density based traffic signal system using microcontroller

DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEM USING

MICROCONTROLLER

A Report in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for The Award of the

Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (Electronics and Communication Engineering)

To

DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW-160014

SUBMITTED BY

KRITY KUMARI

ROLL NO. 1233331031

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Mr. NAVEEN DUBEY

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RAJ KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN

GHAZIABAD-201003

May, 2016

ii

DECLARATION

I ,Krity Kumari hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this report titled

“Density based Traffic Signal System Using Microcontroller” by me, in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) Degree in “Electronics and

Communication Engineering” at Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology for Women, is an authentic record of my own work

carried out under supervision of Mr Naveen Dubey and Lab coordinator Praveen Kumar.

Date : Krity kumari Roll Number : 1233331031

iii

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report titled “Density based traffic signal system using

microcontroller” submitted by krity kumari in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) Degree in “Electronics and Communication

Engineering” at Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel

Institute of Technology for Women, is an authentic record of work carried out by her under the

supervision of Mr. Naveen Dubey. The project has reached the standards of full filling the

requirement to award the degree.

Date: Mr. Naveen Dubey

(Assistant Professor)

(Project Guide)

Mr. Kunal Lala

(Assistant Professor)

(Project Coordinator)

Mrs. Reshu Gupta

(Head of Department) (External Examiner)

RAJ KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN

Ghaziabad-201013 (UP)

Affiliated to

DR. A.P.J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies that the successful completion of any task would be

incomplete without the mention of people whose ceaseless cooperation made it possible, whose

constant guidance and encouragement crown all efforts with success.

We are grateful to Mr. Naveen dubey, Ms. Reshu Gupta (HOD EC) and all the faculty members

of EC Department for their guidance, inspiration and constructive suggestions that helped us in

the preparation of this report. We are very thankful to our Lab Instructors Mr. Praveen Kumar,

Mr. Pyush Tyagi, Mr. Sanjay Sharma, Mr. Manoj Kumar and Mr. Vijay of EC Department for

their consistence help to complete this task on time.

We also thank our colleagues who have helped in successful completion of the project report.

Date : Krity kumari Roll Number : 1233331031

v

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, controlling the traffic becomes major issue because of rapid increase in automobiles

and also because of large time delays between traffic lights. So, in order to rectify this problem,

we will go for density based traffic lights system. This article explains you how to control the

traffic based on density.

In this system, we will use IR sensors to measure the traffic density. We have to arrange one IR

sensor for each road; these sensors always sense the traffic on that particular road. All these

sensors are interfaced to the microcontroller. Based on these sensors, controller detects the traffic

and controls the traffic system.

vi

Topic Page No.

Declaration ii

Certificate iii

Acknowledgment iv

Abstract v

Contents vi

List of figures viii

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2

2.1 Study of several research paper 2

2.2 Problem definition 3

2.3 Objective 3

Chapter 3: HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4

3.1 Block diagram 4

3.2Components required 4

3.2.1 Atmega32 4

3.2.1.1 Features 5

CONTENTS

vii

4.5 Simulation process 16

4.6 Proteus simulation of circuit 16

4.7 PCB designing process 18

Conclusion 20

Future scope and applications 21

References 22

3.3 IR sensor 8

3.3.1 Technical specification 8

3.4 Resistance 10

3.5 LED 10

Chapter 4: Software design and hardware results 12

4.1 Installing tools for c programming 12

4.2 Using an ICC AVR project 12

4.3 Creating an ICC AVR project 12

4.4 Compiling C code to HEX file 14

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Figure Caption Page No.

3.1 Block diagram of density based traffic system 4

3.2.1

3.3

Atmega 32 pin configuration

IR sensor

5

9

3.4 Resistances used 10

3.5 LED 11

4.3.1 The ICC AVR with project file open 13

4.4.1 Compiling code 14

4.4.2 Continued code 15

4.5 Output on proteus 17

4.7 Final layout of the project 19

Density based traffic signal system using Microcontroller

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Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW , Ghaziabad 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A steady increase in metro-city population, the number of automobiles and cars increases rapidly

and metro traffic is growing crowded which leads to the traffic jam problem. Nowadays,

controlling the traffic becomes major issue because of rapid increase in automobiles and also

because of large time delays between traffic lights. So, in order to rectify this problem, we will go

for density based traffic lights system. This article explains you how to control the traffic based

on density. In this system, we will use IR sensors to measure the traffic density. We have to

arrange one IR sensor for each road; these sensors always sense the traffic on that particular road.

All these sensors are interfaced to the microcontroller. Based on these sensors, controller detects

the traffic and controls the traffic system.

