density based traffic control system
DESCRIPTION
hi this is the project regarding density based traffic control system very useful and nice topic for the project as well as seminar purposeTRANSCRIPT
DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM
A Thesis
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
D.MANOJ (09261A0215)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, A.P.)
Chaitanya Bharathi P.O., Gandipet, Hyderabad – 500 075
2012
DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC CONTROL
SYSTEM
A Thesis
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
D.MANOJ (09261A0215)
Under the esteemed guidance of
Dr.P.ChandrasekharAssosciate Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringMAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, A.P.)
Chaitanya Bharathi P.O., Gandipet, Hyderabad – 500 0752012
MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, A.P.)Chaitanya Bharathi P.O., Gandipet, Hyderabad-500 075
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC
CONTROL SYSTEM is being submitted by D.MANOJ(09261A0215) in partial fulfillment
for the award of Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL &
ELCTRONICS ENGINEERING to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad during the academic year 2012-13 is a record of bonafide work carried out by
him under our guidance and supervision .
The results embodied in this report have not been submitted by the student(s) to any
other University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma. (Font: 14, TNR, italic)
MINIPROJECT COORDINATOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
Dr.P.Chandrasekhar Dr.M.Ramachandra Rao, Associate Professor, Professor & Head, Dept. of EEE, Dept. of EEE, MGIT, MGIT, Hyderabad. Hyderabad. “CERTIFICATE OF THE INTITUTE”
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my beloved Principal Dr. G Chandra
Mohan Reddy, for the valuable guidance and for permitting us to carry out this project.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my beloved professor Dr. D Raghu
Rami Reddy, Professor and Head, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
for the valuable guidance and suggestions, keen interest and through encouragement
extended throughout period of project work.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my beloved project guide
Mr.V.Ramakrishna for the valuable guidance and suggestions, keen interest and through
encouragement extended throughout period of project work.
I take immense pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to our beloved Guide
Dr.P.Chandrasekhar,Associate professor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for
his valuable suggestions and rare insights, for constant source of encouragement and
inspiration through out my project work.
I express my thanks to all those who contributed for the successful completion
of my project work.
With gratitude,
1 D.MANOJ ________________
CONTENTS
PAGE NO
ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF TABLES iii
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIM---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM--------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION----------------------------- 3
1.4 IR TRANSMITTER & IR RECEIVER----------------------------- 3
1.5 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM------------------------------------------- 6
1.6 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM EXPLANATION---------------------- 7
CHAPTER 2:HARDWARE COMPONENTS
2.1 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER---------------------------------- 8
2.1.1 DISCRIPTION---------------------------------------------------- 8
2.1.2 FEATURES------------------------------------------------------- 9
2.1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM--------------------------------------------- 10
2.1.4 PIN DIAGRAM-------------------------------------------------- 11
2.1.5 PIN DISCRIPTION---------------------------------------------- 12
2.2 POWER SUPPLY------------------------------------------------------ 20
2.3 REGULATOR---------------------------------------------------------- 20
2.4 TRANSFORMER------------------------------------------------------ 21
2.5 CAPACITOR FILTER------------------------------------------------ 22
2.6 LEDS--------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
2.6.1 FUNCTION-------------------------------------------------------- 23
2.6.2 CONNECTING AND SOLDERING--------------------------- 23
2.6.3 TESTING AN LED----------------------------------------------- 24
2.7 IR LED------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
2.7.1 DESCRIPTION----------------------------------------------------24
2.7.2 FEATURES-------------------------------------------------------- 25
CHAPTER3: LCD INTEERFACING
3.1 INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------ 25
3.2 PIN DISCRIPTION---------------------------------------------------- 25
CHAPTER4: WORKING FLOW OF PROJECT & CONCLUSION
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM---------------------------------------------------- 30
4.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION--------------------------------------------- 31
4.3 SOFTWARE------------------------------------------------------------- 32
4.3.1 KEIL VISION------------------------------------------------------ 32
4.3.2 EMBEDDED------------------------------------------------------- 33
4.4 CONCLUSION---------------------------------------------------------- 34
REFERENCES------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
ABSTRACT
Traffic is formally organized in many jurisdictions, with marked lanes, junctions,
intersections, interchanges, traffic signals, or signs. Traffic is often classified by type: heavy
motor vehicle (e.g., car, truck); other vehicle (e.g., moped, bicycle); and pedestrian. Different
classes may share speed limits and easement, or may be segregated. Some jurisdictions may
have very detailed and complex rules of the road.
