Democratic Democratic Convention in Convention in Chicago, 1968Chicago, 1968

Student Student Protestors Protestors

at Univ. of CA at Univ. of CA in Berkeley, 1968in Berkeley, 1968

Anti-War Demonstrations

Anti-War Demonstrations

Anti-War Demonstrations

Anti-War Demonstrations

z May 4, May 4, 19701970

z 4 students 4 students shot dead.shot dead.

z 11 11 students students woundedwounded

Kent State UniversityKent State University

z Jackson StateJackson StateUniversityUniversity

z May 10, 1970May 10, 1970

z 2 dead; 12 2 dead; 12 woundedwounded

Nixon on VietnamNixon on Vietnam

z Nixon’s 1968 Campaign promised an Nixon’s 1968 Campaign promised an end to the war: end to the war: Peace with HonorPeace with HonorP Appealed to the great Appealed to the great

“Silent Majority”“Silent Majority”z VietnamizationVietnamizationz Expansion of the Expansion of the

conflict conflict The “Secret War” The “Secret War”P CambodiaCambodiaP LaosLaos

z Agent OrangeAgent Orange(chemical defoliant)(chemical defoliant)

“Pentagon Papers,” 1971“Pentagon Papers,” 1971

z Former defense analyst Former defense analyst Daniel EllsbergDaniel Ellsbergleaked govt. docs. regarding war efforts leaked govt. docs. regarding war efforts during Johnson’s administration to the during Johnson’s administration to the New York TimesNew York Times..

z Docs.Docs. Govt. misled Congress & Amer. People Govt. misled Congress & Amer. People regarding its intentions in Vietnam during regarding its intentions in Vietnam during mid-1960s.mid-1960s.P Primary reason for fighting not to Primary reason for fighting not to

eliminate communism, but eliminate communism, but to avoid to avoid humiliating defeathumiliating defeat. .

P New York Times v. United StatesNew York Times v. United States (1971) (1971) **

The Ceasefire, 1973The Ceasefire, 1973

z Peace is at handPeace is at hand Kissinger, 1972 Kissinger, 1972P North Vietnam attacks SouthNorth Vietnam attacks SouthP Most Massive U.S. bombing Most Massive U.S. bombing

commencescommences

z 1973: Ceasefire signed between1973: Ceasefire signed between P U.S., South Vietnam, & North U.S., South Vietnam, & North

VietnamVietnam

z Peace with honorPeace with honor (President Nixon) (President Nixon)

Peace Negotiations

Peace Negotiations

z US & US & Vietnamese Vietnamese

argue for argue for 5 months 5 months over the over the size of thesize of theconferenceconferencetable!table!

Dr. Henry KissingerDr. Henry Kissinger & Le Duc Le Duc ThoTho

The Ceasefire, 1973The Ceasefire, 1973

z Conditions:Conditions:

1.1.U.S. to remove all troopsU.S. to remove all troops2.2.North Vietnam could leave North Vietnam could leave

troops already in S.V.troops already in S.V.3.3.North Vietnam would resume North Vietnam would resume

warwar4.4.No provision for POWs or No provision for POWs or

MIAsMIAsz Last American troops left South Last American troops left South

Vietnam on March 29, 1973Vietnam on March 29, 1973z 1975: North Vietnam defeats South 1975: North Vietnam defeats South

VietnamVietnamz Saigon renamed Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi Minh City

The Fall of SaigonThe Fall of Saigon

South Vietnamese South Vietnamese Attempt to Flee the CountryAttempt to Flee the Country

The Fall of Saigon

The Fall of Saigon

America Abandons Its America Abandons Its EmbassyEmbassy

April 30, 1975April 30, 1975

The Fall of Saigon

The Fall of Saigon

North Vietnamese North Vietnamese at the Presidential Palaceat the Presidential Palace

Formerly Formerly SaigonSaigon

A United VietnamA United Vietnam

The CostsThe Costs

1.1. 3,000,000 Vietnamese killed3,000,000 Vietnamese killed2.2. 58,000 Americans killed; 58,000 Americans killed;

300,000 wounded300,000 wounded3.3. Under-funding of Great Society Under-funding of Great Society

programsprograms4.4. $150,000,000,000 in U.S. $150,000,000,000 in U.S.

spendingspending5.5. U.S. morale, self-confidence, U.S. morale, self-confidence,

trust of government, decimatedtrust of government, decimated

The ImpactThe Impact

z 2626thth Amendment Amendment: 18-year-olds vote: 18-year-olds votez Nixon abolished the draftNixon abolished the draft

all-volunteer armyall-volunteer armyz War Powers Act, War Powers Act, 19731973 ٭٭

P President must notify Congress within President must notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying military force48 hours of deploying military force

P President must withdraw forces President must withdraw forces unless he gains Congressional unless he gains Congressional approval within 90 daysapproval within 90 days

z Disregard for Veterans Disregard for Veterans seen as seen as “baby killers”“baby killers”

z POW/MIA issue lingeredPOW/MIA issue lingered

Some American POWs Returned from the “Hanoi Hilton”

Some American POWs Returned from the “Hanoi Hilton”

Senator John Senator John McCainMcCain(R-AZ)(R-AZ)

2,583 American 2,583 American POWs / MIAsPOWs / MIAs

still unaccounted for still unaccounted for today.today.

If we have to fight, weIf we have to fight, we will fight. You will kill will fight. You will kill ten of our men and we will kill ten of our men and we will kill one of yours, and in the end it will be one of yours, and in the end it will be youyou who tires of it. who tires of it.

AndAndin the End….in the End….

AndAndin the End….in the End….

Ho Chi Ho Chi Minh:Minh:

The Vietnam Memorial,

Washington, D.C.

The Vietnam Memorial,

Washington, D.C.

Memorial to US Servicemen in

Vietnam

Memorial to US Servicemen in

Vietnam

Memorial to US Memorial to US Nurses in Nurses in VietnamVietnam

58,00058,00058,00058,000

President Clinton formally

recognized Vietnam on July 11, 1995

President Clinton formally

recognized Vietnam on July 11, 1995

BibliographyBibliography

z Nash, Gary, et al. Nash, Gary, et al. The American People, The American People, Harper & Row, 1986Harper & Row, 1986

z Compton’s Encyclopedia 2000 Deluxe, Compton’s Encyclopedia 2000 Deluxe, Broderbund, 1999.Broderbund, 1999.

z ““The Vietnam War 1954-1975” power point by The Vietnam War 1954-1975” power point by Ms. Susan Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Ms. Susan Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua NYChappaqua NY

z The Americans, The Americans, McDougal Littell, 1998McDougal Littell, 1998z The Essential America, W.W. Norton, 2001The Essential America, W.W. Norton, 2001z A myriad of web sites on the internetA myriad of web sites on the internet