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Perovskite solar cells Zhihua Xu, Kevin Weeks, Taryn De Rosia Department of Chemical Engineering University of Minnesota - Duluth

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Perovskite solar cells

Zhihua Xu, Kevin Weeks, Taryn De Rosia

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of Minnesota - Duluth

Outline  

•  Introduc.on:  PV  technologies  –  Silicon  

–  Thin  films  

– Mul.junc.ons  

–  Emerging  PVs  

•  Perovskite  solar  cells  

•  VFP  research  projects  

Solar  Energy  Facts  

hBp://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/EnergyConsump/  

•  Solar  Thermal:    •                               Light              Heat  

•  Solar  photovoltaic  (PV):    •                               Light                Electricity  

How  photovoltaic  solar    cells  work?  

Voltage (V)

Cur

rent

(mA

)

Dark  

sunlight  

Short  circuit  current  Isc  

Open  circuit  voltage  VOC  

Maximum  power  point  Fill  factor  FF=  IMVM/ISCVOC  

(%) 100%out SC OC

in in

P I V FFPCEP P

• •= = ×

hBp://www.mysolarprojects.com  

Crystalline  Silicon  PV  

Silicon Feedstock Ingot Growth Slicing Wafers

Cell Fabrication Module Encapsulation Photovoltaic System

Source:  McGehee,  Energy  Seminar  2014  

Why  silicon  PV  s.ll  expensive?  

hBp://solarcellcentral.com/markets_page  

c-­‐Si    produc+on  •  High  temperature  •   Energy-­‐intensive    

c-­‐Si  consump+on  •  Indirect  band  semiconductor  •  Low  absorp.on  coefficient  •  Silicon  thickness  (~200um)  

Power  conversion  efficiency  •  Lab  efficiency  ~25%  •  Module  efficiency  ~18%  

Installa+on  cost  •  Rigid,  heavy-­‐weighted    

Thin  film  PVs  Thin  film  PVs  use  direct  band  gap  semiconductors  as  light  absorber  

•   CdTe,  Amorphous  Si,  CIGS,  GaAs…  

Cons  •  Less  abundant  elements  •  More  complicated  structure  •  Vacuum  processing  •  Lower  efficiency  

Pros:  •  Film  thickness:  100  nm  to  10  um  •  Lower  processing  temperature  •  Light  weight,  flexible  

Thin  film  PVs  are  also  expensive  

Mul.junc.on  PV  

D.  Forbes  and  S.Hubbard,  SPIE  Newsroom,  26  July  2010,    

High  efficiency:  40%  Extremely  expensive  

How  to  bring  the  PV  cost  down?  

•  Earth  abundant  elements  

•   Inexpensive  fabrica.on  §  low-­‐temperature    §  solu.on-­‐  processing  §  roll-­‐to-­‐roll  manufacturing  

•  High  efficiency  

•  Easy  installa.on  §  light  weight  §  flexibility  

Emerging  PVs:    •  Dye  sensi.zed  solar  cells  (DSC)  •  Organic  Solar  cells    

•  Quantum  dot  solar  cells  

•  CZTS  solar  cells  •  Perovskite  solar  cells  (PSC)  

h"p://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/  

PSC  

Organometal  Halide  Perovskites

CH3NH3PbI3

CH3NH3+ Pb2+ I-

A B X

Perovskite ABX3 (CaTiO3)

ü  Low  temperature  

ü  Solu.on  processing  ü  Earth  abundant  elements  

X

I-­‐,  cl-­‐  

CH3NH3PbI3-xClx

ü  High  absop.on  ü  Small  exciton  binding  energy  

ü  Excellent  charge  mobili.es  

J.  Phys.  Chem.  Le".,  2013,  4(15),  pp  2423-­‐2429  

Perovskite  solar  cells  Mesoporous  (DSC)                      vs                    Planar  (thin  film  PV)  

Snaith  et  al,  Nature    501,  395-­‐  398  (2013).  Snaith  et  al,  Science  338,  643–647  (2012)  Grätzel  et  al,  Nature  499,  316-­‐320  (2013)  