One of the main problems in our city’s is traffic, this project proposed new solution to
traffic control. The main design accept of this project is to control the traffic automatically
and adding human inelegancy to that automatic controller. "Four-way" intersection is the
most common configuration for roads that cross each other, and the most basic type. If
signals do not control a 4-way intersection, signs or other features are typically used to
control movements and make clear priorities.
In this project we are going to use IR communication to analyze traffic density. IR
signals from IR receiver are given to microcontroller and microcontroller gives appropriate
result according to traffic. For better result we are going to use some bunch of IR transmitters
and IR receivers in all directions. When there is a more traffic in one side more no. of IR
receivers will not get the signals and result will compare with all other directions and
microcontroller gives green signals at one side where more no of IR receivers will not get the
signals.
For IR communication we are using an IR transmitter and IR receiver. Here IR LED
will acts as a transmitter. As we know microcontroller having inbuilt I/O ports and we are
interfacing IR receivers to those I/O ports. For controlling of traffic we are using red, green
and yellow color LED’s. These LED’s are connected to different I/O ports of
microcontroller. When there is a more traffic microcontroller gives signal to green LED and
it will glow. So by using this project we can control the traffic automatically like a human
being.
(i)
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG 1.1.a: A JUNCTION WITH LED & IR SENSORS--------------------------------------- 1
FIG 1.2.a: BLOCK DIAGRAM------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
FIG 1.4.a: CIRCUIT OF IR TRANSMITTER--------------------------------------------------- 4
FIG 1.4.b: CIRCUIT OF IR RECEIVER--------------------------------------------------------- 4
FIG 1.5.a : SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF CIRCUIT------------------------------------------- 6
FIG 2.1.a: AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER--------------------------------------------------- 9
FIG 2.1.b: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER------------------- 10
FIG 2.1.c: PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52---------------------------------------------- 11
FIG 2.1.d: OSCILLATOR CONNECTIONS--------------------------------------------------- 18
FIG 2.1.e: EXTERNAL CLOCK DRIVE CONFIGURATION------------------------------ 19
FIG 2.2.a: REGULATED POWER SUPPLY--------------------------------------------------- 20
FIG 2.3.a: EXAMPLE CIRCUIT SHOWING
5V DC OUTPUT ----------------------------------------------------------- 21
FIG 2.4.a: AN ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER--------------------------------------------- 22
FIG 2.6.a: LED-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
FIG 2.6.b: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF LED----------------------------------------------------- 23
FIG 2.7.a: IR LED---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
FIG 2.7.b: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF IR LED-------------------------------------------- 24
FIG 4.1.a: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WORKING OF PROJECT---------------------------- 30
(ii)
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1.A: PORTS SHOWING THE ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS AT PORT 1----- 12
TABLE 2.1.B: PORTS SHOWING THE ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS AT PORT 3----- 14
TABLE2.1.C: TIMER 2 OPERATING MODES--------------------------------------- 17
TABLE 3.2.A: PIN DISCRIPTION OF LCD------------------------------------------- 26
TABLE4.3.A: EMBEDDED “C” DATA TYPES------------------------------------------------ 33
(iii)
CHAPTER-1
Introduction
1.1 AIM:
The project “intelligent traffic management system for metro cites”, is based on the
microcontroller which will provide the controlling of the traffic depending upon the density.
