.      “I  went  down  into  your  intestines,  London,  through  your  mouth,  through  your  dirty  lips,  cracked  tile,  patched  tarmac,  down  endless  escalators,  trundling  in  the  half-­light;  strap-­hanging  in  aching  compartments,  strap-­hanging  across  a  city,  across  a  continent,  balancing,  reading  single-­  handed  giant  newspapers,  breathing  again  the  ten  times  breathed  air.  I  travelled  into  a  dream  of  nausea,  cheek  by  unshaven  cheek,  thoughtlessly  through  thoughtless  tunnels...”  (Green,  1974).      I  considered  the  Malt  Works  a  living  entity.  He  is  a  thing  in  himself,  which  lived  and  breathed,  as  he  became  forgotten.  From  here  on  I  shall  refer  the  Malt  Works  as  if  it  is  a  living  entity.  Referring  to  him,  rather  than  it.  Considering  landscapes  as  having  the  ability  to  form  emotions  and  perspectives  in  their  own  right,  allows  us  to  remember  how  they  were,  and  how  they  are  now.  This  metaphor  creates  an  intrinsic  connection  with  him  (Malt  Works)  and  the  perceiver.        I  remember  the  look  on  your  misshapen  face.  Your  toothless  smile  with  that  light  hearted  grin.  I  remember  your  frayed  clothes;  your  grubby  hands  with  lines  of  time  entrenched,  allowing  the  inhabitant  read  your  story.  I  remember  nature  growing  over  you,  cleansing  your  

wounds,  healing  the  sorrows  of  your  past.  I  remember  you  becoming  unified,  at  one  with  the  land,  which  surrounded,  you  as  vines  crept  up  your  legs,  as  you  began  to  feel  as  if  you  had  no  control  of  your  future…    Now  you’re  gone.  You  have  left  this  place.  Not  even  your  footprint  remains.  Now  all  I  have  of  you  is  memories.  Now  all  I  have  is  photographs.  I  will  remember  you,  even  though  you  have  gone.  Today  and  tomorrow…      He  has  imprinted  himself  on  so  many.  This  is  my  polemical  perspective  of  him.      Another  way  for  me  to  critique  the  Malt  Works  is  through  an  evocative  and  interpretive  method  of  sketch  and  photography.  Sketch  and  photography  allows  you  to  remember  him  as  you  please.  These  vessels  enable  you  to  remember  the  past  and  present  him.  Catherine  Dees  (2012)  analyses  landscapes  through  this  methodology,  establishing  a  framework  for  approaching  design.  Dees  interpreted  case  studies  of  design  with  respect  to  sketching  landscape  elements  to  depict  points  of  view  in  the  landscape.  Dees  considers  the  ‘aesthetics  of  thrift’  that  relates  to  the  employment  of  artistic  practices  as  a  framework  for  judgments  for  utility  and  goodness.  This  principle,  along  with  the  definition  of  embodied  design  in  landscape  constitutes  her  design  philosophy  or  polemical  point  of  view  of  landscape  design  critique.      Employing  this  theory  to  the  Malt  Works  allows  you  to  consider  how  he  looked  through  time.  On  a  continuum  of  being  a  fully  furnished  

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and  running  Malt  Works,  to  his  transition  to  an  unused  entity.      

 Malt  Works  in  use.  Retrieved  from:  http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Heritage/Photos/GimblettCollection/Gimblett-­‐0003.asp  10/06/2012    

 Malt  Works  in  its  derelict  and  forgotten  state.  Retrieved  from:  Google  images  10/06/2012    

 Malt  Works  post  demolition.      This  theory  also  considers  the  transition  of  Terrain  Vague  landscapes  as  once  dynamic  and  used  spaces,  to  vague  parks  or  spaces,  which  are  derelict  in  use,  and  vigor.  Vague  Parks,  transitional  spaces  on  the  fringes  of  society,  like  the  Malt  Works  site  constitutes  uses  reflective  of  needs  of  different  individuals.  These  individuals  are  