The main heart of this traffic system is microcontroller. IR sensors are connected to the PORT C

(PC0, PC2, PC4, and PC6) of the microcontroller and traffic lights are connected to PORT A and

PORT B. If there is traffic on road then that particular sensor output becomes logic 0 otherwise

logic 1. By receiving these IR sensor outputs, we have to write the program to control the traffic

system. If you receive logic 0 from any of these sensors, we have to give the green signal to that

particular path and give red signal to all other paths. Here continuously we have to monitor the IR

sensors to check for the traffic. We have to place these IR pair in such a way that when we place

an obstacle in front of this IR pair, IR receiver should be able to receive the IR rays. When we

give the power, the transmitted IR rays hit the object and reflect back to the IR receiver. Instead

of traffic lights, you can use LEDs (RED, GREEN, YELLOW). In normal traffic system, you

have to glow the LEDs on time basis. If the traffic density is high on any particular path, then

glows green LED of that particular path and glows the red LEDs for remaining paths.


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Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad 2

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 STUDY OF SEVERAL RESEARCH PAPERS

[1] K.Vidhya, A.Bazila Banu use the Density measurement by using open tool as software for

image processing by just displaying the various conversion of image in the screen and finally

surrounding the box on the vehicle in the given image, the number of vehicle is calculated. They

can calculate the density of the vehicle by using mat lab tool by comparing the four side of the

image which is given as a input. they can simulate the result of the four given input image but this

cannot be used in real time applications as it is very slow and the software is not free of cost like

open to overcome this disadvantage of mat lab, open software is used which is very easy to install

and is open source software and can be used in real time application in a quick manner. In this

paper they have shown the density measurement in the signal by using open in the System..

[2] G.Kavya, B.Saranya: Density Based Intelligent Traffic Signal System Using PIC

Microcontroller, the optimization of traffic light controller in a City using IR sensors and

microcontroller. By using this system configuration tried to reduce the possibilities of traffic

jams, caused by traffic lights, to an extent and successfully gets the results. No. of passing vehicle

in the fixed time slot on the road decide the density range of traffics and on the basis of vehicle

count microcontroller decide the traffic light delays for next recording interval. The recorded data

can be downloaded to the computer through communication between microcontroller and the

computer.

[3] Sachin Jaiswal, Tushar Agarwal ,Akanksha Singh and Lakshita: The project is a

replica of a four way lane crossing of real time scenario. In the first part, concentrated on

problems faced by Ambulances, RFID concept is used to make the Ambulance’s lane Green and

thus providing a stoppage free way for the Ambulance. In the second part, concentrated on

problems faced by Priority vehicles, IR transmitter and receiver are used to make the vehicles’

lane Green and thus preventing traffic congestion. In the third part, concentrated on Traffic

density control, IR transmitter and receiver are used to provide dynamic traffic control and thus


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increasing the duration of the Green light of the lane in which traffic density is high and hence,

regulating traffic.

2.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION

The high volume of vehicles, the inadequate infrastructure and the irrational distribution of the

development are main reasons for increasing traffic jam. The major cause leading to traffic

congestion is the high number of vehicle which was caused by the population and the

development of economy. Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use

increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular

queuing. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic

demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic

stream, these results in some congestion .As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the

intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped

for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic

congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. In order to avoid

the congestion in the traffic. In traffic environments, Traffic Sign Recognition (TSR) is used to

regulate traffic signs, warn the driver, and command or prohibit certain actions. A fast real-time

and robust automatic traffic sign detection and recognition can support and disburden the driver,

and thus, significantly increase driving safety and comfort. Generally, traffic signs provide the

driver various information for safe and efficient navigation Automatic recognition of traffic signs

is, therefore, important for automated intelligent driving vehicle or driver assistance systems.

2.3 OBJECTIVE

During our literature survey we come across many journal papers in which traffic is control with

the help of microcontroller. In this manuscript, I am controlling traffic signal using

microcontroller . It is density based traffic signal system. Here I am utilizing the concept of IR

sensor and control the density of traffic. In this project with the help of command we control the

microcontro


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CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig: 3.1 Block diagram of density based traffic signal system

3.2 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

The components required for this project are:

3.2.1 ATMEGA 32A

The Atmel® ATmega32A is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR®

enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the

ATmega32A achieves throughputs close to 1MIPS per MHz this empowers system designed to

optimize the device for power consumption versus processing speed.


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Fig: 3.2.1 Atmega32 Pin Configuration

VCC: Digital supply voltage.

GND: Ground.

Port A (PA7:PA0): Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves

as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal

pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive

characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as

inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are

activated. The Port A pins are tristated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is

not running.