According to the signaling i.e. continuity between the IR transmitter and IR receiver the
Timing of the green, red lights will be glown for the particular time depending upon the
density.
The micro controller will monitor the all control functionalities. According to the controller
signalling the density will be monitored by lights.
Microcontroller based traffic control system is an application specific project, which is used
to control the traffic. An embedded system is developed which consists of a microcontroller,
IR transmitter and receiver, LED’s
This project is implemented by placing IR transmitters, receivers and led’s at the 4 way
junction, the four paths are represented as R1,R2,R3,R4
FIG 1.1.a: A JUNCTION WITH LED & IR SENSORS
Transmitters and receivers are placed at either sides of the four paths, and 4 led’s at corner of
the junction When there is a traffic along the paths,value of R would be 000 which are the
values of IR sensors and if there is no traffic the value is 111
1
1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
FIG 1.2.a: BLOCK DIAGRAM
2
1.3 Block diagram explanation:
Micro controller(ATS8952)
POWER SUPPLY
Signals from IR receivers from all directions
RED
GREEN
ROAD 3
RED
GREEN
ROAD 4
RED
GREEN
ROAD 1 RED
GREEN
ROAD 2
IR Transmitter signalsFrom all directions
The main objective of this project is to control the traffic depending upon the
density .As there is much time wastage with the traffic lights which involves the Time, we
are designing the new system which controls the traffic depending upon the density.
Here we place IR transmitter and the IR receivers at both ends of the roads. Whenever the
vehicles pass in-between them the continuity will be lost. Hence the microcontroller senses
the density is high.
Then the microcontroller will be making the light (green) to be glow much time at the place
where the traffic is high.
The same procedure will be followed by four sides of the road. The signalling from the four
sides will be taken into consideration and depending upon the density controller will make
the decision .
The system uses a compact circuitry build around flash version of AT89S52
Microcontroller with a non-volatile memory. Programs will be developed in EMBEDDED C
language. FLASH MAGIC is used for loading of programs into microcontroller.
1.4 IR TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER:
The purpose of the transmitter is to transform the information we want to send into a signal
that can be propagated by the channel. In the case of our wired copper channel, this means
we want the information to be transformed into a modulated voltage level, something like the
pulse train. For a wireless channel, however, the transmitter needs to encode the information
onto an EM wave that can be easily propagated.
3
IR TRANSMITTER:
FIG 1.4.a: CIRCUIT OF IR TRANSMITTER
The IR transmitter part consists of an Infra red light emitting diode that can capable of
sending modulated data within infra red band. To match the receiver frequency the the data is
modulated at 38.7 KHZ by configuring 555 timer at astable mode of operation, which
generates frequency using the components R2 and C2 as shown in above fig. This frequency
can be varied over a long range just by varying the preset R1 and C1.
IR RECEIVER:
FIG 1.4.b: CIRCUIT OF IR RECEIVER
4
The IR receiver consists of TSOP 1738 module which is a simple yet effective IR proximity
sensor built around the TSOP 1738 module. The TSOP module is commonly found at the
receiving end of an IR remote control system; e.g., in TVs, CD players etc. These modules
require the incoming data to be modulated at a particular frequency and would ignore any
other IR signals. It is also immune to ambient IR light, so one can easily use these sensors
Outdoororunderheavilyconditions.
Such modules are available for different carrier frequencies from 32 kHz to 42kHz.
In this particular proximity sensor, we will be generating a constant stream of square wave
signal using IC555 centered at 38 kHz and would use it to drive an IR led. So whenever this
signal bounces off the obstacles, the receiver would detect it and change its output. Since the
TSOP 1738 module works in the active-low configuration, its output would normally remain
high and would go low when it detects the signal (the obstacle).