subcultures  that  he  has  adopted.    Krystallia  Kamvasinou  (2006)  notes  how  vague  landscapes  are  perceived  as  empty.  They  are  often  the  focus  of  architectural  and  urban  design  desire  for  productivity,  control  and  order.  This  instrumental  view  disregards  the  richness  of  vague  landscapes.  (Kamvasinou,  2006).    Vague  landscapes  are  rich  in  interpretive  critique  as  the  perceiver  embeds  themselves  in  the  landscapes,  as  these  dynamic  spaces  are  active  and  able  to  be  occupied  spontaneously.  The  perceivers  write  themselves  in  the  site’s  social  narrative.  They  create  a  metaphor  of  the  site  as  their  vessel  for  desired  use.  Malt  Works  is  dynamic  for  the  drifter.  He  becomes  the  vessel  for  use  as  subcultures  jump  his  fences  and  adopt  him  as  their  friend.  He  becomes  their  accomplice  in  illegal  activities  as  he  allows  them  to  tattoo  his  skin  with  graffiti.      Using  the  method  of  interpretive  critique  it  is  also  important  to  link  to  bodies  of  theory  that  are  important  tools  for  reflecting  on  the  Malt  Works.  Marc  Treib  (1995)  considers  the  meaning  of  landscapes  in  Must  Landscapes  Mean?:  Approaches  to  Significance  in  Recent  Landscape  Architecture.  He  states,  “meaning,  it  is  argued,  results  less  from  the  effects  of  a  particular  design  than  from  the  collective  associations  accrued  over  time”(Treib,  1995).  He  considers  whether  it  is  possible  to  create  a  semantic  dimension  in  space,  and  if  so  how?  The  designed  meaning  of  the  Malt  Works  site  is  by  no  means  reflective  of  observations  or  meaning  the  perceiver  takes  away  from  site.  The  past  use  of  the  Malt  Works  has  been  obscured,  and  its  uses  abstracted.  People  read  the  Malt  Works  in  terms  of  the  space  

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itself,  as  the  designed  meaning  of  the  landscape  becomes  irrelevant.    Meaning  for  the  Malt  Works,  should  then  be  considered  in  terms  of  the  concept  of  the  ‘Death  of  the  Author’  by  Roland  Barthes,  (1968).  Barthes  interprets  meaning  in  landscape  as  a  result  of  birth  of  the  viewer,  or  perceiver  on  site,  and  death  of  the  designer  as  intention  of  design  is  irrelevant,  the  viewer  or  subculture  has  taken  ownership  of  the  site.  The  site  then  becomes  reflective  of  the  inhabitants  uses,  blending  their  needs  with  objects  or  spaces  they  may  mould  around  them.      Analysis  of  subcultures  taking  ownership  of  site  may  also  be  linked  to  Lance  Neckar  (2005)  who  introduced  linguistic  interpretation  so  deeply  rooted  past  superficial  symbolism  that  it  became  intrinsic  to  that  subculture’s  vocabulary.  This  was  observed  with  the  memorial  landscape  of  Berlin  in  Lance  Neckar’s  (2005)  ‘Berlin:  Topology  of  Contemplation.’    This  can  be  observed  with  the  Malt  Works  in  terms  of  the  adolescent  subculture  often  inhabiting  site.  This  inhabitant  would  have  a  different  language  for  deciphering  spaces  through  the  Malt  Works  which  links  to  their  activities  through  his  dynamic  and  multifunctional  spaces.  For  example  the  adolescent  may  consider  the  sites  linearity  and  edges  through  space  as  possible  angles  for  ‘grinding’  their  skateboard,  or  ‘jumping’  there  bicycle.  This  adolescent  sub  culture  may  also  see  a  wall  of  one  of  the  derelict  buildings  not  as  a  construct  or  arm  of  his  frame,  but  as  a  blank  canvas  for  graphic  expression  as  the  adolescent  inhabitant  begins  to  depict  their  own  

meaning  and  language  on  the  Malt  Works  skin.        Another  body  of  thought  worthy  of  consideration  in  terms  of  interpretive  critique  of  the  Malt  Works  is  appearance,  and  aesthetic  conventions  through  space.  The  aesthetic  attempts  to  create  normative  responses  to  landscape  elements  in  an  attempt  to  create  landscape  ‘types’.  The  Malt  Works  site,  if  critiquing  against  picturesque,  beautiful,  sublime  and  melancholy  would  fit  into  all  of  these  categories.  This  presents  a  flaw  in  the  over  simplicity  of  the  aesthetic  body  of  thought.      Malt  Works  and  Beauty  –  He  delights  the  eye,  with  a  delicacy  of  nature  taking  over  and  regaining  control  of  him.  Malt  Works  and  Picturesque  –  he  is  rough,  wild.  He  shows  irregularity  as  time  has  defaced  parts  of  him.  He  would  take  a  very  striking  picture.  Malt  Works  and  Sublime  –  He  is  sublime.  He  is  great,  he  is  terrible,  and  he  is  awe  inspiring  by  scale  and  grandeur.  He  is  impressive.  Malt  Works  and  Melancholy  –  He  contemplates,  with  small  spaces  for  reflection  and  intimacy.  He  feels  sad  because  he  as  been  forgotten,  he  is  neglected.  He  is  melancholic.      Showing  that  the  Malt  Works  has  elements  of  all  aesthetic  notions  within  his  physical  personality  shows  this  is  an  irrelevant  method  of  critique  for  him.  He  is  subjective,  just  like  aesthetic  is  and  as  a  result  the  viewer  must  make  their  own  judgment  on  his  appearance.  To  different  subcultures,  or  a  single  perceiver  his  aesthetic  qualities  will  vary.  He  can  be  beautiful  and  melancholic.  These  are  reflections  of  