Port B (PB7:PB0): Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both

high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source

current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tristated when a reset condition


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becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port B also serves the functions of various

special features of the ATmega32A as listed in Alternate Functions of Port B.

Port C (PC7:PC0): Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both

high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source

current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition

becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up

resistors on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.

The TD0 pin is tristated unless TAP states that shift out data are entered. Port C also serves the

functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of the ATmega32A as listed in

Alternate Functions of Port C.

Port D (PD7:PD0): Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both

high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source

current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tristated when a reset condition

becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port D also serves the functions of various

special features of the ATmega32A as listed in Alternate Functions of Port D.

RESET: Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will

generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in System

and Reset Characteristics. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. Related Links

System and Reset Characteristics on page 367

XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating

circuit.

XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally

connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to

VCC through a low-pass filter.

AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter


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3.2.2 Features: The features of the microcontroller Atmega32 are given as:

1. High-performance, Low-power Atmel AVR 8-bit Microcontroller

2. Advanced RISC Architecture

131 Powerful Instructions

Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers

Fully Static Operation

Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16MHz

On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

3. High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

32Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory

1024Bytes EEPROM

2Kbytes Internal SRAM

Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)

Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

Programming Lock for Software Security

4. JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface

Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard

Extensive On-chip Debug Support

Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses

5. Peripheral Features

Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes

One 16-bit Timer/Counter

Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

Four PWM Channels

8-channel, 10-bit ADC

Programmable Serial USART

Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

On-chip Analog Comparator

6. Special Microcontroller Features


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Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator

External and Internal Interrupt Sources

7. I/O and Packages

32 Programmable I/O Lines

40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF

8. Operating Voltages

2.7V - 5.5V for ATmega32L

4.5V - 5.5V for ATmega32

9. Speed Grades

0 - 8MHz for ATmega32L

0 - 16MHz for ATmega32

10. Power Consumption at 1MHz, 3V, 25°C

Active: 1.1mA – Idle Mode: 0.35mA

Power-down Mode: < 1µA

3.3: IR Sensor

IR (INFRARED) sensor is based on LM 358 IC which is an Operational amplifier acting

as comparator. The comparator compares the analog voltages of potentiometer and the vol

tage generated by the photodiode. The two voltages are applied on the two terminals of the IC and

correspondingly it generates a digital output on the output pin that is indicated by a Red Led.The

IR sensor is compatible with various microcontroller boards like 8051, Arduino, pic etc. This

shield is based on the working of a circuit comprising op-amp, an IR led and photodiode the

output generate by the sensor is due the comparator action of the opamp (LM358). The Compares

the two voltages that is generated by the photodiode and the potentiometer. When

the value of voltage Vd generated by photodiode is greater than the voltage set on the

potentiometer, the output is HIGH and vice versa.


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Fig. 3.3 IR SENSOR

Pin 1 VCC

Pin 2 Ground (GND)

Pin 3 Output

Table 3.3 Pin description

3.3.1 Technical Specifications:

2-12cm range

Potentiometer for maximum range setting.

Can be used to differentiate between black and white (Can be used for line sensing) .

Onboard LED indication for detection

Works on 5V input.

TTL compatible output .

LM358 IC (Integrated Circuit) that acts as a comparator/ ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) IC

which makes it digital sensor.


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3.4 RESISTANCE

The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the passage of an electric

current through that conductor. The inverse quantity is electrical conductance, the ease with

which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the

notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while

electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S).

An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its resistivity and length and

inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All materials show some resistance, except for

superconductors, which have a resistance of zero.

Fig. 3.4 Resistances used

3.5 LED A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor HYPERLINK light source. It is a pn-

junction HYPERLIN diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied

to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing

energy in the form of photons.

This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy


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of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

Fig 3.5 LED

Density based traffic signal and system using Microcontroller

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Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad 12

CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE DESIGN AND HARDWARE RESULT

4.1 INSTALLING TOOLS FOR C PROGRAMMING

To work with the Atmel AVR microcontroller using the C programming language, two

tools are required: AVR Studio and AVR.

1. AVR Studio is an integrated development environment that includes an editor, the

assembler, HEX file downloader and a microcontroller emulator.

2. ICC AVR is for a ICC-based compiler for AVR. It appears in AVR Studio as a plug-

in. ICC AVR also includes a program called Programmer’s Notepad that can be used

to edit and compile C programs, independently of AVR Studio. Installing these tools

is easy, just download and run the setup files, and accept the default installation

options. Remember to install AVR Studio first before ICC-AVR.