Basically an ir sensor is used for detecting an obstacle, there are some areas where valuable
things are placed, an IR transmitter and receiver is placed there, an infrared path is
established and if any person comes into that path the buzzer gets on which gives out a long
beep Similarly a fire sensor is used to detect fire
The sensed data is given to the microcontroller, processing is done according to the logic in
the microcontroller and then writes onto GSM which will further send sms to the mobile at
the user
A buzzer is interfaced to microcontroller to give out a beep sound whenever an obstacle and
fire is detected
5
1.5 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
FIG 1.5.a : SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF CIRCUIT
6
1.6 SCHEMATIC EXPLANATION:power supply:
The schematic diagram gives the basic hardware connections used in the project.
Beginning from the power supply the secondary of the step-down transformer wires are
given to the two ends (2,4) of bridge rectifier which is having the four diodes in the bridge
formate.The other two ends 1,3)are connected to the input(pin 1) and output pin 3 of the 7805
regulator and pin no 2 is connected to ground as shown in schematic diagram. The 1000
micro farad capacitor is connected in between the bridge rectifier and regulator to eliminate
the ac ripples presented in the rectified output. The 100 micro farad capacitor is used to
eliminate the noise at regulator output. Now 5V is available at the pin no 3 of regulator and
connected to pin no 40 of micro controller.
AT89S52 Micro controller :
The 8051 micro controller consists 40 pins and every pin has its own functionality as
shown in the schematic diagram.
The port 0 is having the pull up resistor which is having eight 10K resistors in
parallel each connected to the each pin of it.
IR LED:
The IR LED is arranged with a resistor ,in such a way that Vcc is applied to the positive
terminal of the IR LED.These are connected to the port 1 of the microcontroller.
IR RECEIVER:
The IR receivers are arranged with the transistor logic as shown in the diagram.
The two transistors are connected in such a manner that collector terminal is connected to the
base terminal of the other. The photo diode is connected to the base of the transistor along
with the combination of the resistor.
The IR Receivers are connected to the port 2 P2.0,,P2.1,P2.2,P2.3 pins of the
microcontroller.
7
CHAPTER-2HARDWARE COMPONENTS
2.1 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER:
2.1.1Description:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with
8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured
using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with
the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile
memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard
features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two
data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture,
a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the
AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU
while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the
oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
8
FIG 2.1.a: AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER
2.1.2 Features :
• Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer
• Dual Data Pointer
9
• Power-off Flag
• Fast Programming Time
• Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
• Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option
2.1.3BlockDiagram:
FIG 2.1.b: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER
10
2.1.4 PIN DIAGRAM:
FIG 2.1.c: PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52
11
Pin Description:
VCC :Supply voltage.
GND: Ground.
Port 0 :Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-
impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data
bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-
ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes
dur-ing program verification.
Port 1:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the
inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and
P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the
timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the follow-ing table.
Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
TABLE 2.1.A: PORTS SHOWING THE ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS AT PORT 1
12
Port 2:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the
inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-
order address byte during fetches from external program memory and dur-ing accesses to
external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2
uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that
use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function
Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during
Flash program-ming and verification.
Port Pin Alternate Functions:
P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2
capture/reload trigger and direction control) P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming)
P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming) P1.7 SCK (used for In-System
Programming)5 1919D–MICRO–6/
Port 3:
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the
inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control
signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various
special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the fol-lowing table.
13
TABLE 2.1.B:PORTS SHOWING THE ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS AT PORT 3
RST:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets
the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The
DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default
state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during
Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the
oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note,
however, that one ALE pulse is skipped dur-ing each access to external data memory. If
desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit
set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly
pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external
execution mode
14
PSEN: Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.When
the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice
each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped
XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2 :Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Program Memory:
If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On
the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through
1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are
to external memory.
Data Memory: The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128
bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the
upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from
SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address
mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of
RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. For
example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H
(which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper
128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0
contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is
0A0H). MOV @R0, #data Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so
the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.
15
Watchdog Timer (One-time Enabled with Reset-out):
The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be subjected to
software upsets. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer Reset
(WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a
user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H).
When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is
running. The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no
way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset).
When WDT over-flows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin.