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the  inhabitant’s  cognitive  state  when  they  visit  him.  He  may  be  a  shoulder  to  cry  or  reflect  on,  or  become  awe  inspiring  and  an  inspirational  feat  with  his  grandeur.      Interpreting  the  Malt  Works  site  in  terms  of  theories  of  sub  cultures,  and  who  personifies  the  site  is  an  important  aspect  of  its  interpretive  critique.  It  is  important  to  realize  multiplicity  in  landscapes  with  the  recognition  and  assertion  of  multiple  perspectives  of  encounters  with  landscape.      Multiple  perspectives  through  space  relates  to  Meyer’s  (2008)  critique  of  Landscapes  in  contemporary  practice.  Meyers  considers  inbetween  conditions  of  time.  Considering  the  after  hours  use  of  spaces  allows  for  use  of  landscapes  without  restrictions  of  political  powers  in  particular  spaces.  Reasserting  the  truths  of  successful  landscapes  constructed  through  professions  allows  you  to  accept  different  beauties  in  space,  seen  through  different  subcultures.  The  Malt  Works  was  home  to  adolescent  subcultures  after  hours.  He  became  their  refuge  when  they  were  otherwise  not  accepted  in  society.  The  adolescent  subculture  was  attracted  to  his  roughness  around  the  edges,  and  in  a  way  he  can  be  seen  as  a  metaphor  for  their  perception  of  the  world.  They  saw  beauty  in  despair,  and  related  to  his  sense  of  melancholic,  as  a  forgotten  void  on  the  fringes  of  society,  often  how  they  may  have  perceived  themselves.  Their  attraction  to  a  forgotten  space  links  to  emotions  of  feeling  forgotten  by  society.  They  were  unconcerned  about  his  ‘truthful’  or  perceived  societal  use,  and  were  more  concerned  with  

writing  their  narrative  on  his  skin;  he  became  exactly  what  they  needed  as  a  reflection  of  their  cognitive  states.  His  skin  changed.  He  camouflaged  to  suit  the  needs  of  the  perceiver.  His  tangibility  asserts  this  sub  cultures  attraction  to  him.  This  subcultures  use  of  the  Malt  Works  is  a  drastic  contradiction  to  historical  confines  set  on  landscapes  by  political  powers.    

 The  beauty  the  adolescent  subculture  saw  in  the  Malt  Works.  Retrieved  from:  Google  images  10/06/2012          

Considering  subcultures  historically  it  is  important  to  relate  to  interpretations  of  the  Malt  Works  use  through  the  ‘truths’  of  profession.  Considering  subcultures  that  related  to  Malt  is  a  useful  way  of  asserting  the  need  for  over  one  hundred  Malt  Works  in  New  Zealand  from  The  Malt  Works  establishment  in  the  Heathcote  Valley,  Canterbury  in  1875.  The  nursery  rhyme  ‘This  is  the  house  that  Jack  built’  considers  folk  law  developed  in  the  sixteenth  century,  reflective  of  the  perceived  needs  of  people  at  that  point.    “This  is  the  house  that  Jack  built.  This  is  the  malt  that  lay  in  the  house  that  Jack  built.  This  is  the  rat  that  ate  the  malt  That  lay  in  the  house  that  Jack  built.  This  is  the  cat  that  killed  the  rat  That  ate  the  malt  that  lay  in  the  house  that  Jack  built.  This  is  the  dog  that  worried  the  cat  That  killed  the  rat  that  ate  the  malt  