Challenges:  •  Device  structure  •  Hysteresis    •  “Lead”  issue  •  Stability  

Ø  Perovskite  light  absorber:  CH3NH3PbI3-­‐xClx  

Ø  TiO2  :compact  film,  20nm  NPs,  200nm  NPs  

•  Film  deposi.on:  one  step  spin  coa.ng  •  ETM:  TiO2  compact  layer  •  HTM:  Spiro-­‐OMeTAD  •  Electrodes:  Ag,  FTO  glass  

Device  fabrica.on  

TiO2  compact  film  

200nm  TiO2  NPs  

20nm  TiO2  NPs  

500nm  

VFP  Research:  The  role  of  TiO2  Nanopa.cles  

To  examine  the  effect  of  TiO2  NPs  on  perovskite    film  morphology,  crystal  structure,  op.cal  and  electronic  proper.es,  and  device  performance  

User  facili.es  at  CFN  

Time-­‐resolved  Confocal  Microscope  

Hitachi  s4800  SEM  

Solar  cell  fabrica.on  systems  

Film  morphology  Compact  TiO2  

20nm  NPs  

200nm  NPs  

50um   5um   1um  

Crystal  Structure  

400 600 800 10000.0

0.5

1.0

abso

rptio

n (a

.u.)

wavelength (nm)

CH3NH3I  +PbCl2  

CH3NH3PbI3-­‐xClx   Annealing  .me  (100oC)  

•  20nm  TiO2:    5min  

•  200nm  TiO2:  30min  

•  Compact  TiO2:  1h  

Peak  posi.on  20nm  >  200nm  >  compact  

10 20 30 40 50 60

0

10

20

30

40

Inte

nsity

(a.u

.)

2 Theta (degree)

*  *  *  *  

Δ  Δ  Δ  

Δ  

Δ  

ΔTiO2  

20nm  TiO2  200nm  TiO2  

Compact  TiO2  

*CH3NH3PbI3-­‐xClx  

TiO2  NPs  may  slightly  change  the  crystal  

structure  ofCH3NH3PbI3-­‐xClx  

PL  of  Perovskite  films  

20 40 60 8010-3

10-2

10-1

100

PS on glass PS on compact TiO2 film PS on 20nm TiO2 NPs PS on 200nm TiO2 NPs

PL

inte

nsity

(a.u

.)

Time (ns)

•  Significant  quenching  of  PL  life.me  indicates  efficient  electron  

transfer    

•  Long  life.me  components  in  compact  and  200nm  TiO2  samples  

•  Varia.ons  in  spectra  (peak  posi.on  and  band  width)  suggest  different  

crystal/defects  structures  

700 8000.0

0.5

1.0

PL

inte

nsity

(a.u

.)

Wavelength (nm)

0 10 20 300.0

0.5

1.0 20nm TiO2 200nm TiO2

compact TiO2

Occ

uran

ce

PL lifetime (ns) 650 700 750 8000.0

0.5

1.0

PL in

tens

ity (a

.u.)

Wavelength (nm)

Fluorescence  life.me  imaging  

200ns  

500ns  

3ns  

7ns  

5ns  

12ns  

2ns  

15ns  

20x20um  

glass   20nm  TiO2   200nm  TiO2   Compact  TiO2  

Correla.on  between  life.me  and  spectra  peak  posi.on  

Two    different  perovskite  structures  !    

Acknowledgements  

•  DOE  Visi.ng  Faculty  Program  (VFP)  

•  Center  for  Func.onal  Nanomateirals  (CFN),  BNL  – Mircea  Cotlet,  Chang-­‐Yong  Nam,  Gwen  Wright,  Mingzhao  Liu,  Huidong  Zang,  and  many  others  

•  Office  of  Educa.on  Program  (OEP),  BNL  – Neol  Blackburn,    Cindi  Biancarosa,  Sal  Gonzalez,  and  the  others