Using the WDT:
To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register
(SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, the user needs to service it by writing
01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid a WDT overflow. The 14-bit counter overflows when
it reaches 16383 (3FFFH), and this will reset the device. When the WDT is enabled, it will
increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. This means the user must reset
the WDT at least every 16383 machine cycles. To reset the WDT the user must write 01EH
and 0E1H to WDTRST. WDTRST is a write-only register. The WDT counter cannot be read
or written. WhenWDT overflows, it will generate an output RESET pulse at the RST pin.
The RESET pulse dura-tion is 98xTOSC, where TOSC = 1/FOSC. To make the best use of
the WDT, it should be serviced in those sections of code that will periodically be executed
within the time required to prevent a WDT reset.
UART :The UART in the AT89S52 operates the same way as the UART in the AT89S52
and AT89C52.
16
Timer 0 and 1
Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the
AT89S52 and AT89C52.
Timer 2
Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The
type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 5-2). Timer 2
has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate
generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 10-1. Timer 2
consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is
incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the
count rate is 1/12 of the oscil-lator frequency.
TABLE2.1.C: TIMER 2 OPERATING MODES
In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its
corre-sponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during
S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the
next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during
S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the
17
transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to
recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To
ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held
for at least one full machine cycle.
Oscillator Characteristics:
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can
be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 16-1. Either a quartz
crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source,
XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in Figure 16-2. There
are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the
internal clock-ing circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum
voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
FIG2.1.d: oscillator connections
18
FIG 2.1.e: External clock drive configuration
Programming the Flash – Parallel Mode:
The AT89S52 is shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array ready to be programmed. The
programming interface needs a high-voltage (12-volt) program enable signal and is
compatible with conventional third-party Flash or EPROM programmers. The AT89S52
code memory array is programmed byte-by-byte.
Programming Algorithm:
Before programming the AT89S52, the address, data, and control signals should be set up
according to the “Flash Programming Modes” (Table 22-1) and Figure 22-1 and Figure 22-2.
To program the AT89S52, take the following steps: 1. Input the desired memory location on
the address lines. 2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines. 3. Activate the correct
combination of control signals. 4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V. 5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to
program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and
typically takes no more than 50 μs. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data
for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.
19
2.2 Power supply:
The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a
suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power supply can by
broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c
power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains
fluctuations or load variations is known as “Regulated D.C Power Supply”
FIG 2.2.a: 5V Regulated power supply
2.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators
are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic
protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal
protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power
transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to
20
use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything
from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and
then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.
FIG 2.3.a: example circuit showing 5v DC output
2.4 Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one
Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of
power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity
is AC. Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in
output voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously
high mains voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output
coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead
they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the
transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.
Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note
that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on
each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down
transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the
high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give
a low output voltage.
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FIG 2.4.a: An Electrical Transformer
Turns ratio = Vp/ VS = Np/NS
Power Out= Power In
VS X IS=VP X IP
Vp = primary (input) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
2.5 Capacitor Filter
We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121%
or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high percentages of
ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be removed by one of the
following methods of filtering.
(a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by –pass for the ripples voltage
though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to appears the load.
(b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to
high impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the d.c (due to low resistance to d.c)
(c) Various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter section filter,
multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the properties mentioned in (a) and (b)
above. Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied on half wave rectifier and another with full
wave rectifier.
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Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC
supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage
from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC,
and then discharges as it supplies current to the output. Filtering significantly increases the
average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 × RMS value).
To calculate the value of capacitor(C),
C = ¼*√3*f*r*Rl
Where,
f = supply frequency,
r = ripple factor,
Rl = load resistance
Note: In our circuit we are using 1000µF. Hence large value of capacitor is placed to
reduce ripples and to improve the DC component.
2.6 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Example: Circuit symbol:
FIG 2.6.a: LED FIG 2.6.b:CIRCUIT OF LED
2.6.1 Function:
LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.