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That  lay  in  the  house  that  Jack  built.”      Malt  had  a  focal  contribution  to  people’s  lives  at  that  time  as  this  staple  ingredient  was  seen  through  households  throughout  England.  Politically  Malt,  and  the  narrative  that  went  along  with  it  of  perceptions  of  the  correct  way  to  live  in  that  era  link  to  political  power  in  the  landscape  via  design  principles  or  truths.  Most  of  these  interpretations  of  the  correct  way  of  living  were  norms’  laid  out  by  the  wealthy  and  powerful.  The  shift  in  social  climate  around  malt,  and  the  Malt  Works  site  in  Heathcote  Valley  reflect  the  changes  in  these  truths  laid  out  by  these  professionals.  No  longer  are  we  set  to  abide  or  conform  to  regulations,  rather  interpret  our  own  meaning  of  landscapes,  resulting  in  the  birth  of  subcultures,  no  longer  so  strongly  set  on  the  fringes  of  society.      This  acceptance  of  inbetween  states  of  place,  and  the  diffusion  of  ‘truths’  laid  out  by  professional’s  links  to  interpretive  critique  of  experience  through  space.  Phenomenology  was  once  disregarded  as  a  way  of  interpreting  landscapes.  Today  it  allows  for  the  admission  of  perspectives  that  were  once  disregarded  as  sound  interpretations  of  place.  It  is  important  to  acknowledge  and  accept  landscapes  through  all  spheres  of  possibility,  including  the  non-­‐visual.  Linking  to  non-­‐visual  aspects  of  site  allow  the  perceiver  to  create  a  more  deeply  rooted  connection  with  landscape  elements.  This  considers  the  cognitive  and  kinesthetic  relationship  between  land  and  people.  This  includes  the  experiential,  as  the  perceiver  begins  to  explore  multi  sensate  conditions  

of  place  looking  at  sensory  aspects  of  phenomenology  as  you  immerse  yourself  within  these  tactile  spaces.      Cognitive  and  kinesthetic  critical  interpretations  through  the  Malt  Works  site  link  to  his  ability  to  evoke  emotion  through  reflective  spaces  created  in  his  midst.  Melancholic  spaces  are  generally  focused  on  through  visual  or  aesthetics  of  space.  Although  the  visual  of  melancholy  is  important  to  reflect  on,  I  also  interpret  the  cognitive  and  kinesthetic  experiential  spaces  through  the  Malt  Works  to  have  melancholic  connotations.  This  is  reflective  of  intimate  spaces  of  reflection  through  the  Malt  Works  ravaged  body.  The  weathered  insides  of  his  carcass  have  a  sense  of  sorrow  and  despair,  as  it  seems  there  is  little  hope  for  him.  It  is  obvious  that  the  subculture  of  the  adolescent  has  experienced  this  and  attempted  to  change  his  sadness  into  joy  through  a  surface  facelift  of  bright  colors  painted  onto  his  dark  and  misshapen  body.    They  have  touched  his  worn  edges,  and  smelt  the  mustiness  of  his  insides  as  they  step  into  his  cold  and  damp  interior.  They  walk  out  and  through  him  in  the  landscape,  and  experienced  the  reassertion  of  nature  covering  his  broken  bits.  Experience  of  landscapes  is  reflective  of  individual  perspectives  of  a  person  or  group  of  peoples.  Design  often  sets  to  ‘place’  experiential  perceptions  on  space,  however  true  experience  in  landscape  is  reflective  of  cognitive  needs  of  the  inhabitant,  and  depends  on  time,  emotion  and  weather  conditions  in  the  landscape,  as  perceptions  may  shift  as  these  elements  change  around  them.    Interpreting  Psychoanalytical  