3. It supports inline assembly and can interface with assembly modules.

4. It supports all AT90S and ATMega devices and AT94K FPSLIC.

5. Modern IDE with code folding, workspace and project management, one click access

to function definitions, etc.

4.2 USING AVR STUDIO FOR C PROGRAMMING

After creating a simple C program for the Atmel AVR you will be guided through

four major stages:

1. Creating an AVR Studio project.

2. Compiling C code to HEX file.

3. Debugging C program using the simulator.

4. Downloading HEX file to the proteus software and simulating it.

4.3 CREATING AN ICC AVR PROJECT

Perform the following steps to create a simple AVR project.

1. Start the ICC AVR program by selecting atmega 32 from application builder.

2. Select Project | New Project. In the dialog box that appears and specify the

project name and project location.

If options ‘Create new file’, an empty C file and will be created for you. In this

case, we create a file called ‘led’.


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Fig. 4.3.1 Entering project type

4. In the ‘Select debug platform and device’ dialog that appears choose ‘AVR

Simulator’ as the debug platform and ‘ATMEGA32’ as the device.

Click button Finish.

Note: If you want to use other AVR chips such as ATMAGE8515, select it at this step. In this

tutorial, we will use ATMEGA32 for both software simulation and hardware testing.

5. A project file will be created and ICC AVR displays an empty file led.c. Enter the

C code.


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Figure 4.3.2: The ICC AVR with a project file open.

4.4 COMPILING C CODE TO HEX FILE

1. Click menu Build | Rebuild All to compile the C code.

2. If there is no error message, a file called led.hex will be produced .This file

contains the machine code that is ready to be downloaded to the ATMEGA32

microcontroller. The file is stored in sub-folder ‘\default’ of your project.

3. If there are error messages, check your C code. Most often, they are caused by

some typos or syntax errors.

4. And after checking this program, burn on burner kit so that hardware can work


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successfully

Fig. 4.4.1 Compiling code

5. While debugging the C program, you can change the contents of a register. For

example, to change Port A Input Pins register (PINA), click on the value column

of PINA and enter a new value This change takes effect immediately.

Subsequently, the contents of PORTB will be 0x04 after running the two C

instruction.


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Fig. 4.4.2 Continued code

6. To monitor a C variable, select the variable name in the code window and click

menu.

7. Debug | Quick Watch. The variable will be added to a watch window.

4.5 SIMULATION PROCESS

1. Proteus8.1 is best simulation software for various designs with microcontroller.

2. It is a handy tool to test programs and embedded designs for electronics hobbyist.

3. Basically PROTEUS is also simulating software but it helps you attach many

components with the 8051. Like resistors, capacitors, LEDs, LCDs, keypads, ICs

etc. and these are just few that I have named in general. It has a complete library

and you will find everything that you will ever need. You can design your

complete circuit and then simulate it to view the final output. This means that after

perfecting your project on the programming side in KEIL, you'll need to simulate

it on PROTEUS to determine the output of the hardware components and change it

if need be. This will completely ensure your project's success

4. Open the Proteus and then create a new project by clicking on new project button.

5. Now give a Name to our project and do not change anything, just follow the


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default options and click Next until you see Finish button.

6. Draw the circuit diagram by clicking on Schematic Capture button and then add

the components by Click P button followed by Component button under Devices

for picking components.

7. Choose your component by simply typing the name at Keyword box. After

selecting item click OK and the selected components will listed under Devices.

8. Now draw the circuit diagram i.e make the connection.

9. Simulate the circuit by clicking on run button.

Fig.4.5 Output when simulation start on proteus

4.6 PROTEUS SIMULATION OF CIRCUIT

Using proteus software we have interfaced At mega 32A, LED and IR module.


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4.7 PCB DESIGNING PROCES It is used to mechanically support and electrically connect Electrical component using

conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a

nonconductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring

board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also

known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used in virtually

all but the simplest commercially-produced electronic devices. PCBs are inexpensive, and can

be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either

wire wrap or point-to-point construction, but are much cheaper and faster for high volume

production and soldering od PCBs can be done by totally automated equipment. Much of the

electronics industry’s PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards

that are published by the IPC organization.

Development of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th

century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated

to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical

methods of plating conductors onto linen paper in 1904 Arthur Berry in 1913 patented a print-

and-etch method in Britain, and in the United States Max Schoop obtained a patent to flame-

spray metal onto a board through a patterned mask. Charles Durcase in 1927 patented a

method of electroplating circuit patterns.

1. Boards should be clean, washing up liquid, cream cleaners etc the board should be

scoured clean, and rinsed thoroughly, water should form into droplets and roll off the

board as a sign of cleanliness.