2.6.2 Connecting and soldering:
LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labelled a or +
for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is the
short lead and there may be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the
LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but this is not an official identification method).
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LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are
very slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs.
2.6.3 Testing an LED:
Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply!
It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass through and burn it
out. LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick testing
purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V or less.
Remember to connect the LED the correct way round!
2.7 IR LED:
2.7.1 DESCRIPTION:
The QED233 / QED234 is a 940 nm GaAs/AlGaAs LED encapsulated in a clear untinted,
plastic T-1 3/4 package.
FIG2.7.A: IR LED FIG2.7.B: SCHEMATIC OF IR LED
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2.7.2 FEATURES:
• Lambda= 940 nm
• Chip material =GaAs with AlGaAs window
• Package type: T-1 3/4 (5mm lens diameter)
• Matched Photo sensor: QSD122/123/124
• Medium Emission Angle, 40°
• High Output Power
• Package material and color: Clear, untinted, plastic
• Ideal for remote control applications
CHAPTER-3
LCD INTERFACING
3.1 Introduction:
The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's HD44780 controller
or other which are compatible with HD44580. In this tutorial, we will discuss about character
based LCDs, their interfacing with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit),
programming, special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which can
give a new look to your application.
3.2 Pin Discription:
The most commonly used LCD’s found in the market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line
LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80 characters, whereas LCDs
supporting more than 80 characters make use of 2 HD44780 controllers.
Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two pins
are extra in both for back-light LED connections). Pin description is shown in the table
below.
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TABLE 3.2.A: PIN DISCRIPTION OF LCD
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Pin No. Name Description
Pin no. 1 VSS Power supply (GND)
Pin no. 2 VCC Power supply (+5V)
Pin no. 3 VEE Contrast adjust
Pin no. 4 RS0 = Instruction input
1 = Data input
Pin no. 5 R/W0 = Write to LCD module
1 = Read from LCD module
Pin no. 6 EN Enable signal
Pin no. 7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)
Pin no. 8 D1 Data bus line 1
Pin no. 9 D2 Data bus line 2
Pin no. 10 D3 Data bus line 3
Pin no. 11 D4 Data bus line 4
Pin no. 12 D5 Data bus line 5
Pin no. 13 D6 Data bus line 6
Pin no. 14 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)
DDRAM - Display Data RAM:
Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit character codes. Its
extended capacity is 80 X 8 bits, or 80 characters. The area in display data RAM (DDRAM)
that is not used for display can be used as general data RAM. So whatever you send on the
DDRAM is actually displayed on the LCD. For LCDs like 1x16, only 16 characters are
visible, so whatever you write after 16 chars is written in DDRAM
CGROM - Character Generator ROM:
Now you might be thinking that when you send an ASCII value to DDRAM, how the
character is displayed on LCD? So the answer is CGROM. The character generator ROM
generates 5 x 8 dot or 5 x 10 dot character patterns from 8-bit character codes (see Figure 5
and Figure 6 for more details). It can generate 208 5 x 8 dot character patterns and 32 5 x 10
dot character patterns. User defined character patterns are also available by mask-
programmed ROM.As you can see in both the code maps, the character code from 0x00 to
0x07 is occupied by the CGRAM characters or the user defined characters. If user wants to
display the fourth custom character then the code to display it is 0x03 i.e. when user sends
0x03 code to the LCD DDRAM then the fourth user created character or pattern will be
displayed on the LCD.
CGRAM - Character Generator RAM:
As clear from the name, CGRAM area is used to create custom characters in LCD. In the
character generator RAM, the user can rewrite character patterns by program. For 5 x 8 dots,
eight character patterns can be written, and for 5 x 10 dots, four character patterns can be
written.
BF - Busy Flag:
Busy Flag is a status indicator flag for LCD. When we send a command or data to the LCD
for processing, this flag is set (i.e. BF =1) and as soon as the instruction is executed
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successfully this flag is cleared (BF = 0). This is helpful in producing and exact amount of
delay for the LCD processing.To read Busy Flag, the condition RS = 0 and R/W = 1 must be
met and The MSB of the LCD data bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 means LCD is
busy and will not accept next command or data and BF = 0 means LCD is ready for the next
command or data to process.
Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register (DR):
There are two 8-bit registers in HD44780 controller Instruction and Data register. Instruction
register corresponds to the register where you send commands to LCD e.g. LCD shift
command, LCD clear, LCD address etc. and Data register is used for storing data which is to
be displayed on LCD. When send the enable signal of the LCD is asserted, the data on the
pins is latched in to the data register and data is then moved automatically to the DDRAM
andhenceisdisplayedontheLCD.
Data Register is not only used for sending data to DDRAM but also for CGRAM, the address
where you want to send the data, is decided by the instruction you send to LCD.
4-bit programming of LCD:
In 4-bit mode the data is sent in nibbles, first we send the higher nibble and then the lower
nibble. To enable the 4-bit mode of LCD, we need to follow special sequence of initialization
that tells the LCD controller that user has selected 4-bit mode of operation. We call this
special sequence as resetting the LCD. Following is the reset sequence of LCD.
Wait for about 20mS
Send the first init value (0x30)
Wait for about 10mS
Send second init value (0x30)
Wait for about 1mS
Send third init value (0x30)
Wait for 1mS
Select bus width (0x30 - for 8-bit and 0x20 for 4-bit)
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The busy flag will only be valid after the above reset sequence. Usually we do not use busy
flag in 4-bit mode as we have to write code for reading two nibbles from the LCD. Instead
we simply put a certain amount of delay usually 300 to 600uS. This delay might vary
depending on the LCD you are using, as you might have a different crystal frequency on
which LCD controller is running. So it actually depends on the LCD module you are using.
In 4-bit mode, we only need 6 pins to interface an LCD. D4-D7 are the data pins connection
and Enable and Register select are for LCD control pins. We are not using Read/Write (RW)
Pin of the LCD, as we are only writing on the LCD so we have made it grounded
permanently. If you want to use it, then you may connect it on your controller but that will
only increase another pin and does not make any big difference. Potentiometer RV1 is used
to control the LCD contrast. The unwanted data pins of LCD i.e. D0-D3 are connected to
ground.
Sending data/command in 4-bit Mode:
We will now look into the common steps to send data/command to LCD when working in 4-
bit mode. In 4-bit mode data is sent nibble by nibble, first we send higher nibble and then
lower nibble. This means in both command and data sending function we need to separate the
higher 4-bits and lower 4-bits.The common steps are:
Mask lower 4-bits
Send to the LCD port
Send enable signal
Mask higher 4-bits
Send to LCD port
Send enable signal
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CHAPTER-4
WORKING FLOW OF THE PROJECT&CONCLUSION
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
FIG 4.1.a: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WORKING OF PROJECT
This project is mainly designed to reduce traffic problems. i.e. in general the four sides of the
road at a signal point are controlled at regular intervals of time with a certain time delay. But
in order to reduce the time at one side of the signal point with respect to the other side where
there is more traffic we use IR sensors. It mainly consists of a microcontroller. IR transmitter
placed nearer to the signal point and when it detects more density of traffic at any side it and
it transmits signal to the receiver. The receiver receives this signal to the microcontroller.
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8051MICRO
CONTROLLER
LCD
IR RECIEVER
IR TRANSMITTER
REGULATEDPOWERSUPPLY
Thus accordingly the LCD displays the time depending on the density of traffic. Here the
regulated power supply is used to drive the microcontroller. Hence with the help of IR
transmitter we can easily control traffic.