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linkages  with  landscapes  is  often  common  practice  in  landscape  theory.  Psychoanalytical  landscape  understanding  relates  to  how  people  relate  to  ‘self’  in  spaces.  This  considers  how  the  inhabitant  understands  a  landscape,  as  a  result  of  elements,  which  the  landscape  reveals  to  accommodate  certain  activities  or  uses  for  spaces.  This  would  make  the  landscape  an  element  with  the  ability  to  trick  or  change  people’s  needs.  The  landscape  would  have  the  ability  to  make  the  inhabitant  feel  safe,  or  scared.  This  would  be  seen  in  enclosed  or  open  spaces.  But  is  it  the  landscape  itself  that  creates  these  feelings  for  the  inhabitant?  Or  does  the  designer  set  out  to  evoke  different  emotions  for  the  perceiver,  therefore  making  their  landscape  successful  or  unsuccessful  to  different  users  as  a  result  of  different  components  at  certain  times?  Does  nature  itself  have  the  ability  to  change  people’s  cognitive  state?  Or  is  it  purely  through  design  intervention  that  this  diagnosis  is  reached?    Considering  nature  allowing  a  change  in  people’s  perception  of  space  relates  to  ideas  of  camouflage.  Ken  Smith  observes  Camouflage  with  the  MoMA  Roof  Garden.  This  roof  garden  is  ironic  as  it  intends  not  to  hide  itself  but  to  disregard  it  through  changing  norms  of  camouflage,  in  terms  of  scale  and  pattern.  Changing  these  elements  makes  the  roof  garden  stand  out  rather  than  hide.  This  relates  to  the  ideas  of  ‘fake  naturals’  in  the  landscape  profession,  which  set  out  to  hide  the  ugly  in  society.  Bowering  (2005)  considers  the  MoMA  Roof  

Garden  by  Ken  Smith  in  Revealing  Concealment:  The  Strange  Case  of  the  MoMA  Roof  Garden.  She  states  “The  interpretation  of  camouflage  as  intentional  disguise  is  a  kind  of  misprision.  The  function  of  camouflage  is  not  simply  to  hide  or  conceal.  It  is  a  symptom  of  the  perplexing  and  paradoxical  relationship  of  self  and  other,  and  the  positioning  of  an  object  within  its  milieu.”  (Bowering,  2005)    Considering  psychoanalytical  interpretations  of  camouflage  in  terms  of  the  Malt  works  links  to  his  relationship  with  nature.  Nature  and  the  Malt  Works  have  been  in  discussion.  They  have  joined  forces  in  a  perplexing  and  paradoxical  relationship  and  have  set  an  alliance  against  the  political  confines  wrapped  around  the  Malt  Work’s  lifespan.  Nature  has  grown  fond  of  the  Malt  Works.  Her  roots  are  entwined  with  his  foundations.  She  begins  her  attempt  to  camouflage  him  and  hide  his  deformities  from  society,  submerging  him  in  her  construct.  Her  best  efforts  at  hiding  him  have  failed;  his  scale  and  grandeur  are  too  great.  He  has  been  found,  and  the  predation  begins.    To  conclude,  interpretative  critique  has  been  the  basis  for  my  reflection  of  the  Malt  Works.    My  indepth  experience  and  analysis  of  site  and  relevant  theoretical  bodies  of  thought  have  noted  the  perceiver  as  a  strong  element  of  this  interpretive  critique.  This  has  fuelled  from  the  need  for  personal  reflection  of  site  to  truly  experience  it.  The  imprint  he  has  left  on  people  allows  his  spirit  to  be  remembered,  gone  but  never  forgotten.

   

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 References    Attoe,  W  (1978).  Criticism.  In  Architecture  and  critical  imagination.  New  York,  NY:  Wiley.      Borden,  Iain  (2001).  Another  Pavement,  Another  Beach:  Skateboarding  and  the  Performative  Critique  of  Architecture.  In  Iain  Borden,  Joe  Kerr,  Jane  Rendell  and  Alicia  Pavaro  (eds)  The  Unknown  City:  Contesting  Architecture  and  Social  Space.  Cambridge  MA:  The  MIT  Press.  ISBN  0-­‐262-­‐02471-­‐3  Extract  available  here  

Bowring,  Jacky.  (1995).  Pidgin  Picturesque,  Landscape  Review  2:  56-­‐64.  ISSN  1173-­‐3853    

Bowring,  Jacky.  (2005).  Revealing  Concealment:  The  Strange  Case  of  the  MoMA  Roof  Garden.  Thresholds  (Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology),  30:  18-­‐24.  

Bowring,  Jacky  (2009),  Lament  for  a  Lost  Landscape:  The  High  Line  is  Missing  its  Melancholy  Beauty,  Landscape  Architecture  Magazine,  October  2009:  128-­‐127  (reads  in  reverse  order).ISSN  00238031  

 Neckar,  Lance.  (2005).  Berlin:  Topology  of  Contemplation.  In  Rebecca  Krinke  (ed)  Contemporary  Landscapes  of  Contemplation.  Abingdon,  UK:  Routledge.  ISBN  041570068X      Treib,  Marc.  (1995)  Must  Landscapes  Mean?:  Approaches  to  Significance  in  Recent  Landscape  Architecture.  Landscape  Journal  14(1):  46-­‐62