2. Thoroughly dry the board, wipe with clean drying cloth, warm air (hair dryer) and

warm in an oven if possible.

3. Draw your design onto the board, holding the board by the edges when working.

Allow the ink of the design to completely dry. Thickness of ink should not be a

problem if allowed to dry fully.

4. With the types of board provided with the kits the solution of ferric chloride (PCB

etchant) should be suitable to be used as supplied.

5. Temperature of the etchant should be around room temperature, in the 21°C to 24°C


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preferable – the warmer the etchant the faster the etching action.

6. Pour the etchant into the tray provided and carefully lay the copper board into the

etchant. Plastic gloves should be used throughout this part of the operation.

7. The tray should be held by the handles at each end and the etchant gently rocked to

and fro across the copper board to ensure an even etching process across the face of

the board. Turning the board over will also help to ensure an even process.

8. To ensure the process is working correctly, gently rub a gloved finger over the board

surface to ascertain how well the process is progressing. You should begin to see the

effects of the removal of copper quite quickly at least within 4 to 5 minutes if not

sooner.

9. With fresh etchant, depending on a number of variables such as ambient temperature,

temperature of the etchant, complexity of circuit design, cleanliness of the board.

The time taken to etch the board should be less than 10 minutes, probably around 6

to 7 minutes.

Fig. 4.7 Final layout of the project

Density based traffic signal system using

Microcontroller 2016


CONCLUSION

In this project, I have implemented density based traffic signal system using microcontroller. The

hardware equipment is tested and result is obtained. This project is cost effective. Implementation of

this project in present day will effectively solve the traffic congestion which is a severe problem in

many modern cities all over the world .Consider a scenario of highly congested area where many

vehicles such as personal transport, public transport and emergency vehicles (Ambulance, Fire brigade,

VIP cars and other rescue vehicles) have to wait for long for the change of traffic signals at intersection

points. This leads to the wastage of precious time especially in case of rescue vehicles for emergency

conditions It is possible to propose dynamic time-based coordination schemes where the green signal

time of the traffic lights is assigned based on the present conditions of traffic. This is achieved by using

IR sensors across the road to monitor the length of vehicles blocking the road traffic. The signals from

the IR receivers are fed to the microcontroller to follow the program with the time as desired. With a

slight modification this project can be implemented in a nearby area.




FUTUTRE SCOPE

As the system takes care of few of the drawbacks of the existing system, there is scope for further

improvement and expansion of this work. The system can be expanded with smart traffic light control

and congestion avoidance system during emergencies emergency cars such as fire engines and

ambulances and have priority over other traffic. This system gives highest priority to emergency

vehicles to pass them. A development of an intelligent traffic signal control (ITSC) system needed

because present traffic light controllers are based on old microcontroller such as AT89C51 which has

very less internal memory and no in-built ADC. These systems have limitation because they will use

the predefined program that does not have the flexibility of modification on real time application.

The approach discussed in above is novel and has achieved the target to control traffic signal system

satisfying user needs and requirements.

In this project in future i can add module for sensing whose range is more than IR module. I will

modify my coding for controlling the traffic signal according to density.




REFERENCES

1. Zhang Yuye & Yan Weisheng, (2009) “Research of Traffic Signal Light Intelligent Control

System Based On Microcontroller”, First International Workshop on Education Technology

and Computer Science,pp301- 303. Y.Zhao and Z.Ye, “A Low Cost GSM/GPRS Based

Wireless Home Security System”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 54, No.

2, pp.200-215, (2008).

2. Manoj Kanta Mainali & Shingo Mabu (2010) “Evolutionary Approach for the Traffic Volume

Estimation of Road Sections”, pp100- 105, IEEE.

3. Shilpa S. Chavan, Dr. R. S. Deshpande & J. G. Rana (2009) “Design of Intelligent Traffic

Light Controller Using Embedded System” Second International Conference on Emerging

Trends in Engineering and Technology, pp1086- 1091.

4. Xu Li, Wei Shu, Minglu Li, Hong-Yu Huang, Pei-En Luo, and Min-You Wu, “Performance

Evaluation of Vehicle-Based Mobile Sensor Networks for Traffic Monitoring” IEEE 2009 .

5. Manoj KantaMainali& Shingo Mabu (2010) “Evolutionary Approach for the Traffic Volume

Estimation of Road Sections”, pp100- 105, IEEE.

6. Ahmed S. Salama, Bahaa K. Saleh, Mohamad M. Eassa “Intelligent Cross Road Traffic

Management System”, (ICRTMS), 2010 2nd International Conference on Computer

Technology and Development (ICCTD 2010).