4.2 Circuit description:
In this project we required operating voltage for Microcontroller 89C51 is 5V. Hence the 5V
D.C. power supply is needed for the IC’s. This regulated 5V is generated by stepping down
the voltage from 230V to 18V now the step downed a.c voltage is being rectified by the
Bridge Rectifier using 1N4007 diodes. The rectified a.c voltage is now filtered using a ‘C’
filter. Now the rectified, filtered D.C. voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. This voltage
regulator provides/allows us to have a Regulated constant Voltage which is of +5V. The
rectified; filtered and regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples using an electrolytic
capacitor 100μF. Now the output from this section is fed to 40th pin of 89C51 microcontroller
to supply operating voltage. The microcontroller 89C51 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and
crystal oscillator of 11.0592 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of 30-33pf capacitors is
placed at 18th & 19th pins of 89s52 to make it work (execute) properly.
One of the main problems in our city’s is traffic, this project proposed new solution to
traffic control. The main design accept of this project is to control the traffic automatically
and adding human inelegancy to that automatic controller. "Four-way" intersection is the
most common configuration for roads that cross each other, and the most basic type. If
signals do not control a 4-way intersection, signs or other features are typically used to
control movements and make clear priorities.
For IR communication we are using an IR transmitter and IR receiver. Here IR LED
will acts as a transmitter. As we know microcontroller having inbuilt I/O ports and we are
interfacing IR receivers to those I/O ports. For controlling of traffic we are using red, green
and yellow color LED’s. These LED’s are connected to different I/O ports of
microcontroller. When there is a more traffic microcontroller gives signal to green LED and
it will glow. So by using this project we can control the traffic automatically like a human
being.
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4.3 SOFTWARE
Software used is:
*Keil software for C programming
*Express PCB for lay out design
*Express SCH for schematic design
4.3.1 KEIL µVision:
What's New in µVision3?
µVision3 adds many new features to the Editor like Text Templates, Quick Function
Navigation, and Syntax Coloring with brace high lighting Configuration Wizard for dialog
based startup and debugger setup. µVision3 is fully compatible to µVision2 and can be used
in parallel with µVision2.
What is µVision3?
µVision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile,
and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:
A project manager.
A make facility.
Tool configuration.
Editor.
A powerful debugger.
Express PCB: Express PCB is a Circuit Design Software and PCB manufacturing service.
One can learn almost everything you need to know about Express PCB from the help topics
included with the programs given.
Details: Express PCB, Version 5.6.0
Express SCH
The Express SCH schematic design program is very easy to use. This
software enables the user to draw the Schematics with drag and drop options. A Quick Start
Guide is provided by which the user can learn how to use it.
Details: Express SCH, Version 5.6.0
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4.3.2 EMBEDDED C:
The programming Language used here in this project is an Embedded
C Language. This Embedded C Language is different from the generic C language in few
things like
a) Data types
b) Access over the architecture addresses.
The Embedded C Programming Language forms the user friendly language with access over
Port addresses, SFR Register addresses etc.
Data Types Size in Bits Data Range/Usage
unsigned char 8-bit 0-255
signed char 8-bit -128 to +127
unsigned int 16-bit 0 to 65535
signed int 16-bit -32,768 to +32,767
sbit 1-bit SFR bit addressable only
Bit 1-bit RAM bit addressable only
sfr 8-bit RAM addresses 80-FFH
only
TABLE4.3.A: EMBEDDED “C” DATA TYPES
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4.4 CONCLUSION:
The project “density based traffic control system” has been successfully designed and
tested. Integrating features of all the hardware components used have developed it. Presence
of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best
working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s and with the help of growing
technology the project has been successfully implemented.
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REFERENCES:
The 8051 Micro controller and Embedded Systems -Muhammad Ali Mazidi Janice Gillispie Mazidi
The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, Programming & Applications
-Kenneth J.Ayala
Fundamentals Of Micro processors and Micro computers
-B.Ram
Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications
-Ramesh S.Gaonkar
Electronic Components
-D.V.Prasad
Wireless Communications - Theodore S. Rappaport
Mobile Tele Communications - William C.Y. LeeREFERENCE ON WEB:
www.national.comwww.nxp.comwww.8052.com www.microsoftsearch.comwww.geocities.com
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